Frictional piece

Abstract

A friction part for a frictionally operating device includes a friction lining carrier and a friction lining. The friction lining includes pentagonal friction lining pieces arranged on the friction lining carrier to form an annular friction surface. Each of the pentagonal friction lining pieces has a two-dimensional shape made up of a rectangle and an isosceles triangle, and a base coinciding with a relatively long side of the rectangle. A radially inner row includes pentagonal friction lining pieces with a same first shape, a same first size, and a same first tip directed radially outward, and a radially outer row includes pentagonal friction lining pieces with a same second shape, a same second size, and a same second tip directed radially inward. The annular friction surface has an inner edge, an outer edge, and a groove set formed between the pentagonal friction lining pieces.

Claims

1. A friction part for a frictionally operating device, comprising: a friction lining carrier; and a friction lining comprising a plurality of pentagonal friction lining pieces arranged on the friction lining carrier to form an annular friction surface; wherein each of the plurality of pentagonal friction lining pieces comprises: a two-dimensional shape made up of a rectangle and an isosceles triangle; and a base coinciding with a relatively long side of the rectangle; wherein a radially inner row comprises a first portion of the plurality of pentagonal friction lining pieces with a same first shape, a same first size, and a same first tip directed radially outward; and a radially outer row comprises a second portion of the plurality of pentagonal friction lining pieces with a same second shape, a same second size, and a same second tip directed radially inward; wherein the annular friction surface comprises: an inner edge; an outer edge; and a groove set formed between the plurality of pentagonal friction lining pieces, the groove set comprising: a first stem groove extending from the inner edge to a first branching point between the inner edge and the outer edge; a first branch groove extending from the first branching point; and a second branch groove extending from the first branching point; wherein the first stem groove comprises a first groove width; the first branch groove or the second branch groove comprises a second groove width; and a ratio of the first groove width to the second groove width is greater than 0.5 and less than 6; wherein a first proportion of the annular friction surface comprising the groove set is on average substantially constant over a diameter of the annular friction surface in a radially inner region of the annular friction surface and in a radially outer region of the annular friction surface, wherein the annular friction surface comprises a radially central region between the radially inner region and the radially outer region; and a second proportion of the annular friction surface comprising the groove set varies over the diameter in the radially central region; wherein the radially inner region comprises 30-70% of a radial dimension R of the annular friction surface, the radially inner region extends at a minimum 50% of the radial dimension R; and the radially central region extends at a maximum 85% of the radial dimension R.

2. The friction part of claim 1, wherein the radially central region comprises 55-85% of the radial dimension R.

3. The friction part of claim 2, wherein a third proportion of the annular friction surface comprising the groove set is on average 45-55% of the annular friction surface in the radially inner region.

4. The friction part of claim 3, wherein a fourth proportion of the annular friction surface comprising the groove set steadily decreases in the radially central region.

5. The friction part of claim 2, wherein a fifth proportion of the annular friction surface comprising the groove set is on average 25-40% of the annular friction surface in the radially outer region.

6. The friction part of claim 1, wherein the radially central region comprises 35-75% of the radial dimension R.

7. The friction part of claim 6, wherein a sixth proportion of the annular friction surface comprising the groove set is on average 25-46% of the annular friction surface in the radially inner region.

8. The friction part of claim 6, wherein a seventh proportion of the annular friction surface comprising the groove set initially steadily increases, is then constant, and finally steadily decreases in the radially central region with increasing radius.

9. The friction part of claim 6, wherein an eighth proportion of the annular friction surface comprising the groove set in the radially central region is on average greater than 60%.

10. The friction part of claim 6, wherein a ninth proportion of the annular friction surface comprising the groove set in the radially outer region is on average 25-45% of the annular friction surface.

11. The friction part of claim 1, wherein the radially central region comprises 30-60% of the radial dimension R.

12. The friction part of claim 11, wherein a tenth proportion of the annular friction surface comprising the groove set is 15-30% in the radially inner region.

13. The friction part of claim 11, wherein an eleventh proportion of the annular friction surface comprising the groove set steadily increases in the radially central region with increasing radius.

14. The friction part of claim 11, wherein a twelfth proportion of the annular friction surface comprising the groove set in the radially outer region is on average 45-55% of the annular friction surface.

15. The friction part of claim 1, wherein the friction part is a plate for a multiplate clutch or a multiplate brake.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Further advantages, features and details of the disclosure will emerge from the following description, in which various exemplary embodiments are described in detail with reference to the drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 shows a detail of a friction part for a frictionally operating device, having an annular friction surface which includes a groove pattern or a groove set with grooves which proceed from branching points and which are merged at connecting points, as per a first exemplary embodiment;

(3) FIG. 2 shows a friction lining carrier with pentagonal friction lining pieces, which are designed and arranged such that a groove pattern as illustrated in FIG. 1 is realized, wherein the friction lining pieces have the same design;

(4) FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment similar to that in FIG. 2, in which two types of pentagonal friction lining pieces of different size have been combined with one another;

(5) FIG. 4 shows an exemplary embodiment similar to that in FIG. 3, in which pentagonal friction lining pieces have been combined with triangular friction lining pieces;

(6) FIG. 5 shows a friction part similar to that in FIG. 2, wherein, in order to illustrate the groove pattern, most of the reference lines and reference designations used in FIG. 2 have been omitted;

(7) FIG. 6 shows the friction part from FIG. 3 with further reference designations and with double arrows for explanation of an additional first variant;

(8) FIG. 7 shows a friction part similar to that in FIG. 3 for the purposes of illustrating an additional second variant;

(9) FIG. 8 shows a Cartesian coordinate diagram in which the course of a proportion accounted for by grooves over a diameter of the friction part from FIG. 7 is plotted;

(10) FIG. 9 shows the same coordinate diagram as in FIG. 8 with an idealized course of the proportion accounted for by grooves over the diameter of the friction part;

(11) FIGS. 10 to 12 show illustrations similar to those in FIGS. 7 to 9 for the purposes of illustrating an additional third variant; and

(12) FIGS. 13 to 15 show illustrations similar to those in FIGS. 7 to 9 for the purposes of illustrating an additional fourth variant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(13) FIGS. 1 to 5 illustrate various exemplary embodiments of a friction part 1; 31; 51; 61; 71. The same reference designations are used to denote identical or similar parts. In order to avoid repetitions, common features of the exemplary embodiments will be described only once.

(14) The friction part 1 illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a friction lining 2, which is made up of individual friction lining pieces 3 to 7. Here, the friction lining pieces 3 to 7 are adhesively bonded to a friction lining carrier 30 (ref. FIG. 2) such that intermediate spaces between the friction lining pieces 3 to 7 form grooves 8 to 17.

(15) The grooves 8 to 17 are, in the direction of the plane of the drawing, delimited at the bottom by the friction lining carrier 30 and permit the passage of a fluid, for example a cooling medium, such as oil, from an inner edge 18 to an outer edge 19 of the friction lining 2. The friction lining 2 forms a grooved annular friction surface between the inner edge 18 and the outer edge 19. The fluid enters at the inner edge 18. The fluid exits at the outer edge 19.

(16) The friction part 1 is a plate of a multiplate clutch. The plate is equipped, on both sides, with a friction lining 2 for forming a friction surface 20. In a multiplate clutch, the friction part 1 is arranged between two steel plates, which can be frictionally connected to the friction part 1 in order to transmit a torque.

(17) The grooves 8 to 17 are arranged in an identical or similar pattern in FIGS. 1 to 4 and are therefore denoted by the same reference designations in FIGS. 1 to 4. In the groove pattern, the grooves 7, 8 constitute first grooves which proceed in a radial direction from the inner edge 18. The first grooves 8, 9 open into branching points 21, 22. A second groove 14 and a third groove 15 proceed from the branching point 21. The first groove 8 forms a Y shape with the second groove 14 and the third groove 15.

(18) A fifth groove 16 and an eighth groove 17 proceed from the second branching point 22. The first groove 9 is arranged in a y shape with the fifth groove 16 and the eighth groove 17.

(19) The second groove 14 opens, together with the fourth groove 13, into a first connecting point 23. The third groove 15 opens, together with the fifth groove 16, into a second connecting point 24. A sixth groove 12 extends from the first connecting point 12 to the outer edge 19. A seventh groove 11 extends from the second connecting point 24 to the outer edge 19. The grooves 13, 14, 12 and 15, 16, 11 of the connecting points 23 and 24 are arranged in an inverted y shape.

(20) The grooves 12, 11, 10 proceeding from the connecting points 23 to 25 run in each case along a radial. The free ends of the grooves 12, 11, 10 form outlet openings 26, 27, 28 at the outer edge 19.

(21) The grooves 8 to 17 are indicated by means of dashed lines in FIGS. 1 to 4. A groove width of the grooves 8 to 17 is defined by the spacings of the adjacent friction lining pieces 3 to 7. The branching points 21, 22 and the connecting points 23 to 25 are indicated by dots.

(22) The friction lining pieces 3 and 4 are arranged in a radially inner row. Here, the friction lining pieces 3, 4 have the shape of pentagons which are made up of a rectangle and of an isosceles triangle with a base which coincides with a relatively long rectangle side. The tip of the pentagonal friction lining pieces 3, 4 is directed radially outward.

(23) The friction lining pieces 5, 6, 7 are arranged in a radially outer row. Here, the friction lining pieces 5 to 7 have the same shape as the friction lining pieces 3, 4. However, the tips of the pentagonal friction lining pieces 5 to 7 are directed radially inward. This arrangement yields the y-shaped and inverse y-shaped course of the grooves 8 to 17.

(24) The first grooves 8, 9 form inlet channels or inlet grooves for cooling oil at the inner edge 18. The grooves 10 to 12, which proceed from the connecting points 25, 24, 23, form outlet channels or outlet grooves with the outlet openings 28, 27, 26 at the outer edge 19.

(25) The pentagonal friction lining pieces 3 to 7 are for example punched out or cut out of conventional paper friction linings. The corners of the pentagonal friction lining pieces 3 to 7 are all rounded. The friction lining pieces 7, 3; 3, 6; 6, 4; 4, 5 all have the same spacing to form the obliquely running grooves 13, 14, 15, 16.

(26) The friction lining pieces 3, 4 which define the groove width of the first groove 8 are spaced apart further from one another to form a relatively large groove width. The friction lining pieces 5, 6 and 6, 7, which delimit the grooves 11, 12, are likewise spaced apart further from one another in order to form a relatively large groove width.

(27) The friction part 31 illustrated in FIG. 2 includes friction lining pieces 33 to 36 and 38, 39 for forming a friction lining 2. The friction lining pieces 33 to 36, 38, 39 are, as in the case of the friction part 1 illustrated in FIG. 1, of pentagonal form with rounded corners and adhesively bonded onto a friction lining carrier 30.

(28) The friction lining carrier 30 has an internal toothing 40 which serves for forming a rotationally conjoint connection to a plate carrier or a shaft. The friction lining carrier 30 is formed, for example, from sheet metal. Grooves 8 to 17 are formed between the friction lining pieces 33 to 36, 38, 39. The friction lining pieces 33 to 36 correspond to the friction lining pieces 3 to 6 in FIG. 1.

(29) A groove set 45 is indicated by means of double arrows 41, 42. A groove set 46 is indicated by means of double arrows 43, 44. The groove set 45 includes the groove 8 as first groove and the grooves 14 and 15 as second and third groove. The grooves 14 and 15 proceed from the branching point 21. The groove set 45 includes the grooves 13 and 16 as fourth and fifth groove, which open, with the grooves 14 and 15, into the connecting points 23 and 24.

(30) Here, the groove 13 constitutes the third groove for a groove set 45 which is adjacent on the left-hand side in FIG. 2. The groove 16 constitutes the second groove for the groove set 46 that is adjacent on the right-hand side in FIG. 2. The two adjacent groove sets 45 and 46 are connected to one another by means of the connecting point 24 and the groove 11.

(31) The friction part 51 illustrated in FIG. 3 includes, in the radially inner row, pentagonal friction lining pieces 53, 54, 58 which, in a radial direction, have a greater extent than the friction lining pieces 33, 34 and 38 of the friction part 31 illustrated in FIG. 2. An unchanged radial spacing between the inner edge 18 and the outer edge 19 results in a smaller groove width of the obliquely running grooves 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 between the friction lining pieces 53, 36; 36, 54; 54, 35; 35, 58.

(32) By means of the dimensions of the friction lining pieces 33 to 36, 38, 39 in a radial direction and also (not illustrated) in a circumferential direction, the groove widths and thus the throughflow resistances can be varied and set in virtually any desired manner. The smaller the groove width, the greater the throughflow resistance.

(33) In the case of the friction part 61 illustrated in FIG. 4, triangular friction lining pieces 65, 66, 69 are arranged in the radially outer row of the friction lining 2. The triangular friction lining pieces 65, 66, 69 are all in the shape of triangles with rounded corners. The triangular shape of the friction lining pieces 65, 66, 69 has the result that the grooves 10 to 12 to the outlet openings 28, 27, 26 are shorter than in the case of the friction parts 31 and 51 illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. Depending on the shape of the friction lining pieces 65, 66, 69, the grooves 10 to 12 may also have a length of zero or approximately zero. The outlet openings 26 to 28 then practically coincide with the connecting points 25, 24, 23.

(34) In the case of the friction part 71 illustrated in FIG. 5, friction lining pieces 33, 36 and 38 which are similar or identical to those in the case of the friction part 31 illustrated in FIG. 2 have been fastened to a friction lining carrier 30 to form a grooved friction surface 70. However, by contrast to FIG. 2, for improved illustration of the groove pattern or groove design, the dashes and dots for indicating the grooves, the branching points and the connecting points, and the associated reference lines and reference designations, have not been illustrated in FIG. 5.

(35) FIG. 6 illustrates the friction part 51 from FIG. 3 with, in part, different reference designations. Radially inner stem grooves 88, 89 correspond to the grooves 8, 9 in FIG. 3. Radially outer stem grooves 90, 91, 92 correspond to the grooves 10 to 12 in FIG. 3. Branch grooves 93 to 97 correspond to the grooves 13 to 17 in FIG. 3.

(36) A groove width of the radially inner stem grooves 88, 89 is indicated by double arrow 81. A groove width of the radially outer stem grooves 90 to 92 is indicated by double arrow 82.

(37) The stem grooves 88 to 92 run in a radial direction. The branch grooves 93 to 97 run obliquely with respect to a radial or tangential direction. An angle between the branch groove 95 and a tangential direction is indicated by double arrow 83. The angle 83 amounts to approximately forty degrees (40°) in FIG. 6. The groove width of the branch grooves 93 to 97 is indicated by means of a double arrow 85.

(38) Tests and trials were carried out in the context of the present invention in order to determine an optimum ratio of the stem grooves 88 to 92 with respect to the branch grooves 93 to 97.

(39) With regard to the stem grooves 88 to 92, it was found that the stem grooves 88 to 92 should have at least a groove width 81, 82 of 2.5 millimeters. At the same time, the groove width 81, 82 of the stem grooves 88 to 92 should be no greater than 5.8 millimeters. For the groove width 85 of the branch grooves 93 to 97, 1.0 millimeter can be stated as a minimum value. A value of 2.0 millimeters has proven to be advantageous as a maximum value for the groove width 85 of the branch grooves 93 to 97.

(40) The above-stated minimum and maximum values for the groove widths 81, 82, 85 of the stem grooves 88 to 92 and of the branch grooves 93 to 97 are dependent on the radius or diameter of the friction surface, i.e., on the radial spacing between the inner edge 18 and the outer edge 19 of the friction surface 20. Therefore, in the context of the present disclosure, a minimum ratio and a maximum ratio between the groove widths 81, 82 of the stem grooves 88 to 92 and the groove widths 85 of the branch grooves 93 to 97 have been determined. The minimum ratio of the groove widths 81, 82 of the stem grooves 88 to 92 to the groove widths 85 of the branch grooves 93 to 97 amounts to 1.25. The maximum ratio between the groove widths 81, 82 of the stem grooves 88 to 92 and the groove widths 85 of the branch grooves 93 to 97 amounts to 5.8.

(41) Three additional variants of friction parts 100; 121; 141 are illustrated in FIGS. 7 to 9, 10 to 12 and 13 to 15. The friction part 100 in FIG. 7 is similar to the friction part 51 in FIG. 3. The friction part 121 in FIG. 10 is similar to the friction part 31 in FIG. 2. The friction part 141 in FIG. 13 is similar to the friction part 71 in FIG. 5.

(42) The friction surface 20 of the friction parts 100; 121; 141 is, as in the case of the friction parts 51; 31; 71 in FIGS. 3, 2 and 5, formed by friction lining pieces (not designated in any more detail) which are shaped, and spaced apart from one another, so as to form radially running stem grooves 88 to 92, which are connected to one another by branch grooves 93 to 97. The friction surface 20 formed by the friction lining pieces is delimited radially at the inside by an inner diameter 101 and radially at the outside by an outer diameter 102.

(43) FIGS. 8, 9; 11, 12; 14, 15 illustrate Cartesian coordinate diagrams with an x axis 105 and a y axis 106. The diameter of the friction surface 20 between the inner diameter 101 and the outer diameter 102 is plotted with suitable length units, such as millimeters, on the x axis. A proportion accounted for by grooves of the friction surface 20 is plotted in percent on the y axis.

(44) Courses 108; 122; 142 of the proportion accounted for by grooves over the diameter of the friction surface 20 are plotted in FIGS. 8, 11 and 14. Idealized courses 109; 123; 143 of the proportion accounted for by grooves over the diameter of the friction surface are plotted in FIGS. 9, 12 and 15. In the case of the idealized courses 109; 123; 143, corner radii of the friction lining pieces, which are also referred to as pads, have been disregarded.

(45) The proportions accounted for by grooves 106 have been determined, proceeding from the inner diameter 101, by integration over the friction surface 20 in an x direction illustrated by means of an arrow in FIG. 7. The spacing between the inner diameter 101 and the outer diameter 102 of the friction surface 20 is denoted in FIG. 7 by means of a double arrow R. The spacing R corresponds, with regard to the friction surface 20, to a radial dimension over which integration is performed in the x direction.

(46) The idealized courses 109; 123; 143 of the proportion accounted for by grooves illustrated in FIGS. 9; 12; 15 each include a radially inner region 111; 124; 144, a radially central region 112; 125; 145, and a radially outer region 113; 126; 146.

(47) In the variant illustrated in FIG. 9, the proportion accounted for by grooves in the radially inner region 111 amounts to on average between forty-six and fifty-two percent (46-52%). In the radially outer region 113, the proportion accounted for by grooves amounts to on average between twenty-seven and thirty-seven percent (27-37%). In the radially central region 112, the proportion accounted for by grooves steadily decreases.

(48) In FIG. 9, it is indicated by double arrow 115 that the radially inner region 111 extends from the inner diameter 101 of the friction surface 20 in the x direction to fifty-eight to sixty-eight percent (58-68%) of R. By means of a double arrow 116, it is indicated that the radially central region 112 extends from the radially inner region 111 in the x direction to seventy-two to eighty-one percent (72-81%) of R. In FIG. 9, a double arrow 117 is used to indicate the dimension R, i.e., the spacing between the inner diameter 101 and the outer diameter 102 of the friction surface 20.

(49) In the variant illustrated in FIG. 12, the proportion accounted for by grooves in the radially inner region 124 of the friction surface 20 amounts to on average thirty to forty percent (30-40%). In the radially central region 125, proceeding from the radially inner region 124, the proportion accounted for by grooves initially steadily increases and then remains constant at a proportion accounted for by grooves which is on average greater than seventy percent (>70%). Thereafter, in the radially central region 125 of the friction surface 20, the proportion accounted for by grooves steadily decreases to the radially outer region 126. In the radially outer region 126 of the friction surface 20, the proportion accounted for by grooves amounts to on average a constant thirty to forty percent (30-40%), as in the radially inner region 124.

(50) Double arrow 128 indicates in FIG. 12 that the radially inner region 124 extends from the inner diameter 101 of the friction surface 20 in the x direction to thirty-five to forty-two percent (35-42%) of R. Double arrow 129 indicates that the proportion accounted for by grooves in the central region 125 increases from the radially inner region 124 to fifty to fifty-five percent (50-55%) of R.

(51) Double arrow 130 indicates in FIG. 12 that the proportion accounted for by grooves in the radially central region 125 remains constant up to sixty to sixty-five percent (60-65%) of R. Double arrow 131 indicates in FIG. 12 that the proportion accounted for by grooves in the radially central region 125 decreases steadily to seventy to seventy-five percent (70-75%) of R. The dimension R is indicated in FIG. 12 by double arrow 132.

(52) In the variant illustrated in FIG. 15, the proportion accounted for by grooves in the radially inner region 144 amounts to on average seventeen to twenty-seven percent (17-27%). In the radially central region 145, the proportion accounted for by grooves increases steadily. In the radially outer region 146, the proportion accounted for by grooves amounts to on average forty-five to fifty-five percent (45-55%). In the radially inner region 144 and in the radially outer region 146, the proportion accounted for by grooves remains constant over the radius or diameter of the friction surface 20.

(53) Double arrow 148 indicates in FIG. 15 that the radially inner region 144 of the friction surface 20 extends from the inner diameter 101 in the x direction to thirty to forty percent (30-40%) of R. Double arrow 149 indicates that the radially central region 145 extends from the radially inner region 144 in the x direction to fifty to sixty percent (50-60%) of R. The dimension R is indicated in FIG. 15 by double arrow 150.

REFERENCE NUMERALS

(54) 1 Friction part 2 Friction lining 3 Friction lining piece 4 Friction lining piece 5 Friction lining piece 6 Friction lining piece 7 Friction lining piece 8 Groove 9 Groove 10 Groove 11 Groove 12 Groove 13 Groove 14 Groove 15 Groove 16 Groove 17 Groove 18 Inner edge 19 Outer edge 20 Friction surface 21 Branching point 22 Branching point 23 Connecting point 24 Connecting point 25 Connecting point 26 Outlet opening 27 Outlet opening 28 Outlet opening 30 Friction lining carrier 31 Friction part 33 Friction lining piece 34 Friction lining piece 35 Friction lining piece 36 Friction lining piece 38 Friction lining piece 39 Friction lining piece 40 Internal toothing 41 Double arrow 42 Double arrow 43 Double arrow 44 Double arrow 45 Groove set 46 Groove set 51 Friction part 53 Friction lining piece 54 Friction lining piece 61 Friction part 65 Friction lining piece 66 Friction lining piece 69 Friction lining piece 70 Friction surface 71 Friction part 81 Double arrow 82 Double arrow 83 Double arrow 85 Double arrow 88 Stem groove 89 Stem groove 90 Stem groove 91 Stem groove 92 Stem groove 93 Branch groove 94 Branch groove 95 Branch groove 96 Branch groove 97 Branch groove 100 Friction part 101 Inner diameter 102 Outer diameter 105 x axis 106 y axis 108 Course 109 Idealized course 111 Radially inner region 112 Radially central region 113 Radially outer region 115 Double arrow 116 Double arrow 117 Double arrow 121 Friction part 122 Course 123 Idealized course 124 Radially inner region 125 Radially central region 126 Radially outer region 128 Double arrow 129 Double arrow 130 Double arrow 131 Double arrow 132 Double arrow 141 Friction part 142 Course 143 Idealized course 144 Radially inner region 145 Radially central region 146 Radially outer region 148 Double arrow 149 Double arrow 150 Double arrow