Dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor

Abstract

Provided is a dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor including a core, a first shell surrounding at least part of the core, and an organic dye bonded to a surface of the nanophosphor which has an absorption band ranging from 650 nm to 850 nm and which is excited in a near-infrared region to emit visible light. The dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor may be included in a display apparatus, a fluorescent contrast agent, or an anti-counterfeiting code. The organic dye may be an IR-808 dye.

Claims

1. A dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor, comprising: a core; a first shell surrounding at least part of the core; and an organic dye bonded to a surface of the nanophosphor which has an absorption band ranging from 650 nm to 850 nm and which is excited in a near-infrared region to emit visible light, wherein the core is made of a fluoride-based material co-doped with Yb.sup.3+ and Er.sup.3+ and expressed by Chemical Formula 1 below,
LiGd.sub.xL.sub.1-x-y-zF.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.y,Er.sup.3+.sub.z,  Chemical Formula 1 where x denotes a real number satisfying 0≤x≤0.6, y denotes a real number satisfying 0<y≤0.98, z denotes a real number satisfying 0<z≤0.2, 0<x+y+z≤1 is satisfied, and L denotes a rare-earth element selected from the group consisting of yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), thulium (Tm), and lutetium (Lu), and a combination thereof, and wherein the first shell is made of a fluoride-based crystalline material co-doped with Nd.sup.3+ and Yb.sup.3+ and expressed by Chemical Formula 2 below,
LiY.sub.1-p-q-rM.sub.rF.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.p,Yb.sup.3+.sub.q,  Chemical Formula 2 where p denotes a real number satisfying 0<p≤1, q denotes a real number satisfying 0<q≤0.5, r denotes a real number satisfying 0≤r≤1, 0<p+q+r≤1 is satisfied, and M denotes an element selected from the group consisting of La, gadolinium (Gd), Ce, Pr, Pm, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, erbium (Er), Tm, Lu, and a combination thereof.

2. The dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor of claim 1, wherein the organic dye comprises C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3 which is an IR-808 dye.

3. A dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor, comprising: a core; a first shell surrounding at least part of the core; and an organic dye bonded to a surface of the nanophosphor which has an absorption band ranging from 650 nm to 850 nm and which is excited in a near-infrared region to emit visible light, wherein the core is made of a fluoride-based material co-doped with Yb.sup.3+ and Tm.sup.3+ and expressed by Chemical Formula 3 below,
LiGd.sub.xN.sub.1-x-y-zF.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.y,Tm.sup.3+.sub.z,  Chemical Formula 3 where x denotes a real number satisfying 0≤x≤0.6, y denotes a real number satisfying 0<y≤0.98, z denotes a real number satisfying 0<z≤0.2, 0<x+y+z≤1 is satisfied, and N denotes an element selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Lu, and a combination thereof, and wherein the first shell is made of a fluoride-based crystalline material co-doped with Nd.sup.3+ and Yb.sup.3+ and expressed by Chemical Formula 4 below,
LiY.sub.1-p-q-rQ.sub.rF.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.p,Yb.sup.3+.sub.q,  Chemical Formula 4 where p denotes a real number satisfying 0<p≤1, q denotes a real number satisfying 0<q≤0.5, r denotes a real number satisfying 0≤r≤1, 0<p+q+r≤1 is satisfied, and Q denotes an element selected from the group consisting of La, Gd, Ce, Pr, Pm, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu, and a combination thereof.

4. The dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor of claim 3, wherein the organic dye comprises C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3, which is an IR-808 dye.

5. The dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor of claim 3, wherein the organic dye consists of C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3, which is an IR-808 dye.

6. A dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor, comprising: a core; a first shell surrounding at least part of the core; and an organic dye bonded to a surface of the nanophosphor which has an absorption band ranging from 650 nm to 850 nm and which is excited in a near-infrared region to emit visible light, wherein the core is made of a fluoride-based material co-doped with Yb.sup.3+, Ho.sup.3+, and Ce.sup.3+ and expressed by Chemical Formula 5 below,
NaGd.sub.1-a-b-c-dR.sub.dF.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.a,Ho.sup.3+.sub.b,Ce.sup.3+.sub.c,  Chemical Formula 5 where “a” denotes a real number satisfying 0<a≤1, b denotes a real number satisfying 0<b≤0.2, c denotes a real number satisfying 0<c≤0.6, d denotes a real number satisfying 0≤d≤1, 0<a+b+c+d≤1 is satisfied, and R denotes an element selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Pr, Pm, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Lu, and a combination thereof, and where the first shell is made of a fluoride-based crystalline material co-doped with Nd.sup.3+ and Yb.sup.3+ and expressed by Chemical Formula 6 below,
NaGd.sub.1-p-q-rT.sub.rF.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.p,Yb.sup.3+.sub.q,  Chemical Formula 6 where p denotes a real number satisfying 0<p≤1, q denotes a real number satisfying 0<q≤0.5, r denotes a real number satisfying 0≤r≤1, 0<p+q+r≤1 is satisfied, and T denotes an element selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Ce, Pr, Pm, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu, and a combination thereof.

7. The dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor of claim 6, further comprising a second shell surrounding at least part of the core and the first shell, wherein the second shell is made of a fluoride-based material expressed by Chemical Formula 7 below,
NaGd.sub.1-p-qX.sub.qF.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.p,  Chemical Formula 7 where p denotes a real number satisfying 0≤p≤1, q denotes a real number satisfying 0≤q≤1, 0≤p+q≤1 is satisfied, and X denotes an element selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Ce, Pr, Pm, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Yb, Er, Tm, Lu, and a combination thereof.

8. A display apparatus, comprising a dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor including: a core; a first shell surrounding at least part of the core; and an organic dye bonded to a surface of the nanophosphor which has an absorption band ranging from 650 nm to 850 nm and which is excited in a near-infrared region to emit visible light.

9. A fluorescent contrast agent comprising the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor of claim 1.

10. An anti-counterfeiting code comprising the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor of claim 1.

11. A display apparatus, comprising the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor of claim 1.

12. A display apparatus comprising the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor of claim 3.

13. A fluorescent contrast agent comprising the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor of claim 3.

14. An anti-counterfeiting code comprising the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor of claim 3.

15. A display apparatus comprising the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor of claim 6.

16. A fluorescent contrast agent comprising the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor of claim 6.

17. An anti-counterfeiting code comprising the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor of claim 6.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The above and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in detail embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates an absorption spectrum of an organic dye according to an embodiment of the present invention, and an emission spectrum thereof under 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates absorption spectra of green-light-emitting core and core/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention, and emission spectra thereof under 980-nm and 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(4) FIG. 3 illustrates absorption spectra of green-light-emitting core/shell and dye-sensitized core/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention, and emission spectra thereof under 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(5) FIG. 4 illustrates emission images of the green-light-emitting core/shell and dye-sensitized core/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention under 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates emission spectra of blue-light-emitting core and core/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention under 980-nm and 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(7) FIG. 6 illustrates absorption spectra of blue-light-emitting core/shell and dye-sensitized core/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention, and emission spectra thereof under 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(8) FIG. 7 illustrates emission images of the blue-light-emitting core/shell and dye-sensitized core/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention under 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(9) FIG. 8 illustrates emission spectra of red-light-emitting core and core/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention under 980-nm and 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(10) FIG. 9 illustrates absorption spectra of red-light-emitting core/shell and dye-sensitized core/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention, and emission spectra thereof under 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(11) FIG. 10 illustrates emission images of the red-light-emitting core/shell and dye-sensitized core/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention under 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(12) FIG. 11 illustrates emission spectra of red-light-emitting core and core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention under 980-nm and 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(13) FIG. 12 illustrates absorption spectra of red-light-emitting core/shell/shell and dye-sensitized core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention, and emission spectra thereof under 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(14) FIG. 13 illustrates emission images of the red-light-emitting core/shell/shell and dye-sensitized core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention under 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(15) FIG. 14 illustrates emission spectra of red-light-emitting core and core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention under 980-nm and 800-nm infrared light excitation;

(16) FIG. 15 illustrates absorption spectra of red-light-emitting core/shell/shell and dye-sensitized core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention, and emission spectra thereof under 800-nm infrared light excitation; and

(17) FIG. 16 illustrates emission images of the red-light-emitting core/shell/shell and dye-sensitized core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention under 800-nm infrared light excitation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(18) Hereinafter, dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings. In addition, upconversion nanophosphors emitting green, blue, and red light under 980-nm and 800-nm infrared light excitation will be also described. An organic dye of the present invention has a wide and intense absorption band in an 800-nm wavelength region and thus may effectively absorb 800-nm infrared light. An upconversion nanophosphor of the present invention has a core/shell or core/shell/shell structure in which cores are doped with a sensitizer capable of absorbing 980-nm infrared light and an activator capable of emitting visible light, and shells are doped with a sensitizer capable of absorbing 800-nm infrared light. In a dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor, a dye sensitized upconversion nanophosphor effectively absorbs 800-nm near-infrared light and the absorbed energy is transferred to dopant ions doped into the first and the second shells surrounding cores. Since energy is transferred from sensitizer ions doped into shells to activator ions doped into cores through sensitizer ions doped into the cores, visible light is effectively emitted.

(19) An upconversion nanophosphor according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a fluoride-based nanoparticle doped with Yb.sup.3+, Er.sup.3+ or Tm.sup.3+ and expressed by Chemical Formula 1.
LiGd.sub.xL.sub.1-x-y-zF.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.y,Er.sup.3+.sub.z  [Chemical Formula 1]

(20) In Chemical Formula 1, x denotes a real number satisfying 0≤x≤0.6, y denotes a real number satisfying 0≤y≤0.98, z denotes a real number satisfying 0<z≤0.2, and L denotes any one selected from among rare-earth elements. The rare-earth element may include any one selected from the group consisting of yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), thulium (Tm), lutetium (Lu), and a combination thereof. In this case, x, y, and z are selected in a range satisfying 0<x+y+z≤1.

(21) The nanophosphor may include a core including the nanoparticle, and a shell positioned on the surface of the core, and the shell may be made of a compound expressed by Chemical Formula 2.
LiY.sub.1-p-q-rM.sub.rF.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.p,Yb.sup.3+.sub.q  [Chemical Formula 2]

(22) In Chemical Formula 2, p denotes a real number satisfying 0<p≤1, q denotes a real number satisfying 0≤q≤0.5, and r denotes a real number satisfying 0≤r≤1. In this case, p, q, and r are selected in a range satisfying 0<p+q+r≤1. M denotes any one selected from the group consisting of La, gadolinium (Gd), Ce, Pr, Pm, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, erbium (Er), Tm, Lu, and a combination thereof.

(23) The nanophosphor includes the core and the shell, the dopant Nd.sup.3+ absorbs 800-nm infrared light and transfers the absorbed energy to Yb.sup.3+, and the co-dopant Yb.sup.3+ transfers the absorbed energy to an activator of the core, thereby showing an emission peak in a visible light region.
LiGd.sub.xN.sub.1-x-y-zF.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.y,Tm.sup.3+.sub.z  [Chemical Formula 3]

(24) In Chemical Formula 3, x denotes a real number satisfying 0≤x≤0.6, y denotes a real number satisfying 0≤y≤0.98, z denotes a real number satisfying 0<z≤0.2, and N denotes any one selected from among rare-earth elements. The rare-earth element may include any one selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Lu, and a combination thereof. In this case, x, y, and z are selected in a range satisfying 0<x+y+z≤1.
LiY.sub.1-p-q-rQ.sub.rF.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.p,Yb.sup.3+.sub.q  [Chemical Formula 4]

(25) In Chemical Formula 4, p denotes a real number satisfying 0<p≤1, q denotes a real number satisfying 0≤q≤0.5, and r denotes a real number satisfying 0≤r≤1. In this case, p, q, and r are selected in a range satisfying 0<p+q+r≤1. Q denotes any one selected from the group consisting of La, Gd, Ce, Pr, Pm, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu, and a combination thereof.

(26) The nanophosphor includes the core and the shell, the dopant Nd.sup.3+ absorbs 800-nm infrared light and transfers the absorbed energy to Yb.sup.3+, and the co-dopant Yb.sup.3+ transfers the absorbed energy to an activator doped into the core, thereby showing an emission peak in a visible light region.

(27) Alternatively, an upconversion nanophosphor according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a fluoride-based nanoparticle co-doped with Yb.sup.3+, Ho.sup.3+, and Ce.sup.3+ and expressed by Chemical Formula 5.
NaGd.sub.1-a-b-c-dR.sub.dF.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.a,Ho.sup.3+.sub.b,Ce.sup.3+.sub.c  [Chemical Formula 5]

(28) In Chemical Formula 5, a denotes a real number satisfying 0≤a≤1, b denotes a real number satisfying 0<b≤0.2, c denotes a real number satisfying 0≤c≤0.6, and d denotes a real number satisfying 0 d≤1. In this case, a, b, c, and d are selected in a range satisfying 0<a+b+c+d≤1. R denotes any one selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Pr, Pm, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Lu, and a combination thereof.

(29) The nanophosphor may include a core including the nanoparticle, and a shell positioned on the surface of the core, and the shell may be made of a compound expressed by Chemical Formula 6.
NaGd.sub.1-p-q-rT.sub.rF.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.p,Yb.sup.3+.sub.q  [Chemical Formula 6]

(30) In Chemical Formula 6, p denotes a real number satisfying 0<p≤1, q denotes a real number satisfying 0≤q≤0.5, and r denotes a real number satisfying 0≤r≤1. In this case, p, q, and r are selected in a range satisfying 0<p+q+r≤1. T denotes any one selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Ce, Pr, Pm, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu, and a combination thereof.

(31) The nanophosphor includes the core and the shell, the co-dopant Nd.sup.3+ absorbs infrared light, and Yb.sup.3+ transfers the absorbed energy to Ho.sup.3+, thereby showing an emission peak in a red light region.

(32) The nanophosphor may include a core/shell including the nanoparticle, and a second shell positioned on the surface of the core/shell, and the second shell may be made of a compound expressed by Chemical Formula 7.
NaGd.sub.1-p-qX.sub.qF.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.p  [Chemical Formula 7]

(33) In Chemical Formula 7, p denotes a real number satisfying 0≤p≤1, and q denotes a real number satisfying 0≤q≤1. In this case, p and q are selected in a range satisfying 0≤p+q≤1. X denotes any one selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Ce, Pr, Pm, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Yb, Er, Tm, Lu, and a combination thereof.

(34) In brief, an upconversion nanophosphor of the present invention has one of various core/shell and core/shell/shell structures expressed by the above-described chemical formulas, and is characterized in that an organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) is bonded to the surface of the nanophosphor. For example, the upconversion nanophosphor may include a core expressed by Chemical Formula 1 and a first shell expressed by Chemical Formula 2, include a core expressed by Chemical Formula 3 and a first shell expressed by Chemical Formula 4, include a core expressed by Chemical Formula 5 and a first shell expressed by Chemical Formula 6, or include a core expressed by Chemical Formula 5, a first shell expressed by Chemical Formula 6, and a second shell expressed by Chemical Formula 7.

(35) However, the present invention is not limited to the afore-described embodiments and other embodiments may be easily proposed based on addition, substitution, etc. of constituent elements.

(36) However, the present invention should not be construed as being limited to the afore-described embodiments and these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete.

(37) Hereinafter, methods of synthesizing dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention will be described.

<Embodiment 1> Synthesis of Organic Dye

(38) In Embodiment 1, an organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) was synthesized.

(39) Initially, 0.13 mmol of an organic dye (e.g., C.sub.38H.sub.46ClN.sub.2NaO.sub.6S.sub.2, IR-783) and 0.52 mmol of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (HSC.sub.6H.sub.4CO.sub.2H) were mixed with dimethylformamide in a reaction flask, and reaction was made in an inert gas atmosphere for 24 hours (dye synthesis step). In this case, the reaction might have been made at a room temperature by blocking the reaction flask from light. After the reaction ended, a reaction solution was filtered using a syringe filter. A precipitate was obtained by putting ether in the filtered solution. The organic dye obtained as described above was washed with ether and then was dispersed and stored in dimethylformamide. The organic dye implemented in Embodiment 1 is C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3, IR-808.

(40) FIG. 1 illustrates an absorption spectrum of the organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) synthesized according to Embodiment 1, and an emission spectrum thereof under 800-nm infrared light excitation. The illustrated absorption spectrum shows that the synthesized organic dye has an absorption peak at 808 nm and shows a wide and intense absorption band. As such, it is shown that the synthesized organic dye may effectively absorb light of an infrared region near 800 nm.

<Embodiment 2> Synthesis of Green-Light-Emitting Upconversion Core Nanophosphor Doped with Yb.SUP.3+ and Er.SUP.3+

(41) In Embodiment 2, LiGd.sub.0.25Y.sub.0.55F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Er.sup.3+.sub.0.02 nanoparticles were synthesized.

(42) Initially, 0.25 mmol of gadolinium chloride hexahydrate (GdCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), 0.55 mmol of yttrium chloride hexahydrate (YCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), 0.18 mmol of ytterbium chloride hexahydrate (YbCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), 0.02 mmol of erbium chloride hexahydrate (ErCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), and 3.1 mmol of sodium oleate (C.sub.18H.sub.33O.sub.2Na) were measured, and a mixed solvent of water, ethanol, and hexane was added, and then heat treatment was performed at 70° C. to form a lanthanide complex (complex formation step). The complex was mixed with a solution including oleic acid and 1-octadecene and heat treatment was performed at 150° C. for 40 minutes to synthesize a mixture solution including a lanthanide complex (first mixture solution synthesis step).

(43) 10 mL of a methanol solution including 2.5 mmol of lithium hydroxide and 4 mmol of ammonium fluoride was synthesized (second mixture solution synthesis step), and then the first mixture solution including the lanthanide complex was mixed with the second mixture solution to synthesize a reaction solution (reaction solution synthesis step).

(44) After being sufficiently mixed, methanol was removed and then heat treatment was performed in an inert gas atmosphere. In this case, the heat treatment might be performed at 230° C. to 320° C. for 10 minutes to 4 hours (nanoparticles formation step). After the heat treatment ended and a cooling process was performed to a room temperature, a colloidal nanophosphor having a diameter of 1 nm to 50 nm was obtained. The nanophosphor obtained as described above was washed with acetone or ethanol and then was dispersed and stored in a non-polar solvent such as hexane, toluene, or chloroform. The nanoparticle implemented in Embodiment 2 is LiGd.sub.0.25Y.sub.0.55F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Er.sup.3+.sub.0.02 nanoparticle serving as a core.

<Embodiment 3> Synthesis of Green-Light-Emitting Upconversion Core/Shell Nanophosphor Doped with Yb.SUP.3+ and Er.SUP.3+

(45) In Embodiment 3, a core/shell nanophosphor using the LiGd.sub.0.25Y.sub.0.55F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Er.sup.3+.sub.0.02 nanoparticle synthesized in Embodiment 2, as a core and including a shell made of a LiYF.sub.4 fluoride-based compound doped with Nd.sup.3+ and Yb.sup.3+ (e.g., LiY.sub.0.55F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.4, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05) was synthesized. The shell covers at least part of the core.

(46) 0.55 mmol of yttrium chloride hexahydrate (YCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), 0.4 mmol of neodymium chloride hexahydrate (NdCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), and 0.05 mmol of ytterbium chloride hexahydrate (YbCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O) were mixed with a solution including oleic acid and 1-octadecene and heat treatment was performed at 150° C. for 40 minutes to synthesize a mixture solution including a lanthanide complex (first mixture solution synthesis step).

(47) A second mixture solution was synthesized by mixing the first mixture solution with a solution including the LiGd.sub.0.25Y.sub.0.55F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Er.sup.3+.sub.0.02 nanoparticles synthesized in Embodiment 2.

(48) 10 mL of a methanol solution including 2.5 mmol of lithium hydroxide and 4 mmol of ammonium fluoride was synthesized (third mixture solution synthesis step), and then was mixed with the second mixture solution to synthesize a reaction solution (reaction solution synthesis step).

(49) After being sufficiently mixed, methanol was removed and then heat treatment was performed in an inert gas atmosphere. In this case, the heat treatment might be performed at 230° C. to 320° C. for 10 minutes to 4 hours (nanoparticles formation step). After the heat treatment ended and a cooling process was performed to a room temperature, a colloidal nanophosphor having a diameter of 2 nm to 100 nm was obtained. The nanophosphor obtained as described above was washed with acetone or ethanol and then was dispersed and stored in a non-polar solvent such as hexane, toluene, or chloroform. The core/shell upconversion nanophosphor implemented in Embodiment 3 is a core/shell upconversion nanophosphor including a core made of LiGd.sub.0.25Y.sub.0.55F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Er.sup.3+.sub.0.02 and a shell made of LiY.sub.0.55F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.4, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05.

(50) FIG. 2 illustrates absorption spectra of the green-light-emitting core (Embodiment 2) and core/shell (Embodiment 3) upconversion nanophosphors synthesized according to Embodiments 2 and 3, and emission spectra thereof under 980-nm and 800-nm infrared light excitation. The illustrated absorption spectra show that the core/shell upconversion nanophosphor has absorption peaks in 980 nm and 800 nm infrared regions, and the illustrated emission spectra show that the core/shell upconversion nanophosphor emits green light with a higher intensity compared to the core upconversion nanophosphor under 980-nm infrared excitation. In addition, it is shown that the core/shell upconversion nanophosphor including shells doped with a sensitizer also emits green light under 800-nm infrared light excitation.

<Embodiment 4> Synthesis of Dye-Sensitized Green-Light-Emitting Core/Shell Nanophosphor

(51) In Embodiment 4, a dye-sensitized green-light-emitting core/shell nanophosphor was synthesized using the organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) synthesized in Embodiment 1 and the LiGd.sub.0.25Y.sub.0.55F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Er.sup.3+.sub.0.02/LiY.sub.0.55F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.4, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05 core/shell upconversion nanophosphor synthesized in Embodiment 3.

(52) A mixture solution was synthesized by adding 4 mL of acetonitrile and 0.05 g of nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (NOBF.sub.4) to the core/shell upconversion nanophosphor solution synthesized in Embodiment 3. The mixture solution was mixed with toluene and then a precipitate was separated. Oleic acid ligands on the surface of the nanophosphor obtained as described above were substituted with BF.sub.4.sup.−, and the surface-modified upconversion nanophosphor was dispersed and stored in dimethylformamide (surface-modified nanophosphor solution synthesis step).

(53) 1 mL of the surface-modified nanophosphor solution was mixed with 0.25 mL of the dye synthesized in Embodiment 1 and then reaction was made in an inert gas atmosphere for 2 hours. After the reaction ended, the nanophosphor bonded with the organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) was dispersed and stored in dimethylformamide.

(54) Emission spectra illustrated in FIG. 3 show that the dye-sensitized core/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 4) emits green light with an intensity 10 times higher than that of the core/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 3) under 800-nm infrared light excitation. Emission images of the green-light-emitting core/shell and dye-sensitized core/shell upconversion nanophosphors synthesized according to Embodiments 3 and 4 in FIG. 4 show that the intensity of green light emitted from the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphor is greatly increased.

<Embodiment 5> Synthesis of Blue-Light-Emitting Upconversion Core Nanophosphor Doped with Yb.SUP.3+ and Tm.SUP.3+

(55) 0.25 mmol of gadolinium chloride hexahydrate (GdCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), 0.49 mmol of yttrium chloride hexahydrate (YCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), 0.25 mmol of ytterbium chloride hexahydrate (YbCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), 0.01 mmol of thulium chloride hexahydrate (TmCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), and 3.1 mmol of sodium oleate (C.sub.18H.sub.33O.sub.2Na) were measured, a mixture solvent of water, ethanol, and hexane was added, and then heat treatment was performed at 70° C. to form a lanthanide complex (complex formation step). The complex was mixed with a solution including oleic acid and 1-octadecene and heat treatment was performed at 150° C. for 40 minutes to synthesize a first mixture solution including a lanthanide complex (first mixture solution synthesis step).

(56) 10 mL of a methanol solution including 2.5 mmol of lithium hydroxide and 4 mmol of ammonium fluoride was synthesized (second mixture solution synthesis step), and then was mixed with the first mixture solution including the lanthanide complex to synthesize a reaction solution (reaction solution synthesis step).

(57) After being sufficiently mixed, methanol was removed and then heat treatment was performed in an inert gas atmosphere. In this case, the heat treatment might be performed at 230° C. to 320° C. for 10 minutes to 4 hours (nanoparticles formation step). After the heat treatment ended and a cooling process was performed to a room temperature, a colloidal nanophosphor having a diameter of 1 nm to 50 nm was obtained. The nanophosphor obtained as described above was washed with acetone or ethanol and then was dispersed and stored in a non-polar solvent such as hexane, toluene, or chloroform. The nanoparticle implemented in Embodiment 5 is LiGd.sub.0.25Y.sub.0.49F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.25, Tm.sup.3+.sub.0.01 nanoparticle serving as a core.

<Embodiment 6> Synthesis of Blue-Light-Emitting Upconversion Core/Shell Nanophosphor Doped with Yb.SUP.3+ and Tm.SUP.3+

(58) In Embodiment 6, a core/shell nanophosphor using the LiGd.sub.0.25Y.sub.0.49F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.25, Tm.sup.3+.sub.0.01 nanoparticle synthesized in Embodiment 5, as a core and including a shell made of a LiYF.sub.4 fluoride-based compound doped with Nd.sup.3+ and Yb.sup.3+ was synthesized. The shell covers at least part of the core.

(59) 0.45 mmol of yttrium chloride hexahydrate (YCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), 0.5 mmol of neodymium chloride hexahydrate (NdCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), and 0.05 mmol of ytterbium chloride hexahydrate (YbCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O) were mixed with a solution including oleic acid and 1-octadecene and heat treatment was performed at 150° C. for 40 minutes to synthesize a mixture solution including a lanthanide complex (first mixture solution synthesis step).

(60) A second mixture solution was synthesized by mixing the first mixture solution with a solution including the LiGd.sub.0.25Y.sub.0.49F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.25, Er.sup.3+.sub.0.01 nanoparticles synthesized in Embodiment 5.

(61) 10 mL of a methanol solution including 2.5 mmol of lithium hydroxide and 4 mmol of ammonium fluoride was synthesized (third mixture solution synthesis step), and then was mixed with the second mixture solution to synthesize a reaction solution (reaction solution synthesis step).

(62) After being sufficiently mixed, methanol was removed and then heat treatment was performed in an inert gas atmosphere. In this case, the heat treatment might be performed at 230° C. to 320° C. for 10 minutes to 4 hours (nanoparticles formation step). After the heat treatment ended and a cooling process was performed to a room temperature, a colloidal nanophosphor having a diameter of 2 nm to 100 nm was obtained. The nanophosphor obtained as described above was washed with acetone or ethanol and then was dispersed and stored in a non-polar solvent such as hexane, toluene, or chloroform. The core/shell upconversion nanophosphor implemented in Embodiment 6 is a core/shell upconversion nanophosphor including a core made of LiGd.sub.0.25Y.sub.0.49F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.25, Tm.sup.3+.sub.0.01 and a shell made of LiY.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05.

(63) Emission spectra illustrated in FIG. 5 show that the core/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 6) emits blue light with a higher intensity compared to the core upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 5) under 980-nm infrared excitation. In addition, it is shown that the core/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 6) also emits blue light under 800-nm infrared light excitation.

<Embodiment 7> Synthesis of Dye-Sensitized Blue-Light-Emitting Core/Shell Nanophosphor

(64) In Embodiment 7, a dye-sensitized blue-light-emitting core/shell nanophosphor was synthesized using LiGd.sub.0.25Y.sub.0.49F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.25, Tm.sup.3+.sub.0.01/LiY.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05 synthesized in Embodiment 6 and the organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) synthesized in Embodiment 1.

(65) A mixture solution was synthesized by adding 2 mL of acetonitrile and 0.02 g of nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (NOBF.sub.4) to the core/shell solution synthesized in Embodiment 6. The mixture solution was mixed with toluene and then a precipitate was separated. Oleic acid ligands on the surface of the nanophosphor obtained as described above were substituted with BF.sub.4.sup.−, and the surface-modified upconversion nanophosphor was dispersed and stored in dimethylformamide (surface-modified nanophosphor solution synthesis step).

(66) 1 mL of the surface-modified nanophosphor solution was mixed with 0.1 mL of the organic dye synthesized in Embodiment 1 and then reaction was made in an inert gas atmosphere for 2 hours. After the reaction ended, the nanophosphor bonded with the organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) was dispersed and stored in dimethylformamide.

(67) Absorption spectra illustrated in FIG. 6 show that the synthesized dye-sensitized core/shell nanophosphor (Embodiment 7) has a wide and high absorption spectrum at 800 nm. It is shown that the dye-sensitized core/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 7) emits blue light with an intensity 83 times higher than that of the core/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 6) under 800-nm infrared light excitation. Emission images illustrated in FIG. 7 show that the dye-sensitized blue-light-emitting nanophosphor (Embodiment 7) emits much brighter blue light compared to the blue-light-emitting core/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 6).

<Embodiment 8> Synthesis of Red-Light-Emitting Upconversion Core Nanophosphor Doped with Yb.SUP.3+., Ho.SUP.3+., and Ce.SUP.3+

(68) 0.5 mmol of gadolinium chloride hexahydrate (GdCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), 0.18 mmol of ytterbium chloride hexahydrate (YbCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), 0.02 mmol of holmium chloride hexahydrate (HoCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), 0.3 mmol of cerium chloride heptahydrate (CeCl.sub.3.7H.sub.2O), and 3.1 mmol of sodium oleate (C.sub.18H.sub.33O.sub.2Na) were measured, a mixture solvent of water, ethanol, and hexane was added, and then heat treatment was performed at 70° C. to form a lanthanide complex (complex formation step). The complex was mixed with a solution including oleic acid and 1-octadecene and heat treatment was performed at 150° C. for 30 minutes to synthesize a first mixture solution including a lanthanide complex (first mixture solution synthesis step).

(69) 10 mL of a methanol solution including 2.5 mmol of sodium hydroxide and 4 mmol of ammonium fluoride was synthesized (second mixture solution synthesis step), and then was mixed with the first mixture solution including the lanthanide complex to synthesize a reaction solution (reaction solution synthesis step).

(70) After being sufficiently mixed, methanol was removed and then heat treatment was performed in an inert gas atmosphere. In this case, when the heat treatment was performed at a temperature lower than 230° C., nanocrystals of a single hexagonal phase might not be appropriately formed and thus the phosphor might not emit light with a high intensity. When the heat treatment was performed at a temperature higher than 370° C., particles might agglomerate together due to overreaction and have very large and non-uniform sizes and thus a reduction in brightness might be caused. Therefore, the heat treatment might be performed at 230° C. to 370° C. for 10 minutes to 4 hours (nanoparticles formation step). After the heat treatment ended and a cooling process was performed to a room temperature, a colloidal nanophosphor having a diameter of 1 nm to 20 nm was obtained. The nanophosphor obtained as described above was washed with acetone or ethanol and then was dispersed and stored in a non-polar solvent such as hexane, toluene, or chloroform. The nanoparticle implemented in Embodiment 8 is NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+.sub.0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3 nanoparticle serving as a core.

<Embodiment 9> Synthesis of Red-Light-Emitting Upconversion Core/Shell Nanophosphor Doped with Yb.SUP.3+., Ho.SUP.3+., and Ce.SUP.3+

(71) In Embodiment 9, a core/shell nanophosphor using the NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+.sub.0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3 nanoparticle synthesized in Embodiment 8, as a core and including a shell made of a NaGdF.sub.4 fluoride-based compound doped with Nd.sup.3+ and Yb.sup.3+ (e.g., NaGd.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05) was synthesized. The shell covers at least part of the core.

(72) 0.45 mmol of gadolinium chloride hexahydrate (GdCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), 0.5 mmol of neodymium chloride hexahydrate (NdCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), 0.05 mmol of ytterbium chloride hexahydrate (YbCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O), and 3.1 mmol of sodium oleate (C.sub.18H.sub.33O.sub.2Na) were measured, a mixture solvent of water, ethanol, and hexane was added, and then heat treatment was performed at 70° C. to form a lanthanide complex (complex formation step). The complex was mixed with a solution including oleic acid and 1-octadecene and heat treatment was performed at 150° C. for 30 minutes to synthesize a first mixture solution including a lanthanide complex (first mixture solution synthesis step).

(73) A second mixture solution was synthesized by mixing the first mixture solution with a solution including the NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+.sub.0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3 nanoparticles synthesized in Embodiment 8.

(74) 10 mL of a methanol solution including 2.5 mmol of sodium hydroxide and 4 mmol of ammonium fluoride was synthesized (third mixture solution synthesis step), and then was mixed with the second mixture solution to synthesize a reaction solution (reaction solution synthesis step).

(75) After being sufficiently mixed, methanol was removed and then heat treatment was performed in an inert gas atmosphere. In this case, when the heat treatment was performed at a temperature lower than 200° C., nanocrystals of a single hexagonal phase might not be appropriately formed and thus the phosphor might not emit light with a high intensity. When the heat treatment was performed at a temperature higher than 370° C., particles might agglomerate together due to overreaction and have very large and non-uniform sizes and thus a reduction in brightness might be caused. Therefore, the heat treatment might be performed at 200° C. to 370° C. for 10 minutes to 4 hours (nanoparticles formation step). After the heat treatment ended and a cooling process was performed to a room temperature, a colloidal nanophosphor having a diameter of 2 nm to 60 nm was obtained. The nanophosphor obtained as described above was washed with acetone or ethanol and then was dispersed and stored in a non-polar solvent such as hexane, toluene, or chloroform.

(76) FIG. 8 illustrates emission spectra of the red-light-emitting core and core/shell upconversion nanophosphors synthesized according to Embodiments 8 and 9. The emission spectra under 980-nm infrared excitation in FIG. 8 show that the core/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 9) emits red light with a higher intensity compared to the core upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 8). In addition, the emission spectra illustrated in FIG. 8 show that the core/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 9) also emits red light under 800-nm infrared light excitation.

<Embodiment 10> Synthesis of Dye-Sensitized Core/Shell Red-Light-Emitting Upconversion Nanophosphor

(77) In Embodiment 10, a dye-sensitized red-light-emitting core/shell nanophosphor was synthesized using the organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) synthesized in Embodiment 1 and NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+.sub.0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3/NaGd.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05 synthesized in Embodiment 9.

(78) A mixture solution was synthesized by adding 2 mL of acetonitrile and 0.01 g of nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (NOBF.sub.4) to 1 mL of the NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+.sub.0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3/NaGd.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05 core/shell solution synthesized in Embodiment 9 (mixture solution synthesis step). The mixture solution was mixed with toluene and then a precipitate was separated. Oleic acid ligands on the surface of the nanophosphor obtained as described above were substituted with BF.sub.4.sup.−, and the +surface-modified upconversion nanophosphor was dispersed and stored in dimethylformamide (surface-modified nanophosphor solution synthesis step).

(79) 1 mL of the surface-modified nanophosphor solution was mixed with 0.2 mL of the organic dye synthesized in Embodiment 1 and then reaction was made in an inert gas atmosphere for 2 hours. After the reaction ended, the nanophosphor having the organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) bonded thereto was dispersed and stored in dimethylformamide.

(80) Absorption spectra illustrated in FIG. 9 show that the synthesized dye-sensitized core/shell nanophosphor (Embodiment 10) has a wide and intense absorption band at 800 nm. It is shown that the core/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 9) has an almost no emission peak but the dye-sensitized core/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 10) has an intense red-light emission peak under 800-nm infrared light excitation. Emission images illustrated in FIG. 10 show that the dye-sensitized core/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 10) emits red light with a higher intensity compared to the core/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 9).

<Embodiment 11> Synthesis of Core/Shell/Shell Red-Light-Emitting Upconversion Nanophosphor Doped with Nd.SUP.3+

(81) In Embodiment 11, a core/first shell/second shell nanophosphor using the NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+.sub.0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3/NaGd.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05 nanoparticle synthesized in Embodiment 9, as a core/first shell and including a second shell made of a NaGdF.sub.4 fluoride-based compound doped with Nd.sup.3+ was synthesized. The first shell covers at least part of the core, and the second shell covers at least part of the core/first shell.

(82) 0.7 mmol of gadolinium chloride hexahydrate (GdCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O) and 0.3 mmol of neodymium chloride hexahydrate (NdCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O) were mixed with a solution including oleic acid and 1-octadecene and heat treatment was performed at 150° C. for 30 minutes to synthesize a mixture solution including a lanthanide complex (first mixture solution synthesis step).

(83) A second mixture solution was synthesized by mixing the first mixture solution with a solution including the NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+.sub.0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3/NaGd.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05 nanoparticle synthesized in Embodiment 9.

(84) 10 mL of a methanol solution including 2.5 mmol of sodium hydroxide and 4 mmol of ammonium fluoride was synthesized (third mixture solution synthesis step), and then was mixed with the second mixture solution to synthesize a reaction solution (reaction solution synthesis step).

(85) After being sufficiently mixed, methanol was removed and then heat treatment was performed in an inert gas atmosphere. In this case, when the heat treatment was performed at a temperature lower than 200° C., nanocrystals of a single hexagonal phase might not be appropriately formed and thus the phosphor might not emit light at a high intensity. When the heat treatment was performed at a temperature higher than 370° C., particles might agglomerate together due to overreaction and have very large and non-uniform sizes and thus a reduction in brightness might be caused. Therefore, the heat treatment might be performed at 200° C. to 370° C. for 10 minutes to 4 hours (nanoparticles formation step). After the heat treatment ended and a cooling process was performed to a room temperature, a colloidal nanophosphor having a diameter of 3 nm to 100 nm was obtained. The nanophosphor obtained as described above was washed with acetone or ethanol and then was dispersed and stored in a non-polar solvent such as hexane, toluene, or chloroform. The red-light-emitting core/first shell/second shell nanophosphor implemented in Embodiment 11 is a nanophosphor including a core made of NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+.sub.0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3, a first shell made of NaGd.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05, and a second shell made of NaGd.sub.0.7F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.3.

(86) Emission spectra illustrated in FIG. 11 show that the core/shell/shell structure upconversion nanophosphor synthesized according to Embodiment 11 emits red light at a higher intensity compared to the core upconversion nanophosphor synthesized according to Embodiment 8, under 980-nm infrared excitation. In addition, it is shown that the core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 11) also emits red light under 800-nm infrared light excitation.

<Embodiment 12> Synthesis of Dye-Sensitized Red-Light-Emitting Core/Shell/Shell Nanophosphor

(87) In Embodiment 12, a dye-sensitized red-light-emitting core/shell/shell nanophosphor was synthesized using the organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) synthesized in Embodiment 1 and NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+.sub.0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3/NaGd.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05/NaGd.sub.0.7F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.3 synthesized in Embodiment 11.

(88) A mixture solution was synthesized by adding 2 mL of acetonitrile and 0.01 g of nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (NOBF.sub.4) to the NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+.sub.0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3/NaGd.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05/NaGd.sub.0.7F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.3 nanoparticle solution synthesized in Embodiment 11 (mixture solution synthesis step). The mixture solution was mixed with toluene and then a precipitate was separated. Oleic acid ligands on the surface of the nanophosphor obtained as described above were substituted with BF.sub.4.sup.−, and the surface-modified upconversion nanophosphor was dispersed and stored in dimethylformamide (surface-modified nanophosphor solution synthesis step).

(89) 1 mL of the surface-modified nanophosphor solution was mixed with 0.75 mL of the organic dye synthesized in Embodiment 1 and then reaction was made in an inert gas atmosphere for 2 hours. After the reaction ended, the nanophosphor having the organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) bonded thereto was dispersed and stored in dimethylformamide.

(90) Absorption spectra illustrated in FIG. 12 show that the dye-sensitized core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphor synthesized according to Embodiment 12 has a high absorption spectrum at 800 nm. It is shown that the dye-sensitized core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 12) emits red light at an intensity 10 times higher than that of the core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 11) under 800-nm infrared light excitation. Emission images illustrated in FIG. 13 show that the dye-sensitized core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 12) emits red light at a higher intensity compared to the core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 11).

<Embodiment 13> Synthesis of Core/Shell/Shell Red-Light-Emitting Upconversion Nanophosphor

(91) In Embodiment 13, a core/first shell/second shell nanophosphor using the NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+.sub.0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3/NaGd.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05 nanoparticle synthesized in Embodiment 9, as a cores/first shell and including a second shell made of a NaGdF.sub.4 fluoride-based compound was synthesized.

(92) Initially, 1 mmol of gadolinium chloride hexahydrate (GdCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2O) was mixed with a solution including oleic acid and 1-octadecene and heat treatment was performed at 150° C. for 30 minutes to synthesize a mixture solution including a lanthanide complex (first mixture solution synthesis step).

(93) A second mixture solution was synthesized by mixing the first mixture solution with a solution including the NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+.sub.0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3/NaGd.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05 nanoparticles synthesized in Embodiment 9.

(94) 10 mL of a methanol solution including 2.5 mmol of sodium hydroxide and 4 mmol of ammonium fluoride was synthesized (third mixture solution synthesis step), and then was mixed with the second mixture solution to synthesize a reaction solution (reaction solution synthesis step).

(95) After being sufficiently mixed, methanol was removed and then heat treatment was performed in an inert gas atmosphere. In this case, when the heat treatment was performed at a temperature lower than 200° C., nanocrystals of a single hexagonal phase might not be appropriately formed and thus the phosphor might not emit light at a high intensity. When the heat treatment was performed at a temperature higher than 370° C., particles might agglomerate together due to overreaction and have very large and non-uniform sizes and thus a reduction in brightness might be caused. Therefore, the heat treatment might be performed at 200° C. to 370° C. for 10 minutes to 4 hours (nanoparticles formation step). After the heat treatment ended and a cooling process was performed to a room temperature, a colloidal nanophosphor having a diameter of 3 nm to 100 nm was obtained. The nanophosphor obtained as described above was washed with acetone or ethanol and then was dispersed and stored in a non-polar solvent such as hexane, toluene, or chloroform.

(96) Emission spectra illustrated in FIG. 14 show that the core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphor synthesized according to Embodiment 13 emits red light at a higher intensity compared to the core upconversion nanophosphor synthesized according to Embodiment 8, under 980-nm infrared excitation. In addition, it is shown that the core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 13) also emits red light under 800-nm infrared light excitation.

<Embodiment 14> Synthesis of Dye-Sensitized Red-Light-Emitting Core/Shell/Shell Nanophosphor

(97) In Embodiment 14, a dye-sensitized red-light-emitting core/shell/shell nanophosphor was synthesized using the organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) synthesized in Embodiment 1 and NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+.sub.0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3/NaGd.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05/NaGdF.sub.4 synthesized in Embodiment 13.

(98) A mixture solution was synthesized by adding 2 mL of acetonitrile and 0.01 g of nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (NOBF.sub.4) to the NaGd.sub.0.5F.sub.4:Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.18, Ho.sup.3+0.02, Ce.sup.3+.sub.0.3/NaGd.sub.0.45F.sub.4:Nd.sup.3+.sub.0.5, Yb.sup.3+.sub.0.05/NaGdF.sub.4 nanoparticle solution synthesized in Embodiment 13 (mixture solution synthesis step). The mixture solution was mixed with toluene and then a precipitate was separated. Oleic acid ligands on the surface of the nanophosphor obtained as described above were substituted with BF.sub.4.sup.−, and the surface-modified upconversion nanophosphor was dispersed and stored in dimethylformamide (surface-modified nanophosphor solution synthesis step).

(99) The surface-modified nanophosphor solution was mixed with 1 mL of the organic dye synthesized in Embodiment 1 and then reaction was made in an inert gas atmosphere for 2 hours. After the reaction ended, the dye-sensitized nanophosphor was dispersed and stored in dimethylformamide.

(100) Absorption spectra illustrated in FIG. 15 show that the dye-sensitized red-light-emitting nanophosphor synthesized according to Embodiment 14 has a high absorption spectrum in an 800-nm region. In addition, it is shown that the dye-sensitized core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 14) emits red light at an intensity 14 times higher than that of the core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 13) under 800-nm infrared light excitation. Emission images illustrated in FIG. 16 show that the dye-sensitized core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 14) emits red light at a higher intensity compared to the core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphor (Embodiment 13) under 800-nm infrared light excitation.

(101) The present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to various embodiments thereof. The dye-sensitized nanophosphors and the methods of synthesizing the same, according to the various embodiments of the present invention, are applicable to a variety of fields, e.g., transparent display, security, and bioimaging. For example, the above-described dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphors are applicable to display apparatuses, fluorescent contrast agents, anti-counterfeiting codes, etc.

(102) Dye-sensitized nanophosphors according to various embodiments of the present invention have a core and shell structure, have a wide absorption band ranging from 650 nm to 850 nm, and are excited in a near-infrared region to emit visible light. The absorption band of the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphors ranging from 650 nm to 850 nm may be understood with reference to FIGS. 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 showing absorption characteristics based on wavelengths according to Embodiments 1, 4, 7, 10, 12, and 14.

(103) Dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphors according to embodiments of the present invention include an organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) having a wide and intense absorption band in an 800-nm region, and emit green, blue, and red light at a high intensity under 980-nm and 800-nm near-infrared light excitation. Specifically, the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphors include blue- and green-light-emitting Li(Gd, Y)F.sub.4-based tetragonal and red-light-emitting NaGdF.sub.4-based hexagonal dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphors capable of increasing the photoluminescence intensity for blue, green, and red light by using the organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3). All of the blue-, green-, and red-light-emitting upconversion nanophosphors may increase the photoluminescence intensity based on sensitization with the organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3).

(104) The present invention discloses core/shell tetragonal green- and blue-light-emitting upconversion nanophosphors and core/shell/shell red-light-emitting nanophosphors capable of increasing the photoluminescence intensity for green, blue, and red light under 800-nm infrared light excitation. The photoluminescence intensity for blue, green, and red light may be greatly increased by sensitizing the core/shell tetragonal Li(Gd, Y)F.sub.4-based and core/shell/shell hexagonal NaGdF.sub.4-based upconversion nanophosphors with a dye.

(105) According to the present invention, upconversion nanophosphors for emitting green, blue, and red light under 980-nm and 800-nm infrared light excitation may be obtained. Dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphors sensitized with an organic dye (e.g., C.sub.45H.sub.51N.sub.2NaO.sub.8S.sub.3) having a wide and intense absorption band in an 800-nm region may emit light at a high intensity under 800-nm infrared light excitation. Since the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphors may have a very high photoluminescence intensity compared to existing core/shell and core/shell/shell upconversion nanophosphors, the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphors are expected to display bright images when used for 3D transparent display apparatuses and are expected to increase detection sensitivity when used for infrared detectors. In addition, when used for bio-imaging contrast agents, the dye-sensitized upconversion nanophosphors are expected to obtain intense image signals compared to conventional upconversion nanophosphors. However, the scope of the present invention is not limited to the above-described effects.

(106) While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to embodiments thereof, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims. The embodiments should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Therefore, the scope of the invention is defined not by the detailed description of the invention but by the following claims, and all differences within the scope will be construed as being included in the present invention.