Microwave-assisted carbon template method for preparing supported nano metal materials

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a microwave-assisted carbon template method for preparing supported nano metal-oxides or nano metals. The method includes mixing a carbohydrate, urea, and a precursor of an oxide support with a metal salt in a container, adding a certain amount of water, and completely dissolving the solid chemicals through ultrasonic stirring to form a homogeneous solution. The method also includes performing microwave treatment on the obtained solution for approximately 0.1 minute to 60 minutes with a microwave heating power in a range of approximately 100 W to 50 kW to dehydrate and carbonize the carbohydrate and thus form a dark brown solid. The method further includes performing heat treatment on the dark brown solid at a temperature in a range of approximately 200° C. to 1100° C. in an air atmosphere for approximately 0.5 hour to 24 hours to obtain a metal-oxide supported by a porous oxide support.

Claims

1. A microwave-assisted carbon template method for preparing supported nano metal-oxides or nano metals, comprising: a) mixing a carbohydrate, urea, and a precursor of an oxide support together with a metal salt in a container, adding a certain amount of water, and completely dissolving solid chemicals in water through ultrasonic stirring to form a homogeneous solution; b) performing microwave treatment on the solution obtained in a) for approximately 0.1 minute to 60 minutes with a microwave heating power in a range of approximately 100 W to 50 kW, such that the carbohydrate is dehydrated and carbonized and a solid is formed; and c) performing heat treatment on the solid obtained in b) at a temperature in a range of approximately 200° C. to 1100° C. in an air atmosphere for approximately 0.5 hour to 24 hours to obtain a metal-oxide supported by a porous oxide support.

2. The method according to claim 1, after performing heat treatment on the solid to obtain the porous oxide supported metal-oxide, further including: d) heat treating the metal-oxide supported by the porous oxide support obtained in c) at a temperature in a range of approximately 200° C. to 1100° C. in a reducing atmosphere for approximately 0.5 hour to 24 hours to obtain a nano metal supported by a porous oxide support.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein: a reducing gas used in d) is a mixed gas containing hydrogen or carbon monoxide in a volume fraction of approximately 5% to 10%, and nitrogen or argon as an equilibrium gas.

4. The method according to claim 2, wherein: the porous oxide support obtained in d) is a single element oxide or a composite oxide, wherein: the single element oxide is an oxide of Si, Mg, Al, Pb, In, Sn, Sb, Zr, Nb, Ce, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, Rh, Y, Ba, Sr, La or Os; and the composite oxide includes oxides of two or more different elements of Si, Mg, Al, Pb, In, Sn, Sb, Zr, Nb, Ce, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, Rh, Y, Ba, Sr, La and Os.

5. The method according to claim 2, wherein: the nano metal supported by the porous oxide support obtained in d) is an elementary metal of Mg, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pt, Pd, Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Au, Ag, Pb, In, Sn, Sb, Zr, Nb, La, Ce, Ta, Mo W, or Re; or an alloy or an intermetallic compound of two or more different metal elements of Mg, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pt, Pd, Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Au, Ag, Pb, In, Sn, Sb, Zr, Nb, La, Ce, Ta, Mo, W, and Re.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the precursor of the oxide support used in a) includes a common silicon source, a common aluminum source, or other common metal salt, wherein: the common silicon source includes at least one of silica sol, sodium silicate, and tetraethyl orthosilicate; the common aluminum source includes at least one of aluminum sol, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate, and aluminum isopropoxide; and the other common metal salt is a nitrate, halide, hypochlorite, acetate, oxalate, phosphate, or sulfate of a metal element, or includes more than one salt of different metal elements, wherein: the metal elements include Mg, Pb, In, Sn, Sb, Zr, Nb, Ce, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, Rh, Y, Ba, Sr, La, and Os.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the metal salt used in a) is a nitrate, halide, hypochlorite, acetate, oxalate, phosphate, or sulfate of a metal element, or includes more than one salt of different metal elements, wherein: the metal elements include Mg, Al, Pb, In, Sn, Sb, Zr, Nb, Ce, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, Rh, Y, Ba, Sr, La, and Os.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the carbohydrate used in a) is one of glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, starch, methylcellulose, and dextrin.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein: a mass ratio of the carbohydrate to urea in a) is approximately 20:1 to 1:60; a mass ratio of the carbohydrate to the metal salt in a) is approximately 100:1 to 1:10; a mass ratio of the carbohydrate to the precursor of the oxide support in a) is approximately 100:1 to 1:50; and a mass ratio of the carbohydrate to water in a) is approximately 50:1 to 1:100.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the porous oxide support obtained in c) is a single element oxide or a composite oxide, wherein the single element oxide is an oxide of Si, Mg, Al, Pb, In, Sn, Sb, Zr, Nb, Ce, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, Rh, Y, Ba, Sr, La, or Os; and the composite oxide includes oxides of two or more different elements of Si, Mg, Al, Pb, In, Sn, Sb, Zr, Nb, Ce, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, Rh, Y, Ba, Sr, La, and Os.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the metal-oxide supported by the porous oxide support obtained in c) is a single metal element oxide or a composite metal-oxide, wherein: the single metal-oxide is an oxide of Mg, Al, Pb, In, Sn, Sb, Zr, Nb, Ce, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, Rh, Y, Ba, Sr, La or Os; and the composite metal-oxide includes oxides of two or more different metal elements of Mg, Al, Pb, In, Sn, Sb, Zr, Nb, Ce, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, Rh, Y, Ba, Sr, La and Os.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the drawings used for illustrating the embodiments will be briefly described below. It should be understood that the following drawings merely illustrate some embodiments of the present disclosure. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without any creative work.

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates an XRD pattern of a silicon oxide-supported metal Ni obtained in Embodiment 1;

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates an XRD pattern of an alumina-supported metal Ni obtained in Embodiment 2;

(4) FIG. 3 illustrates an XRD pattern of a lanthanum oxide-supported metal-oxide NiO obtained in Embodiment 3;

(5) FIG. 4 illustrates an XRD pattern of a cerium oxide-supported metal-oxide NiO obtained in Embodiment 4;

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a silicon oxide-supported metal Ni obtained in Embodiment 1;

(7) FIG. 6 illustrates a TEM image of an alumina-supported metal Ni obtained in Embodiment 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(8) The present disclosure will be further described below with reference to various embodiments. It should be noted that the disclosed method can be implemented in various forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments of the present disclosure.

(9) The present disclosure provides a microwave-assisted carbon template method for preparing supported nano metal-oxides or nano metals. The method includes mixing a carbohydrate, urea, and a precursor of an oxide support with a metal salt in a container, adding a certain amount of water, and completely dissolving the solid chemicals through ultrasonic stirring to form a homogeneous solution. The method also includes performing microwave treatment on the obtained solution for approximately 0.1 minute to 60 minutes with a microwave heating power in a range of approximately 100 W to 50 kW to dehydrate and carbonize the carbohydrate and thus form a dark brown solid. The method further includes performing heat treatment on the dark brown solid at a temperature in a range of approximately 200° C. to 1100° C. in an air atmosphere for approximately 0.5 hour to 24 hours to obtain a metal-oxide supported by a porous oxide support.

Embodiment 1

Silicon Oxide-Supported Nano Ni

(10) Raw materials for synthesis include: glucose, urea, silica sol, water, and Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2.6H.sub.2O (nickel nitrate).

(11) The preparation process may include the following exemplary steps.

(12) (1) 1.5 g of glucose, 2.5 g of urea, 2 g of silica sol, 5 g of water, and 0.9 g of Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2.6H.sub.2O may be weighted and placed in a 100 mL beaker, and then ultrasonic stirring may be performed for approximately 10 minutes such that the chemicals in the beaker are dissolved.

(13) (2) The liquid solution obtained in (1) may be taken out and heated in microwave with a heating power of 800 W. A dark brown bulky solid may be obtained after 3 minutes of heating.

(14) (3) The sample obtained in (2) may be ground in a mortar and placed in a crucible. After baking in air at 500° C. for 5 hours, a silicon oxide-supported nano nickel-oxide may be obtained.

(15) (4) The silicon oxide-supported nano nickel-oxide may be subjected to heat treatment at 550° C. and under a 5% H.sub.2/N.sub.2 condition (e.g., a reduction gas containing 5% H.sub.2 and 95% N.sub.2) for 4 hours to obtain a silicon oxide-supported nano nickel. An XRD test shows that the size of the Ni particles is about 5 nm.

(16) FIG. 1 shows an XRD pattern of a silicon oxide-supported metal Ni. Referring to FIG. 1, the Ni nano particles are uniformly distributed in the carbon support. FIG. 5 shows a TEM image of the silicon oxide-supported Ni. The TEM image proves that the particle size of the nano Ni is consistent with the XRD result.

Embodiment 2

Alumina-Supported Nano Ni

(17) Raw materials for synthesis include: glucose, urea, aluminum sol, water, and Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2.6H.sub.2O (nickel nitrate).

(18) The preparation process may include the following exemplary steps.

(19) (1) 1.5 g of glucose, 2.5 g of urea, 1 g of aluminum sol, 5 g of water, and 0.9 g of Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2.6H.sub.2O may be weighted and placed in a 100 mL beaker, and then ultrasonic stirring may be performed for 10 minutes such that the chemicals in the beaker are dissolved.

(20) (2) The liquid solution described in (1) may be taken out and heated in microwave with a heating power of 700 W. A dark brown bulky solid may be obtained after 10 minutes of heating.

(21) (3) The sample obtained in (2) may be ground in a mortar and placed in a crucible. After baking in air at 500° C. for 5 hours, an alumina-supported nano nickel-oxide may be obtained.

(22) (4) The alumina-supported nano nickel-oxide may be subjected to heat treatment at 650° C. and under a 5% H.sub.2/N.sub.2 condition (e.g., a reduction gas containing 5% H.sub.2 and 95% N.sub.2) for 4 hours to obtain an alumina-supported nano nickel. An XRD test shows that the size of the Ni particles is about 10 nm.

(23) FIG. 2 shows an XRD pattern of an alumina-supported metal Ni. FIG. 6 shows a TEM image of the alumina-supported metal Ni. The TEM image proves that the particle size of the nano Ni consistent with the XRD result.

Embodiment 3

Lanthanum Oxide-Supported Nano NiO

(24) Raw materials for synthesis include: glucose, urea, lanthanum nitrate, water, and Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2.6H.sub.2O (nickel nitrate).

(25) The preparation process may include the following exemplary steps.

(26) (1) 1.5 g of glucose, 2.5 g of urea, 0.42 g of lanthanum nitrate, 5 g of water, and 0.2 g of Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2.6H.sub.2O may be weighted and placed in a 100 mL beaker, and then ultrasonic stirring may be performed for 10 minutes such that the chemicals in the beaker are dissolved.

(27) (2) The liquid solution described in (1) may be taken out and heated in microwave with a heating power of 700 W. A dark brown bulky solid may be obtained after 5 minutes of heating.

(28) (3) The sample obtained in (2) may be ground in a mortar and placed in a crucible. After baking in air at 500° C. for 5 hours, a lanthanum oxide-supported nano nickel-oxide may be obtained.

(29) FIG. 3 shows an XRD pattern of a lanthanum oxide-supported metal-oxide NiO.

Embodiment 4

Cerium Oxide-Supported Nano NiO

(30) Raw materials for synthesis include: glucose, urea, cerium nitrate, water, and Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2.6H.sub.2O (nickel nitrate).

(31) The preparation process may include the following exemplary steps.

(32) (1) 1.5 g of glucose, 2.5 g of urea, 0.42 g of cerium nitrate, 5 g of water, and 0.2 g of Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2.6H.sub.2O may be weighted and placed in a 100 mL beaker, and then ultrasonic stirring may be performed for 10 minutes such that the chemicals in the beaker are dissolved.

(33) (2) The liquid solution described in (1) may be taken out and heated in microwave with a heating power of 700 W. A dark brown bulky solid may be obtained after 5 minutes of heating.

(34) (3) The sample obtained in (2) may be ground in a mortar and placed in a crucible. After baking in air at 500° C. for 5 hours, a cerium oxide-supported nano nickel-oxide may be obtained.

(35) FIG. 4 shows an XRD pattern of a cerium oxide-supported metal-oxide NiO.

Embodiment 5

Silicon Oxide-Supported Nano Ag

(36) Raw materials for synthesis include: fructose, urea, and Ag(NO.sub.3).sub.2 (silver nitrate).

(37) The preparation process may include the following exemplary steps.

(38) (1) 1 g of fructose, 60 g of urea, 0.1 g of Ag(NO.sub.3).sub.2, 5 g of water, and 2 g of silica sol may be weighted and placed in a 200 mL beaker, and then ultrasonic stirring may be performed for 10 minutes such that the chemicals in the beaker are dissolved.

(39) (2) The liquid solution described in (1) may be taken out and heated in microwave with a heating power of 500 W. A dark brown bulky solid may be obtained after 3 minutes of heating.

(40) (3) The sample obtained in (2) may be ground in a mortar and placed in a crucible. After baking in air at 500° C. for 5 hours, a silicon oxide-supported nano silver may be obtained.

Embodiment 6

Alumina-Supported Nano Pd

(41) Raw materials for synthesis include: glucose, urea, and Pd(NO.sub.3).sub.2.2H.sub.2O (palladium nitrate).

(42) The preparation process may include the following exemplary steps.

(43) (1) 50 g of glucose, 2.5 g of urea, 1 g of water, 0.5 g of aluminum sol, and 0.03 g of Pd(NO.sub.3).sub.2.2H.sub.2O may be weighted and placed in a 200 mL beaker, and then ultrasonic stirring may be performed for 10 minutes such that the chemicals in the beaker are dissolved.

(44) (2) The liquid solution described in (1) may be taken out and heated in microwave with a heating power of 200 W. A dark brown bulky solid may be obtained after 60 minutes of heating.

(45) (3) The sample obtained in (2) may be ground in a mortar and placed in a crucible. After baking in air at 500° C. for 5 hours, an alumina-supported nano palladium-oxide may be obtained.

(46) (4) The alumina-supported nano palladium-oxide may be subjected to heat treatment at 300° C. and under a 5% H.sub.2/N.sub.2 condition (e.g., a reduction gas containing 5% H.sub.2 and 95% N.sub.2) for 4 hours to obtain an alumina-supported nano palladium.

Embodiment 7

Silicon Oxide-Supported Nano Fe.SUB.2.O.SUB.3

(47) Raw materials for synthesis include: lactose, urea, and Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.2.9H.sub.2O (ferric nitrate).

(48) The preparation process may include the following exemplary steps.

(49) (1) 50 g of lactose, 5 g of urea, 5 g of water, 2 g of silica sol, and 0.5 g of Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.2.9H.sub.2O may be weighted and placed in a 200 mL beaker, and then ultrasonic stirring may be performed for 10 minutes such that the chemicals in the beaker are dissolved.

(50) (2) The liquid solution described in (1) may be taken out and heated in microwave with a heating power of 50 kW. A dark brown bulky solid may be obtained after 0.1 minute of heating.

(51) (3) The sample obtained in (2) may be ground in a mortar and placed in a crucible. After baking in air at 600° C. for 5 hours, a silicon oxide-supported nano ferric oxide may be obtained.

Embodiment 8

Silicon Oxide-Supported Nano CuO

(52) Raw materials for synthesis include: fructose, urea, and Cu(NO.sub.3).sub.2.

(53) The preparation process may include the following exemplary steps.

(54) (1) 1 g of fructose, 60 g of urea, 10 g of Cu(NO.sub.3).sub.2, 50 g of water, and 50 g of silica sol may be weighted and placed in a 200 mL beaker, and then ultrasonic stirring may be performed for 10 minutes such that the chemicals in the beaker are dissolved.

(55) (2) The liquid solution described in (1) may be taken out and heated in microwave with a heating power of 500 W. A dark brown bulky solid may be obtained after 30 minutes of heating.

(56) (3) The sample obtained in (2) may be ground in a mortar and placed in a crucible. After baking in air at 500° C. for 12 hours, a silicon oxide-supported nano CuO may be obtained.

(57) According to the present disclosure, a carbohydrate, urea, a precursor of an oxide support together with a metal salt are used to form a homogeneous water solution such that the metal salt is uniformly distributed in the liquid mixture (e.g. solution). Then, through in-situ synthesis, the carbohydrate is dehydrated and carbonized at high temperature, and the metal components are uniformly distributed in the carbon template. Finally, a nano metal or a nano metal-oxide supported by an oxide support is obtained through high-temperature heat treatment. The disclosed method can be used for supporting various nano metal materials. With a particle size in a range of approximately 2 nm to 1000 nm, the nano metal materials demonstrate high monodispersity. By adjusting the synthesis conditions, the composition, the crystal phase, and the supporting capacity of the nano metal can be controlled. In addition, the pore size of the support can also be controlled by raw material ratio, microwave heating power, time, etc., and the distribution of the pore size is a range of approximately 0.1 nm to 10 μm. Moreover, the disclosed method demonstrates various advantages including simple synthesis route, low cost, etc., and thus has broad application prospects in many fields, such as industrial catalysis, water treatment, electrochemistry, etc.

(58) The above are only the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, and are not intended to limit the present disclosure. Any modifications, equivalents, improvements, etc., that are within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, shall be included in the scope of protection of the present disclosure.