Pneumatic tire

Abstract

A pneumatic tire includes a tread; sidewalls; beads inward of the sidewalls; lug grooves formed in the tread and inclined symmetrically about the equator, an inclination angle α of the lug grooves with respect to the lateral direction being 15°≤α≤45°; and shoulder grooves connecting the lug grooves and inclined in an opposite direction to the lug grooves, a center line of the shoulder grooves at both sides meeting with two of the lug grooves at intersection points. A difference between distances L1, L2 from the equator to the intersection points and a tread width TW satisfy TW×0.03≤|L1−L2|≤TW×0.2. An average value of the distances and the tread width TW satisfy TW×0.15≤(L1+L2)/2≤TW×0.35. A groove area ratio of the tread is from 0.4 to 0.7.

Claims

1. A pneumatic tire, comprising: an annular tread portion extending in a tire circumferential direction; a pair of sidewall portions disposed on either side of the tread portion; and a pair of bead portions disposed inward of the sidewall portions in a tire radial direction; wherein lug main grooves extending in a tire lateral direction and opening to a tread edge being formed on either side of a tire equator in the tread portion, the lug main grooves being inclined with respect to the tire lateral direction in a symmetrical manner about the tire equator, and an inclination angle α of the lug main grooves with respect to the tire lateral direction at a position 25% of a tread width from the tire equator being set to a range 15°≤α≤45°; shoulder inclined grooves connecting lug main grooves adjacent in the tire circumferential direction being formed in the tread portion, the shoulder inclined grooves each being inclined in an opposite direction to a corresponding lug main groove of the lug main grooves, a center line of the shoulder inclined grooves at both sides meeting with two of the lug main grooves at two intersection points P1, P2, a difference between a distance L1 from the tire equator to the intersection point P1 and a distance L2 from the tire equator to the intersection point P2 and a tread width TW satisfy a relationship TW×0.03≤|L1−L2|≤TW×0.2, and an average value of the distances L1, L2 and the tread width TW satisfy a relationship TW×0.15≤(L1+L2)/2≤TW×0.35; a groove area ratio of the tread portion being from 0.4 to 0.7; a width W1 of the lug main grooves at the tread edge and an interval W2 between the lug main grooves at the tread edge satisfies 0.7≤W1/W2≤1.5; positions of the lug main grooves are offset in the tire circumferential direction on either side of the tire equator; and an offset amount S of the lug main grooves and a pitch P of the lug main grooves in the tire circumferential direction satisfy a relationship 0.3≤S/P≤0.5.

2. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein a groove depth D1 of the shoulder inclined grooves at a central position in a longitudinal direction and a groove depth D2 of the lug main grooves at a position 25% of the tread width from the tire equator satisfy a relationship 0.3≤D1/D2≤0.7.

3. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein center inclined grooves connecting the lug main grooves located on either side of the tire equator are formed in the tread portion; and a width W3 of the center inclined grooves at a central position in a longitudinal direction and the width W1 of the lug main grooves at the tread edge satisfy a relationship 0.3≤W3/W1≤0.8.

4. The pneumatic tire according to claim 3, wherein a groove depth D3 of the center inclined grooves at a central position in a longitudinal direction and a groove depth D2 of the lug main grooves at a position 25% of the tread width from the tire equator satisfy a relationship 0.3≤D3/D2≤0.7.

5. The pneumatic tire according to claim 4, wherein a narrow groove that opens at both ends to the lug main grooves is formed at a bottom portion of each of the center inclined grooves; and a width W4 of the narrow groove and the width W3 of the center inclined grooves at the central position in the longitudinal direction satisfy a relationship 0.05≤W4/W3≤0.5.

6. The pneumatic tire according to claim 5, wherein a groove depth D4 of the narrow groove with a road contact surface of the tread portion as a reference and the groove depth D2 of the lug main grooves at a position 25% of the tread width from the tire equator satisfy a relationship 0.5≤D4/D2≤1.0.

7. The pneumatic tire according to claim 2, wherein center inclined grooves connecting the lug main grooves located on either side of the tire equator are formed in the tread portion; and a width W3 of the center inclined grooves at a central position in a longitudinal direction and the width W1 of the lug main grooves at the tread edge satisfy a relationship 0.3≤W3/W1≤0.8.

8. The pneumatic tire according to claim 7, wherein a groove depth D3 of the center inclined grooves at a central position in a longitudinal direction and a groove depth D2 of the lug main grooves at a position 25% of the tread width from the tire equator satisfy a relationship 0.3≤D3/D2≤0.7.

9. The pneumatic tire according to claim 8, wherein a narrow groove that opens at both ends to the lug main grooves is formed at a bottom portion of each of the center inclined grooves; and a width W4 of the narrow groove and the width W3 of the center inclined grooves at the central position in the longitudinal direction satisfy a relationship 0.05≤W4/W3≤0.5.

10. The pneumatic tire according to claim 9, wherein a groove depth D4 of the narrow groove with a road contact surface of the tread portion as a reference and the groove depth D2 of the lug main grooves at a position 25% of the tread width from the tire equator satisfy a relationship 0.5≤D4/D2≤1.0.

11. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the inclination angle α of the lug main grooves with respect to the tire lateral direction at the position 25% of the tread width from the tire equator is set to a range 15°≤α≤40°.

12. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the groove area ratio of the tread portion is from 0.4 to 0.55.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a meridian cross-sectional view illustrating the pneumatic tire according to an embodiment of the present technology.

(2) FIG. 2 is a plan view illustrating a tread pattern of a pneumatic tire according to an embodiment of the present technology.

(3) FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a tread portion of a pneumatic tire according to an embodiment of the present technology.

(4) FIGS. 4A and 4B are diagrams illustrating an airflow generated in a tread portion. FIG. 4A is a plan view illustrating an airflow generated in a structure according to an embodiment of the present technology. FIG. 4B is a plan view illustrating an airflow generated in a conventional structure different from embodiments of the present technology.

(5) FIG. 5 is a plan view illustrating a center region of a tread pattern of a pneumatic tire according to another embodiment of the present technology.

(6) FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line X-X of FIG. 5 in the direction of the arrows.

(7) FIG. 7 is a meridian half cross-sectional view illustrating a pneumatic tire according to yet another embodiment of the present technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(8) Configurations of embodiments of the present technology are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIGS. 1 to 3 illustrate a pneumatic tire for a scraper vehicle according to an embodiment of the present technology. In FIG. 1, only the structure on one side of a tire equator CL in the tire lateral direction is illustrated, but the pneumatic tire is provided with a symmetrical structure on the other side of the pneumatic tire. In FIG. 2, in order to facilitate understanding of the tread structure, a portion that comes into contact with the road surface when the tire is running is depicted as a hatched portion.

(9) As illustrated in FIG. 1, a pneumatic tire of the present embodiment includes an annular tread portion 1 extending in the tire circumferential direction, a pair of sidewall portions 2, 2 disposed on both sides of the tread portion 1, and a pair of bead portions 3, 3 disposed inward of the sidewall portions 2 in the tire radial direction. The tread portion 1 includes a square shoulder, and a shoulder edge thereof is a ground contact edge.

(10) At least one carcass layer 4 is mounted between the pair of bead portions 3, 3. The carcass layer 4 includes a plurality of reinforcing cords extending in the tire radial direction and is folded back around bead cores 5 disposed in each of the bead portions 3 from a tire inner side to a tire outer side. Preferably, steel cords are used as the reinforcing cords of the carcass layer 4 but organic fiber cords such as polyester fiber cords and the like can also be used.

(11) A plurality of belt layers 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d are embedded on the outer circumferential side of the carcass layer 4 in the tread portion 1. The belt layers 6a to 6d each include a plurality of reinforcing cords that are inclined with respect to the tire circumferential direction, with the reinforcing cords of the discretionary different layers arranged in a criss-cross manner. In the belt layers 6a to 6d, the inclination angle of the reinforcing cords with respect to the tire circumferential direction ranges from, for example, 10° to 40°. Steel cords are preferably used as the reinforcing cords of the belt layers 6a to 6d.

(12) Note that the tire internal structure described above represents a typical example for a pneumatic tire, and the pneumatic tire is not limited thereto.

(13) As illustrated in FIG. 2, a plurality of lug main grooves 11 positioned on each side of the tire equator CL that extend in the tire lateral direction are formed in a tread portion 1 at intervals in a tire circumferential direction. The lug main grooves 11 each include an inner end portion in the tire lateral direction that terminates at a position separated from the tire equator CL and an outer end portion in the tire lateral direction that opens to the tread edge. The lug main grooves 11 on each side of the tire equator CL are inclined symmetrically with respect to the tire lateral direction. In other words, the lug main grooves 11 each incline in one direction in the tire circumferential direction (the opposite direction to a rotation direction R) outward in the tire lateral direction. An inclination angle α of the lug main grooves 11 with respect to the tire lateral direction at a position 25% of a tread width TW from the tire equator CL is set in the range 15°≤α≤45°. The inclination angle α is the inclination angle of the center line of the lug main groove 11. In addition, a width W1 of the lug main groove 11 at the tread edge and an interval W2 between lug main grooves 11 at the tread edge preferably satisfy the relationship 0.7≤W1/W2≤1.5 to ensure good traction performance.

(14) A plurality of shoulder inclined grooves 12 that connect the lug main grooves 11, 11 adjacent in the tire circumferential direction are formed in the tread portion 1. The shoulder inclined grooves 12 are inclined in the opposite direction to the corresponding lug main grooves 11. In other words, the shoulder inclined grooves 12 are inclined in the opposite direction to the lug main grooves 11 they connect to. The center line of the shoulder inclined grooves 12 meets the lug main grooves 11 on either side at two intersection points P1, P2. The difference between a distance L1 from the tire equator CL to the intersection point P1 located on the forward side of the rotation direction R and a distance L2 from the tire equator CL to the intersection P2 located on the backward side in the rotation direction R and the tread width TW satisfy the relationship TW×0.03≤|L1−L2|≤TW×0.2, and the average value thereof and the tread width TW satisfy the relationship TW×0.15≤(L1+L2)/2≤TW×0.35. The difference in the distances L1, L2 means the distance in the tire lateral direction to the intersection points P1, P2, and the average value of the distances L1, L2 means the position of the shoulder inclined groove 12 in the tire lateral direction. As a result, a plurality of shoulder blocks 22 are defined by the lug main grooves 11 and the shoulder inclined grooves 12 in the shoulder regions of the tread portion 1.

(15) Furthermore, a plurality of center inclined grooves 13 that connect the lug main grooves 11 on either side of the tire equator CL are formed in the tread portion 1. The inclination directions of the center inclined grooves 13 with respect to the tire lateral direction are alternately inverted in the tire circumferential direction. Also, two center inclined grooves 13, 13 are connected to the inner end portion in the tire lateral direction of one lug main groove 11 and branched off, communicating with different lug main grooves 11 located on the opposite side of the tire equator CL. As a result, a plurality of center blocks 23 are defined by the lug main grooves 11, the shoulder inclined grooves 12, and the center inclined grooves 13 in the center region of the tread portion 1.

(16) The pneumatic tire described above includes the lug main grooves 11, the shoulder inclined grooves 12, and the center inclined grooves 13 in the tread portion 1. As a result, the groove area ratio of the tread portion 1 is set in a range from 0.4 to 0.7. In other words, the ratio of the groove area (area of the region other than the hatched portion) to the area of the ground contact region having the tread width TW is set to be in the range described above.

(17) In the pneumatic tire described above, by the lug main grooves 11 that extend in the tire lateral direction and open to the tread edge and the shoulder inclined grooves 12 that connect the lug main grooves 11 adjacent in the tire circumferential direction being formed in the tread portion 1 and by specifying the inclination angle α of the lug main grooves 11, the inclination direction of the shoulder inclined grooves 12, the difference between the distances L1, L2 (|L1−L2|) from the tire equator CL to the intersection points P1, P2 where the center line of the shoulder inclined groove 12 meets the lug main grooves 11, the average value ((L1+L2)/2) of the distances L1, L2, and the groove area ratio of the tread portion 1, a heat dissipation effect when the tire is running is sufficiently ensured, thus enhancing low heat build-up and traction performance can be exhibited at the maximum.

(18) More specifically, the lug main grooves 11 are disposed so as to be inclined in a symmetrical manner about the tire equator CL, and the inclination angle α of the lug main grooves 11 with respect to the tire lateral direction is within the range 15°≤α≤45° at a position 25% of the tread width TW from the tire equator CL, and more preferably in the range 25°≤α≤35°. This allows the grit in the lug main grooves 11 to be effectively discharged from the center region of the tread portion 1 outward in the tire lateral direction and good traction performance to be exhibited. When the inclination angle α of the lug main grooves 11 is too small, grit easily clogs the lug main grooves 11. When the inclination angle α is too large, traction performance is reduced.

(19) Also, by additionally providing the shoulder inclined grooves 12 that connect the lug main grooves 11, 11 adjacent in the tire circumferential direction in the tread portion 1, the groove area is increased, allowing good traction performance to be achieved. Moreover, since the shoulder inclined grooves 12 are inclined in the opposite direction to the lug main grooves 11, a good heat dissipation effect can be ensured via an air flow generated at the tread portion 1.

(20) In other words, as illustrated in FIG. 4A, in a structure of an embodiment of the present technology, an air flow F1 is generated in the tread portion 1 when the pneumatic tire rotates in the rotational direction R, the air in the lug main groove 11 moves outward in the tire lateral direction through the lug main groove 11, and a portion of the air turns inward in the tire lateral direction through the shoulder inclined groove 12. This movement of air is repeated, and as a result, an effective heat dissipation effect in the tread portion 1 is obtained. Such a heat dissipation effect can also be obtained when the pneumatic tire is rotating in reverse. On the other hand, as illustrated in FIG. 4B, in a structure in which the shoulder inclined grooves 12 are inclined in the same direction as the lug main grooves 11, an air flow F2 is generated in the tread portion 1 when the pneumatic tire rotates in the rotational direction R, the air in the lug main groove 11 moves outward in the tire lateral direction through the lug main groove 11, and a portion of the air turns outward in the tire lateral direction through the shoulder inclined groove 12. As a result, a sufficient heat dissipation effect in the tread portion 1 is not obtained.

(21) To obtain a heat dissipation effect such as described above, the difference between the distances L1, L2 from the tire equator CL to the intersection points P1, P2 with the shoulder inclined grooves 12 and the tread width TW satisfy the relationship TW×0.03≤|L1−L2|≤TW×0.2 and more preferably satisfy the relationship TW×0.05≤|L1−L2|≤TW×0.1. This allows a heat dissipation effect to be sufficiently ensured. Here, when the difference between the distances L1, L2 is too small, the heat dissipation effect is insufficient. When the difference is too large, the acute angle of the block results in increased movement of the block during contact. Thus, the amount of heat generated is increased.

(22) Also, to obtain a heat dissipation effect such as described above, the average value of the distances L1, L2 from the tire equator CL to the intersection points P1, P2 with the shoulder inclined grooves 12 and the tread width TW satisfy the relationship TW×0.15≤(L1+L2)/2≤TW×0.35. This allows a heat dissipation effect to be sufficiently ensured. Here, when the average value of the distances L1, L2 deviates from the range described above, it becomes difficult to obtain a heat dissipation effect across the entire tread portion 1.

(23) Additionally, the groove area ratio of the tread portion 1 is set in the range from 0.4 to 0.7. This allows traction performance and low heat build-up to be provided in a compatible manner. Here, when the groove area ratio of the tread portion 1 is too small, traction performance is decreased. When the groove area ratio is too large, movement of the block is increased, thus increasing the amount of heat generated.

(24) In the pneumatic tire described above, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the positions of the lug main grooves 11 are offset in the tire circumferential direction on either side of the tire equator CL, and an offset amount S of the lug main grooves 11 and a pitch P of the lug main grooves 11 in the tire circumferential direction preferably satisfies the relationship 0.3≤S/P≤0.5. By offsetting the positions of the lug main grooves 11 in the tire circumferential direction on either side of the tire equator CL, a momentary increase in ground contact pressure and sudden deformation of the block end portions when the tire rotates can be suppressed, and heat build-up of the tread portion 1 can be reduced. When the ratio S/P of the offset amount S of the lug main grooves 11 and the pitch P of the lug main grooves 11 in the tire circumferential direction deviates from the range described above, the effect of enhancing low heat build-up is reduced.

(25) In the pneumatic tire described above, as illustrated in FIG. 3, a groove depth D1 of the shoulder inclined grooves 12 at a central position in the longitudinal direction and a groove depth D2 of the lug main grooves 11 at a position 25% of the tread width TW from the tire equator CL preferably satisfy the relationship 0.3≤D1/D2≤0.7. Note that in the present embodiment, the shoulder inclined grooves 12 have a constant groove depth D1 throughout the entire length in the longitudinal direction. By the shoulder inclined grooves 12 being shallower than the lug main grooves 11, the traction performance at least until the intermediate stages of wear is sufficiently ensured, block rigidity near the shoulder inclined grooves 12 can be increased, and low heat build-up can be favorably ensured. Here, when the ratio D1/D2 of the groove depth D1 of the shoulder inclined grooves 12 and the groove depth D2 of the lug main grooves 11 is too small, the effect of enhancing traction performance is decreased. When the ratio D 1/D2 is too large, the effect of enhancing low heat build-up is decreased.

(26) In the pneumatic tire described above, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the center inclined grooves 13 connecting the lug main grooves 11 located on either side of the tire equator CL are formed, and a width W3 of the center inclined grooves 13 at the central position in the longitudinal direction and the width W1 of the lug main grooves 11 at the tread edge satisfy the relationship 0.3≤W3/W1≤0.8. By providing the center inclined grooves 13 that extend across the tire equator CL and connect the lug main grooves 11 in the center region of the tread portion 1 where the ground contact pressure is high, the grit can be discharged outward in the tire lateral direction via the lug main grooves 11, and the traction performance can be effectively enhanced. In the center region of the tread portion 1, the ground contact pressure is high and block deformation is great. However, by the center inclined grooves 13 being narrower than the lug main grooves 11 in the shoulder regions of the tread portion 1, block rigidity near the center inclined grooves 13 can be increased and low heat build-up can be favorably ensured. Here, when the ratio W3/W1 of the width W3 of the center inclined grooves 13 and the width W1 of the lug main grooves 11 is too small, the effect of enhancing traction performance is decreased. When the ratio W3/W1 is too large, the effect of enhancing low heat build-up is decreased.

(27) In the pneumatic tire described above, as illustrated in FIG. 3, a groove depth D3 of the center inclined grooves 13 at a central position in the longitudinal direction and the groove depth D2 of the lug main grooves 11 at a position 25% of the tread width TW from the tire equator CL preferably satisfy the relationship 0.3≤D3/D2≤0.7. Note that in the present embodiment, the center inclined grooves 13 have a constant groove depth D3 throughout the entire length in the longitudinal direction. By the center inclined grooves 13 being shallower than the lug main grooves 11, the traction performance at least until the intermediate stages of wear is sufficiently ensured, block rigidity near the center inclined grooves 13 can be increased, and low heat build-up can be favorably ensured. Here, when the ratio D3/D2 of the groove depth D3 of the center inclined grooves 13 and the groove depth D2 of the lug main grooves 11 is too small, the effect of enhancing traction performance is decreased. When the ratio D3/D2 is too large, the effect of enhancing low heat build-up is decreased.

(28) FIG. 5 illustrates a center region of a tread pattern of a pneumatic tire according to another embodiment of the present technology, and FIG. 6 illustrates a cross section of a main portion thereof. In FIGS. 5 and 6, components which are the same as those illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3 are denoted by the same reference signs. Detailed descriptions for these components will be omitted. As illustrated in FIG. 5, narrow grooves 14 that open at both ends to the lug main grooves 11 are formed in the bottom portion of the center inclined grooves 13. The narrow grooves 14 extend in the longitudinal direction of the center inclined grooves 13 at the center position in the width direction of the center inclined grooves 13. A width W4 of the narrow grooves 14 and a width W3 of the center inclined grooves 13 at a central position in the longitudinal direction satisfy the relationship 0.05≤W4/W3≤0.5, and more preferably the relationship 0.1≤W4/W3≤0.3.

(29) By providing the narrow groove 14 in the bottom portion of the center inclined groove 13 disposed in the center region of the tread portion 1 where the ground contact pressure is high in this way, heat dissipation efficiency can be increased and low heat build-up can be effectively enhanced. Moreover, since the narrow grooves 14 are narrower than the center inclined grooves 13, an increase in the heat build-up caused by block movement can be suppressed without impairing the block rigidity near the center inclined grooves 13. Here, when the width W4 of the narrow groove 14 is too small, the effect of increasing heat dissipation efficiency is decreased. When the width W4 is too large, the block rigidity near the center inclined grooves 13 is decreased and heat build-up easily occurs.

(30) As illustrated in FIG. 6, a groove depth D4 of the narrow groove 14 at a central position in the longitudinal direction, with the road contact surface of the tread portion 1 as a reference, and the groove depth D2 of the lug main grooves 11 at a position 25% of the tread width TW from the tire equator CL preferably satisfy the relationship 0.5≤D4/D2≤1.0. By specifying the groove depth D4 of the narrow groove 14, the traction performance at least until the intermediate stages of wear is sufficiently ensured, and low heat build-up can be favorably ensured without impairing the block rigidity near the center inclined grooves 13. Here, when the groove depth D4 of the narrow groove 14 is too small, the effect of increasing heat dissipation efficiency is decreased. When the groove depth D4 is too large, the block rigidity near the center inclined grooves 13 is decreased and heat build-up easily occurs.

(31) FIG. 7 illustrates a pneumatic tire according to yet another embodiment of the present technology. In FIG. 7, components identical to those illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3 are denoted by the same reference signs. Detailed descriptions for these components are omitted. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the pneumatic tire of the present embodiment includes a raised bottom portion 11a formed in the portion located outward from the lug main groove 11 in the tire lateral direction. Such a raised bottom portion 11a contributes to enhancing uneven wear resistance.

(32) The pneumatic tire according to an embodiment of the present technology has various applications, is suitable for construction vehicles, and is particularly suitable for a scraper vehicle.

EXAMPLES

(33) Pneumatic tires according to Comparative Examples 2 to 10 and Examples 1 to 13 were manufactured. The pneumatic tires have a tire size of 37.25R35, have a directional tread pattern such as that illustrated in FIG. 2, and include an annular tread portion that extends in the tire circumferential direction, a pair of sidewall portions disposed on both sides of the tread portion, and a pair of bead portions disposed inward of the sidewall portions in the tire radial direction. Also, the tires are set according to Tables 1 to 3 for the following: inclination angle α of lug main grooves with respect to the tire lateral direction at a position 25% of the tread width from the tire equator, inclination direction of the shoulder inclined grooves, ratio ((L1+L2)/2)/TW of the average value of the distances L1, L2 to the tread width TW, ratio |L1−L2|/TW of the difference of the distances L1, L2 to the tread width TW, groove area ratio of the tread portion, ratio S/P of the offset amount S of the lug main grooves and the pitch P of the lug main grooves in the tire circumferential direction, ratio W3/W1 of the width W3 of the center inclined grooves at a central position in the longitudinal direction and the width W1 of the lug main grooves at the tread edge, ratio D 1/D2 of the groove depth D1 of the shoulder inclined grooves at a central position in the longitudinal direction and the groove depth D2 of the lug main grooves at a position 25% of the tread width from the tire equator, ratio D3/D2 of the groove depth D3 of the center inclined grooves at a central position in the longitudinal direction and the groove depth D2 of the lug main grooves at a position 25% of the tread width from the tire equator, ratio W4/W3 of the width W4 of the narrow groove and the width W3 of the center inclined grooves at a central position in the longitudinal direction, and ratio D4/D2 of the groove depth D4 of the narrow groove with the road contact surface of the tread portion as a reference and the groove depth D2 of the lug main grooves at a position 25% of the tread width from the tire equator.

(34) Note that in Tables 1 to 3, dimension requirements relating to the center inclined grooves and the narrow grooves are left blank for configuration without the center inclined grooves and the narrow grooves. For the inclined direction of the shoulder inclined grooves, configurations in which the direction is the same as that of the lug main grooves are indicated as “same direction”, and configurations in which the direction is the opposite of that of the lug main grooves are indicated as “opposite direction”.

(35) For comparison, a tire according to the Conventional Example was prepared. This tire includes a non-directional tread pattern in which lug main grooves extending in the tire lateral direction and opening to the tread edges are formed in the tread portion on either side of the tire equator, and the lug main grooves are inclined in the same direction with respect to the tire lateral direction on either side of the tire equator. Also, a tire according Comparative Example 1 was prepared. The tire has the same configuration as Example 1 except that the lug main grooves are inclined in the same direction with respect to the tire lateral direction on either side of the tire equator.

(36) These test tires were evaluated for traction performance and low heat build-up according to the following evaluation methods. The results thereof are shown in Tables 1 to 3.

(37) Traction Performance:

(38) Each of the test tires was mounted on a rim, adjusted to an air pressure of 525 kPa, and mounted on a scraper vehicle. The slip ratio of the tires was measured when the scraper vehicle performed leveling of a road surface. Here, the slip ratio (S) of the tire can be calculated based on the formula S=[(V2−V1)/V2]/100% using the measured speed of the vehicle (V1) and the speed of the tire outer circumferential surface (V2). The evaluation results are expressed as index values using the reciprocal of the measurement values, with the Conventional Example being assigned the index value of 100. Larger index values indicate superior traction performance.

(39) Low Heat Build-Up:

(40) Each of the test tires was mounted on a rim, adjusted to an air pressure of 525 kPa, and mounted on an indoor drum testing machine. The tires were run at a load of 231 kN at a speed of 10 km/h for 20 hours. Then the surface temperature of the tread portion was measured. The evaluation results are expressed as index values using the reciprocal of the measurement values, with the Conventional Example being assigned the index value of 100. Larger index values indicate superior low heat build-up.

(41) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1-1 Con- Com- Com- Com- ventional parative parative parative Example Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Directional tread pattern Non- Non- Direc- Direc- directional directional tional tional Inclination angle α of 30 30 10 50 lug main grooves (°) Inclination direction of — Opposite Opposite Opposite shoulder inclined grooves direction direction direction Ratio ((L1 + L2)/2)/TW — 0.25 0.25 0.25 Ratio |L1 − L2|/TW — 0.10 0.10 0.10 Groove area ratio of 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 tread portion Ratio S/P — 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio W3/W1 — — — — Ratio D1/D2 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio D3/D2 — — — — Ratio W4/W3 — — — — Ratio D4/D2 — — — — Traction performance 100 90 90 90 (index value) Low heat build-up (index 100 115 109 121 value)

(42) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1-2 Comparative Comparative Comparative Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Directional tread pattern Directional Directional Directional Inclination angle α of lug 30 30 30 main grooves (°) Inclination direction of Opposite Opposite Opposite shoulder inclined grooves direction direction direction Ratio ((L1 + L2)/2)/TW 0.10 0.40 0.25 Ratio |L1 − L2|/TW 0.10 0.10 0.02 Groove area ratio of tread 0.6 0.6 0.6 portion Ratio S/P 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio W3/W1 — — — Ratio D1/D2 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio D3/D2 — — — Ratio W4/W3 — — — Ratio D4/D2 — — — Traction performance 120 120 120 (index value) Low heat build-up (index 92 86 98 value)

(43) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2-1 Com- Com- Com- Com- parative parative parative parative Example Example 7 Example 8 Example 9 10 Directional tread pattern Direc- Direc Direc- Direc- tional tional tional tional Inclination angle α of 30 30 30 30 lug main grooves (°) Inclination direction of Opposite Opposite Opposite Same shoulder inclined direction direction direction direction grooves Ratio ((L1 + L2)/2)/TW 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Ratio |L1 − L2|/TW 0.25 0.10 0.10 0.10 Groove area ratio of 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.6 tread portion Ratio S/P 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio W3/W1 — — — — Ratio D1/D2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio D3/D2 — — — — Ratio W4/W3 — — — — Ratio D4/D2 — — — — Traction performance 120 81 150 120 (index value) Low heat build-up (index 92 144 90 98 value)

(44) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2-2 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Directional tread pattern Direc- Direc Direc Direc- tional tional tional tional Inclination angle α of 30 30 30 30 lug main grooves (°) Inclination direction of Opposite Opposite Opposite Opposite shoulder inclined grooves direction direction direction direction Ratio ((L1 + L2)/2)/TW 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.25 Ratio |L1 − L2|/TW 0.10 0.10 0.04 0.15 Groove area ratio of 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 tread portion Ratio S/P 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio W3/W1 — — — — Ratio D1/D2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio D3/D2 — — — — Ratio W4/W3 — — — — Ratio D4/D2 — — — — Traction performance 120 120 120 120 (index value) Low heat build-up (index 115 104 112 102 value)

(45) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 3-1 Example Example Example Example Example 5 6 7 8 9 Directional tread Directional Directional Directional Directional Directional pattern Inclination angle α 30 30 30 30 30 of lug main grooves (°) Inclination Opposite Opposite Opposite Opposite Opposite direction of direction direction direction direction direction shoulder inclined grooves Ratio 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 ((L1 + L2)/2)/TW Ratio |L1 − L2|/TW 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Groove area ratio 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 of tread portion Ratio S/P 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio W3/W1 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio D1/D2 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.5 Ratio D3/D2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 Ratio W4/W3 — — — — — Ratio D4/D2 — — — — — Traction 132 132 102 138 138 performance (index value) Low heat build-up 127 101 102 104 104 (index value)

(46) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 3-2 Example Example Example Example 10 11 12 13 Directional tread pattern Direc- Direc- Direc- Direc- tional tional tional tional Inclination angle α of 30 30 30 30 lug main grooves (°) Inclination direction of Opposite Opposite Opposite Opposite shoulder inclined grooves direction direction direction direction Ratio ((L1 + L2)/2)/TW 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Ratio |L1 − L2|/TW 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Groove area ratio of 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 tread portion Ratio S/P 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio W3/W1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio D1/D2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio D3/D2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ratio W4/W3 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.2 Ratio D4/D2 0.8 0.8 0.6 1.1 Traction performance 139 138 139 139 (index value) Low heat build-up 139 106 127 124 (index value)

(47) As is clear from Tables 1 to 3, as compared with the Conventional Example, with each of the tires of Examples 1 to 13, traction performance and low heat build-up were superior. In contrast, with the tires of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and 8, although there was no problem with low heat build-up, traction performance was reduced. In addition, although the tires of Comparative Examples 4 to 7, 9, and 10 did not have a problem with traction performance, low heat build-up was reduced.