VEGAN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEESE

Abstract

There is proposed a vegan food product, in particular a vegan alternative to cheese, its method of production, and a comestible product for hot consumption comprising such a vegan food product.

Claims

1. Vegan food product containing i) about 15% to about 35% by weight of a fat component of plant origin; ii) about 15% to about 35% by weight of native starch; iii) about 0.5% to about 3% by weight of (table) salt; iv) about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of gelling agent; v) about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of carbohydrates; vi) about 0.1% to about 6% by weight of plant proteins; vii) about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight of flavourings, seasonings and/or colourings; viii) 0% to about 5% by weight of further food ingredients, with the proviso that all the quantities total 100% by weight with water.

2. Vegan food product according to claim 1, wherein the fat component of plant origin (component (i)) is selected from the group consisting of cocoa butter, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, solid coconut oil, nut oil, shea butter, apricot oil, soya lecithin, sunflower oil, soya oil, rapeseed oil, and mixtures thereof.

3. Vegan food product according to claim 1, wherein the fat component of plant origin (component (i)) comprises a mixture of solid coconut oil and shea butter.

4. Vegan food product according to claim 1, wherein the native starch (component (ii)) is selected from the group consisting of potato starch, corn starch, rice starch, wheat starch and tapioca starch, and mixtures thereof.

5. Vegan food product according to claim 1, wherein the gelling agent (component (iv)) is selected from the group consisting of agar agar, carrageenan, gellan gum, cellulose, methylcellulose, sodium alginate, and mixtures thereof.

6. Vegan food product according to claim 1, wherein the carbohydrates (component (v)) are selected from the group consisting of allulose, tagatose, cellobiose, xylose, xylulose, ribose, ribulose, sorbose, allose, altrose, arabinose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose, nigerose, kojibiose, fructose, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, maltodextrin, and mixtures thereof.

7. Vegan food product according to claim 1, wherein the plant proteins (component (vi)) are selected from the group consisting of soya protein, lupin protein, rapeseed protein, pea protein, rice protein, almond protein, and mixtures thereof.

8. Method for producing the vegan food product according to claim 1, comprising the following steps: (a) providing heated water, wherein the water has a temperature ≥30° C. and <60° C.; (b) adding salt to the water from step (a) while stirring, wherein the temperature is within the range defined in step (a) during the addition and at the end thereof; (c) adding a gelling agent to the intermediate product of step (b) while stirring, wherein the temperature is within the range defined in step (a) during the addition and at the end thereof; (d) heating the intermediate product of step (c) to a temperature ≥60° C. and ≤90° C. while stirring; (e) adding a fat component of plant origin to the intermediate product of step (d) while stirring, wherein the temperature is within the range defined in step (d) during the addition and at the end thereof; (f) heating the intermediate product of step (e) to a temperature ≥60° C. and ≤90° C. while stirring, though higher than the temperature in steps (d) to (e); (g) adding: at least one native starch, non-starch carbohydrates and plant proteins; to the intermediate product of step (f) while stirring, wherein the temperature is within the range defined in step (f) during the addition and at the end thereof; (h) heating the intermediate product of step (g) to a temperature ≥60° C. and ≤100° C. while stirring, though higher than the temperature in steps (d) to (g); (i) adding flavourings, seasonings and/or colourings and optionally further food ingredients to the intermediate product of step (h) while stirring, wherein the temperature is within the range defined in step (h) during the addition and at the end thereof; (j) hot-holding the composition of step (i) at the temperature of step (i) for a period of from about 2 minutes to about 10 minutes while stirring; (k) cooling to a temperature within the range from about 30° C. to about 50° C.; (l) adding starter cultures and/or rennet to the intermediate product of step (k); and (m1) carrying out filling of the product obtained in step (l); or (m2) temporarily storing the product obtained in step (l) in a tank under sterile conditions and carrying out subsequent filling.

9. Method according to claim 8, wherein heating is carried out to a temperature ≥60° C. and ≤80° C. in step (d).

10. Method according to claim 8, wherein heating is carried out to a temperature ≥70° C. and ≤80° C. in step (f).

11. Method according to claim 8, wherein heating is carried out to a temperature ≥70° C. and ≤95° C. in step (h).

12. Method according to claim 8, wherein the temperature in steps (h) and (i) is the same.

13. Method according to claim 8, wherein the hot-holding in step (j) is carried out for a period of from about 3 minutes to about 8 minutes.

14. Comestible product for hot consumption comprising a vegan food product according to claim 1.

15. Comestible product according to claim 14, wherein the comestible product is selected from the group consisting of pizza, pasta, lasagne, croque monsieur, cheese burger, gratin, fondue, hot dog, waffel, sandwich, wrap, fried cheese, tortilla chip or cheese sauce.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0014] In a first aspect, the invention provides a vegan food product containing [0015] (i) about 15% to about 35% by weight of a fat component of plant origin; [0016] (ii) about 15% to about 35% by weight of native starch; [0017] (iii) about 0.5% to about 3% by weight of (table) salt; [0018] (iv) about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of gelling agent; [0019] (v) about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of carbohydrates; [0020] (vi) about 0.1% to about 6% by weight of plant proteins; [0021] (vii) about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight of flavourings, seasonings and/or colourings; [0022] (viii) 0% to about 5% by weight of further food ingredients,
with the proviso that all the quantities total 100% by weight with water.

[0023] In a preferred embodiment, the food product according to the invention contains [0024] (i) about 20% to about 25% by weight of a fat component of plant origin; [0025] (ii) about 20% to about 25% by weight of modified starch; [0026] (iii) about 1% to about 1.7% by weight of (table) salt; [0027] (iv) about 02% to about 0.6% by weight of gelling agent; [0028] (v) about 0.3% to about 0.6% by weight of carbohydrates; [0029] (vi) about 2% to about 4% by weight of plant proteins; [0030] (vii) about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight of flavourings, seasonings and/or colourings; [0031] (viii) 0% to about 5% by weight of further food ingredients,
with the proviso that all the quantities total 100% by weight with water.

[0032] We have found that, surprisingly, the food product according to the invention completely fulfils the extensive task described at the start. The specific combination of components i) to viii) leads to a vegan food product, in particular a vegan alternative to cheese, which has melting and gratinating properties similar to those of cheese, and so said vegan alternative to cheese is suitable for, for example, casseroles and pizzas.

[0033] Furthermore, we have found that, surprisingly, the brownish colour that typically comes from the protein sources cannot be observed in the vegan food product according to the invention.

[0034] Moreover, the food product according to the invention can be supplemented as desired and/or modified as regards taste by the optional addition of further food ingredients (component viii)) and is technically simple to produce.

[0035] In a preferred embodiment, the food product according to the invention is a vegan alternative to cheese, preferably a vegan alternative to cheese with a mozzarella character.

[0036] All the ingredients of the food product according to the invention, including all optional ingredients, are acceptable to vegans. More preferably, all the ingredients of the cheese, including all optional ingredients, are “clean label” ingredients. Especially for health-conscious consumers, such as vegans, such “clean label” products have advantages over products containing ingredients which appear “chemical”, “artificial” or “processed”. Therefore, the food product according to the invention is preferably a “clean label” product.

[0037] As already stated, the food product according to the invention contains a fat component of plant origin.

[0038] In the context of the present invention, the fat component is any kind of fat or oil of plant origin that is suitable for human consumption.

[0039] In the context of the present invention, fat or oil is a composition containing at least 95% by weight, preferably at least 98% by weight, of di- and triglycerides and is preferably a composition substantially containing only triglycerides, the amount of diglycerides being less than 2% by weight, preferably less than 1% by weight. The difference between a fat and an oil is that a fat is solid at 20° C., whereas an oil is liquid at this temperature. In this connection, ‘liquid’ means that the viscosity is such that the oil can flow, even though it may be a viscous liquid.

[0040] In a preferred embodiment, the fat component of plant origin possible as component (i) in the context of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of cocoa butter, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, solid coconut oil, nut oil, shea butter, apricot oil, soya lecithin, sunflower oil, soya oil, rapeseed oil or mixtures thereof. In the context of the present invention, the term “nut oil” covers all possible fat components of plant origin that are to be understood as “nut oils” to a person skilled in the art, for example walnut oil, hazelnut oil, almond oil, pistachio oil, cashew oil, pine nut oil, peanut oil or macadamia nut oil. In a further preferred embodiment, the fat component of plant origin is selected from the group consisting of coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, solid coconut oil, shea butter, sunflower oil, soya oil, rapeseed oil or mixtures thereof.

[0041] In a further preferred embodiment, the fat component of plant origin comprises or consists of a mixture of solid coconut oil and shea butter.

[0042] It was found that a mixture of solid coconut oil and shea butter is particularly advantageous. The end product, which is not oily, has a fuller flavour and has improved use properties, especially when used for gratinating.

[0043] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the fat component of plant origin comprises or consists of a mixture of solid coconut oil and shea butter, the weight ratio of solid coconut oil:shea butter being about 90:10, preferably about 80:20, and especially about 70:30.

[0044] As already stated, the food product according to the invention contains native starch.

[0045] In the context of the present invention, native starch means a native, grainy starch, as obtained from root or tuber. The advantage of using a non-modified or native starch is that such starches can be used in foods without labelling, which is an advantage for a vegan food product, in particular a vegan alternative to cheese, aimed at health-conscious consumers.

[0046] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the native starch possible as component (ii) in the context of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of potato starch, corn starch, rice starch, wheat starch and tapioca starch or mixtures thereof.

[0047] Normally, depending on its origin, starch has an amylose content of from 14% to 27% and an amylopectin content of from 73% to 86%.

[0048] It was found that a mixture of at least two different native starches is particularly advantageous, since the ratio between amylose and amylopectin can be varied as a result. This was found to have a very positive effect, especially as concerns water binding and mouth feeling. Thus, it is possible to ‘modulate’ these properties of the end product, depending on the use of the end product.

[0049] Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, component (ii) is a mixture of two different native starches, namely starch 1 and starch 2.

[0050] In a particularly preferred embodiment, component (ii) is a mixture of starch 1 and starch 2, the weight ratio of starch 1:starch 2 being from about 5:1 to about 3:1.

[0051] As already stated, the food product according to the invention contains a gelling agent.

[0052] In a further preferred embodiment, the gelling agent possible as component (iv) in the context of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of agar agar (E 406), carrageenan (E 407), gellan gum (E 418), cellulose (E 460), methylcellulose (E 461), sodium alginate (E 401) or mixtures thereof, preferably from the group consisting of carrageenan (E 407), gellan gum (E 418) and sodium alginate (E 401) or mixtures thereof.

[0053] It was found that carrageenan is particularly advantageous in respect of consistency and stretch.

[0054] Accordingly—in a further particularly preferred embodiment—the gelling agent is carrageenan.

[0055] As already stated, the food product according to the invention contains carbohydrates.

[0056] In a preferred embodiment, the carbohydrates possible as component (v) in the context of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of allulose, tagatose, cellobiose, xylose, xylulose, ribose, ribulose, sorbose, allose, altrose, arabinose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose, nigerose, kojibiose, fructose, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, maltodextrin and mixtures thereof, preferably from the group consisting of allulose, xylulose, ribose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, fructose, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, maltodextrin and mixtures thereof.

[0057] It was found that dextrose or maltodextrin is particularly advantageous in respect of taste and browning, since there is minimization of the formation of degradation products by means of, for example, caramelization processes or Maillard reactions during use of the end product, for example during melting.

[0058] Accordingly—in a further particularly preferred embodiment—the carbohydrates are selected from the group consisting of dextrose and maltodextrin and mixtures thereof.

[0059] As already stated, the food product according to the invention contains plant proteins.

[0060] In a preferred embodiment, the plant proteins possible as component (vi) in the context of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of soya protein, lupin protein, rapeseed protein, pea protein, rice protein, almond protein or a mixture thereof, which have a high protein content in dry matter and have at the same time a low content of dietary fibre; soya protein, lupin protein, rapeseed protein, pea protein and rice protein having a protein content of greater than 80% or almond protein having a protein content of approx. 50% are particularly suitable for example. The proteins can be fermented or unfermented proteins.

[0061] As already stated, the food product according to the invention contains flavourings, seasonings and/or colourings (component (vii)).

[0062] The nature of these additives is less critical in the context of the invention and is substantially determined by the taste requirements. These additives need only meet the requirement that they be compatible in a vegan food product, in particular in a vegan alternative to cheese. These additives are well-known to a person skilled in the art, and so further details thereof do not need to be given.

[0063] The selection of the further food ingredients which may be present as optional component (viii) is not critical and is determined only by intended use, taste or visual impression. These additives are well-known to a person skilled in the art, and so further details thereof do not need to be given.

[0064] A further ingredient of the food product according to the invention is water. The water is preferably tap water that is suitable for use in foods. This means that the water must be sufficiently clean and should not contain any excess salts, microorganisms or toxic constituents. In a preferred embodiment, the water is microfiltered water. Water is used in such an amount that all the ingredients of the food product add up to 100% by weight.

[0065] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing the vegan food product according to the invention, comprising or consisting of the following steps: [0066] (a) providing heated water, wherein the water has a temperature ≥30° C. and <60° C.; [0067] (b) adding salt to the water from step (a) while stirring, wherein the temperature is within the range defined in step (a) during the addition and at the end thereof; [0068] (c) adding a gelling agent to the intermediate product of step (b) while stirring, wherein the temperature is within the range defined in step (a) during the addition and at the end thereof; [0069] (d) heating the intermediate product of step (c) to a temperature ≥60° C. and ≤90° C. while stirring; [0070] (e) adding a fat component of plant origin to the intermediate product of step (d) while stirring, wherein the temperature is within the range defined in step (d) during the addition and at the end thereof; [0071] (f) heating the intermediate product of step (e) to a temperature ≥60° C. and ≤90° C. while stirring, though higher than the temperature in steps (d) to (e); [0072] (g) adding: [0073] at least one native starch, [0074] non-starch carbohydrates and [0075] plant proteins; [0076] to the intermediate product of step (f) while stirring, wherein the temperature is within the range defined in step (f) during the addition and at the end thereof; [0077] (h) heating the intermediate product of step (g) to a temperature ≥60° C. and ≤100° C. while stirring, though higher than the temperature in steps (d) to (g); [0078] (i) adding flavourings, seasonings and/or colourings and optionally further food ingredients to the intermediate product of step (h) while stirring, wherein the temperature is within the range defined in step (h) during the addition and at the end thereof; [0079] (j) hot-holding the composition of step (i) at the temperature of step (i) for a period of from about 2 minutes to about 10 minutes while stirring; [0080] (k) cooling to a temperature within the range from about 30° C. to about 50° C.; [0081] (l) adding starter cultures and/or rennet to the intermediate product of step (k); [0082] and [0083] (m1) carrying out filling of the product obtained in step (l); [0084] or [0085] (m2) temporarily storing the product obtained in step (l) in a tank under sterile conditions and carrying out subsequent filling.

[0086] We have found that, surprisingly, only the combination or order of steps (a) to (m1) or (m2) according to the invention together with the selection of the specific ingredients ensures that a vegan food product, in particular a vegan alternative to cheese, having the desired properties is obtained. If the ingredients are used in a different order or if the production conditions are not observed, the desired product is not obtained.

[0087] With regard to the different ingredients used in this method, the foregoing (cf. paragraphs [0014]-[0048]) is applicable. Accordingly, what are applicable there are, for example, the foregoing definitions, quantities and weight ratios.

[0088] In a preferred embodiment, the water in step (a) has a temperature ≥45° C. and <60° C., preferably a temperature in the range from about 50° C. to about 55° C.

[0089] In a further preferred embodiment, the temperature in steps (a) and (b) is the same.

[0090] In a further preferred embodiment, the temperature in steps (a) and (c) is the same.

[0091] In a particular preferred embodiment, the temperature in steps (a), (b) and (c) is the same. This proved particularly advantageous in respect of the stability of the intermediate product of step (c), since said intermediate product of step (c) is a homogeneous mixture as a result, and phase separation does not occur.

[0092] In a preferred embodiment, heating is carried out in step (d) to a temperature ≥60° C. and ≤80° C., preferably to a temperature ≥60° C. and ≤70° C., especially preferably to a temperature ≥60° C. and ≤65° C.

[0093] In a further preferred embodiment, the temperature in steps (d) and (e) is the same; this proved particularly advantageous in respect of the stability of the intermediate product of step (e), since said intermediate product of step (e) is a homogeneous mixture as a result, and phase separation does not occur, but also in respect of the structure of the end product.

[0094] In a preferred embodiment, heating is carried out in step (f) to a temperature ≥70° C. and ≤80° C., preferably to a temperature of about 75° C.

[0095] In a further preferred embodiment, the temperature in steps (f) and (g) is the same.

[0096] In a preferred embodiment, the addition of the native starch, carbohydrates and plant proteins in step (g) is done simultaneously.

[0097] It was found that the additional heating step (step (h) of the method) is particularly advantageous. This also proved particularly advantageous in respect of the stability of the intermediate product, since said intermediate product is a homogeneous mixture as a result, and phase separation does not occur, but also in respect of the structure of the end product.

[0098] In a preferred embodiment, heating is carried out in step (h) to a temperature ≥70° C. and ≤95° C., preferably to a temperature ≥80° C. and ≤90° C., especially preferably to a temperature ≥83° C. and ≤87° C.

[0099] In a preferred embodiment, heating is carried out in step (h) to a temperature of about 85° C.

[0100] In a further preferred embodiment, the temperature in steps (h) and (i) is the same. This also proved particularly advantageous in respect of the stability of the intermediate product, since said intermediate product is a homogeneous mixture as a result, and phase separation does not occur, but also in respect of the structure of the end product.

[0101] Also found to be crucial for the good quality of the end product was the hot-holding of the intermediate product of step (i) at a particular temperature and for a particular period. This also proved particularly advantageous in respect of the stability of the intermediate product, since said intermediate product is a homogeneous mixture as a result, and phase separation does not occur, but also in respect of the structure of the end product.

[0102] In a preferred embodiment, the addition of flavourings, seasonings and/or colourings in step (i) is done simultaneously.

[0103] In a preferred embodiment, the hot-holding in step G) is carried out for a period of from about 3 minutes to about 8 minutes, especially preferably for a period of from about 4 minutes to about 5 minutes. In the context of the present invention, hot-holding means that the temperature in step U) is the same as in step (i).

[0104] Thereafter, cooling is carried out to a temperature within the range from about 30° C. to about 50° C. (step (k) of the method according to the invention). The aim of this step is to bring the intermediate product to the correct temperature, so that the subsequent fermentation can be carried out optimally.

[0105] In a preferred embodiment, cooling is carried out in step (k) to a temperature of from about 35° C. to about 45° C., especially preferably to a temperature of about 40° C.

[0106] In a preferred embodiment, the addition of starter cultures and/or rennet is done at a temperature of about 40° C.

[0107] Thereafter, filling of the product can be carried out directly, meaning that fermentation and maturation takes place in the package (step (m1) of the method according to the invention), or the product is temporarily stored in a suitable tank under sterile conditions, and fermentation is followed by filling the package, where maturation takes place.

[0108] It was found that the output when stirring in the various steps of the method according to the invention is of great importance, especially in respect of the consistency and the structure of the end product.

[0109] In a preferred embodiment, the speed when stirring in steps (a) to (i) is within the range from about 1600 to about 2000 rpm, preferably from about 1700 to about 1900 rpm, and especially 1800 rpm.

[0110] In a further preferred embodiment, the speed when stirring in step (j) is within the range from about 1000 to about 1500 rpm, preferably from about 1200 to about 1400 rpm, and especially 1300 rpm.

[0111] In a further preferred embodiment, the method according to the invention comprises an additional step in which the vegan food product produced is grated.

[0112] The present invention further provides a vegan food product—in particular a vegan alternative to cheese—according to paragraphs [0014]-[0048] obtainable or obtained by the method according to paragraphs [0049]-[0075].

[0113] The present invention further provides a comestible product for hot consumption comprising a vegan food product as defined in paragraphs [0014]-[0048] or obtainable by the method described in paragraphs [0049]-[0075].

[0114] In a preferred embodiment, the comestible product is selected from the group consisting of pizza, pasta, lasagne, croque monsieur, cheese burger, gratin, fondue, hot dog, waffel, sandwich, wrap, fried cheese, tortilla chip or cheese sauce.

EXAMPLES

[0115] The present invention will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples.

[0116] However, said examples merely serve to illustrate the invention and cannot be interpreted in a limiting manner in relation to the scope of protection of the invention.

Example 1 (According to the Invention)

[0117] An example vegan food product according to the present invention was produced, comprising:

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Ingredient Amount (% by weight) (Table) salt 1.5 Carrageenan 0.5 Fat component 24 (solid coconut oil:shea butter; 70:30) Starch 1 20.5 Starch 2 4.5 Dextrose 0.5% Lupin protein (unfermented) 3 Flavourings, seasonings and 0.5 colourings Water to 100% by weight
The product was produced by the method according to the present invention. The relevant process parameters are summarized in Table 2:

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 3 Steps of the method Conditions (a) 50-55° C., 1800 rpm (b) 50-55° C., 1800 rpm (c) 50-55° C., 1800 rpm (d) 60-65° C., 1800 rpm (e) 60-65° C., 1800 rpm (f) 75° C., 1800 rpm (g) 75° C., 1800 rpm (h) 85° C., 1800 rpm (i) 85° C., 1800 rpm (j) 85° C, 1300 rpm, 4-5 min (k) 40° C., 1300 rpm

[0118] Filling and cooling of the product were carried out.

The product obtained by the method (=P1) had a cheese-like consistency.

Example 2 (not According to the Invention)

[0119] An example vegan food product was produced, comprising:

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Ingredient Amount (% by weight) (Table) salt 1.5 Carrageenan 0.5 Fat component 24 (solid coconut oil:shea butter; 70:30) Starch 1 20.5 Starch 2 4.5 Dextrose 0.5% Lupin protein (unfermented) 3 Flavourings, seasonings and 0.5 colourings Water to 100% by weight
In this case, the product was produced as follows:
In a first step, water, protein, fat component and the starch were placed into a suitable vessel (e.g., stirrer with heating function). The ingredients were stirred for 1 min and then heated to 95° C., which lasted about 10 min. The heating step was carried out at about 2000-9000 rpm. After a temperature of 95° C. was reached, carrageenan, (table) salt, carbohydrates, and the flavourings, seasonings and colourings, were added. The entire mass was then homogenized for 2 min with vigorous stirring (8000-12 000 rpm). After homogenization, the mass was filled into suitable portions and cooled.
The product obtained (=V1) had a cheese-like consistency.

Example 3 (not According to the Invention)

[0120] An example vegan food product was produced, comprising:

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Ingredient Amount (% by weight) (Table) salt 1.5 Carrageenan 0.5 Fat component 24 (solid coconut oil:shea butter; 70:30) Modified starch 25 Dextrose 0.5% Lupin protein (unfermented) 3 Flavourings, seasonings and 0.5 colourings Water to 100% by weight
The product was produced by the method according to the present invention. The relevant process parameters are summarized in Table 5:

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 6 Steps of the method Conditions (a) 50-55° C., 1800 rpm (b) 50-55° C., 1800 rpm (c) 50-55° C., 1800 rpm (d) 60-65° C., 1800 rpm (e) 60-65° C., 1800 rpm (f) 75° C., 1800 rpm (g) 75° C., 1800 rpm (h) 85° C., 1800 rpm (i) 85° C., 1800 rpm (j) 95° C., 1800 rpm, 12 min (k) 40° C., 1300 rpm
Filling and cooling of the product were carried out.
The product obtained by the method (=V2) had a cheese-like consistency.

Evaluation of P1. V1 and V2

[0121] After storage, P1, V1 and V2 were evaluated in respect of visual properties (browning), taste properties, consistency and gratinating properties (after use of the products in producing a pizza Margherita) by a panel consisting of five experienced and trained testers. The results are summarized in Table 6.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Examples Taste Consistency Browning Gratinating properties P1 1 1 x 1 C1 2 2 x 2 C2 3 2 ✓ 3

Rating Scale

[0122] Taste 1 to 5, with 1 being the highest rating
Consistency 1 to 5, with 1 being the highest rating
Browning x=not determinable; J=present
Gratinating properties 1 to 5, with 1 being the highest rating
The experimental data show that P1 (recipe according to the invention and method according to the invention) exhibits improved properties with respect to visual impression, taste, consistency and gratinating properties.