Abstract
Theoretical and practical constraints disallow direct determination of the structure of the atomic nucleus. Contained herein is a magnet model of the atomic nucleus, derived from considerations of charge density, RMS charge radii, magnetic moments, and nucleon binding energy. These physical properties point to a sequential, alternating up and down quark structure modeled in the present invention by an array of magnets alternating in polarity. The summation of the pull forces of the two magnet poles is unequal, and when two such magnet arrays are placed opposite one another in magnetic potential energy barrier assembly, the two arrays repel at a distance and attract when near one another. In one embodiment, the ratio of the maximum attractive force to the maximum repulsive force very closely approximates the strong force constant 137. This invention serves as a demonstration of the Coulomb barrier for the student, and a potentially useful model for probing the forces and structure of the atomic nucleus.
Claims
1. A permanent magnet potential energy barrier assembly comprising: a first permanent magnet array attached to a first frame, the first permanent magnet array including one or more first permanent magnets having a first polarity, and positioned parallel and adjacent to one or more second permanent magnets having a second polarity, respectively, so that the first permanent magnets alternate with the second permanent magnets; the first permanent magnets selected such that the sum of the pull forces of the first permanent magnets is greater than the sum of the pull forces of the second permanent magnets; a second permanent magnet array attached to a second frame, the second permanent magnet array including one or more third permanent magnets having the first polarity positioned parallel and adjacent to one or more fourth permanent magnets having the second polarity, respectively, so that the third permanent magnets alternate with the fourth permanent magnets; the third permanent magnets selected such that the sum of the pull forces of the third permanent magnets is greater than the sum of the forces of the fourth permanent magnets; and the first frame positioned opposite to the second frame so that the first permanent magnets oppose the fourth permanent magnets and the second permanent magnets oppose the third permanent magnets.
2. The permanent magnet potential barrier assembly of claim 1 wherein the second permanent magnets are recessed in the first frame relative to the first permanent magnets, and the fourth permanent magnets are recessed in the second frame relative to the third permanent magnets.
3. The permanent magnet potential barrier assembly of claim 1 wherein the first polarity is north and the second polarity is south.
4. The permanent magnet potential barrier assembly of claim 1 wherein the first polarity is south and the second polarity is north.
5. The permanent magnet potential barrier assembly of claim 1 wherein the first frame is a first disc attached rotatably and slidably to a shaft, and the second frame is attached rotatably and slidably to the shaft, and the shaft is attached to a base.
6. A method of generating an electromagnetic potential energy barrier, the method comprising: selecting a predominant electromagnetic pole of a first polarity and a lesser electromagnetic pole having a polarity opposite to the first polarity; selecting a magnitude of the predominant pole approximately double a magnitude of the lesser pole; grouping a plurality of predominant poles with a plurality of lesser poles into an alternating sequential array so that predominant poles alternate with lesser poles; positioning each predominant pole a first distance apart from the nearest adjacent lesser pole; and recessing each lesser pole a second distance relative to each first predominant pole so that the first distance is approximately double the second distance, so that the electromagnetic field alternates in polarity in the near-range and resolves into a single predominant electromagnetic field in the far-range.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a permanent magnet potential energy barrier.
(2) FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a permanent magnet potential energy barrier assembly.
(3) FIG. 3 is a neutron charge density diagram.
(4) FIG. 4 shows the size and magnetic moments of light nuclei.
(5) FIG. 5 shows the proton and deuteron.
(6) FIG. 6 compares the sizes and shapes of light nuclei.
(7) FIG. 7 shows three photos depicting a ring model of oxygen.
(8) FIG. 8 shows the precession of the proton, neutron, and deuteron.
(9) FIG. 9 shows an airplane with two propellers.
(10) FIG. 10 shows the precession of He-3.
(11) FIG. 11 shows the oscillating dipoles of H-3.
(12) FIG. 12 is a mechanism for the beta decay of H-3 to He-3.
(13) FIG. 13 shows the resonant states of a proton and neutron.
(14) FIG. 14 shows the beta decay of a neutron into a proton.
(15) FIG. 15 shows the electric fields adjacent a deuteron.
(16) FIG. 16 shows the repulsion of two deuterons at far range.
(17) FIG. 17 shows the attraction of two deuterons at near range.
(18) FIG. 18 shows a magnet analog of a deuteron.
(19) FIG. 19 shows the electric field of a deuteron and the magnetic field of a magnet array.
(20) FIG. 20 shows how a pair of magnet arrays reproduces the fusion binding curve.
(21) FIG. 21 shows the maximum repulsion between two magnet arrays.
(22) FIG. 22 shows the near-range attraction of a pair of deuterons and a pair of magnets.
(23) FIG. 23 is a magnet field contour plot between two arrays at two distances.
(24) FIG. 24 shows forces acting on a magnet array.
(25) FIG. 25 shows a linear reluctance curve with a calculation.
(26) FIG. 26 shows the saturation curve of a loop of magnets.
(27) FIG. 27 shows an embodiment of a permanent magnet potential energy barrier.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(28) FIG. 1 is a perspective drawing of one embodiment of a permanent magnet potential energy barrier assembly in which magnet array 117, attached rotatably by bearing 123 to shaft 101 secured to base 121, magnetically levitates above magnet array 119. Magnet array 117 has stacked double magnets 105c and 105d attached to a frame (shown between the magnets) so that their north pole directed towards magnet array 119 while single magnet 103c is recessed relative to magnet 105d, and has its south pole oriented towards magnet array 119. The double north magnet will have approximately double the pull force of the single south magnet. This pattern continues around the cylindrical array 117, which may also be a disc. The net result of the predominance of north magnets facing downward is that the sum of the pull forces of north and south magnets yields a north magnetic pole predominance oriented in a downward direction.
(29) Similarly, cylindrical magnet array 119 has an identical magnet configuration, except the north magnetic flux predominance is directed upward towards cylindrical array 117. The force of repulsion between these arrays effectively suspends or magnetically levitates magnet array 117 above magnet array 119.
(30) FIG. 2 is a view from the underside of the magnetic potential energy assembly described in FIG. 1. This view serves to expose magnets hidden by the perspective view of FIG. 1 in order to confirm the magnet pattern in which a double north magnet alternates with a single south magnet, and the two arrays are configured so that the north magnetic flux of one is oriented towards the other.
(31) FIG. 3 shows the charge density of a neutron. A positive core 305 lies interior to a negative shell 303.
(32) FIG. 4 depicts a proposed alternating quark structure for the light nuclei including proton 401, deuteron 413 and helium-4 411. The terminal quarks 405 of a proton allow for precession about a central pivot quark. The terminal quarks of the deuteron likewise precess, as do the internal quarks. The quarks of He-4, however, are bound within a circular structure and therefore do not precess.
(33) FIG. 5 is a size comparison of a proposed linear sequential quark model of the proton and deuteron by which the deuteron ought to be 5/2 larger than the proton.
(34) FIG. 6 extends this size comparison to include H-3 and He-3, both of which may assume a horseshoe shape. The open topside of these structures explains the slightly large RMS charge radii of H-3 and He-3 compared to the closed loop of He-4.
(35) FIG. 7 introduces a loop structure for oxygen in which each bead represents a nucleon. Pane 701 shows the loop splayed open, pane 703 shows a single twist, and pane 705 shows the twist further folded to form a dense nucleus with a space in the middle.
(36) FIG. 8 revisits the Larmor precession of the proton and deuteron, and includes the neutron. The precessional motion of terminal quarks 803, 805, and 815 contribute to the magnetic moments of each of these nuclei.
(37) FIG. 9 illustrates the concept of torque/countertorque in a hypothetical airplane having two propellers. The clockwise torque 909 of the propellers 901 and 903 would result in the counterclockwise torque 907 on airplane 905.
(38) FIG. 10 serves as a model for the counterintuitive magnetic moment of He-3. The horseshoe shape and dual precessing terminal quarks 604 in a clockwise fashion 613 exert a force on the He-3 nucleus that results in counterclockwise rotation 611. While the clockwise torque of terminal quarks 604 generate a magnetic field that goes into the page (as viewed from above), the center of charge for this rotating quarks actually rotates in counterclockwise direction 615, which generates a magnetic field coming out of the page.
(39) FIG. 11 illustrates the rational for the horseshoe shape of H-1. The terminal quarks 623 and 624 exhibit dipole-dipole attraction 627. Oscillating dipole 625 results from the attraction between the positively charged up quark and a negatively charged electron, forming a linear oscillator. The down quark 617 in this scenario represents an up quark 619 that has captured an electron 621.
(40) The structure outlined in FIG. 12 also provides insight into the phenomenon of the beta decay of tritium. H-1 has a pair of terminal down quarks 633. Occasionally and with a half-life of 12.3 years, a terminal down quark will lose hold of its electron, precipitating a cascade of electron movement throughout the chain in which the electron of a down quark is transferred to a neighboring up quark. This beta decay transforms H-3 into He-3.
(41) FIG. 13 shows another way to depict up and down quarks, wherein the up quark is a donut or toroid shape while the electron is smaller and spherical. The down quark is an up quark with an electron oscillating in the donut hole. Resonant states of the proton and neutron are shown.
(42) FIG. 14 depicts the beta decay a neutron into a proton using the donut model. The random oscillation of the two electrons of the neutron occasionally results in the loss of one of the electrons as beta decay. The remaining electron shifts to the up quark at the center of the neutron, transforming it into a down quark, and transforming the neutron into a proton.
(43) FIG. 15 places a linear sequential arrangement of up quarks (++) alternating with down quarks (−). This produces a near range electrostatic field of alternating charge. The double charge of the up quark relative to the down quark results in a far-range positively charged electric field.
(44) FIG. 16 shows two deuterons repelling at a distance as a result of the positive charge predominance of up quarks.
(45) FIG. 17 shows the same two deuterons attracting in the near-range as a result of the alignment of oppositely charged quarks. This near-range attraction may represent the strong nuclear force.
(46) FIG. 18 demonstrates how a magnet analog is constructed based on a linear alternating sequence of up and down quarks contained within the deuteron. Here, the double charge on the up quark compared to the down quark is represented by a doubling up of north facing magnets. The down quark is represented by a single south-facing magnet.
(47) FIG. 19 shows how an alternating and unequal magnet analog generates a magnetic field that is hypothetically similar to the electric field surrounding a deuteron. Both have an alternating electromagnetic field in the near-range that resolves into a single field at a distance depending on pole predominance.
(48) FIG. 20 demonstrates how a pair of magnet array analogs may be used to generate a potential curve very similar to the fusion potential curve.
(49) FIG. 21 shows how the force between two approaching magnet arrays increases as the arrays approach. When a pair of arrays is constructed using cube magnets measuring a quarter inch on a side, alternating one south with a double north, set apart with a ¼″ space between north and south magnets, and arranged so that the south face is ¼″ recessed relative to the north face, a maximum repulsive force of 0.152 N was obtained.
(50) FIG. 22 compares the strong attraction that would exist between deuterons with the strong attraction between a pair of magnet array analogs.
(51) FIG. 23 has three magnetic contour maps generated from a matrix of magnetic field measurements between magnet arrays. Pane 723 shows the magnetic field contour plot of an unopposed magnet array intended to model deuteron 719. The white squares with arrows represent cube magnets measuring ⅜″ on a side, and the arrow represents the direction of magnetic north. Double north magnets alternate with single south magnets with a separation of ⅜″ between north and south magnets, and configured such that the south magnet face is ⅜″ recessed relative to the north magnet faces. In pane 723, the light shaded north magnetic flux 711 emanates from the double north magnets 715, and predominates over most of the pane. The darker south magnetic flux 713 extends only a bit beyond the south magnets 717.
(52) In pane 725, a deuteron magnet analog 719 is set opposite a proton magnet analog 721 by a distance of 3″. North magnetic flux 711 predominates in the field between the arrays, indicating repulsion at this distance.
(53) The deuteron 719 and proton 721 analogs are set ⅜″ apart in pane 727. Note the dark finger of south magnetic flux 713 extend and almost touching the lighter center of north magnetic flux 715. This pattern represents strong interaction between opposite poles, the steep contours indicating strong attraction.
(54) FIG. 24 illustrates a unique property of magnet arrays called magnetic reluctance. This arise from a shear force applied to separate two coupled arrays. The sideways or shear force required to slide one array off the other is initially small but increases with distance. This generates a linear and increasing force/displacement curve in sharp contrast to the inverse square curve generated by pulling the arrays directly apart. The maximum force required is the same in both instances. This linear increasing force is characteristically similar to the strong force binding nucleons and quarks together within the nucleus.
(55) FIG. 15 calculates the ratio of the maximum reluctance force to the maximum repulsive force to yield a close approximation of the strong force coupling constant 137.
(56) FIG. 26 illustrates how a loop of diametrically magnetized magnets 671 can be used to demonstrate the concept of saturation found within the nucleon binding curve. Here the force required to separate a single magnet from a loop of coupled magnets is plotted against the number of magnets in the loop.
(57) FIG. 27 illustrates a pair of opposing deuteron analogs. Double north facing magnets 912 are attached to frame 913 adjacent to single south facing magnet 911, also attached to frame 914. Alternating magnets are attached so their magnetic poles are parallel. The south facing magnet on array 915 is aligned with the north facing magnet 912 on array 916.
(58) Although specific aspects of the disclosure have been illustrated and described for purposes of illustration, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the invention should not be limited except as by the appended claims.
