PHYSIOLOGIC CARDIOVASCULAR PH BALANCED COUNTER CURRENT ELECTROLYTE TRANSFER AND FLUID REMOVAL SYSTEM

Abstract

Certain embodiments of the invention are directed to methods of adjusting the concentration of one or more electrolytes in a patients blood using a counter current electrolyte solution.

Claims

1. A method of adjusting the concentration of one or more electrolytes in a patient's blood, the method comprising: (a) providing an extracorporeal blood circuit comprising the following components in fluid communication with a patient's circulatory system: blood flow tubing, an oxygenator, a blood pump, and a hemofilter, wherein the filter comprises a first filter chamber and a second filter chamber separated by a semi-permeable barrier; (b) flowing the patient's blood through the first filter chamber; (c) adjusting the concentration of at least one electrolyte in the patient's blood by flowing a first wash solution through the second filter chamber in a direction of flow opposite to the direction that the patient's blood is flowing through the first filter chamber.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one electrolyte in the patient's blood comprises at least one of hydrogen ion, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, glucose, bicarbonate, and lactate.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein step (c) is performed for a time sufficient to cause the concentration of the at least one electrolyte in the patient's blood to adjust from a concentration outside a desired range to a concentration within the desired range.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the desired range for hydrogen ion is pH 7.35 to 7.45, the desired range for sodium is 135 to 145 mM, the desired range for potassium is 3.5 to 4.5 mM, the desired range for calcium is 0.8 to 1.2 mM, the desired range for chloride is 95 to 115 mM, the desired range for glucose is 80 to 120 mg/dL, the desired range for bicarbonate is 22 to 28 mM, and the desired range for lactate is 0 to 2 mM.

5. The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein performing step (c) causes the concentration of the at least one electrolyte to adjust to a concentration within the desired range within 6 minutes of initiating flow of the first wash solution through the second filter chamber.

6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein performing step (c) causes the concentration of the at least one electrolyte to adjust by at least 15% within 3 minutes.

7. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the first wash solution either does not comprise the at least one electrolyte or comprises the at least one electrolyte at a concentration below the concentration of the at least one electrolyte in the blood before step (c) is performed.

8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the first wash solution comprises the at least one electrolyte at a concentration above the concentration of the at least one electrolyte in the blood before step (c) is performed.

9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the first wash solution has a pH of 7.4 and comprises 138 mM of sodium, Bicarb 28 mM, Glucose 95 mM, Calcium 0.9 mM, Potassium 0 mM in one wash solution and Potassium of 3.5 mM in another.

10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the total volume of the first wash solution that is flowed through the second filter chamber in step (c) is less than 600 mL.

11. The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the rate of flow of the first wash solution through the second filter chamber is from 20 to 100 ml/min.

12. The method of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the rate of flow of the patient's blood through the first filter chamber is from 20 to 200 ml/min.

13. The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, further comprising stopping the flow of the first wash solution through the second filter chamber when the concentration of the at least one electrolyte in the patient's blood is within a desired range.

14. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, further comprising flowing a second wash solution through the second filter chamber after the concentration of the at least one electrolyte in the patient's blood is adjusted to be within a desired range, wherein the second wash solution comprises the at least one electrolyte at a concentration within the desired range.

15. The method of any one of claims 1 to 14, further comprising monitoring the concentration of the at least one electrolyte in the patient's blood.

16. The method of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the concentration of sodium in the patient's blood remains below 140 mM or does not increase by more than 5% while the method is being performed.

17. The method of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein performing the method does not cause a decrease in the hematocrit of the patient's blood of more than 3%.

18. The method of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the blood flow tubing is coupled to a blood input port and a blood outlet port, the blood input port and the blood output port being in fluid communication with the first filter chamber.

19. The method of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein step (c) further comprises: (i) flowing the wash solution from a wash solution reservoir through wash solution tubing coupled to a wash solution inlet port, the wash solution inlet port being in fluid communication with the second filter chamber; and (ii) flowing wash solution effluent from an effluent outlet port in fluid communication with the second filter chamber and through effluent tubing coupled to the effluent output port.

20. The method of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the extracorporeal blood circuit is coupled to a heat exchange unit.

21. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the extracorporeal blood circuit is comprised in a cardiopulmonary bypass system.

22. The method of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the extracorporeal blood circuit is comprised in an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation system.

23. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the patient is undergoing cardiac surgery.

24. The method of any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein the patient is of any age.

25. The method of any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein the concentration of the at least one electrolyte is adjusted without adding fluid to a reservoir of the patient's blood.

26. The method of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the concentration of the at least one electrolyte is adjusted without a transient or permanent net influx of fluid into the patient's blood.

27. The method of any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the concentration of the at least one electrolyte is adjusted without a transient or permanent net efflux of fluid from the patient's blood.

28. The method of any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the volume of the patient's blood in the extracorporeal circuit remains constant throughout the performance of the method.

29. The method of any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the volume of the patient's blood in the extracorporeal circuit does not vary by more than 1% throughout performance of the method.

30. The method of any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the concentration of the at least one electrolyte is adjusted without addition of fluid to a patient's blood other than fluid that flows across the semipermeable barrier in the filter.

31. The method of any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein the concentration of the at least one electrolyte is adjusted without withdrawing fluid from the patient's blood other than fluid that flows across the semipermeable barrier in the filter.

32. The method of any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein the second filter chamber is in fluid communication with a wash solution input pump controlling the rate of flow of wash solution into the second filter chamber and an effluent pump controlling the rate of flow of effluent out of the second filter chamber.

33. The method of claim 32, further comprising adjusting the rates of the wash solution input pump and the effluent pump to cause a lower pressure in the second filter chamber than the pressure in the first filter chamber and a net efflux of fluid from the patient's blood.

34. The method of any one of claims 1 to 33, further comprising measuring the pressure in the second filter chamber.

35. The method of claim 34, further comprising adjusting the rate of the wash solution input pump and/or the effluent outlet pump based on the pressure measurement.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein adjusting the rate of the wash solution input pump and/or the effluent pump comprises stopping the wash solution input pump and/or the effluent pump if the pressure in the second filter chamber is higher than the pressure in the first filter chamber.

37. The method of any one of claims 32 to 36, wherein the wash solution input pump and the effluent outlet pump are electrically coupled to (i) a sensor that senses the concentration of the at least one electrolyte in the patient's blood and (ii) a processor that receives electrolyte concentration data from the sensor and controls the rate of flow of wash solution through the second filter chamber by adjusting the rates of the wash solution input pump and the effluent pump based on the electrolyte concentration data.

38. A method of preparing stored blood for injection into a patient comprising: (a) providing a filter in fluid communication with a reservoir containing the stored blood, wherein the filter comprises a first filter chamber and a second filter chamber separated by a semipermeable barrier; (b) flowing the stored blood through the first filter chamber; (c) adjusting the concentration of at least one electrolyte in the stored banked blood by flowing a wash solution through the second filter chamber in a direction of flow opposite to the direction that the patient's blood is flowing through the first filter chamber.

39. A system for adjusting the concentration of at least one electrolyte in a patient's blood, the system comprising: (a) blood flow tubing in fluid communication with the patient's circulatory system; (b) an oxygenator in fluid communication with the blood flow tubing; (c) a blood pump that causes blood to flow within the blood flow tubing; (d) a filter comprising a first filter chamber and a second filter chamber separated by a semipermeable barrier, wherein the first filter chamber is in fluid communication with the blood flow tubing; (e) a wash solution reservoir in fluid communication with the second filter chamber; and (f) a wash solution input pump in fluid communication with the wash solution reservoir that causes the wash solution to flow within the second filter chamber in a direction opposite the direction of blood flow.

40. The system of claim 39, wherein the wash solution input pump is upstream from and in fluid communication with a wash solution inlet port, the wash solution inlet port being in fluid communication with the second filter chamber.

41. The system of claim 39 or 40, further comprising an effluent pump downstream from and in fluid communication with an effluent outlet port, the effluent outlet port being in fluid communication with the second filter chamber.

42. The system of any one of claims 39 to 41, further comprising a pump speed controller that can adjust the speed of the wash solution input pump and/or the effluent pump.

43. The system of any one of claims 39 to 42, further comprising a display that indicates the rate of the wash solution input pump and/or the effluent pump.

44. The system of claim 43, wherein the wash solution input pump, the effluent pump, the pump speed controller, and the display are comprised in a single, portable console.

45. The system of any one of claims 39 to 44, further comprising a sensor that can detect the concentration of at least one electrolyte in the patient's blood.

46. The system of claim 45, wherein the sensor can communicate electrolyte concentration data to a processor.

47. The system of claim 46, wherein the processor can cause a change in speed of the wash solution input pump and/or the effluent pump based on the electrolyte concentration data.

48. The system of any one of claims 39 to 47, further comprising a pressure sensor in fluid communication with the second filter chamber.

49. The system of any one of claims 39 to 48, further comprising a safety shut-off mechanism that can stop the wash solution pump and/or the effluent pump if the pressure in the second filter chamber is outside a predetermined range.

50. The system of any one of claims 39 to 49, wherein the wash solution reservoir comprises a wash solution having a sodium concentration of 138 mM, a pH of 7.4, Bicarb 24-28 mM, Chloride 95-115 mM.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of the specification embodiments presented herein.

[0031] FIG. 1. This drawing illustrates one embodiment of a device as described herein.

[0032] FIG. 2. This drawing illustrates a second embodiment of a device as described herein, this device is configured for blood restoration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0033] The device, system, and methods described herein can be used to maintain the physiologic state of a patient through the entire electrolyte spectrum. It began with the quest to create a crystalloid solution that would maintain the appropriate electrolyte ranges while lowering targeted values. A custom pH balanced perfusion specific crystalloid solution had been used in the past. This simple crystalloid solution was beneficial but another problem that was not solved by the customized crystalloid solution was the unmet need for removing fluid quickly via a hemofilter. As mentioned before, the electrolytes are a major focus during the surgeries, but one of the most important factors that is directly affected while the blood is “washed” is the hematocrit. As volume is added to the patient to dilute the electrolytes it also dilutes the total red cell volume. Acute changes like this can affect the oxygen carrying capacity of the patient, the vascular tone, and can impact end organ perfusion. Hemofiltration is a great tool but very slow relative to a rapid paced cardiac surgery. The limitation is that one cannot add a large bolus of fluid to a patient repeatedly because of its negative affects so the fluid must be parceled and removed, add fluid then remove fluid and add fluid then remove fluid. This is where the term “washing” the blood originates. The problem is that the excessive amount of volume takes a certain amount of time to remove before the process can continue. The inventors contemplated modifying or manipulating the hemofilter to increase its efficiency when used in conjunction with customized physiologic crystalloid solutions.

[0034] The theory of infusing by electrolyte counter current to the blood being shunted through the hemofilter would cause a diffusion of the electrolytes without the need of adding the volume into the patient's blood stream. As the blood passes through the hemofilter fibers and the optimized electrolyte solution moves around those fibers the electrolytes seek an equilibrium from the electrolyte gradient between the patient's blood going through the inside of the fibers of the hemofilter versus the electrolytes in the custom crystalloid flowing counter current on the outside of the fibers.

[0035] The device described herein is a small, light-weight, self-contained system that can be adapted to any cardiopulmonary bypass Heart/Lung machine, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation console, or stand-alone unit for restoration of undesirable banked blood.

A. Extracorporeal Conditioning System

[0036] Device described herein can be operated in 1, 2, 3, 4 or more different modes: (1) “zero balanced” electrolyte transfer, (2) fluid removal, (3) a combination of both electrolyte transfer and fluid removal simultaneously, and (4) physiological restoration of banked blood. Buttons can be present to select modes or dictate pump speeds during the combo mode. This system can provide a more precise and efficient level of ultrafiltration, thus allowing the patient to maintain an optimum pH and electrolyte balance during heart surgery, during application of ventricular assist devices (VAD's), as well as during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) runs.

[0037] Referring to FIG. 1, the system is comprised of console 100 with dual roller pumps 102 and 104 to be used in conjunction with preassembled sterile disposable, hemofilter 108 as well as an optimum pH and electrolyte balanced cardiovascular solution 110. Multiple displays 112 on the console show each pumps flow rate (ml/min) and the pressure (mmHg) on the negative side of the outlet pump.

[0038] Hemofilters are used in many cardiovascular cases. Blood is usually shunted through the hemofilter which contains hundreds of semipermeable microporous fibers and then reenters the patients cardiopulmonary support circuit. The pores are small enough to allow only small molecules, like aqueous solutions, electrolytes or anything else that is smaller than 50,000 Daltons. If molecules are greater than 50,000, like plasma proteins, blood cells, and most other blood components, they will not pass through the pores and will remain in the circuit and patient circulation. As a negative pressure is applied to the hemofilter, the aqueous fluid is removed which essentially concentrates the contents of the blood.

[0039] Continuing reference to FIG. 1, the two roller pumps (e.g., 102 and 104 of FIG. 1), designated as the inlet (102) and outlet (104) pumps can perform synchronously or independently from each other. For different situations different modes have been incorporated, for example Z-buf (1), Concentration (2), Combo (3) and Restoration (4). The different modes can be utilized during the following examples. (i) During heart surgery, it is not uncommon for the patient's pH and electrolytes to become out of balance due to multiple outside factors such as normal saline (pH 5.0) injection from the surgical table or doses of high potassium cardioplegia solution (K>7). Traditional treatment of these issues would be the administration of sodium bicarbonate for pH correction and the addition of 0.9% NaCl to the patient's bypass circuit to reduce an elevated potassium level by diluting it. The diluted volume is then removed via ultrafiltration. This method is time consuming and inefficient and other electrolytes could subsequently become imbalanced such as chloride. With the device/system described herein the top pump or inlet pump 102 pulls the sterile pH/electrolyte balanced cardiovascular solution from bag 110 and pumps it into hemofilter 108. This solution moves counter current outside of the fibers, as the blood pathway moves inside the hemofilter fibers. Outlet pump 104 draws fluid from within the hemofilter and can expel it to a proper waste container. With safety in mind, a pressure monitor is attached on the negative side of outlet pump 104 from hemofilter 108, in order to assure that a negative pressure is maintained. Safe guards can be provided or built in to stop both the pumps if the pressure becomes positive or if it becomes too negative. Another safety feature that can be incorporated is that the inlet pump that pushes fluid into the hemofilter can be regulated to never to run at a higher flow rate than the outlet pump which pulls fluid from the system. As the pH/electrolyte balanced cardiovascular solution runs through the hemofilter, the electrolytes within the blood shift to establish an equilibrium between the solution and the blood. If undesirable or even dangerous electrolyte levels are present this device can be employed to rapidly, yet safely, reduce and balance the pH and electrolyte levels to their normal physiological state in a very short amount of time. When inlet 102 and outlet 104 pumps move at the same speed there is a net zero balance of fluid between the patient and the electrolyte transfer system.

[0040] In the event that only fluid removal is necessary from the patient bypass circuit, the system has a mode that will remove fluid more efficiently than the traditional ultrafiltration method of vacuum only. This mode will require that the inlet pump does not rotate and the outlet pump responds to the users designated removal rate. Also, included in this system is a mode which is a combination of the counter current technique with additional fluid removal. This combo mode can be used in the event that the patient's electrolytes require to be normalized, but fluid also needs to be removed. For example electrolyte imbalances can occur when the hematocrit needs to be elevated. This can occur because even “fresh” packed red blood cells typically have an elevated potassium and pH imbalance. With the combo mode engaged one can increase the hematocrit and restore the optimum physiologic state of the blood in a matter of minutes.

[0041] In certain embodiments the console is electrically powered, small, light-weight and water resistant. A bracket can be provided, preferably on the back side, so the console can easily be attached to any brand of cardiopulmonary bypass machines or ECMO consoles. The accompanying sterile disposable can come fully assembled and easily pops onto the device.

[0042] The sterile disposable can be used as an additional component to a cardiovascular bypass system, the primary use. The device has a secondary use which can be implemented as a stand-alone unit. With reference to FIG. 2, the sterile disposable is functionally different and can be used for the restoration of banked blood. The two different systems can employ custom pH/electrolyte balanced cardiovascular solutions. For the primary use the pH/electrolyte balanced cardiovascular solution can be broken down into two types. Solution A will be composed of a physiologic pH balanced crystalloid that includes sodium, calcium, chloride and glucose within their normal ranges. Solution B will contain the same components but will also incorporate potassium in a normal physiologic range. The secondary use disposable will also include a pH balance crystalloid solution similar to solution B but it will not contain calcium. The calcium will interfere with the anticoagulant, citrate, of the banked blood causing it to clot.

[0043] The system illustrated in FIG. 2 includes console 200 having inlet pump 202, outlet pump 204 in communication with solution bag 210 and hemofilter 208. Console 200 has display 212. The device is also configured to be in communication with blood source 214 which is in communication with hemofilter 208. The blood is counter flow circulated relative to the solution provided by solution bag 210 by pump 206.

B. Methods of Regulating Electrolyte Levels

[0044] The devices, systems, and methods described herein could be used safely on any cardiopulmonary bypass circuit, ECMO, or temporary ventricular assist device. This device could be used to normalize a cardiopulmonary circuit before it is used on a patient. As a unit of blood ages, the cell wall of the red blood cell begins to deteriorate and can eventually rupture. The patient will be exposed to the noxious contents of the ruptured cell if they are transfused with this blood. The secondary use of the device/system will help normalize the electrolytes, primarily potassium and glucose of banked blood. The speed, efficiency, and portability of the device in tandem with the custom crystalloid solutions, and sterile disposables make it a unique system that can be utilized in various hospital settings.

[0045] The traditional method for fluid removal has been to simply remove fluid with a hemofilter from the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit. The device/system described herein allows for fluid removal as well as a counter current fluid transfer to quickly manipulate the patient's electrolytes or return banked blood to a physiologic state. The pH/electrolyte balanced solutions in conjunction with the counter current flow is distinct from the current industry wide practice.

[0046] With the proper pH/electrolyte balanced cardiovascular solution the inventors have shown proof of concept. The unexpected results encountered was extreme efficiency of the system.

EXAMPLES

[0047] The following examples as well as the figures are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples or figures represent techniques discovered by the inventors to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Example 1

Maintaining Physiological Status while on Cardiopulmonary Bypass Utilizing Electrolyte Transfer and Custom Perfusion pH Balanced Solutions

[0048] A representative system was tested on a circuit of expired blood with adverse pH/electrolyte levels. The device was used with a pH/electrolyte balanced cardiovascular solution and the pH/electrolyte levels were normalized within minutes of starting the mechanism. In one experiment the potassium was lowered from 8.7 to 3.9 in approximately 6 minutes. This is a significant achievement when compared to the traditional method.

A. Materials and Methods

[0049] Studies were performed to recreate a clinical setting and compare an embodiment of the current invention to traditional methodologies. The improved counter current system described herein and custom pH balanced crystalloid solution is compared to the industry wide practice of the use of traditional crystalloids with traditional hemofiltration, which would serve as the control group. After a cardiac surgery takes places there is occasionally a portion of the patient's blood left in the cardiopulmonary bypass machine that will be discarded once the patient's surgery is complete and the patient has left the operating room. Studies utilized this discarded human blood. The electrolyte levels are manipulated to mimic the undesirable levels one may experience on bypass. Once the mimic conditions were established the inventors would attempt to compare the two techniques. Also, the blood bank at times has expired blood and fresh frozen plasma, which can be used to prime the circuits to simulate situations of undesirable levels of the electrolytes while on cardiopulmonary bypass.

[0050] One disclaimer is that the inventors chose to use their own wash solution noted as “Wash A” because it is the inventor's clinical experience that this is an optimal crystalloid when compared to normal saline. Wash A has a sodium level of 138 mmol/L and balance pH, where 0.9% NaCl has a sodium of 154 and a pH of 5.0. Over a 12 minute span 305 mL of packed red blood cells were given to increase the hematocrit and 600 mL of Wash A was added to lower the potassium level. A reminder is that this large amount of volume added to a circuit takes a certain amount of time to reach its original volume when using a hemoconcentrator. In this 12 minutes a 14% drop in the potassium was experienced, the wash was continued for an additional 18 minutes with 600 mL added and 57% drop was recorded. At this point the inventors were 30 minutes into the traditional method with 1200 mL of wash used. It is noteworthy to observe the other electrolytes during this process and their changes. Sodium bicarbonate and calcium were added and then an additional 13 minutes of Wash B was used. Wash B is similar to Wash A, but it contains a physiologic level of potassium. The end result was a circuit blood gas that resembled the patient's baseline, the problem is that it took 51 minutes and 1500 mL of washing to achieve this.

B. Results

[0051] In the traditional method, table 1, an actual patient baseline gas is provided in column 1, the first gas evaluated on the circuit is in column 2. It is noted that the potassium has been artificially elevated. One disclaimer is that the inventors chose to use their own wash solution noted as “Wash A” because it is the inventor's clinical experience that this is an optimal crystalloid when compared to normal saline. Wash A has a sodium level of 138 mmol/L and balance pH, where 0.9% NaCl has a sodium of 154 and a pH of 5.0. Over a 12 minute span 305 mL of packed red blood cells were given to increase the hematocrit and 600 mL of Wash A was added to lower the potassium level. A reminder is that this large amount of volume added to a circuit takes a certain amount of time to reach its original volume when using a hemoconcentrator. In this 12 minutes a 14% drop in the potassium was experienced, the wash was continued for an additional 18 minutes with 600 mL added and 57% drop was recorded. At this point the inventors were 30 minutes into the traditional method with 1200 mL of wash used. It is noteworthy to observe the other electrolytes during this process and their changes. Sodium bicarbonate and calcium were added and then an additional 13 minutes of Wash B was used. Wash B is similar to Wash A, but it contains a physiologic level of potassium. The end result was a circuit blood gas that resembled the patient's baseline, the problem is that it took 51 minutes and 1500 mL of washing to achieve this.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Traditional Method 12 minutes 18 minutes 8 minutes 13 minutes Traditional Method Added 305 Added 6 Sweep mL PRBC mEq NaHCO.sub.3 Adjustment and 600 mL 600 mL and 250 mg and 300 mL Patient Gas Circuit Wash A WashA CaCl Wash B pH 7.42 7.18 7.19 7.35 7.48 7.41 Sodium (mmol/L) 137 137 138 137 144 142 Potassium (mmol/L) 3.9 11.4 9.8 4.2 3.9 3.8 Calcium (mmol/L) 1.21 1.25 0.63 0.42 1.91 1.05 Chloride (mmol/L) 108 106 109 111 116 105 Glucose (mg/dL) 116 313 249 128 119 66 Base Excess (mmol/L) −3.1 −12 −13.8 −5.2 3.9 1.2 Bicarb (mmol/L) 20.8 15.3 13.4 19.9 27.6 26 Hematocrit (%) 29 17 32 27 29 29 Lactate 1.0 8.0 7.9 4.6 4.7 3.0 51 minutes and 1500 mL of Wash A added

[0052] In the rapid electrolyte transfer experiment (table 2) the countercurrent system was set up on the circuit and no fluid was added into the mock patient's circulation. The efficiency of the system was immediately apparent. Wash A was used and within 3 minutes the inventors had achieved a 26% decrease in the potassium level while maintaining the pH and hematocrit. The process was continued for 3 additional minutes and an additional 39% decrease in the potassium was achieved which ultimately restored it to a physiologic level. In this experiment the glucose and lactate were reduced yet the pH, sodium and hematocrit were maintained. An overall 55% reduction is potassium was accomplished in 6 minutes.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Rapid ETS method 3 Minutes 3 Minutes Rapid ETS Method Simulated 300 mL of 300 mL circuit Gas Wash A Wash A pH 7.33 7.35 7.38 Sodium (mmol/L) 130 134 137 Potassium (mmol/L) 8.7 6.4 3.9 Calcium (mmol/L) 1.05 0.9 0.69 Chloride (mmol/L) 100 101 102 Glucose (mg/dL) 249 208 153 Base Excess (mmol/L) −3.1 −1.4 0.6 Bicarb (mmol/L) 22.7 24.3 26 Hematocrit (%) 30 31 31 Lactate 2.3 2.0 1.5 6 minutes and 600 mL of zero balance

[0053] An additional method was conceived that could use a slow and continuous method to maintain the physiology versus making quick drops in the potassium. Wash A and B were both used in a countercurrent method. The countercurrent system was run at a much slower pace to measure its effects. 60 mL was used every 3 minutes versus the 300 mL in the previous electrolyte transfer experiment and the results were still favorable. The initial 3 minutes saw a 22% drop in potassium, then 12% on the next 3, 16% and then 11.6%. This brought potassium to a normal range and wash B was used.

[0054] The results were promising. Never before have the inventors been able to influence targeted electrolytes without significantly impacting others. It's almost as though one problem is fixed while another problem is created. The speed and efficiency is something that was unexpected when the experiment was initiated. Based on these results an electrolyte transfer system used in conjunction with an optimized perfusion specific crystalloid solution is much better than the industry wide standard.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Continuous ETS Method 3 minutes 3 minutes 3 minutes 3 minutes 3 minutes 2 minutes Continuous ETS Method Simulated 60 mL 60 mL 60 mL 60 mL 60 mL 40 mL Patient Gas WashA WashA WashA WashB WashB WashB pH 7.49 7.46 7.46 7.46 7.47 7.45 7.43 Sodium (mmol/L) 135 137 138 139 140 140 140 Potassium (mmol/L) 9.0 7.0 6.1 5.1 4.5 4.1 4.0 Calcium (mmol/L) 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.28 1.25 Chloride (mmol/L) 98 97 98 98 99 97 95 Glucose (mg/dL) 216 188 176 165 159 150 137 Base Excess (mmol/L) 7.2 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.6 4.1 2.6 Bicarb (mmol/L) 31.2 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.8 28.5 27.2 Hematocrit (%) 38 38 37 36 36 38 37 Lactate 3.9 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.2 20 minutes and 340 mL of zero balance