FLEXIBLE PIEZOELECTRIC FILM-BASED POWER SOURCE

Abstract

A compact system for optimizing energy harvesting efficiency using of very thin (less than 10 μm thickness) PVDF films. The system is comprised of a flexible substrate such as polypropylene (PP) or Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that supports PVDF thin films sandwiched between two aluminum electrode sheets. The PVDF films may be fabricated at different selected thicknesses by increasing spin rates. The PVDF films may also be fabricated in various different stacking arrangements in order to further allow the electrode to more efficiently produce energy.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing PVDF film having at least about 90% beta content comprising spin coating a PVDF/solvent onto a substrate at a spin rate of 9000 rpm.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of PVDF to solvent in the PVDF solvent solution is about 20% (w/v) or greater.

3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising annealing the PVDF film at 20° C.

4. A method for manufacturing a piezoelectric element for generating electricity upon flexing of the element, comprising: a. Spin-coating a first substrate layer onto a support substrate; b. Depositing a first electrode film onto the first substrate layer; c. Spin coating PVDF containing solution on the first electrode film to result in a PVDF film; d. Annealing the PVDF film; e. Depositing a second electrode film onto the PVDF film; f. Spin-coating a second substrate layer on top of the second electrode film; g. Forming a hole through the first and second substrate layers; h. Filling the hole with silver paste to contact to the first and second electrode layers. i. Peeling a resulting substrate/electrode/PVDF/electrode/substrate device from the support substrate; j. Placing a drop of silver paste in the hole formed in the first substrate layer.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising repeating steps a-f at least once before proceeding to step g, to create a multi-PVDF layer device.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the PVDF solution has a PVDF to solvent ratio of 20%.

7. The method of claim 4, wherein spin coating PVDF containing solution is carried out at a spin rate of about 4,000 rpm to about 12,000 rpm.

8. The method of claim 4, wherein spin coating PVDF containing solution is carried out at a spin rate of about 6,000 rpm to about 10,000 rpm.

9. The method of claim 4, wherein spin coating PVDF containing solution is carried out at a spin rate of about 9,000 rpm.

10. The method of claim 4, wherein annealing the PVDF film takes place at a temperature of about 0° C. to about 80° C.

11. The method of claim 4, wherein annealing the PVDF film takes place at a temperature of about 10° C. to about 50° C.

12. The method of claim 4, wherein annealing the PVDF film takes place at a temperature of about 20° C.

13. The method of claim 4, wherein the annealed PVDF film has a thickness of about 35 microns to about 60 microns.

14. The method of claim 4, wherein the annealed PVDF film has a thickness of about 15 microns to about 35 microns.

15. The method of claim 4, wherein the annealed PVDF film has a thickness of about 10 microns.

16. The method of claim 4, wherein the annealed PVDF film has a thickness of about 35 microns to about 60 microns.

17. The method of claim 4, wherein the first and second substrate layers may comprise of polypropylene, polydimethylsiloxane, Teflon, nylon, acetate, rubber or elastomers.

18. The method of claim 4, wherein the first and second substrate layers may have a thickness of about 100 microns to about 5 nanometers.

19. The method of claim 4, wherein the first and second substrate layers may have a thickness of less than 1 nanometer.

20. The method of claim 4, wherein the first and second substrate layers may have a thickness of about 300 microns.

21. The method of claim 4, wherein the electrodes may be made of aluminum, copper, conductive plastic or conductive rubber.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the electrodes may be made of aluminum or copper, and the thickness of the electrodes is from about 100 nanometers to about 300 nanometers.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the electrodes have a thickness of about 150 nanometers to about 250 nanometers.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the electrodes have a thickness of about 200 nanometers.

25. The method of claim 21, wherein the electrodes may be poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate having a thickness of about 1 micron to about 100 microns.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the electrodes may have a thickness of about 40 microns to about 60 microns.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the electrodes may have a thickness of about 50 microns.

28. A piezoelectric element configured to generating electricity upon flexing, comprising: a. a first substrate layer; b. a first electrode film on the first substrate layer; c. a PVDF film; d. a second electrode film on a side of the PVDF film opposite said first electrode film; e. a second substrate layer on top of the second electrode film; f. said first and second substrate layers and said first and second electrode films defining a continuous through-bore containing conductive material conductively connecting said first and second substrate layers and said first and second electrode films.

29. A method for manufacturing a freestanding piezoelectric PVDF film comprising depositing PVDF containing solvent onto a substrate by pipette, substantially covering the surface of the substrate, evaporating the solvent, peeling a dried PVDF film from the substrate to produce said freestanding piezoelectric PVDF film.

30. The method of claim 29, further comprising sandwiching said freestanding piezoelectric PVDF film between a pair of metallic foil or conductive plastic electrodes.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0035] FIG. 1 shows steps of device preparation with direct electrode deposition and spin coated PVDF thin films according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0036] FIG. 2 shows a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data showing the change in β-phase content as a function of annealing temperature of PVDF films.

[0037] FIG. 3 shows scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of samples annealed at various temperatures indicating reduction in the surface roughness of PVDF thin films with increased annealing temperature.

[0038] FIG. 4 shows FTIR data showing the change in β-phase content as a function of PVDF weight ratio in the solvent, dimethylformamide (DMF).

[0039] FIG. 5 shows FTIR spectroscopy of PVDF thin films deposited at different numbers of steps showing the relative amount of different phases according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0040] FIG. 6A is a diagram of multilayer devices connected in parallel configuration.

[0041] FIG. 6B is a diagram of multilayer devices connected serial configuration.

[0042] FIG. 7 shows voltage pulses generated in the compression test of a single layer device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] Development of novel lightweight power sources has critical importance due to increasing weight burdens, including for soldiers who carry heavy battery packs, as an example. Piezoelectric energy harvesters placed in soldier boots were successfully demonstrated in producing enough power to charge batteries while walking. Flexible polymeric piezo films have the potential to significantly increase the energy harvesting efficiency through their use in wearable devices. PVDF is a commonly used polymer piezoelectric material. Among its four distinct phases, β-phase is the only one that exhibits a spontaneous polarization, and thus piezoelectricity.

[0044] A compact system is presented here for optimizing energy harvesting efficiency using of very thin (less than 10 μm thickness) PVDF films. The system is comprised of a flexible substrate such as polypropylene (PP) or Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that supports PVDF thin films sandwiched between electrode sheets. The flexible substrates may be also made from Teflon, nylon, acetate, rubber and elastomers. The thickness of the substrate may be about 100 microns to about 5 mm, is preferably below 1 mm, and is most preferably about 300 microns. The electrode sheets may be metal film or conductive plastic film. Examples of metal films suitable for use with the invention include aluminum and copper. The thickness of metal thin films may be about 100 nm to about 300 nm, is preferably about 150 to about 250 nm and is most preferably about 200 nm. Examples of conductive plastic suitable for use with the invention include poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). Conductive rubber may also be used. The thickness of the polymer electrode sheets may be about 1 micron to about 100 microns, is preferably about 40 to about 60 microns and is most preferably about 50 microns. The PVDF films may be fabricated at different selected thicknesses by increasing spin rates. The most preferred thickness of the PVDF film is about 10 microns, although embodiments of the invention include PVDF thicknesses of about 7 microns to about 12 microns, about 15 microns to about 30 microns, and about 35 to about 60 microns. The PVDF films may also be fabricated in various different stacking arrangements in order to further allow the electrode to more efficiently produce energy. As an example, the PVDF films may be fabricated to operate in parallel or in series by using different stacking arrangements as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, respectively.

[0045] The device of the invention may have single layer or multiple PVDF layers, with each additional layer producing additional energy upon flexing/bending. According to a preferred embodiment, the process of the invention requires preparing the PVDF layer at a high spin rate of 9000 rpm, which makes it more difficult to fabricate the device, but the inventors discovered that the resulting device is a more efficient power source. In addition, the stacking of multiple PVDF layers reduces shear and allows for the electrode to more efficiently collect energy.

Example

[0046] Referring to FIG. 1, the preferred fabrication process for direct electrode deposition on spin coated PVDF thin film layer is as follows: [0047] 1) The powder form of PVDF is turned into a solvent form for obtaining thin films. For this purpose, a half and half mixture of dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetone is prepared. Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 is added into the mixture at 0.2% (w/v) and stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. PVDF powder is dissolved in this mixture to get a 20% (w/v) solution by constantly stirring at 45° C. for 2 hours. [0048] 2) Spin-coating a glass slide support substrate with a first layer of PDMS with 200 microliter of its solution at 1000 rpm for 30 seconds to achieve a thickness of 300 microns. [0049] 3) Deposit a first 200 nm thick Aluminum (Al) electrode film onto the PDMS film using thermal evaporation. [0050] 4) 30 microliter PVDF containing solution is spin-coated on Al film at room temperature and 9000 rpm for one minute to achieve a thickness of 10 micron. [0051] 5) The deposited PVDF film is annealed at 20° C. on a hotplate for 4 hours. [0052] 6) Deposit a second 200 nm thick Al electrode film onto the PVDF film. [0053] 7) Spin-coating a second PDMS layer with 200 microliter of its solution on top of the second electrode by spin-coating at 1000 rpm for 30 seconds to achieve a thickness of 300 microns. [0054] 8) Repeat steps 2-7 for multi-PVDF layer devices. [0055] 9) A hole is formed on the PDMS layer with a 14-gauge needle. [0056] 10) The hole is filled with silver paste for assuring contact to the aluminum electrode layers. [0057] 11) PDMS/Aluminum/PVDF/Aluminum/PDMS device of 1-N layers is peeled off from the glass substrate. [0058] 12) Top layer contact is formed by a drop of silver paste placed in a hole formed on the top PDMS layer. [0059] 13) Alternatively, steps 9-12 may take place after step 7 and repeated together with steps 2-7 for each layer. [0060] 14) Wires are attached for energy harvesting during bending experiments.

[0061] While the foregoing example sets forth the most preferred embodiment of the invention, the same steps may be carried out according to other embodiments of the invention, including, but not limited to, variations to one or more of: PVDF content in the solvent, composition and thickness of PDMS layers, composition and thickness of electrodes, spin rate and annealing temperature of the PVDF layer; and whether or not the layering process is repeated, and if so, how many times the layering process is repeated.

[0062] Characterization of PVDF films for β-content was carried out through the following methods: [0063] 1) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy data as a function of annealing temperature. FIG. 2 shows that as annealing temperature increases, β-phase content increases. [0064] 2) Scanning electron microscopy images of samples annealed at various temperatures. FIG. 3 shows that the roughness of the PVDF layer decreases with increased annealing temperature. [0065] 3) FTIR data showing the change in β-phase content as a function of PVDF weight ratio in solvent dimethylformamide (DMF). FIG. 4 shows that the β-phase content increases substantially as the PVDF weight ratio in the solvent increases. [0066] 4) FTIR data relative to spin rate. FIG. 5 shows that the β-phase content increases the spin rate increases (spin rate is increased with each additional spin step).

[0067] The resultant characterized beta content from PVDF film made according to the present invention is about 90%, where the PVDF weight ratio to solvent is 20%, the PVDF spin-coat rate is 9000 rpm to a thickness of 100 microns, and the PVDF layer annealing is carried out at 80° C. This compares favorably to the 70% beta content in prior art PVDF films of the same thickness.

[0068] The voltage pulses from the fabricated devices in the compression tests were converted into DC voltage signals with a full wave rectifier circuit and a capacitor. Capacitor values were chosen to obtain large enough time constants (time constant=Internal resistance of the device×Capacitance) specific to the compression frequency. For example, the average frequency for walking is 2 Hz and the expected duration between voltage pulses is 0.5 second. Thus, a time constant less than 0.1 seconds will suffice efficient DC conversion without ripple formation. DC voltages up to 2 volts were obtained from single layer devices and over 3 volts DC signals were harvested from multilayer devices, which are enough for charging batteries.

[0069] According to an alternative embodiment of the invention, freestanding PVDF thin films may be prepared with thin metallic foils and conductive plastic electrodes, by depositing PVDF containing solvent onto a substrate by pipette, substantially or entirely covering the surface of the substrate, followed by evaporation of the solvent by heating at 120° C. for two hours. The dried PVDF film may then be peeled off from the substrate to obtain free standing films, which can be sandwiched between a pair of thin metallic foil or conductive plastic electrodes for device fabrication. Voltage pulses up to 12 volts were observed in the compression tests of these devices, see FIG. 7

[0070] The thickness of single layer PVDF devices can be less than 200 microns, enabling the fabrication of multilayer devices that can fit into shoe soles, which will work in the compression mode. These wearable devices can be used to charge standard size batteries (AA, AAA, etc.) for military applications, or to charge Lithium Polymer (LIPO) batteries which can be used in power bank style smartphone cases, or to power LEDs for kids' shoes. Larger scale devices will enable energy harvesting in ground, air or sea vehicles from mechanical motion, which is critical for the fast-growing electric vehicle industry.

[0071] While the examples above are described with reference to various implementations and exploitations, it will be understood that these examples are illustrative and that they are not intended to limit scope of the inventive subject matter. The claim terms are intended to be attributed their ordinary meaning to persons of ordinary skill in the art, and no disclosure herein in intended to narrow the scope of the claims relative to their broadest reasonable interpretation.