Dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition comprising lignocellulosic byproducts

Abstract

Provided is a solvent borne dust suppressant or stabilization composition in a solvent which includes, a blend of an inorganic salt and a lignin-carbohydrate mixture, optionally with one or more of a surfactant and crosslinker, wherein the lignin-carbohydrate mixture may be a copolymer and may be present in an amount of 5 weight % to 50 weight % solids, wherein the lignin is a low average molecular weight lignin, the carbohydrate includes hemicellulose and wherein the lignin and hemicellulose are substantially derived from a non-wood source, a wood source or a blend thereof.

Claims

1. A dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition comprising a solvent borne blend of solids, the solids comprising: (i) an inorganic salt in an amount of 1 or 2.0 or 5.0 weight % to 20 or 10 or 15 or 18 weight % in regards to the total weight of the dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition, (ii) a lignin-carbohydrate mixture in an amount of 10.0 or 15 or 20 or 30 to 35 or 40 or 50 or 60 or 70 weight % in regards to the total weight of the dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition, wherein the lignin-carbohydrate mixture comprises- (i) lignin in an amount of 10 or 15 or 20 or 30 or 40 weight % to 50 weight % in regards to the total weight of the dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition, and (ii) hemicellulose in an amount of 0.1 or 0.2 or 0.5 or 1.0 or 2.0 or 5.0 weight % to 20 or 10 or 15 or 18 or 25 or 30 weight % in regards to the total weight of the dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition wherein the solvent comprises a. water, and b. less than 5% or 2.5 or 1% by volume with respect to the solvent of a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alcohol, wherein the composition has a pH in the range of 8.0 to 11, wherein pH is achieved by the addition of an alkali metal carbonate, an alkali metal bicarbonate or a hydroxide ion source to the dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition, wherein the dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition is substantially free of sulfur, wherein the dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition is substantially free of anthraquinone (anthracenedione), wherein the dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition does not comprise furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and, wherein the lignin is derived from a non-wood source, wherein the non-wood source is selected from the group consisting of wheat straw, rice straw, barley straw, oat straw, rye grass, coastal Bermuda grass, Arundo Donax, miscanthus, bamboo, sorghum, banana harvest residue, pineapple residue, sugarcane bagasse, industrial hemp, recreational cannabis waste, nut shell residue, kenaf, switchgrass, succulents, alfalfa, corn stover, and flax straw.

2. The dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition of claim 1, wherein the lignin comprises an average molecular weight of less than 3500 or 2500 or 1500.

3. The dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition of claim 2, wherein the lignin-carbohydrate mixture comprises a lignin-hemicellulose copolymer.

4. The dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition of claim 2, wherein the lignin-carbohydrate mixture comprises a lignin-hemicellulose blend.

5. The dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition of claim 1, wherein the solids are substantially free of monosaccharides in that the solids comprise no monosaccharides or monosaccharides in an amount of less than 0.1 or 0.2 or 0.5 or 1.0 or 2.0 weight % solids.

6. The dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition of claim 1, wherein substantially all of the hemicellulose is derived from a non-wood source.

7. The dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition of claim 6, wherein the non-wood source of hemicellulose is selected from the group consisting of wheat straw, rice straw, barley straw, oat straw, rye grass, coastal Bermuda grass, Arundo Donax, miscanthus, bamboo, sorghum, banana harvest residue, nut shell waste, pineapple residue, sugarcane bagasse, industrial hemp, recreational cannabis waste, kenaf, switchgrass, succulents, alfalfa, corn stover, and, flax straw.

8. The dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition of claim 1 wherein the inorganic salt is selected from the group consisting of magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium chloride and blends thereof.

9. The dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition of claim 1, further comprising a surfactant.

10. The dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition of claim 9, wherein the surfactant is present in an amount of 0.1 or 0.5 or 1.0 or 2.0 or 5.0 weight % to 10 or 6.0 or 8.0 weight % with respect to the total weight of the composition.

11. The dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition of claim 1, further comprising a crosslinking agent.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a graph which shows the number average molecular weight, weight average molecular weight, and polydispersity of wheat, bagasse and miscanthus.

(2) FIG. 2 is a graph which shows the hygroscopic properties of an exemplary dust suppressant/soil stabilization composition according to the present disclosure and the hygroscopic properties of two comparative examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(3) The present disclosure provides a dust suppressant and/or aggregate stabilization composition which includes a solvent borne mixture of solids dispersed or suspended in a solvent, wherein the solids include a lignin-carbohydrate mixture, which, for purposes of the present disclosure may encompass a physical blend of lignin and a carbohydrate and/or a copolymer of lignin and a carbohydrate. The compositions of the present disclosure optionally further include one or more inorganic salts, crosslinking agents, and/or surfactants and the solvent comprises water and optionally an alcohol.

(4) As described below, the carbohydrate may include hemicellulose. For purposes herein, the term “hemicellulose” refers to the polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from wood and non-wood sources.

(5) Solids

(6) As previously noted, the solids portion of the compositions of the present invention comprise a lignin-carbohydrate mixture. The lignin-carbohydrate mixture will generally comprise a lignin-hemicellulose mixture, which may include a physical blend of lignin and hemicellulose or a lignin-hemicellulose copolymer.

(7) Lignin-Hemicellulose Mixture

(8) The compositions of the present disclosure include a lignin-carbohydrate mixture in an amount of 5 weight % (or 15 or 20 or 30 weight %) to 35 or 40 or 50 or 60 or 70 weight % solids.

(9) The lignin component of the lignin-carbohydrate mixture may be derived from any of a variety of wood and non-wood sources through a number of processes to separate lignin from cellulose pulp. The distinction between wood and non-wood sources of lignin is known in the art and is not further delineated herein. In a particularly useful embodiment, the lignin may be derived from a non-wood source. In another embodiment, greater than 80 or 85 or 90 or 95 or 99 weight % of the lignin may be derived from a non-wood source. In still a further embodiment, all or substantially all (i.e., greater than 99 weight %) of the lignin may be derived from a non-wood source. Particularly useful non-wood sources of lignin may include agricultural products and grasses and may include species such as wheat straw, rice straw, barley straw, oat straw, rye grass, coastal Bermuda grass, Arundo Donax, miscanthus, bamboo, sorghum, banana harvest residue, pineapple residue, nut shell waste, sugarcane bagasse, industrial hemp, recreational cannabis waste, kenaf, switchgrass, succulents, alfalfa, corn stover, and, flax straw. Lignin from wood sources may include lignin derived from hardwood and softwood species.

(10) Lignin molecular weight is known to vary in spent pulping liquors. As the lignin increases in molecular weight, it may precipitate out of solution or cause increases in viscosity which may cause challenges in spraying the dust suppressant or soil stabilization composition. Without the addition of polyelectrolytic functional groups, such as sulfonic groups, lignin becomes less soluble in water at increasing molecular weights. However, in certain embodiments, it is also desirable to keep the amount of sulfur within the composition relatively low to minimize or eliminate toxicity associated with sulfur-containing compounds. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the average molecular weight of the lignin provided in the dust suppressant or soil stabilization composition may not exceed 3500 Da (or 2500 or 1500 Da) and will include less than 0.01% by weight of sulfonic groups. For example, the weight average molecular weight distribution of wheat straw, bagasse and miscanthus is provided within FIG. 1.

(11) The solids of the present disclosure will further include a carbohydrate compound, which in one embodiment, may include hemicellulose, that is, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides derived from wood or non-wood sources. For purposes herein, the term hemicellulose does not include monosaccharides. The hemicellulose component of the solids may be derived from any of a variety of wood and non-wood sources through a number of processes used to separate hemicellulose from cellulose pulp. The distinction between wood and non-wood sources of hemicellulose is known in the art and is not further delineated herein. In a particularly useful embodiment, the hemicellulose may be derived from a non-wood source. In another embodiment, greater than 80 or 85 or 90 or 95 or 99 weight % of the hemicellulose may be derived from a non-wood source. In still a further embodiment, all or substantially all (i.e., greater than 99 weight %) of the hemicellulose may be derived from a non-wood source. Particularly useful non-wood sources of hemicellulose may include agricultural products and grasses and may include species such as wheat straw, rice straw, barley straw, oat straw, rye grass, coastal Bermuda grass, Arundo Donax, miscanthus, bamboo, sorghum, banana harvest residue, pineapple residue, sugarcane bagasse, nut shell waste, industrial hemp, recreational cannabis residue, kenaf, switchgrass, succulents, alfalfa, corn stover, and, flax straw. Hemicellulose from wood sources may include hemicellulose derived from hardwood and softwood species.

(12) In one embodiment, the hemicellulose compound and lignin may be derived from the same source, which may be a non-wood or wood source or blend thereof.

(13) Whether provided as a blend or copolymer, the lignin-carbohydrate mixture may include (on a total solids basis) lignin in an amount of 10 weight % (or 15 or 20 or 30 or 40 weight %) to 50 weight % solids and a carbohydrate compound in an amount of 0.1 weight % (or 0.2 or 0.5 or 1.0 or 2.0 or 5.0 weight %) to 20 weight % (or 10 or 15 or 18 or 25 or 30 weight %) solids.

(14) Within the lignin-carbohydrate mixture, the ratio (by weight) of lignin to hemicellulose may be from 20:1 to 1:1.

(15) While the present disclosure contemplates that the components of the solids in the dust-suppressant or stabilization composition may be derived from wood and non-wood sources, the present disclosure may be practiced using synthetic sources of lignin and hemicellulose.

(16) The solids portion of the dust-suppressant or stabilization composition may in addition to the lignin-carbohydrate mixtures, further include an inorganic salt in an amount of 1 weight % (or 2.0 or 5.0 weight %) to 20 weight % (or 10 or 15 or 18 weight %) solids.

(17) Suitable inorganic salts for use in the present disclosure may include one or more of magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium chloride and blends thereof. In one embodiment, the inorganic salt may be selected from magnesium chloride and calcium chloride and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the inorganic salt may be magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, or calcium chloride.

(18) While the present invention contemplates the use of inorganic salts, in other embodiments of the invention, all or a portion of the inorganic salt may be replaced with an organic compound such a compound selected from one or more of Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CaMg.sub.2(CH.sub.3COO).sub.6), Potassium Acetate (CH.sub.3COOK), Potassium Formate (CHO.sub.2K), Sodium Formate (HCOONa), Calcium Formate (Ca(HCOO).sub.2), Urea (CO(NH.sub.2).sub.2, (a common fertilizer) also used as additives to sodium chloride), Methanol (CH.sub.4O), Ethanol (CH.sub.3CH.sub.2OH, often abbreviated as C.sub.2H.sub.5OH or C.sub.2H.sub.6, Ethylene Glycol (C.sub.2H.sub.6O.sub.2), Propylene Glycol (C.sub.3H.sub.8O.sub.2), or Glycerol (C.sub.3H.sub.8O.sub.3) (or glycerine, glycerin).

(19) Solvent

(20) The solvent of the dust-suppressant or stabilization composition may, in many useful embodiments, include water. In still other embodiments, the solvent may include water and up to 10% by volume of a water miscible alcohol. In still another embodiment, the solvent may include less than 5% by volume (or 2.5 or 1% by volume) with respect to the solvent of a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alcohol. In some embodiments, the solvent may be substantially free of a water miscible alcohol or a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alcohol or contain no water miscible alcohol or a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alcohol.

(21) Other Additives

(22) Other additives in the dust-suppressant or stabilization composition may include surfactants and crosslinking agents.

(23) Useful surfactants may include sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, ethoxylated alcohol and sodium lauryl sulfate. The surfactant may be used in an amount of 0.1 weight % (or 0.5 or 1.0 or 2.0 or 5.0 weight %) to 10 weight % (or 6.0 or 8.0 weight %) with respect to the total weight of the composition.

(24) Crosslinking agents, such as borax or acetone/formaldehyde, may be used in conjunction with the composition of the present disclosure.

(25) The dust-suppressant or stabilization composition may include sulfur in an amount not more than 1500 parts per million (ppm) (or 1200 or 1000 or 500, or 100 or 50 ppm) of the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition may be substantially free of sulfur (i.e., the dust-suppressant or stabilization composition may contain no sulfur to less than 50 ppm sulfur). In some instances, the composition may include sulfur, wherein the source of the sulfur is the same as the source of the lignin. In this respect, sulfur derived from wood or non-wood pulp sources may be included in the dust-suppressant or stabilization composition.

(26) The dust-suppressant or stabilization composition of the present invention will further be substantially free of anthraquinone (anthracenedione) in that it contains no anthraquinone to less than 0.1 weight % (or 0.2 or 0.5 or 1.0 or 2.0 weight %) anthraquinone of the total weight of the composition. Anthraquinone is often utilized in the processing of wood and non-wood pulp sources.

(27) The dust-suppressant or stabilization composition of the present disclosure may be neutral to alkaline, that is, having a pH of about 7.0 or greater than 7.0. In some embodiments, the pH may be greater than 7.8 or 8.0 or 8.2 or 8.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the dust-suppressant or stabilization composition may be between about 8 and about 11. To increase the pH of the Composition to the desired alkaline range, the Composition may include basic compounds in an amount suitable to adjust the pH of the Composition. A variety of basic compounds may be used. Exemplary basic compounds agents may include alkali metal carbonate and bicarbonate, such as sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate, hydroxide ion sources as alkali metal hydroxides, including, without limitation, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide.

(28) The dust-suppressant or stabilization composition of the present disclosure may be prepared by mixing the solids and solvent in a suitable container and blending or agitating the mixture until the stable dispersion is achieved. As noted above, the pH of the Composition may be modified by addition of a suitable basic compound.

(29) In another embodiment, the lignin and hemicellulose of the dust-suppressant or stabilization composition of the present disclosure may be derived from the processing of wood or non-wood pulp source materials. While many processes for separating cellulose from lignin and hemicellulose are known, the present disclosure is directed to compositions comprising the lignin and hemicellulose byproducts of such processes. It is known that some processes for separating cellulose from lignin and hemicellulose involve dissolving lignin and hemicellulose from wood or non-wood sources using a solvent of some sort; however, these byproducts will typically exceed one or more of the sulfur, anthraquinone, or pH limits taught herein. Moreover, pulping processes that involve use of high temperatures (greater than about 150° C. typically yield byproducts that evidence high levels of highly condensed lignin which lead to higher average molecular weights.

(30) In still another embodiment, the solvent of the dust-suppressant or stabilization composition of the present disclosure may include a portion of the fluid used in processing the wood or non-wood source from which at least a portion of the lignin and hemicellulose solids in the dust-suppressant or stabilization composition was derived. In some embodiments, all or substantially all of the solvent may be drawn from the fluid used in processing the wood or non-wood source from which all or substantially all of the lignin and hemicellulose solids in the dust-suppressant or stabilization composition was derived.

(31) Dust Suppressant/Soil Stabilization Compositional Examples Compositional analyses were conducted on wheat straw concentrate and hemp liquor as a dust suppressant/soil stabilization composition. The results of the analyses are provided within Tables 1 through 4 below. It is noted that the mass closure for the solids analyses were within expectations. Liquor analysis was shown to have a lower mass closure compared with the mass balance expectations. Also, the liquor analysis did not capture, salts, proteins or components not specifically listed in Tables 1 through 4 below.

(32) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Fraction Insoluble Solids Dry FIS FIS dry Washed Liquor (g) (dry (Dry Slurry (g) Solids (g) (Filtered solids/ solids/ (Slurry (Solids Wet Wet Liquor Sample % TS % TS Dry Wet Mass water Mass Liquors Liquors Mass ID Slurry liqour Slurry) slurry) Balance) (g) Balance) (g) (L) Balance) As Wheat Straw 21.80% 21.43% 2.18% 0.47% 21.80 78.20 0.47 99.53 0.11 21.33 measured Concen trate Hemp Liquor 8.36% 7.50% 0.00% 0.00% 8.36 91.64 — 100.00 0.10 7.50 g Wheat Straw constituent/g Concentrate wet slurry Hemp Liquor

(33) It is noted that hemp liquor likely retained water even after lengthy drying period as the sample remained sticky.

(34) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Sample Solids Analysis ID % Ash % Protein % Lignin % Glucan % Xylan % Galactan % Arabinan % Fructan % Acetate Total % As Wheat Straw 75.00 0.00 14.59 3.87 0.22 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.20 94.38 measured Concentrate Hemp Liquor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 g Wheat Straw 0.36 0.00 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 constituent/g Concentrate solids wet slurry mass (included balance in mass balance) Hemp Liquor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 solids mass balance

(35) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Liquor Analysis Monomeric Total carbohydrates carbohydrates Undi- Cello- Glu- Xy- Galac- Arabi- Fruc- Glu- Xy- Galac- Arabi- Fruc- Sample Density luted Lignin biose cose lose tose nose tose cose lose tose nose tose ID (g/ml) pH (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) As Wheat 1.0888 9.34 13.38 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 1.5 0.0 mea- Straw sured Concen- trate Hemp 1.0168 11.66 3.998 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.8 1.5 1.5 0.0 Liquor g Wheat 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 consti- Straw tuent/ Concen- g wet trate slurry Hemp 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Liquor

(36) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Liquor Analysis Organic Acids after hydrolysis Filtered Lactic Acetic Liquor Slurry Acid Glycerol Acid Ethanol HMF Furfural Mass Mass Sample ID (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) Balance Balance As Wheat Straw 20.2 0.0 46.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 measured Concentrate Hemp Liquor 1.2 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 g Wheat Straw 1.8 0.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5 7.9 constituent/g Concentrate wet slurry (Included in Mass Balance Hemp 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 2.2 Liquor

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

(37) The dust-suppressant or stabilization composition of the present disclosure may be applied to surfaces that are dusty or prone to emitting dust or other fine particulate matter into the air, including, without limitation, road surfaces, mines, tailing piles, agricultural lands, and the like.

(38) The dust-suppressant or stabilization composition of the present disclosure may also be applied to agglomerate particulate materials, such as sand.

(39) Solvent borne dust-suppressant or stabilization composition according to the present disclosure may be applied to a surface by spraying.

(40) Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(41) Biochemical oxygen demand (also referred to as biological oxygen demand) refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen required by aerobic microbiological organisms to break down organic material that is present within a liquid sample at a certain temperature over a certain period of time. Non-wood sources of lignin and hemicellulose such as wheat straw liquor are readily suitable for use within dust suppressant and soil stabilization compositions. This is due to their relatively low biochemical oxygen demand compared to other materials which allows for easier degradation. For example, the biochemical oxygen demand for wheat straw liquor ranges from about 10,700 mg/L to about 12,700 mg/L. Other comparable materials such molasses and sugar beet concentrate have much a higher biochemical oxygen demand. For example, the biochemical oxygen demand of molasses is approximately 900,000 mg/L. Sugar beet concentrate exhibits a biochemical oxygen demand at levels which are similar to that of molasses. Without being bound to any particular theory, the difference in biochemical oxygen demand for non-wood sources of lignin and hemicellulose such as wheat straw liquor compared to other materials such as molasses and sugar beet concentrate are believed to be due to the elimination or substantial elimination of monosaccharaides from the non-wood source of lignin and hemicellulose.

(42) Hygroscopic Properties

(43) The dust suppressant or stabilization composition exhibits good hygroscopicity in that it is capable of absorbing moisture from the air to keep the surface to which it is applied to damp. An example of the hygroscopic properties exhibited a dust suppressant according to the present disclosure in the form of a sorghum liquor is provided below.

(44) A sorghum liquor (SL) was received as a dark semi-viscous liquid. The sorghum liquor included an inorganic salt in an amount from 1 weight % to 20 weight % solids, a lignin-carbohydrate mixture in an amount from 5 weight % to 70 weight % solids and a solvent. The solvent used with the sorghum liquor included water and less than 5% by volume of a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alcohol. The sorghum liquor had a pH in the range of 7.0 to 11. This sorghum liquor was mixed well. Approximately 21 grams of sorghum liquor were then transferred to a tared aluminum weighing tin. Similar amounts of 28% MgCl.sub.2 and 23% NaCl as comparative solutions were also transferred to separate weighing tins. These samples were evaporated to dryness by gently heating on a hot plate to provide in the case of SL, a glassy reddish brown solid; and in the case of MgCl.sub.2 and NaCl a crystalline white material. These samples were then further dehydrated in a laboratory oven at 215° F. for 12 hours.

(45) The samples mentioned above were then removed from the oven and immediately weighed to determine an initial solid content weight. The samples were then placed in a constant humidity chamber prepared using a saturated solution of magnesium chloride. The temperature and humidity were recorded. Under these conditions a static environment of 68° F. and 35% relative humidity (RH) was achieved. Weight of the samples was recorded at intervals and the data recorded.

(46) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Weight Gain of Dust Suppressants at 35% RH % Gain % Gain % Gain Hours 28% MgCl2 SL 23% NaCl 0   0% .sup. 0% .sup. 0% 48 37.6% 8.4% 0.0% 72 42.4% 9.1% 0.0% 96 50.0% 10.0%  0.0% 120 144 168 56.7% 9.3% 0.0% 192 216 57.1% 9.6%
This study was done to provide a quick determination of the hygroscopic behavior of a process byproduct obtained from a pulping operation. The conditions chosen, namely 68° F. and 35% RH were selected to represent a plausible environment for dust control product applications. Two reference products, NaCl and MgCl.sub.2 were included in the study as comparative products. MgCl.sub.2 is an established dust palliative with strong hygroscopic behavior and NaCl is a product which exhibits very low hygroscopic tendencies. Under these conditions the SL material exhibited modest hygroscopic properties, gaining about 9.5% moisture weight within the first 48 hours.

(47) While the dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition and associated methods have been described above in connection with various illustrative embodiments, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used, or modifications and additions may be made to the described embodiments for performing the same function disclosed herein without deviating therefrom. Further, all embodiments disclosed are not necessarily in the alternative, as various embodiments may be combined or subtracted to provide the desired characteristics. Variations can be made by one having ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope and process hereof. Therefore, the dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition and corresponding methods should not be limited to any single embodiment, but rather construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the recitations of the appended claims.

(48) Having thus described the dust suppressant and soil stabilization composition, it is now claimed: