OPTICAL SENSOR EMPLOYING A REFRACTIVE INDEX ENGINEERED METAL OXIDE MATERIAL

Abstract

An optical sensor device includes a multilayer hollow waveguide device having a hollow waveguide tube layer, an intermediate layer provided inside the hollow waveguide tube layer, and a metal oxide coating layer inside the intermediate layer.

Claims

1. An optical sensor device, comprising: a multilayer hollow waveguide device having: a hollow waveguide tube layer; an intermediate layer provided inside the hollow waveguide tube layer; and a metal oxide coating layer inside the intermediate layer.

2. The optical sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer is a reflective coating layer.

3. The optical sensor device according to claim 2, wherein the reflective coating layer is provided directly on an inner surface of the hollow waveguide tube layer.

4. The optical sensor device according to claim 2, wherein the metal oxide coating layer is provided directly on an inner surface of the reflective coating layer.

5. The optical sensor device according to claim 2, wherein the reflective coating layer is a metal coating layer.

6. The optical sensor device according to claim 5, wherein the reflective coating layer includes silver.

7. The optical sensor device according to claim 5, wherein the reflective coating layer includes gold.

8. The optical sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the hollow waveguide tube layer is made of silica.

9. The optical sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the hollow waveguide tube layer is made of plastic.

10. The optical sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the hollow waveguide tube layer is made of metal.

11. The optical sensor device according to claim 10, wherein the hollow waveguide tube layer is made of Nickel.

12. The optical sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the hollow waveguide tube layer has a first refractive index, wherein the intermediate layer is a guiding layer having a second refractive index that is greater than the first refractive index, and the metal oxide coating layer is structured to have a third refractive index, the third refractive index being less than the second refractive index.

13. The optical sensor device according to claim 12, wherein the guiding layer comprises glass.

14. The optical sensor device according to claim 12, wherein the guiding layer comprises a dielectric material.

15. The optical sensor device according to claim 14, wherein the dielectric material comprises Al.sub.2O.sub.3.

16. The optical sensor device according to claim 12, wherein the dielectric material comprises ZrO.sub.2.

17. The optical sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the metal oxide coating layer has an engineered refractive index and a porosity of 10 nm-50 nm.

18. The optical sensor device according to claim 17, the engineered refractive index is less than a refractive index of silica.

19. The optical sensor device according to claim 18, wherein the hollow waveguide tube layer comprises silica.

20. The optical sensor device according to claim 2, further comprising a protective dielectric coating provided on either or both sides of reflective coating layer.

21. The optical sensor device according to claim 12, wherein the metal oxide coating layer a nanostructure material.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a fiber optic sensor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

[0012] FIG. 1A is a magnified view of a portion of the fiber optic sensor device of FIG. 1;

[0013] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional diagram of the fiber optic sensor device of FIG. 1;

[0014] FIG. 3A is a graph showing the measured and extrapolated refractive indices of various forms of SnO.sub.2 coatings prepared by an exemplary method of the present invention described herein;

[0015] FIG. 3B is a graph showing the measured refractive indices of SnO2, TiO2 and ZnO coatings also prepared by an exemplary method of the present invention described herein;

[0016] FIGS. 4A-4E show Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of exemplary fabricated nanostructures of which the TEM images for the SnO.sub.2 nanomaterial were directly obtained from exemplary implementations of the fiber optic sensor device of FIGS. 1 and 2;

[0017] FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a cavity ring down spectroscopy system which employs the fiber optic sensor device of FIGS. 1 and 2;

[0018] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a fiber optic sensor device according to an alternative exemplary embodiment; and

[0019] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a fiber optic sensor device according to another alternative exemplary embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[0020] As used herein, the singular form of “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As used herein, the statement that two or more parts or components are “coupled” shall mean that the parts are joined or operate together either directly or indirectly, i.e., through one or more intermediate parts or components, so long as a link occurs. As used herein, “directly coupled” means that two elements are directly in contact with each other. As used herein, “fixedly coupled” or “fixed” means that two components are coupled so as to move as one while maintaining a constant orientation relative to each other.

[0021] As used herein, the word “unitary” means a component is created as a single piece or unit. That is, a component that includes pieces that are created separately and then coupled together as a unit is not a “unitary” component or body. As employed herein, the statement that two or more parts or components “engage” one another shall mean that the parts exert a force against one another either directly or through one or more intermediate parts or components. As employed herein, the term “number” shall mean one or an integer greater than one (i.e., a plurality).

[0022] As used herein, the term “metal oxide” shall mean a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and at least one other element in the form of a metal in its chemical formula, and shall include doped variants thereof and mixed metal oxides. Examples of metal oxides are, without limitation, zeolites, SnO.sub.2, TiO2, ZnO, WO.sub.3, and perovskites such as barium strontium cobalt iron oxide (BSCF).

[0023] As used herein, the term “nanostructure” shall mean an object of intermediate size between microscopic and molecular structures having at least one dimension (e.g., the diameter of a hole, a sphere or a tubular structure) that is much less than the wavelength of the light used (e.g., typically less than one order of magnitude defined as 1/10, not excluding functional designs which may be less strict such as ⅕th). For example, in one particular embodiment, the at least one dimension is ≤100 nm.

[0024] As used herein, the term “sol-gel process or method” shall mean a method for producing solid materials from small molecules (e.g., used for the fabrication of metal oxides, especially the oxides of silicon and titanium), that includes conversion of monomers into a colloidal solution (sol) that acts as the precursor for an integrated network (or gel) of either discrete particles or network polymers.

[0025] Directional phrases used herein, such as, for example and without limitation, top, bottom, left, right, upper, lower, front, back, and derivatives thereof, relate to the orientation of the elements shown in the drawings and are not limiting upon the claims unless expressly recited therein.

[0026] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram and FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional diagram of a fiber optic sensor device 2 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1A is a magnified view of a portion of fiber optic sensor device 2. As described in detail below, fiber optic sensor device 2 employs a metal oxide functional material having a tailored refractive index, and is structured to detect/measure an analyte, such as a gas (e.g., without limitation, NH.sub.3), in an environment based on a change in the refractive index of the functional material induced by an analyte, a change in the optical absorption of the functional material induced by an analyte, a change in the fluorescent properties, or some combination of the above mentioned types of response. Fiber optic sensor device 2 in the non-limiting exemplary embodiment includes a D-shaped optical fiber 4 having a core 6 surrounded by a cladding layer 8 which has a hemispherical cross-section. It will be understood, however, that such a D-shaped optical fiber is meant to be exemplary only, and that optical fibers having other shapes, such as a fiber having a cylindrical cross-section, are contemplated within the scope of the disclosed concept. It will also be understood that optical waveguide structures not in the form of an optical fiber are a natural extension of the embodiments described herein and are contemplated within the scope of the disclosed concept. In the exemplary embodiment, core 6 has a cylindrical shape, but it will be appreciated that other shapes, such as a shape having an elliptical cross-section, are also possible. Core 6 and cladding layer 8 are each made of a light propagating material, such as fused silica (possibly doped with another material such as germanium and/or boron), wherein core 6 has an index of refraction that is greater than the index of refraction of cladding layer 8. In the exemplary embodiment, D-shaped optical fiber 4 is formed in manner wherein the top portion (e.g., top quarter to half) of core 6 extends beyond and above the top, flat edge of cladding layer 8 (i.e., without coating layer 12 described below, the top portion of core 6 is exposed).

[0027] D-shaped optical fiber 4 in the exemplary embodiment also includes an in-fiber optic component 10 formed in core 6. In the exemplary embodiment, in-fiber optic component 10 is a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG). As is known in the art, an FBG consists of a series of perturbations, forming a grating, in the index of refraction along the length of an optical fiber. An FBG reflects a spectral peak of a light that is transmitted through the fiber, and the particular spectral peak (called the resonance wavelength) that is reflected depends upon the grating spacing. In the exemplary embodiment, in-fiber optic component 10 is an FBG with a constant period (meaning the grating elements are evenly spaced), referred to as a uniform FBG. In-fiber optic component 10 may also take on other forms, such as an FBG having gratings that have a varying period (referred to as a chirped FBG), a fiber interferometer, or a Fabry-Perot cavitiy (FP). It will be understood, however, that in-fiber optic component 10 formed in core 6 is optional, and that fiber optic sensor device 2 may also be formed with a D-shaped optical fiber 4 that does not include an in-fiber optic component 10.

[0028] As seen in FIGS. 1, 1A and 2, in the exemplary embodiment, fiber optic sensor device 2 further includes a coating layer 12 provided on the top, flat surface of cladding layer 8 and the top portion core 6. In an alternative embodiment, coating layer 12 may be provided on the entire outer perimeter of fiber optic sensor device 2. Coating layer 12 is made of a metal oxide material and is structured and formed in a manner such that coating layer 12 has a refractive index that is less than the refractive index of core 6. In the exemplary, non-limiting embodiment, the refractive index of coating layer 12 is about 99.0% to about 99.7% of the refractive index of core 6. In one particular exemplary embodiment, core 6 is made of fused silica having a refractive index of about 1.46, and coating layer 12 is made of SnO.sub.2 (which, in its normal form typically has a refractive index of about 2.2) and is structured and formed such that it has a refractive index of about 1.45. In another particular exemplary embodiment, core 6 is made of fused silica having a refractive index of about 1.468, and coating layer 12 is made of SnO.sub.2 (which, in its normal form typically has a refractive index of about 2.2) and is structured and formed such that it has a refractive index of about 1.461. In the exemplary embodiment, and as shown schematically in FIG. 1A, coating layer 12 is structured and formed to have such a reduced refractive index by forming coating layer 12 as a highly porous nanostructure material with a plurality of voids (also referred to as holes) 14 (i.e., nano-voids or nano-holes) formed therein (sometimes referred to as a network of voids 14). In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, coating layer 12 is about 2 μm thick and, with the voids 14 formed therein, is about 60% void and about 40% SnO.sub.2. (the percentage or fraction of voids 14 as compared to the volume of the whole structure being referred to herein as the “total volume fraction of voids”). It will be understood, however, that by employing the design method described herein, virtually any thickness of coating layer 12 may be employed. In the exemplary embodiment, the total volume fraction of voids in coating layer 12 is chosen so as to cause coating layer 12 to have an “engineered” refractive index that is less than the refractive index of core 6

[0029] In one particular, non-limiting embodiment, coating layer 12 is formed such that it has a lattice structure wherein the voids 12 have a generally regular and consistent shape (such as a spherical shape). In one such lattice structure, the voids 14 have a characteristic dimension (e.g., width or diameter) of the void network that is less than or equal to a predetermined value. For example, and without limitation, the voids 14 may be spherical and each have a diameter of about 20 nm, of between about 10 nm and about 20 nm, of about ≤20 nm, of between about 10 nm and about 50 nm, or of between about 10 nm and about 100 nm. It will be understood that these dimension are meant to be exemplary only and that it is possible for the void sizes to be much larger, perhaps up to even 200 nm, and still be viable for engineering the refractive index for light at 1550 nm. In still another example, the voids 12 may actually be a continuous network and the characteristic dimension (e.g., 20 nm size) may be the characteristic width of the void network in one dimension.

[0030] In one particular embodiment, characteristic dimension of the void network is chosen so that local light scattering is avoided/minimized by making the characteristic dimension of the voids 14 at least about ten times smaller than the wavelength of the light being used/measured in any particular application.

[0031] The controlled tailoring (via controlled nano-structuring) of the metal oxide porosity as just described is what allows the refractive index of coating layer 12 to be reduced below that of core 6, which in turn enables the development of highly sensitive evanescent wave fiber optic sensors with long interaction lengths. At the same time, it removes the thickness, interaction length, and proximity restrictions that have previously been imposed in the prior art by the high refractive indices of metal oxide materials.

[0032] In addition, in further embodiments, metal oxide coating layer 12 may be modified through doping or by forming a mixed metal oxide to target fiber optic sensor device 2 for a particular gas species of interest. For example, and without limitation, coating layer 12 may be made of SnO.sub.2 as described herein and may be doped with palladium (Pd) or platinum (Pt) in order to target fiber optic sensor device 2 for hydrogen (H) sensing. In another embodiment, the coating layer may be a hybrid metal oxide that contains a mixture of two or more materials. For example, and without limitation, tin oxide with zinc oxide.

[0033] In one particular exemplary embodiment, a polymer-based synthesis technique is employed to form fiber optic sensor device 2 having coating layer 12 such that, as just described, it has a tailored refractive index that is less than the refractive index of core 6. More specifically, a sol-gel approach is used to produce coating layer 12 over D-shaped optical fiber 4. In this sol-gel approach, a polymer additive is used as a structure directing agent such that the porosity of the metal oxide (SnO.sub.2 in the illustrated exemplary embodiment) is controlled at the scale of tens of nanometers for refractive index tailoring. The porosity/refractive index is controlled by varying the included amount of the polymer. In the exemplary embodiment, poloxamer 407, also known by the trade name Pluronic® F127, a triblock copolymer, is used as the structure directing agent. During the process, the structure directing agent is mixed with SnCl.sub.4 in Ethanol to form a precursor. The precursor is then modified by the addition of HCl to adjust the pH to about 0.5 (in the exemplary embodiment, precursor is modified by the addition of 37% HCl dissolved in water). Other chemicals could be used for such purposes as well. For example, refractive index tailored SnO.sub.2 films can also be synthesized by addition of a structure directing agent to a mixture of Sn-isopropoxide and a solvent such as a mixture of isopropanol and toluene among many others. Other acids could include glacial acetic acid, nitric acid, and many others. Also, metal oxides can be coated by non-wet processing, such as sputtering, where the nm-scale voids could be fabricated through nano-lithography and patterning approaches, reactive ion-etching, or other suitable techniques. Other exemplary embodiments include: (i) TiO2 solutions containing TiCl4, ethanol, Pluronic F-127, and 37% HCl in water, and (ii) ZnO solutions containing zinc acetate dihydrate, ethanol, Pluronic F-127, and 30% ammonium hydroxide dissolved in water.

[0034] Coating layer 12 is formed over D-shaped optical fiber 4 by dragging (e.g., manually) D-shaped optical fiber 4 through the precursor, immersed in an open dish, at a rate of approximately 1 cm/s. The coated sample is then exposed to a temperature treatment which includes initially drying the coated sample at 70° C., followed by a slow ramp of temperature to 130° C. and then to 600° C. to form the porous coating layer 12 (porous SnO.sub.2 in the exemplary embodiment). Afterwards, the coated sample is allowed to cool down at a slow rate. Amongst the available choices of copolymers for porosity engineering at the nanoscale, poloxamer 407 (a triblock copolymer as noted above) is the most favored. Poloxamer 407 has been shown to provide highly porous SnO.sub.2 coatings with average feature size of around 20 nm.

[0035] FIG. 3A shows the measured (400-800 nm) and extrapolated (800-1600 nm) refractive indices of various forms of SnO.sub.2 coatings prepared by the above described method according to one exemplary embodiment. The refractive index of bulk, fully dense SnO.sub.2 is also presented as a reference. A 100 nm thick SnO.sub.2 thin film prepared by sputter coating (estimated porosity of around 3-5%) is also included for comparison. Using the Lorentz single oscillator model with Bruggeman's Effective Medium Theory, it was determined that a volume fraction of about 60% void for the Nano-Structured SnO.sub.2 was used. At 1550 nm, the wavelength of interest, it can be seen that the SnO.sub.2 coating has a refractive index of 1.461, which is slightly smaller than the refractive index of the fiber core (1.468).

[0036] FIG. 3B shows the measured refractive indices of various forms of SnO2 coatings prepared by the above described method and other metal oxides such as TiO2 and ZnO according to another exemplary embodiment. The refractive indices of their bulk, fully dense counterparts are also presented as a reference. Using the Lorentz single oscillator model with Bruggeman's Effective Medium Theory, a volume fraction of about 60% air void was determined for Nano-Structured SnO2 that was used to coat the fiber. At 1550 nm, the wavelength of interest, the SnO2 coating has a refractive index of 1.461, which is slightly smaller than the refractive index of the fiber core (1.468).

[0037] Moreover, in order to examine the underlying structure of the reduced index nanostructured metal oxide of the present invention, cross-sectional TEM samples were prepared using one particular exemplary embodiment of fiber optic sensor device 2 through standard FIB lift-out procedures. A protective layer of Pt was deposited on the surface prior to sectioning and a tungsten-probe tip was used for sample lift-out and electron transparency was obtained over an approximately 10 μm wide region for the entire film thickness. As expected, and a shown in FIG. 4A, the scanning transmission electron (STEM) image clearly shows a large degree of film porosity through z-contrast that is homogeneous over the entire region imaged with porosity features ranging from less than ˜20 nm up to greater than ˜50 nm in diameter. In addition, as shown in FIG. 4B, bright field TEM imaging shows an average SnO.sub.2 grain size of approximately 10 nm. A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) obtained from the high resolution TEM image confirms the expected cassiterite crystal structure, as shown in FIG. 4E. TEM imaging of a nanostructured TiO2 sample is presented in FIG. 4C. A scanning electron microscope image of an exemplary ZnO nanostructure is shown in FIG. 4D.

[0038] FIG. 5 shows one particular, exemplary application for fiber optic sensor device 2. More specifically, FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) system 20 which employs fiber optic sensor device 2 for highly sensitive analyte detection. As is known in the art, CRDS is a highly sensitive optical spectroscopic technique that enables measurement of absolute optical extinction by samples that scatter and absorb light. It has been widely used to study gaseous samples which absorb light at specific wavelengths, and in turn to determine mole fractions down to the parts per trillion level.

[0039] Referring to FIG. 5, in the illustrated embodiment, CRDS system 20 includes an optical fiber 22 that is provided in the form of a circulating ring structure. In the exemplary embodiment, optical fiber 22 is a D-shaped optical fiber. A fiber coupler 24 is provided to enable an exciting pulse to be transmitted into optical fiber 22, and a fiber coupler 26 is provided to enable decaying pulses to be transmitted out of optical fiber 22 for analysis. Some gain control mechanism 28 is included between fiber coupler 24 and fiber coupler 26. The purpose of the gain control scheme is to minimize the intrinsic losses in the system prior to sensory analysis. The exemplified schematic is a simplified representation of a generally more complex system and does not exclude more elaborate cavity ring down schemes that may be used to exploit the adjusted refractive index integrated optical fiber. Cavity ring-down schemes with gain control mechanisms such as those described in Nicholas L. P. Andrews, “Near-infrared absorption detection in picolitre liquid volumes using amplified fibre loop ring-down detection”, Optical Fiber Technology 19 (2013), pp. 822-827; George Stewart, “An investigation of an optical fibre amplifier loop for intra-cavity and ring-down cavity loss measurements”, Measurement Science and Technology 12 (2001), pp.843-849; Helen Waechter, “Chemical Sensing Using Fiber Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy”, Sensors 2010, 10, pp. 1716-1742; and George Stewart, “Cavity-enhanced spectroscopy in fiber cavities”, Optics Letters, Mar. 1, 2004, pp. 442-444, Vol. 29, No. 5. may be used to adjust and control gain in the loop to yield long ring-down decay time for sensitive chemical measurements.

[0040] CRDS system 20 further includes a quartz tube 30 having an analyte input end 32 and an analyte output end 34. A heating element 36 is provided around a portion of quartz tube 30.

[0041] Furthermore, as seen in FIG. 5, optical fiber 22 includes fiber optic sensor device 2 at a portion thereof that is located within quartz tube 30 and heating element 36. In the exemplary embodiment, fiber optic sensor device 2 is of the type that does not include an in-fiber optic component 10.

[0042] In operation, an analyte (e.g., a gas species) is introduced into quartz tube 30, and an exciting pulse is transmitted into optical fiber 22. The exciting pulse is circulated within the loop of optical fiber 22 many times (e.g., 1000 times). As will be appreciated, with each circulation, the exciting pulse will experience some loss. While the amount of loss in each circulation is small, that loss will accumulate over time with each circulation. Thus, during the circulation process, decaying pulses are transmitted out of optical fiber 22 and are used to analyze the analyte. For example, the time it takes the exciting pulse to decay to 1/e of its initial intensity (the “ringdown time”) can be used to calculate the concentration of the analyte in quartz tube 30.

[0043] In addition, fiber optic sensor device 2 may also be used in a distributive fiber sensing application wherein the scattered light within a fiber is used for sensing purposes. As is known in the art, distributive fiber sensing can be broken down into two categories. The first is known as Brillouin scattering, which is realized by sending a high energy optical pulse into an optical waveguide. The lattice vibrations generated give rise to a pressure wave traveling at the speed of sound. This pressure wave can be considered as a moving grating along the fiber and its properties will depend on the surrounding environment. The returning probing light will carry information about this environment and can be used for detection. The second type of distributive sensing is known as Rayleigh scattering. Here, one measures the backscattered light which contains information as well about the fiber surroundings, such as refractive index variations, absorption losses, and etc.

[0044] Thus, in another exemplary application of fiber optic sensor device 2, such a device may be provided in an environment, such as a chemical plant, where it would be desirable to be able to detect the presence of a chemical species. In such an application, fiber optic sensor device 2 may have a relatively long length, e.g., 100 m, in order to cover the area of interest, and distributive fiber sensing as described above (Brillouin scattering or Rayleigh scattering) may be used to determine the location along fiber optic sensor device 2 where the chemical species is being absorbed, which may indicate a leak at that location.

[0045] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a fiber optic sensor device 40 according to an alternative exemplary embodiment. Fiber optic sensor device 40 is a multilayer hollow waveguide device that includes at least the following three layers: (i) a hollow waveguide tube layer 42 (e.g., cylindrical or other shape) made of a material such as silica, plastic, or metal such as nickel, (ii) a reflective coating layer 44 provided on an inner surface of hollow waveguide tube layer 42 and made of, for example, a metal material such as silver or gold, and (iii) a metal oxide coating layer 46 provided on an inner surface of reflective coating layer 44. In the exemplary embodiment, metal oxide coating layer 46 is engineered in refractive index and porosity on the 10-50 nm scale to increase the sensory sensitivity. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, metal oxide coating layer 46 has a reduced refractive index as described elsewhere herein such that it is less than that of silica (e.g., the refractive index of hollow waveguide tube layer 42). In fiber optic sensor device 40, an interrogating light can be confined by either waveguiding (via total internal reflection) or by pure reflection off of reflective coating layer 44. By providing metal oxide coating layer 46 on the inside of waveguide tube layer 42 and reflective coating layer 44, more light (as compared to fiber optic sensor device 2) will propagate inside metal oxide coating layer 46, thereby leading to enhanced sensitivity. Fiber optic sensor device 40 may also include one or more layers in addition to those just described. For example, a protective dielectric coating may be provided on either or both sides (i.e., inner/outer) of reflective coating layer 44. In addition, a multilayered metal oxide sensing layer may be employed for improved selectivity or optimized response. Fiber optic sensor device 40 may, in one exemplary implementation, be employed in CRDS system 20 in place of fiber optic sensor device 2.

[0046] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a fiber optic sensor device 50 according to an alternative exemplary embodiment. Fiber optic sensor device 50 is also a multilayer hollow waveguide device that includes at least the following three layers: (i) a hollow waveguide tube layer 52 (e.g., cylindrical or other shape) made of a material such as silica, plastic, or metal such as nickel, (ii) a high index guiding layer 54 provided on an inner surface of hollow waveguide tube layer 52 and made of, for example, glass or dielectric material such as, without limitation, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 or ZrO.sub.2, and (iii) a metal oxide coating layer 56 provided on an inner surface of guiding layer 54. In the exemplary embodiment, guiding layer 54 has an index of refraction that is higher than the index of refraction of hollow waveguide tube layer 52. In the exemplary embodiment, metal oxide coating layer 56 is structured to have a reduced refractive index as described elsewhere herein (e.g., it is a nanostructure material) such that it has a refractive index that is less than the index of refraction of guiding layer 54. Fiber optic sensor device 50 may also include one or more layers in addition to those just described. Fiber optic sensor device 50 may, in one exemplary implementation, be employed in CRDS system 20 in place of fiber optic sensor device 2.

[0047] In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word “comprising” or “including” does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim. In a device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The word “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. In any device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain elements are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that these elements cannot be used in combination.

[0048] Although the invention has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration based on what is currently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover modifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, it is to be understood that the present invention contemplates that, to the extent possible, one or more features of any embodiment can be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment.