IMAGE-GUIDED PULSED FOCUSED ULTRASOUND

Abstract

A method for treating a nerve within a treatment region includes identifying the treatment region and positioning a device on a surface of skin for emitting ultrasound energy, wherein the device comprises a transducer array. The method further includes focusing the transducer array within the positioned device such that the ultrasound energy is focused on the treatment region, and verifying the positioned device is directing ultrasound energy on the treatment region. The method also includes delivering ultrasound energy to the treatment region based on a predetermined time, and removing the positioned device when the predetermined time has been reached.

Claims

1. A method for treating a nerve within a treatment region, comprising: identifying the treatment region; positioning a device on a surface of skin for emitting ultrasound energy, wherein the device comprises a transducer array; focusing the transducer array within the positioned device such that the ultrasound energy is focused on the treatment region; verifying the positioned device is directing ultrasound energy on the treatment region; delivering ultrasound energy to the treatment region based on a predetermined time; and removing the positioned device when the predetermined time has been reached.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the treatment region is located at a depth below a skin surface associated with a patient.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the treatment region is a dorsal root ganglion located at a depth below a skin surface associated with a patient.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the ultrasound energy is low intensity focused (liFUS) ultrasound energy.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the device comprises an imaging transducer, and the position of the device is verified via the imaging transducer.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a water circulation system for controlling a temperature associated with the transducer array.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the water circulation system comprises a chamber to facilitate water circulation, the chamber positioned between the transducer array and the treatment region.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the device comprises an air chamber behind the transducer array for maximizing acoustic power delivery to the treatment region.

9. A method for treating a nerve within a treatment region, comprising: identifying the treatment region; positioning a device on a surface of skin for emitting ultrasound energy, wherein the device comprises a transducer array; focusing the transducer array within the positioned device such that the ultrasound energy is focused on the treatment region; verifying the positioned device is directing ultrasound energy on the treatment region; delivering ultrasound energy to the treatment region based on a predetermined temperature; and removing the positioned device when the predetermined temperature has been reached.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the treatment region is located at a depth below a skin surface associated with a patient.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the ultrasound energy is low intensity focused (liFUS) ultrasound energy.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the device comprises an imaging transducer, and the position of the device is verified via the imaging transducer.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the device comprises a water circulation system for controlling a temperature associated with the transducer array.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the water circulation system comprises a chamber to facilitate water circulation, the chamber positioned between the transducer array and the treatment region.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the device comprises an air chamber behind the transducer array for maximizing acoustic power delivery to the treatment region.

16. A method for treating a nerve within a treatment region, comprising: conducting a first assessment based on a predetermined metric; identifying the treatment region; positioning a device for emitting ultrasound energy on the skin surface, wherein the device comprises a transducer array; focusing the transducer array within the positioned device such that the ultrasound energy is focused on the treatment region; verifying the positioned device is directing ultrasound energy on the treatment region; delivering a first ultrasound energy to the treatment region based on a first predetermined time or a first predetermined temperature; and conducting a second assessment based on the predetermined metric.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: comparing the first assessment to the second assessment; determining whether the comparison is satisfactory; and upon determination that the comparison is satisfactory, removing the positioned device.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the predetermined metric comprises one or more of a sensory rating, a pain level, a nerve conduction velocity, a skin shrinkage, a cell necrosis, a tissue necrosis, a mechanical threshold, and a behavioral response.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the predetermined metric comprises a plurality of metrics.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein determining that the comparison is satisfactory comprises determining that the second assessment is an improvement over the first assessment.

21. The method of claim 17, further comprising: upon determination that the comparison is not satisfactory, delivering a second ultrasound energy to the treatment region based on a second predetermined time or a second predetermined temperature.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0046] A clear conception of the advantages and features constituting the present disclosure, and of the construction and operation of typical mechanisms provided with the present disclosure, will become more readily apparent by referring to the exemplary, and therefore non-limiting, embodiments illustrated in the drawings accompanying and forming a part of this specification, wherein like reference numerals designate the same elements in the several views, and in which:

[0047] FIG. 1 is an illustration of an example treatment strategy using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).

[0048] FIGS. 2A-2E show example therapeutic ultrasound applicators in different configurations and for different applications;

[0049] FIG. 3 shows an existing ablation control and generator system to which HIFU or other types of therapeutic ultrasound applicators may be connected.

[0050] FIG. 4 shows a prototype of existing volume-focused HIFU applicators, each having a distinct volume-focus pattern.

[0051] FIG. 5 shows an illustration of a prospective VF-FUS method, wherein an external device or applicator may be used to noninvasively apply FUS to an occipital nerve at the appropriate intensity to illicit maximum beneficial response.

[0052] FIG. 6 shows a side view of a FUS applicator and an illustration of a corresponding focus, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0053] FIG. 7 shows a top cross-sectional view of the FUS applicator shown in FIG. 6, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0054] FIG. 8 shows a side view of a FUS applicator and an illustration of a corresponding focus, according to another exemplary embodiment.

[0055] FIG. 9 shows a top cross-sectional view of the FUS applicator shown in FIG. 8, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0056] FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of a FUS applicator, according to another exemplary embodiment.

[0057] FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of a FUS applicator with a coupled imaging probe, according to another exemplary embodiment.

[0058] FIG. 12 shows a top view of a FUS applicator, according to another exemplary embodiment.

[0059] FIG. 13 shows a side view of the FUS applicator of FIG. 12, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0060] FIG. 14 shows a side view of the FUS applicator of FIG. 12, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0061] FIG. 15 shows a top view of a FUS applicator, according to another exemplary embodiment.

[0062] FIG. 16 shows a side view of the FUS applicator of FIG. 15, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0063] FIG. 17 shows a side view of the FUS applicator of FIG. 15, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0064] FIG. 18 shows synchronization of diagnostic image acquisition and volume-focused ultrasound (VF-FUS) therapy triggering pulses.

[0065] FIG. 19 shows a flow diagram of a method for applying liFUS using a VF-FUS device, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0066] FIG. 20 shows a flow diagram of a process for implementing a method using a VF-FUS device, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0067] FIG. 21 shows a position of the externally-coupled focused ultrasound treatment applicator and a thermocouple inserted to the depth of the focal zone during liFUS treatment of DRG during an in-vivo experiment.

[0068] FIGS. 22A-22B show an ultrasound image of the implanted thermocouple inserted to the depth of the focal zone of the treatment and alternate views of the L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and L5 transverse process using ultrasound guidance.

[0069] FIGS. 23A-23B show alternate views of the L5 DRG after FUS treatment during an in-vivo experiment.

[0070] FIG. 24 shows changes in Von Frey filament (VFF) scores, shown as a force, vs. time after liFUS treatment during an in-vivo experiment.

[0071] In describing the preferred embodiment of the disclosure which is illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited to the specific terms so selected and it is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose.

[0072] The foregoing and other features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only several embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and are therefore, not to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0073] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated and made part of this disclosure.

[0074] The present disclosure and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the non-limiting embodiments described in detail in the following description. The paragraphs below contain several examples of uses of the disclosure. These are examples and are not limiting as to the uses for the subject disclosure.

[0075] In a preferred method and system of the present disclosure, various configurations of focused ultrasound (FUS) may be implemented to treat a precise subdermal location associated with a treatment recipient. In various embodiments, the volume focused ultrasound (VF-FUS) may be administered through various configurations of applicators. Intensity of VF-FUS is adjustable to the level appropriate for the treatment application. For example, low intensity focused ultrasound (liFUS) can be used for neuromodulation, and high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) can be used for soft tissue coagulation or tumor ablation.

[0076] VF-FUS can non-invasively pulse modulate thermal energy to treat headaches with less variability of response, increase durability, and potentially provide improved outcomes. FIG. 5 shows an illustration of a prospective VF-FUS method, wherein an external device or applicator may be used to noninvasively apply VF-FUS to an occipital nerve for the treatment of migraines or other related disorders. Specifically, external VF-FUS, differs from typical HIFU devices in that it can be directed readily to a conformal target region and the zone of treatment can be precisely controlled. In various embodiments, the VF-FUS device looks similar to a diagnostic ultrasound probe used commonly in the clinic and is non-invasively able to pulse modulate the occipital nerves or nerves associated with joint pain to produce a therapeutic effect within a few minutes. This therapy could effectively treat a larger number of patients (including migraines, and other pains including joint pain and muscle pain) than current therapies at a reduced cost for a longer period of time and could be used for retreatment when necessary. Embodiments of the VF-FUS device may be used in an outpatient setting without the need of any costly equipment. In addition to the VF-FUS device itself, additional features and design modifications will allow non-invasive temperature and tissue change monitoring and pulse modulation of therapeutic delivery. This has been successfully performed and tested in a rodent chronic migraine model and safety and neuropathic changes were assessed (De la Cruz et al., Neurosurgery, 2015, 77, p. 6; Walling et al., Brain Res. 2018, 1699, p. 135-141).

[0077] Experimental evidence has shown that VF-FUS may be used to treat tissue at a focal depth that is controllable based on ultrasound beam positioning. Referring now to FIG. 6, a diagram of a dual-cross beam therapy applicator is shown. The applicator was used to for VF-FUS treatment of a specified tissue region during a controlled experimental procedure. The applicator configuration corresponds to a focus separation of 4 mm and focal depth of 3-4 mm, illustrating the precision capabilities of cross-beam applicators. FIG. 7 further illustrates the precision capabilities of cross-beam applicators. FIG. 7 shows thermal patterns associated with a cross-beam therapy applicator, with a shown focal separation of 2 mm, focal depth of 2.5 mm, and 2.24 mm transducer spacing. Accuracy of a cross-beam therapy applicator can be enabled by image guidance.

[0078] FIG. 6 shows a schematic of a side-cross-sectional view of a VF-FUS device 1100 and corresponding treatment region, according to an exemplary embodiment. Device 1100 is powered by wires 1120, which are coupled to handle 1110. Handle 1110 is coupled to main body 1103. An imaging transducer 1115 is coupled to main body 1103 to enable spatially-registered image guidance. Main body 1103 houses therapy transducers 1145, air-filled chamber 1130, and water-filled chamber 1140. Therapy transducers 1145 treat a region 1150. Therapy transducers 1145 are configured such that focus of each associated imaging plane intersects with the treatment region 1150. Various implementations of device 1100 may enable treatment of different lateral cross-sections ranging from 4 mm to 10 mm, different longitudinal cross-sections ranging from 5 mm to 40 mm, and at different depths of focus ranging from 3 cm to 10 cm.

[0079] FIG. 7 shows a top cross-sectional view of device 1100, according to exemplary embodiments. FIG. 7 illustrates the configuration of therapy transducers 1145 within main body 1103 about a substantially central hole 1160. Hole 1160 is configured to interface with imaging transducer 1115. Device 1100 is configured to enable simultaneous ultrasonic imaging and therapy administration.

[0080] FIG. 8 shows a side view of a device 1100, according to an exemplary embodiment. FIG. 8 shows a configuration of handle 1110 coupled to main body 1103, and components housed therein. FIG. 9 shows a top cross-sectional view of device 1100, which therapy transducers 1145 configured in pairs about mirroring sides of an integrated small linear array 1170. Array 1170 is configured to guide the placement of device 1100 to accurately target the treatment region 1150. In various embodiments, array 1170 is configured to be substantially central within main body 1103. In various embodiments, array 1170 includes a conventional ultrasonic imaging array and the therapy transducers 1145 include a plurality of air backed cylindrical sectored PZT crystals for therapy. In various embodiments, the number of air backed cylindrical sectored PZT crystals may range from 2-12. Use of air backed therapy transduces is intended to maximize acoustic power delivery to the receiving tissue. Water will be circulated (via chamber 1140) through the main body 1103 to cool the therapy transducers 1145 and also cool the interface between device 1100 and the treatment surface to avoid burns. In various embodiments, transducer 1115 is configured to operate with B-mode imaging. In various other embodiments, imaging transducer 1115 can also be used for unprocessed RF beam-former imaging or Doppler imaging in addition to B-mode imaging.

[0081] In various embodiments, device 1100 may be communicatively coupled to a software that is controllable via a user interface to monitor and control imaging and VF-FUS treatment delivery. In some embodiments, the focal zone of the therapy transducer (e.g., region 1150) will be marked/overlaid on a B-mode image for a user to accurately place the treatment device (e.g., device 1100) and treat a target region (e.g., region 1150).

[0082] Various embodiments of device 1100 may be used externally in a hand-held configuration or mounted on a flexible ‘gooseneck’ that can be locked into position. Various embodiments of device 1100 may include an equine and/or companion pet animal application-specific adaptation.

[0083] Using highly directive, high-intensity propagating ultrasound energy emitted from a soft-focused transducer array, the embodiments of external device 1100 may enable spatially controlled therapy while actively minimizing dose to surrounding non-targeted regions (e.g. regions outside region 1150) in patients. In various embodiments, region 1150 may be located at depths ranging from 0.5 to 5 cm from the skin. In various embodiments, device 1100 may enable determination and/or control of dimensions (e.g. length, width, area) and/or focal depth corresponding to treatment region 1150.

[0084] In various embodiments, imaging transducer 1115 may have a bandwidth of 50-50% around a 6 dB threshold, with an imaging depth of 8 cm and axial resolution of 0.5 mm or better. In various embodiments, the therapy transducer 1145 efficiency is 50% or greater. In various implementations, the imaging transducer 1115 is fully integrated within the VF-FUS device 1103 housing such that therapy transducers 1145 and imaging transducer 1115 are precisely spatially co-registered automatically.

[0085] FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of a VF-FUS device 1100, according to exemplary embodiments. As shown, device 1100 has a handle 1110, which is coupled to main body 1103. In addition, therapy transducers 1145 are disposed within main 1103. Substantially central within main 1103 is an opening 1175, which enables the placement of an imaging transducer (e.g., imaging transducer 1115) and/or integrated small linear array (e.g., array 1170).

[0086] FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of a VF-FUS device 1100 coupled to an imaging transducer (“probe”) 1115, according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown, therapy transducers 1145 are configured about imaging transducer 1115, which is configured to be substantially central within main body 1103. Device 1100 is configured to provide VF-FUS treatment via an interface between surface 1105 and the skin of a patient.

[0087] FIGS. 12-14 show alternate view of a device 1100 with a dual paired therapy transducer configuration, according to an exemplary embodiment. FIG. 12 shows a top view of device 1100 near main body 1103, which contains an image transducer 1115. Imaging transducer 1115 is configured such that it is substantially central within main body 1103. Therapy transducers 1145 are configured to be positioned on two mirroring sides of transducer 1115. FIG. 12 shows 4 therapy transducers 1145, arranged in two pairs. In various embodiments, device 1100 may contain any number of paired therapy transducers 1145.

[0088] FIGS. 13-14 show side views of device 1100 near the main body 1103, according to exemplary embodiments. As shown therapy transducers 1145 are configured to have substantially similar pitch angles on opposite sides of a centrally located imaging transducer 1115. Therapy transducers 1145 are configured within main body 1103 to direct treatment within a region 1150 located a distance below treatment surface 1105.

[0089] FIGS. 15-17 show alternate view of a device 1100 with a linear therapy transducer configuration, according to an exemplary embodiment. FIG. 15 shows a top view of device 1100 near main body 1103, which contains an image transducer 1115. Imaging transducer 1115 is configured such that it is substantially central within main body 1103. Therapy transducers 1145 are configured to be positioned on two mirroring sides of transducer 1115, wherein therapy transducers 1145 are aligned in a single plane within main body 1103. FIG. 15 shows 4 therapy transducers 1145, arranged in two therapy transducers 1145 on opposite sides of imaging transducer 1115. In various embodiments, device 1100 may contain any number of collinear therapy transducers 1145.

[0090] FIGS. 16-17 show side views of device 1100 near the main body 1103, according to exemplary embodiments. As shown therapy transducers 1145 are configured to have substantially similar pitch angles on opposite sides of a centrally located imaging transducer 1115. Therapy transducers 1145 are configured within main body 1103 to direct treatment within a region 1150 located a distance below treatment surface 1105.

[0091] As described, various embodiments of device 1100 may include an integral ultrasound imaging array as illustrated in FIGS. 6-17. To account for size of human anatomy, various embodiments of device 1100 may include an imaging array that is configured to operate with a focal image depth of 8 cm, and with electronic focal zones from 3-10 cm. Various embodiments of device 1100 may include a custom ultrasound imaging array or a pencil beam imaging transducer. Therapy transducers 1145 include 2-12 air-backed cylindrical sectored and curve-mounted piezoelectric transducers that are mounted onto the curved housing of 1103, which may be used to deliver pulsed or continuous focused ultrasound energy into a target region. In various embodiments, the imaging array transducer probe is a phased array, whereas a single scanned focused imaging transducer probe is not a phased array, but rather a scanning probe for imaging. In embodiments wherein therapy ultrasound transducers (e.g., transducers 1145) within device 1100 are not phased, the transducers 1145 are instead multiple individually focused transducers within a main body 1103 of device 1100. Each of the transducers 1145 is of greater dimensions than the acoustic wavelength at the operating frequency of the individual transducer. In various embodiments, therapy transducers 1145 may be coupled to a support structure within main body 1103, which is configured to overlay individual foci within a treatment region. Main body 1103 may be a curved surface on which the individual multiple therapy transducers 1145 is mounted.

[0092] In various embodiments, the sizes of the therapy transducers implemented within device 1100 do not permit phase-focusing as is typically done with diagnostic imaging. Further, each transducer may be powered asychronically. Because imaging and therapy application are combined operations within device 1100 and may be rigidly mechanically coupled, the imaging and therapy focal regions will spatially registered synchronously and can thus be used to enable accurate placement for treatment to a specific region. In various implementations, a physician-friendly software user interface may be used in conjunction with VF-FUS device 1100 to aid in imaging and treatment delivery. In various embodiments, a pulsed-echo technique and B-mode images may be utilized to accurately overlay the focal zone of therapy transducers and imaging in device 1100. This will allow for real time monitoring of the VF-FUS treatment administered by device 1100.

[0093] As described, various embodiments of VF-FUS device 1100 may enable simultaneous imaging and treatment administration. Such an integrated device 1100 may also include a conventional ultrasound imaging array and 4-pair air backed cylindrical sectored PZT crystals for therapy. As described, the therapy transducers (e.g. transducers 1145) within device 1100 are configured such that the focus of the imaging plane intersects with the treatment region (e.g., region 1150). The therapy transducers are air backed to maximize acoustic power delivery to the tissue—a high Q-system. As described, various embodiments include water circulation throughout device 1100 to cool therapy transducers 1145 and also cool the skin interface to avoid burns on the skin surface. In various embodiments, the imaging transducer 1115 is placed within main body 1103 such that the B-mode image plane intersects the treatment zone.

[0094] The imaging array system (e.g., transducer 1115) within device 1100 may also be used to monitor the therapy by observing changes in a speckle pattern of the target region (e.g., region 1150) in the B-mode images, and through quantitative ultrasound (QUS) imaging parameters. FIG. 30 shows various implementations wherein imaging and therapy pulses may be synchronized to avoid cross-talk. Synchronizing off-on periods between therapy and image acquisition during therapy enables both continuous target tracking and the ability to use the imaging for monitoring the therapy induced changes to the target tissue.

[0095] In various implementations, sector scanning may be employed to cover a wider treatment region of interest. In other implementations, the VF-FUS device 1100 may be coupled with a COMSOL Multiphysics or similar multiphysics and/or finite element modeling system to enable the consideration of appropriate tissue properties, including perfusion effects. Such operations may use perfusion to account for blood flow in the tissue vessels for dynamic perfusion modeling in-silico, and anatomically accurate phantoms used to optimize VF-FUS dose parameters.

[0096] As described, ultrasound image-guidance may be implemented for placement of a VF-FUS device (e.g., 1100) and targeting a planned treatment region. This may be accomplished under 3-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic (EM) tracked image guidance. In various implementations, a VF-FUS device may be integrated with an ultrasound imaging system that can be used to track device placement in real time.

[0097] FIG. 19 shows a flow diagram illustrating a method 2900, wherein an ultrasound imaging system may be used to identify a region for treatment, such as region 1150, (e.g., location of nerve disorder) in operation 2905. After the treatment region 1150 is identified in operation 2905, a VF-FUS device (e.g., device 1100) may be placed directly on a skin surface above the treatment region 1150 in operation 2910. In operation 2915, a transducer array (comprising a plurality of therapy transducers 1145) within device 1100 may be focused to direct liFUS on the treatment region 1150. An imaging transducer 1115 (or “probe”) may be used in operation 2920 to confirm appropriate placement of device 1100 and focus of therapy transducers 1145. Placement of device 1100 and focus of the therapy transducers 1145 may be verified in operation 2923. liFUS may be subsequently delivered in operation 2925 to the treatment region 1150 for a predetermined time limit or until a maximum temperature limit is reached. Once either the time and/or temperature limit is reached in operation 2930, the VF-FUS device 1100 may be removed in operation 2935 to cease treatment of region 1100. In various embodiments, the location (e.g., depth) of treatment region 1150 and associated transducer array (comprised of therapy transducers 1145) configuration may be determined based on a size, weight, genetic marker or makeup, age, disorder type, and/or disorder location associated with the treatment recipient or patient.

[0098] In another implementation, method 2900 may be employed iteratively through process 3000 as depicted in a flow diagram shown in FIG. 20. In process 3000, a first set of assessments of one or more predetermined metrics may be made relating to a prospective treatment recipient or patient in operation 3005. In various embodiments, the metrics may include, but are not limited to, a sensory rating, a pain level, a nerve conduction velocity, skin shrinkage, cell or tissue necrosis, mechanical thresholds (e.g., Von Frey filament), or a behavioral response (e.g., withdrawal, guarding, kicking, vocalization, etc.). After the first assessment in operation 3005, method 2900 may be employed to administer treatment in operation 3010. After treatment administration in operation 3010, a second set of assessments of the one or more predetermined metrics may be made in operation 3015. In operation 3020, the second set of assessments are compared to the first set of assessments. In operation 3025, if the second set of assessments are appreciably improved compared to the first set of assessments, then the process 3000 may terminate and the treatment may cease in operation 3030. If the second set of assessments are not appreciably improved compared to the first set of assessments, or are substantially similar to the first set of assessments, operations 3010, 3015, 3020, and 3025 may be repeated.

[0099] Method 2900 and process 3000 related to the use and function of the herein disclosed VF-FUS device have been tested and validated through in-vivo studies. In the in-vivo studies, it was determined that depths of 4 cm in 7 week old animals and 4.5 cm in 8 week old animals were needed to visualize the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The focusing properties of a therapy transducer and an external diagnostic imaging array were used to focus 4-5 cm deep into receiving tissue. An ultrasound imaging system was used for guidance and placement of the VF-FUS device superficially to target the DRG at L4-L5 region. The treatment probe was designed with a window for placement of an imaging probe aligned with the therapy focal region. A 10 MHz diagnostic ultrasound linear imaging array was used for image guidance. The L5 transverse process was first located, followed by the DRG region. Using image guidance, the VF-FUS device was placed such that the focal region of the therapy transducers (e.g., transducers 1145) aligned with the targeted region.

[0100] As described, the liFUS treatment was delivered noninvasively under general anesthesia (see FIGS. 21-23), with needle temperature sensors for ‘ground truth’ thermal measurement.

[0101] FIG. 24 shows changes in Von Frey filament (VFF) scores (shown as a force) vs. time after liFUS treatment during an in-vivo experiment. The in-vivo results illustrate effectiveness of liFUS treatment. Treatment with liFUS resulted in temporary increases in nerve conduction velocity (NCV) following treatment for 30 minutes, and reversal of thermal and mechanical allodynia for 4 days. Although allodynia changes lasted for 5 days only, pain behavior, evidenced by the absence of guarding, lasted for the duration of observation, up to 4 weeks. In all cases, optimal behavioral response was achieved with ideal temperature changes of 2° C. or less in the DRG.

[0102] Various embodiments of a VF-FUS device may be integrated with 3D tracking and include EM sensors located at an end of the aforementioned integrated device. Other devices such as needle thermocouples (which are registered real-time with a reference sensor) that are typically placed on the body of a subject may also be coupled. Resulting 2-dimensional (2D) orthogonal image views combined with a 3D view of an example stylus may be used to guide the insertion of a catheter. Various implementations with integrated device 1100 may include tracking sensors integrated within a dual purpose drug delivery and/or ultrasound therapy steerable catheter for controlled 3D tracking and dose overlays.

[0103] Various implementations of the integrated VF-FUS device (e.g., device 1100) may employ a pulse-echo technique in addition to acquisition of B-mode images using the imaging array (e.g., transducer 1115) housed within the device. Implementations including noninvasive ultrasound monitoring through quantitative processing of RF images prior to image formation have potential to increase sensitivity through increased sampling and comparison of relative ultrasound parameter changes (e.g., velocity, attenuation, k parameter, changes in speckle pattern, etc.) to direct ground truth minimally invasive sensor measurements. As described, integrated imaging may be used to guide placement of the integrated device and accurately target a treatment region.

[0104] In various implementations, an ergonomic software user interface may be coupled with the integrated VF-FUS device (e.g., device 1100) to further enable imaging, region targeting, and treatment delivery. Specifically, B-mode images of the focal zone of the therapy transducers (e.g., 1145) may be marked in conjunction with 3D EM with 6 degrees of freedom (6-DOF) tracking for a user to accurately place integrated device 1100 and treat a target region (e.g., region 1150). In various implementations, a focal region associated with the therapy transducer set (e.g., transducers 1145) may be indicated with colored or highlighted region overlaid on a produced ultrasound image. As described, the imaging transducer 1115 and the therapy transducers 1145 within device 1100 are co-registered, so this overlaid region can be used to identify an appropriate treatment region. A clinician, or user of the integrated VF-FUS device 1100 may place the device such that the focal region aligns with the target region as identified from the underlying B-mode image. In various implementations, software may be coupled with the integrated device 1100 to provide a user interface to a user of the integrated device 1100.

[0105] Ultrasound imaging has been extensively used to monitor liFUS. As described, a thermal sensor may be incorporated on the acoustic coupling membrane (e.g., interface 1105) for temperature feedback of skin coupling and safety. In various implementations, VF-FUS therapy transducers (e.g., transducers 1145) contained within various embodiments of the herein disclosed VF-FUS device (e.g., device 1100) may produce:

[0106] 1) >50% electro-acoustic efficiency

[0107] 2) handling of input powers up to 40 W without degradation of the ultrasound crystals

[0108] 3) collimated ultrasound energy corresponding to a length of the transducer, with no energy extending beyond the element ends

[0109] 4) output in a lateral direction per design, which may be focused or unfocused.

[0110] 5) good resonant quality as evidenced by Q-factor and qualitative shape

[0111] In various implementations, therapeutic pulses of 10-100 Hz may be programmable via the VF-FUS device and any coupled systems to produce pulsed FUS. The diagnostic and the therapy pulses may be synchronized to avoid interference between operational modes as shown in FIG. 30. In various implementations, the diagnostic imaging may be displayed to the user every 10-15 seconds, thereby enabling validation of therapy and providing feedback for VF-FUS device re-positioning if needed. Pulsed FUS can be used for therapy of nerve dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or for therapy of superficial nerves, such as the occipital nerve. In cases where thermal rise needs to be limited to 2-3° C., liFUS may be achieved by reducing the power level to the therapy transducers within 1100.

[0112] In various implementations, a numerical model, validated by computer simulations and phantom/ex-vivo tissue studies, may be used to predict ablation pattern in in-vivo cases accurately. Based on analysis, recommendations are defined in terms of control parameters such as power and exposure time, in addition to specific US device insonation patterns.

[0113] Methods relating to the herein VF-FUS disclosure include the use of biothermal acoustic models to study interstitial and focused ultrasound applicators. Such methods would enable patient and/or animal anatomy with clinical VF-FUS target volumes to be segmented from images obtained via computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (Mill), and/or ultrasonic images. In various implementations, tissue-specific heterogeneous finite-element mesh simulations for computational modeling may be used to predictively assist design optimization and localization of therapy applicators within device 1100. Furthermore, various embodiments of the VF-FUS devices may be configured in different sizes to administer treatment based on the corresponding size of the receiving patient.

[0114] While the instant disclosure has been described above according to its preferred embodiments, it can be modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the instant disclosure using the general principles disclosed herein. Further, the instant application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within the known or customary practice in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0115] Notwithstanding the embodiments described above in FIGS. 5-24, various modifications and inclusions to those embodiments are contemplated and considered within the scope of the present disclosure. Any of the operations described herein can be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as a computer memory.

[0116] It is also to be understood that the construction and arrangement of the elements of the systems and methods as shown in the representative embodiments are illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail, those skilled in the art who review this disclosure will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.) without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the subject matter disclosed.

[0117] Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. Any means-plus-function clause is intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions, and arrangement of the preferred and other illustrative embodiments without departing from scope of the present disclosure or from the scope of the appended claims.

[0118] Furthermore, functions and procedures described above may be performed by specialized equipment designed to perform the particular functions and procedures. The functions may also be performed by general-use equipment that executes commands related to the functions and procedures, or each function and procedure may be performed by a different piece of equipment with one piece of equipment serving as control or with a separate control device.

[0119] Herein, references to “volume focused ultrasound” or “VF-FUS” should be considered equivalent to references relating to “low intensity focused ultrasound” or “liFUS” as VF-FUS is herein considered a method involving liFUS.

[0120] The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected,” or “operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.

[0121] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

[0122] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to disclosures containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances, where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” Further, unless otherwise noted, the use of the words “approximate,” “about,” “around,” “substantially,” etc., mean plus or minus ten percent.

[0123] Moreover, although the figures show a specific order of method operations, the order of the operations may differ from what is depicted. Also, two or more operations may be performed concurrently or with partial concurrence. Such variation will depend on the software and hardware systems chosen and on designer choice. All such variations are within the scope of the disclosure. Likewise, software implementations could be accomplished with standard programming techniques with rule based logic and other logic to accomplish the various connection operations, processing operations, comparison operations, and decision operations.