FAILURE RISK-BASED PRODUCTION CONTROL METHOD

Abstract

A method for production control, in particular for production control used in the production of components, is based on a failure risk.

Claims

1. A method for production control, in particular for production control in the production of components, wherein the method is based on a failure risk, wherein the failure risk P(failure) of at least one input variable x.sub.1∈U.sub.1 influenced and randomly distributed by the production, in particular an input variable which characterizes the component, is determined by at least the following steps a) definition of a nominal probability density function ƒx.sub.1 for the first input variable x.sub.1∈U.sub.1, in particular each further defining a nominal probability density function ƒx.sub.1 for each additional possible x.sub.1 independent and mutually independent randomly distributed and influenced by the production input variable x.sub.1∈U.sub.1, i∈{2, . . . n} and b) one-time calculation of the failure risk P(failure, nominal) on the basis of nominal probability density functions ƒx.sub.i and definition of a maximum threshold value P.sub.max≤P(failure, nominal) for the permissible failure risk and c) one-time calculation of a nominal pain function px.sub.1, which depends on the input variable x.sub.1, in particular one-time calculation of further, nominal pain functions px.sub.i and each dependent on x.sub.i and d) during production, in particular of a component causing the input variable x.sub.i, repeated calculation of the failure risk P(failure) by integrating the product from the pain function px.sub.i and the actual and current probability density function {tilde over (ƒ)}x.sub.i, which can deviate from the nominal distribution fx.sub.i, according to the following context
P(failure)=∫.sub.U.sub.i{tilde over (ƒ)}x.sub.i(x.sub.i)px.sub.i(x.sub.i)dx.sub.i and e) comparison between the calculated failure risk P(failure) and the threshold value P.sub.max for the failure risk and in particular f) evaluation of the probability density function {tilde over (ƒ)}x.sub.i, in the case in which P(failure)≤P.sub.max as permissible, and in the case in which P(failure)>P.sub.max as impermissible.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein when the calculated failure risk P(failure) is exceeded, failure risk information is output.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein a notification or a measure, in particular an intervention in the production process, is initiated depending on the failure risk information.

4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the affected components are identified depending on the failure risk information.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the repeated calculation of the failure risk P(failure) takes place during production, in particular in real-time.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the input variable x.sub.i is a number and/or a characteristic curve and/or a variable having a multivariate distribution, in particular of the component.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein temporary exceedance of the threshold value is tolerated, in particular if the failure risk of the entire production batch is again below the threshold value.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the calculation of the failure risk is carried out for a certain partial quantity during production or for the total quantity during production, in particular for all components since the start of production.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pain function px.sub.i is calculated analytically or estimated by a Monte Carlo calculation.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pain function px.sub.i is discretized or continuous, wherein in the case of a discretized pain function a summation is used instead of an integration to calculate the failure risk P(failure).

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] Further advantages and advantageous embodiments result from the description of the figures and the drawings.

[0034] The method is described in detail below with reference to the drawings. Specifically:

[0035] FIG. 1: shows a nominal distribution and a discrete pain function for the input variable x.sub.1, as well as two discrete distributions for x.sub.1 in different production lots/batches.

[0036] FIG. 2: shows a calculated failure risk, which is the area under the curve. In the discrete case, the integral is a sum. The area under the solid curve corresponds to the failure probability permitted in the requirement (here: 6×10.sup.−6).

[0037] FIG. 3: shows exemplary real-time monitoring of the failure risk in production.

[0038] FIG. 4: shows an exemplary pain hypersurface for a two-dimensional input variable space.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] The pain function for the first input variable x.sub.1∈U.sub.1 ⊂(random variable x.sub.1 with nominal probability distribution density function fx.sub.1) can be the following figure:

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}{\mathrm{px}}_1\text{:}{U}_1.fwdarw.\left[0,1\right]x_1.fwdarw.P\left(\mathrm{Failure}.Math.x_1\right)& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

[0040] With several statistically independent input variables x.sub.1∈U.sub.1⊂, i∈{1, . . . , n} a pain function can be introduced for each, which includes the failure probability over the respective input variable, i.e., a conditional probability.

[0041] The calculation of the pain functions (see (1)) can be complex, but only need be calculated once for a requirement level. The failure risk can then be calculated by integrating the product of pain function and distribution of an input variable (see (2) below) without great computational effort, for example using the pain function for the first input variable and the nominal distribution thereof:

P(Failure,nominal)=∫.sub.U.sub.1ƒx.sub.1(x.sub.1)px.sub.1(x.sub.1)dx.sub.1  (2)

or for a probability density function that deviates from the nominal distribution {tilde over (f)}x.sub.1,

P(failure)=∫.sub.U.sub.1{tilde over (ƒ)}x.sub.1(x.sub.1)px.sub.1(x.sub.1)dx.sub.1  (3)

[0042] An exemplary discretized pain function and various distributions for the first input variable are shown in FIG. 1.

[0043] Various curves are given using the example of a piston surface from a clutch actuation system, in particular from a CSC. The probability density function 100 of the piston surface should be a Gaussian distribution with an average at 1000 mm.sup.2 and a standard deviation of 3 mm.sup.2, limited by the limits 108 at 991 mm.sup.2 and 1009 mm.sup.2. Deviations from this distribution 100 should be permissible if the failure risk is less than or corresponds to a predefined threshold value. The arithmetic limits 110 are given for comparison.

[0044] The following requirement can be made: The nominal probability distribution of the slave piston surface (x.sub.1) should be given by fx.sub.1. Deviations from this probability distribution (i.e., {tilde over (f)}x.sub.1) should be permissible if the failure risk, which is calculated using the following pain function px.sub.1, is less than 6×10.sup.−6 (P.sub.max, example value).

[0045] In comparison, two actual distributions 102, 104 of the input variable are given. Also given here is the pain function 106 (here discrete) used to calculate the failure risk, to which the right-hand scale is assigned.

[0046] FIG. 2 shows the product corresponding to the example from FIG. 1, corresponding to the integrand according to (2) or (3). The area under the curve thus corresponds to the integral of (2) or (3), or the sum of the interval areas in the present, discrete distribution. The area under the curve 200 calculated on the basis of the nominal distribution corresponds to the failure probability permissible in the requirement, which represents the threshold value for the failure risk and in the present case is 6×10.sup.−6.

[0047] According to the curve 204, the failure risk of the batch is less than the threshold, which means that this batch is acceptable. According to the curve 202, the failure risk of the batch is higher than the threshold value, which means that this batch is not acceptable.

[0048] A statistical requirement for an input variable contains a nominal distribution 100 of the input variable, a pain function 106 for the input variable to determine the failure risk and an upper limit (here 6×10.sup.−6) for the failure risk. Distributions {tilde over (f)}x.sub.1 can deviate from the nominal distribution, provided that the failure risk calculated therefrom and the pain function is less than the upper limit of the failure risk. Such deviating distributions are referred to as permissible.

{tilde over (ƒ)}x.sub.ipermissible⇔∫.sub.I.sub.1{tilde over (ƒ)}x.sub.1(x.sub.1)px.sub.1(x.sub.1)dx.sub.1≤P.sub.max  (4)

[0049] In the above case, the nominal probability distribution of the slave piston surface (x.sub.1) is given by fx.sub.1. Deviations from this probability distribution (i.e., {tilde over (f)}x.sub.1) should be permissible if the failure risk, which is calculated using the following pain function px.sub.1, is less than 6×10.sup.−6 (P.sub.max, example value).

[0050] Atomicity is fulfilled because the failure risk is the main factor.

[0051] The upper limit P.sub.max specified in a statistical requirement cannot exceed the failure probability (2), which results from the nominal distributions of all input variables in relation to the failure criterion.

[0052] A distribution {tilde over (f)}x.sub.1 of an input variable that deviates from the nominal distribution fx.sub.1 in the statistical requirement, but is permissible, leads to pain functions p{tilde over ( )}x.sub.2, . . . , p{tilde over ( )}x.sub.n for the other input variables x.sub.2, . . . , x.sub.n, which are equally critical or less critical than the pain functions fixed in the statistical requirements thereof. In formulas, for example, the following applies to the second input variable:

∫.sub.U.sub.2ƒx.sub.2(x.sub.2){tilde over (p)}x.sub.2(x.sub.2)dx.sub.2≤∫.sub.U.sub.2ƒx.sub.2(x.sub.2)px.sub.2(x.sub.2)dx.sub.2=P(Failure,nominal)   (5)

[0053] This ensures that the consistency and distributions of different, statistically independent input variables can be tested independently of one another. This condition is essential for a functional requirement management, especially since the input variables are generally responsible for different product lines and/or suppliers.

[0054] The criteria of testability and traceability are also met.

[0055] The calculation of the failure risk for a given period of time can be carried out in real-time in production, see FIG. 3. If the maximum permitted failure risk 312, here 6×10.sup.−6, is exceeded, intervention of the production process can be implemented. The failure risk of the course of the production of the batch, which is characterized by the curve 302, is above the threshold value at all times, as a result of which the batch is to be classified as not acceptable. The failure risk of the course of the production of a second batch, as illustrated by the curve 304, is lower than the threshold value, which means that this is acceptable. Analogous to the “eight tests for special causes”, an impending exceedance can be avoided. On the other hand, a temporary exceedance can be tolerated, provided the failure risk for the entire batch is again acceptable (see FIG. 3).

[0056] A batch with an impermissible failure risk can be partially released by removing a critical portion with little additional effort. The calculation and presentation of the failure risk can include the complete number of known parts (all parts since the start of production), or just a freely selectable subset. The latter can help to identify and counteract possible harmful trends at an early stage. Possible meaningful failure risks to be presented would be, for example, the failure risk of the entire quantity produced, the quantity produced since the last process intervention (for example, since changing the punching tool, since the machine tool or the like was revised), the currently running batch or the production of the last 24 hours.

[0057] A pain function can be calculated analytically in simple cases or generally estimated using methods based on Monte Carlo methods, for example.

[0058] A pain function can be defined on a continuum or in a discretized format. In the case of discretization, the integration in (2) or (3) can be traced back to a summation when calculating the failure risk (see FIGS. 1 and 2).

[0059] The accuracy of an estimation method for determining a pain function can be increased in the areas of low probability of occurrence by known methods for reducing variance (e.g., importance sampling).

[0060] The method can be used separately for various failure criteria or for the logical OR combination of various failure criteria. In the latter case, a pain function can be described as a total pain function. When designing and monitoring in production, the total failure probability resulting from the total pain function is of central importance because ultimately it is the total failures that matter. The total pain function takes into account the fact that the failure areas in the input variable space can overlap in whole or in part for various failures.

[0061] For a result variable (random variable H), which results from the input variables as follows,

h:.sup.n⊃U.sub.1× . . . ×U.sub.n.fwdarw.

(x.sub.1, . . . ,x.sub.n)h(x.sub.1. . . ,x.sub.n)={tilde over (h)}  (6)

and, for example, a failure {tilde over (h)}>h.sub.max the pain function can be represented analytically for the first input variable, for example:

[00002]$\begin{array}{cc}{\mathrm{px}}_{1,H,h_{\max }}\left(x_1\right)=P\left(\tilde{h}>h_{\max }.Math.x_1\right)={\int }_{h_{\max }}^{\infty }d\tilde{h}\underset{i=2}{\overset{n}{.Math.}}\left({\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }d{x}_{i}f{x}_i\left(x_i\right)\right)\delta \left(\tilde{h}-h\left(x_1,\mathrm{.Math.},x_n\right)\right)& \left(7\right)\end{array}$

[0062] When combining several failures (multivariate random variable H=h.sub.1(X.sub.1 . . . , X.sub.n), . . . , h.sub.m(X.sub.1, . . . , X.sub.n) with result variables

[00003]$\begin{array}{cc}h:{ℝ}^n\supset U_1\times \mathrm{.Math.}\times U_n.fwdarw.{ℝ}^m\left(x_1,\mathrm{.Math.},x_2\right).fwdarw.\left(h_1\left(x_1,\mathrm{.Math.},x_n\right),\mathrm{.Math.},h_m\left(x_1,\mathrm{.Math.},x_n\right)\right)=\left({\tilde{h}}_1,\mathrm{.Math.},{\tilde{h}}_m\right)& \left(8\right)\end{array}$

and failure criteria {tilde over (h)}.sub.j>h.sub.j,max, j∈{1, . . . m} the following analytical expression results for the total pain function, for example for the first input variable:

[00004]$\begin{array}{cc}{\mathrm{px}}_1\left(x_1\right)=P\left(\underset{j=1}{\stackrel{m}{⩔}}{\tilde{h}}_j>h_{j,\max }.Math.x_1\right)=1-\underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{.Math.}}\left({\int }_{-\infty }^{h_{j,\max }}d{\tilde{h}}_j\right)\underset{i-2}{\overset{n}{.Math.}}({\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }d{x}_{i}f{x}_i\left(x_i\right)\times \underset{k=1}{\overset{m}{.Math.}}\delta \left({\tilde{h}}_k-h_k\left(x_1,\mathrm{.Math.},x_n\right)\right)& \left(9\right)\end{array}$

[0063] Depending on the question, further logical links of different failure criteria (e.g., AND link) can be useful.

[0064] The input variables can be scalar. In the case of a non-trivial multivariate distribution on a real subset of the input variables (i.e., input variables of this subset are correlated), a pain function can be defined on this subset of the input variables. A multivariate distribution on this subset is then tested. Then a pain function on real subsets of such a subset of input variables is generally not meaningful (“over-atomicity”).

[0065] In general, pain functions in the room input variables x failure risk can be interpreted and illustrated as pain hypersurfaces (codimension 1) (see FIG. 4).

[0066] Input variables can be higher-dimensional, for example characteristic curves. In practical cases, a higher-dimensional input variable can be traced back to a subset of the n-dimensional real numbers (.sup.n), for example via values at reference points. In general, such a higher-dimensional input variable corresponds to scalar input variables with a multivariate distribution.

[0067] The calculation of the failure risk in production should require that the production software meets the current requirements. If the requirements change, the software should be updated in every production line (“Industry 4.0”).