Methods of converting or reconverting a data signal and method and system for data transmission and/or data reception

Abstract

A method (C) for converting a data signal (U), comprising (i) providing an input symbol stream (B) representative of the data signal (U), (ii) demultiplexing (DMX) the input symbol stream (B) to consecutively decompose the input symbol stream (B) into a number m of decomposed partial symbol streams (B_1, . . . , B_m), (iii) applying on each of the decomposed partial symbol streams (B_1, . . . , B_m) an assigned distribution matching process (DM_1, . . . , DM_m), thereby generating and outputting for each decomposed partial symbol stream (B_1, . . . , B_m) a respective pre-sequence (bn_1, . . . , bn_m) or n_j symbols as an intermediate output symbol sequence, and (iv) supplying the pre-sequences (bn_1, . . . , bn_m) to at least one symbol mapping process (BM) to generate and output a signal representative for a final output symbol sequence (S) as a converted data signal. Each of the distribution matching processes (DM_1, . . . , DM_m) and the symbol mapping process (BM) are based on a respective assigned alphabet (ADM_1, . . . , ADM_m; ABM) of symbols, and the cardinality of each of the alphabets (ADM_1, . . . , ADM_m) of the distribution matching processes (DM_1, . . . , DM_m) is lower than the cardinality of the alphabet (ABM) of the symbol mapping process (BM).

Claims

1. A method for converting a data signal (U), the method comprising processes of providing an input symbol stream (B) being representative for the data signal (U) to be converted, demultiplexing (DMX) the input symbol stream (B) in order to consecutively decompose the input symbol stream (B) into a number m of decomposed partial symbol streams (B_1, . . . , B_m) with m being a natural number, applying on each of the decomposed partial symbol streams (B_1, . . . B_m) an assigned distribution matching process (DM_1, . . . , DM_m) thereby generating and outputting for each decomposed partial symbol stream (B_1, . . . , B_m) a respective pre-sequence (bn_1, . . . , bn_m) of n_j symbols as an intermediate output symbol sequence, with n_j being a natural number for all j=1 to m, and supplying the pre-sequences (bn_1, . . . , bn_m) output by the distribution matching processes (DM_1, . . . , DM_m) to at least one symbol mapping process (BM) in order to generate and output a signal representative for a final output symbol sequence (S) as a converted data signal (X), wherein: the decomposed partial symbol streams (B_1, . . . , B_m) are supplied to a respective number of m distribution matching processes (DM_1, . . . , DM_m); each of the distribution matching processes (DM_1, . . . , DM_m) and the symbol mapping process (BM) are based on a respective assigned alphabet (ADM_1, . . . , ADM_m; ABM) of symbols; and the cardinality of each of the alphabets (ADM_1, . . . , ADM_m) of symbols of the distribution matching processes (DM_1, . . . , DM_m) is lower than the cardinality of the alphabet (ABM) of symbols of the symbol mapping process (BM).

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of each respective one of the distribution matching processes (DM_j, j=1, . . . , m) and the symbol mapping process (BM) configured to be invertible.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein at least one of each of the distribution matching processes (DM_j, j=1, . . . , m) and the symbol mapping process (BM) is configured to achieve an approach of the empirical distribution of the final output symbol sequence (S) to the respective underlying distribution by accordingly indexing respective output sequences out of a respective entire set of candidates.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein each respective one of the distribution matching processes (DM_j, j=1, . . . , m) is configured to use a respective number k_j of consecutive symbols provided by the demultiplexing (DMX), with k_j for each j=1, . . . , m being a natural number.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein each of the distribution matching processes (DM_j, j=1, . . . , m) is configured to arrange the consecutive symbols provided by the demultiplexing DMX) within each respective one of the pre-sequences (bn_1, . . . , bn_m) of n_j symbols, such that for the final output symbol sequence (S) the empirical distribution coincides with or approaches the respective underlying distribution.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the process of providing the input symbol stream (B) comprises at least one of recalling the input symbol stream (B) from a storage medium or from a symbol generation process, and receiving, demodulating and/or decoding a signal being representative for or conveying the input symbol stream (B).

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the symbol mapping process (BM) has m input channels and/or wherein m input channels are distributed over a plurality of symbol mapping sub-processes (BM_1, . . . BM_1); and wherein the symbol mapping process (BM) is based on a modulation process and in particular on a digital or analog quadrature amplitude modulation process.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of each respective one of the distribution matching processes (DM_j, j=1, . . . , m) and the symbol mapping process (BM) is configured to be at least one of based on and chosen according to a predefined distribution, and optionally on a Gaussian distribution.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of the distribution matching processes (DM_j, j=1, . . . , m) is configured such that for each pair of distribution matching processes (DM_j1, DM_j2) the relation
n_j1=n_j2  (1) is fulfilled, for each j1, j2=1, m being natural numbers and n_j1, n_j2 as natural numbers describing a number of consecutive symbols provided with the respective pre-sequence (bn_j1, bn_j2) and by the respective underlying distribution matching processes (DM_j1, DM_j2).

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the input symbol stream (B), at least one of the partial symbol streams (B_1, . . . , B_m), at least one of the respective pre-sequences (bn_1, . . . , bn_m) of intermediate output symbol sequences and/or the final output symbol sequence (S) are at least partially formed by binary bits.

11. A data transmission system (T), comprising a processing unit with a data transmission section configured to perform the method according to claim 1, the data transmission system comprising: (i) a unit for providing an input symbol stream (B) being representative for the data signal (U) to be converted, (ii) a unit (DMX) for demultiplexing the input symbol stream (B) in order to consecutively decompose the input symbol stream (B) into a number m of decomposed partial symbol streams (B_1, . . . , B_m) with m being a natural number, (iii) a unit for applying on each of the decomposed partial symbol streams (B_1, . . . , B_m) an assigned distribution matching process (DM_1, . . . , DM_m) thereby generating and outputting for each decomposed partial symbol stream (B_1, . . . , B_m) a respective pre-sequence (bn_1, . . . , bn_m) of n_j symbols as an intermediate output symbol sequence, with n_j being a natural number for all j=1 to m, and (iv) a unit for supplying the pre-sequences (bn_1, . . . , bn_m) output by the distribution matching processes (DM_1, . . . , DM_m) to at least one symbol mapping process (BM) in order to generate and output a signal representative for a final output symbol sequence (S) as a converted data signal (X), wherein: (v) each of the distribution matching processes (DM_1, . . . , DM_m) and the symbol mapping process (BM) are based on a respective assigned alphabet (ADM_1, . . . , ADM_m; ABM) of symbols; (vi) the decomposed partial symbol streams (B_1, . . . , B_m) are supplied to a respective number of m distribution matching processes (DM_1, . . . , DM_m); and (vii) the cardinality of each of the alphabets (ADM_1, . . . , ADM_m) of symbols of the distribution matching processes (DM_1, . . . , DM_m) is lower than the cardinality of the alphabet (ABM) of symbols of the symbol mapping process (BM).

12. The data transmission system according to claim 11, wherein involved distribution matching processes (DM_j, j=1, . . . , m) and inverse distribution matching processes (DM_j.sup.−1, j=1, . . . , m) at least one of: are inverse to each other, and have respectively coinciding alphabets (ADM_j, j=1, . . . , m) of symbols.

13. The data transmission system according to claim 11, wherein involved symbol mapping processes (BM) and inverse symbol mapping processes (BM.sup.−1) at least one of: are inverse to each other, and have respectively coinciding alphabets (ABM_j, j=1, . . . , m) of symbols.

14. A method for reconverting a converted data signal (Y), the method comprising processes of providing an input symbol stream (S′) being representative for the converted data signal (Y) to be reconverted, supplying said input symbol stream (S′) to at least one inverse symbol mapping process (BM.sup.−1) with m output channels and m being a natural number in order to generate and output a number of m intermediate output symbol sequences (bn_1′, . . . , bn_m′) of n_j symbols with n_j being a natural number for all j=1 to m, applying to each of the intermediate output symbol sequences (bn_1′, . . . , bn_m′) an assigned inverse distribution matching process (DM_1.sup.−1, . . . , DM_m.sup.−1) thereby generating and outputting for each of the intermediate output symbol sequences (bn_1′, . . . , bn_m′) a respective partial symbol stream (B_1′, . . . , B_m′) of k_j symbols, with k_j being a natural number for all j=1 to m, and multiplexing (MX) the partial symbol streams (B_1′, . . . , B_m′) in order to consecutively compose and output a final output symbol stream (B′) being the or being representative for a reconverted data signal (V), wherein: the intermediate output symbol sequences (bn_1′, . . . , bn_m′) are supplied to a respective number of m inverse distribution matching processes (DM_1.sup.−1, . . . , DM_m.sup.−1) each of the inverse distribution matching processes (DM_1.sup.−1, . . . , DM_m.sup.−1) and the inverse symbol mapping process (BM.sup.−1) are based on a respective assigned alphabet (ADM_1, . . . , ADM_m; ABM) of symbols, and the cardinality of each of the alphabets (ADM_1, . . . , ADM_m) of symbols of the inverse distribution matching processes (DM_1.sup.−1, . . . , DM_m.sup.−1) is lower than the cardinality of the alphabet (ABM) of symbols of the inverse symbol mapping process (BM.sup.−1).

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein at least one of each respective one of the inverse distribution matching processes (DM_j.sup.−1, j=1, . . . , m) and the inverse symbol mapping process (BM.sup.−1) is configured to be invertible.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein each of the inverse distribution matching processes (DM_j.sup.−1, j=1, . . . , m) is configured such that a respective underlying distribution matching process (DM_j, j=1, . . . , m) is capable of arranging consecutive symbols provided by a demultiplexing process (DMX) within a respective one of the pre-sequences (bn_1, . . . , bn_m) of n_j symbols, such that for a final output symbol sequence (S) the empirical distribution coincides with or approaches the respective underlying distribution.

17. The method according to claim 15, wherein at least one of: each of the inverse distribution matching processes (DM_j.sup.−1, j=1, . . . , m) and the inverse symbol mapping process (BM.sup.−1) is configured such that a respective underlying distribution matching processes (DM_j, j=1, . . . , m) and/or a symbol mapping process (BM) is capable of approaching the empirical distribution of a final output symbol sequence (S) to the respective underlying distribution by accordingly indexing respective output sequences out of a respective entire set of candidates.

18. The method according to claim 14, wherein each respective one of the inverse distribution matching processes (DM_j.sup.−1, j=1, . . . , m) is configured to output a respective number k_j of consecutive symbols to be provided to the multiplexing process (MX), with k_j for each j=.sub.1, . . . , m being a natural number.

19. The method according claim 14, wherein the process of providing the input symbol stream (B′) comprises at least one of recalling the input symbol stream (B′) from a storage medium or from a symbol generation process, and receiving, demodulating and/or decoding a signal being representative for or conveying the input symbol stream (B′).

20. The method according to claim 14, wherein at least one of each respective one of the inverse distribution matching processes (DM_j.sup.−1, j=1, . . . , m) and the inverse symbol mapping process (BM.sup.−1) is configured to be at least one of based on and chosen according to a predefined distribution, and optionally on a Gaussian distribution.

21. The method according to claim 14, wherein each of the inverse distribution matching processes (DM_j.sup.−1, j=1, . . . , m) is configured such that for each pair of inverse distribution matching processes DM_j1.sup.−1, DM_j2.sup.−1) the relation
n_j1=n_j2  (1) is fulfilled, for each j1, j2=1, . . . , m being natural numbers and n_j1, n_j2 describing a number of consecutive symbols to be provided with the respective intermediated output symbol sequences (bn_j1′, bn_j2′) to the respective underlying inverse distribution matching processes (DM_j1.sup.−1, DM_j2.sup.−1).

22. A data reception system (T) comprising a processing unit with a data reception system configured to perform the method according to claim 7, the data reception system comprising: (i) a unit for providing an input symbol stream (S′) being representative for the converted data signal (Y) to be reconverted, (ii) a unit for supplying said input symbol stream (S′) to at least one inverse symbol mapping process (BM.sup.−1) with m output channels and m being a natural number in order to generate and output a number of m intermediate output symbol sequences (bn_1′, . . . , bn_m′) of n_j symbols with n_j being a natural number for all j=1 to m, (iii) a unit for applying to each of the intermediate output symbol sequences (bn_1′, . . . , bn_m′) an assigned inverse distribution matching process (DM_1.sup.−1, . . . , DM_m.sup.−1) thereby generating and outputting for each of the intermediate output symbol sequences (bn_1′, . . . , bn_m′) a respective partial symbol stream (B_1′, . . . , B_m′) of k_j symbols, with k_j being a natural number for all j=1 to m, and (iv) a unit (MX) for multiplexing the partial symbol streams (B_1′, . . . , B_m′) in order to consecutively compose and output a final output symbol stream (B′) being the or being representative for a reconverted data signal (V), wherein: (v) each of the inverse distribution matching processes (DM_1.sup.−1, . . . , DM_m.sup.−1) and the inverse symbol mapping process (BM.sup.−1) are based on a respective assigned alphabet (ADM_1, . . . , ADM_m; ABM) of symbols, (vi) the intermediate output symbol sequences (bn_1′, . . . , bn_m′) are supplied to a respective number of m inverse distribution matching processes (DM_1.sup.−1, . . . , DM_m.sup.−1); and (vii) the cardinality of each of the alphabets (ADM_1, . . . , ADM_m) of symbols of the inverse distribution matching processes (DM_1.sup.−1, . . . , DM_m.sup.−1) is lower than the cardinality of the alphabet (ABM) of symbols of the inverse symbol mapping process (BM.sup.−1).

23. The data reception system of claim 22, wherein involved distribution matching processes (DM_j, j=1, . . . , m) and inverse distribution matching processes (DM_j.sup.−1, j=1, . . . , m) at least one of: are inverse to each other, and have respectively coinciding alphabets (ADM_j, j=1, . . . , m) of symbols.

24. The data reception system of claim 22, wherein involved symbol mapping processes (BM) and inverse symbol mapping processes (BM.sup.−1) at least one of: are inverse to each other, and have respectively coinciding alphabets (ABM_j, j=1, . . . , m) of symbols.

Description

(1) These and further aspects, details, advantages and features of the present invention will be described based on embodiments of the invention and by taking reference to the accompanying figures.

(2) FIGS. 1 to 5 show block diagrams elucidating general aspects of the method for converting a data signal according to the present invention. In particular:

(3) FIG. 1 conveys a block diagram for elucidating a demultiplexing process DMX.

(4) FIG. 2 is a block diagram elucidating the application of distribution matchers to partial symbol streams.

(5) FIG. 3 is a block diagram describing the application of symbol mapping processes to pre-sequences of symbols.

(6) FIG. 4 is a block diagram elucidating an alternative view on the process of shown in FIG. 3.

(7) FIG. 5 is a block diagram for giving an overview and the combined processes shown in FIGS. 1 to 3.

(8) FIGS. 6 to 8 show block diagrams elucidating general aspects of the method for reconverting a data signal according to the present invention. In particular:

(9) FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram describing the application of an inverse symbol mapping process to an input symbol sequence.

(10) FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram elucidating the application of inverse distribution matching processes to sequences of symbols.

(11) FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram elucidating the application of the multiplexing process to symbol sequences.

(12) FIGS. 9 to 13 exemplify a concrete embodiment of the method for converting a data signal according to the present invention using a plurality of three distribution matches. In particular:

(13) FIG. 9 elucidates by means of a table the distributions of binary output sequences.

(14) FIG. 10 gives a graphical representation of the distributions of binary output sequences.

(15) FIG. 11 is a graphical representation of distributions based originating from two bit mappers.

(16) FIG. 12 by means of a table elucidates the action of a first bit mapper from FIG. 11.

(17) FIG. 13 by means of a table elucidates the action of a second bit mapper from FIG. 11.

(18) FIGS. 14 and 15 demonstrate an alternative concrete embodiment of the method for converting a data signal according to the present invention using a plurality of three distribution matches. In particular:

(19) FIG. 14 by means of a table elucidates the distribution of certain symbols.

(20) FIG. 15 by means of a table elucidates a desired distribution for an example of constellation points.

(21) FIG. 16 is a block diagram for elucidating embodiments of a data transmission and/or data reception system according to the present invention and the embedding of the methods for converting/reconverting a data signal embedded therein.

(22) In the following embodiments and the technical background of the present invention are presented in detail by taking reference to accompanying FIGS. 1 to 16. Identical or equivalent elements and elements which act identically or equivalently are denoted with the same reference signs. Not in each case of their occurrence a detailed description of the elements and components is repeated.

(23) The depicted and described features and further properties of the invention's embodiments can arbitrarily be isolated and recombined without leaving the gist of the present invention.

(24) Before going into detail with respect to aspects of the methods for converting/reconverting a data signal and the methods for data transmission/reception reference is taken to FIG. 16 and its general view on systems and methods for data conversion/reconversion and/or data transmission/reception.

(25) Therefore, FIG. 16 is a block diagram for elucidating embodiments of a data transmission and/or data reception system according to the present invention and the embedding of the methods for converting/reconverting a data signal embedded therein.

(26) The scheme according to FIG. 16 generally follows the concept of coding and modulation in digital communication proposed in 1974 by Massey. The scheme of FIG. 16 discloses a system T—being it a hardware structure, a configuration of a method or of processing units or a combination thereof—comprising (i) an information source unit T1 configured to provide a signal U to be converted and transmitted, an (ii) encoding unit T2 configured to receive and encode the signal U and to output an encoded signal X, (iii) a modulator unit T3 configured to receive and modulate the encoded signal X and to output a modulated signal s(t) for transmission over (iv) a transmission/reception waveform channel unit T4, (v) a demodulator unit T5 configured to receive the modulated signal s(t) in a form r(t) possibly distorted by the transmission channel unit T4 and to demodulate said signal in order to output a demodulated signal Y, (vi) a decoder unit T6 configured to receive and decode the demodulated signal Y and to output the decoded signal V, and (vii) an information sink unit T7 configured to receive the decoded signal V.

(27) According to the present invention, the information source T1 and the information sink T7 may be any kind of information or signal sink or source, respectively. Any kind of storage medium may be used. Alternatively, any arbitrary other transmitting/receiving channel may be involved.

(28) As already mentioned above, according to the present invention a method C for converting a data signal U and alternatively or additionally a method RC for reconverting a data signal Y are provided. These methods C and RC according to the present invention may embrace or be a part of the information encoding unit T2 and decoding unit T6, respectively. Additionally or alternatively, parts of the information source unit T1 and/or of the modulator unit T3 on the one hand and of the demodulator unit T5 and/or of the information sink unit T7 on the other hand may be realized, too.

(29) FIGS. 1 to 5 elucidate by means of block diagrams general aspects of the method C for converting a data signal U according to the present invention.

(30) The data signal U obtained from an information source unit T1 in the case shown in FIGS. 1 to 5 is represented by or identical to an input symbol stream B which is not necessarily but may be a stream of binary digits or bits. The input symbol stream B may have a finite length or may be represented as a continuous flow of symbols.

(31) In this example, a finite number k_1+ . . . +k_m of symbols or bits is supplied to a demultiplexing process or unit DMX. By the action of the demultiplexing process or unit DMX from the incoming input symbol stream B a number of m sets of k_1, . . . , k_m symbols are selected as partial symbol streams B_1, . . . , B_m. This process is schematically shown in FIG. 1.

(32) According to the process shown in FIG. 2, the partial symbol streams B_1, . . . , B_m are supplied to a respective number of m distribution matchers DM_1 to DM_m each having an assigned alphabet ADM_1 to ADM_m of symbols. Each of the m distribution matchers DM_1 to DM_m is configured in order to derive from the input partial symbol streams B_1, . . . , B_m and based on the respective assigned alphabet ADM_1 to ADM_m of symbols a respective pre-sequence of symbols bn_1 to bn_m with a certain length n_1 to n_m.

(33) According to the present invention the lengths n_1 to n_m of the pre-sequences of symbols bn_1 to bn_m based on the assigned alphabets ADM_1 to ADM_m of symbols and output by the respective distribution matchers DM_1 to DM_m may be different. However, they also may be identical when compared to each other.

(34) In addition or alternatively, the lengths k_1, . . . , k_m of the partial symbol streams B_1, . . . , B_m input to the respective distribution matchers DM_1 to DM_m may be fixed or may be variable within the underlying process.

(35) The pre-sequences bn_1 to bn_m of symbols generated by the respective distribution matchers DM_1 to DM_m are supplied to a symbol mapping process or unit BM—which in the case that the symbols are binary bits may also be called a bit mapper—having an assigned bit mapper alphabet ABM as shown in FIG. 3.

(36) It is a key aspect of the present invention that the cardinality—i.e. the number of elements of the underlying set of elements—each of the alphabets ADM_1 to ADM_m of the underlying distribution matchers DM_1 to DM_m is smaller than the cardinality of the alphabet ABM of the underlying symbol mapping process or unit BM.

(37) According to the action of the symbol mapping process or unit BM an output symbol sequence S is generated based on the underlying bit mapper alphabet ABM and output for further transmission, processing or the like as shown in FIG. 3.

(38) FIG. 4 demonstrates an alternative view on the process shown in FIG. 3, wherein the bitmapping process or unit BM is composed by a plurality of bit mapping sub-processes or sub-units BM_1 to BM_I having access to respective subsets of the input pre-sequences bn_1 to bn_m in a well-defined manner.

(39) FIG. 5 gives an overview by combining the processes of FIGS. 1 to 3.

(40) FIGS. 6 to 8 elucidate by means of block diagrams general aspects of the method RC for reconverting a data signal Y according to the present invention.

(41) According to the present invention the method RC for reconverting a data signal Y shown in FIGS. 6 to 8 comprises more or less the inverse or opposites processing steps and results as described in connection with the processing scheme of FIGS. 1 to 5.

(42) Here, the input symbol sequence is denoted by S′ and may be identical to or representative for a demodulated signal Y received over a transmission/reception channel unit T4 shown in FIG. 16.

(43) As shown in FIG. 6 the input symbol sequence S′—again referred to either as a finite sequence of symbols or as a continuously incoming sequence of symbols—is supplied to an inverse symbol mapping process or unit BM.sup.−1 which is based on the respective alphabet ABM of symbols and configured to output a number of m sequences bn_1′ to bn_m′ of symbols of alphabets ADM_1 to ADM_m of a number of m assigned inverse distribution matching processes or units DM1.sup.−1 to DM_m.sup.−1 to which the sequences bn_1′ to bn_m′ of symbols are respectively supplied to as can be seen in connection with FIG. 7.

(44) According to the action of the respective inverse distribution matching processes or units DM1.sup.−1 to DM_m.sup.−1 the input symbol sequences bn_1′ to bn_m′ out of the alphabets ADM_1 to ADM_m and having lengths n_1 to n_m (being identical or not depending on the application) are reconverted into symbol sequences B_1′ to B_m′ of the original set of symbols, for instance formed by binary bits.

(45) According to FIG. 8, the symbol sequences B_1′ to B_m′ of the original set of symbols are supplied to a multiplexing process or unit MX in order to generate and output an output symbol stream B′ which may be identical with or representative for a signal V to be supplied to an information sink unit T7 as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 16.

(46) FIGS. 9 to 16 exemplify concrete embodiments of the method C for converting a data signal U according to the present invention in particular by using a plurality of three distribution matches. The aspects thereof are described in detail in the sections below.

(47) In the following, these and additional aspects, features and/or properties of the present invention will be further elucidated:

(48) The presented invention relates generally to communication methods and systems and more particularly to techniques for generating sequences of symbols—e.g. from which constituting signals are to be transmitted—with desired distributions.

(49) In order to achieve a power efficient communication—for instance over noisy channels—symbols to be transmitted within a signal should follow a certain distribution. In order to achieve this, data bits or more general data symbols need to be mapped to a symbol sequence with a desired distribution. The mapping should be invertible, so that the original data symbols or bits can be recovered from the symbol sequence, for instance after the transmission and reception at a reception side.

(50) Devices configured to realize such a mapping of original symbols or bits to a desired distribution of symbols or bits are called distribution matchers.

(51) For parallel channels with different channel qualities, for example in DSL systems, each channel may need to have a sequence with a different alphabet as a fundamental set of symbols from which the members of the sequence of symbols or bits are selected.

(52) The present invention originates from a method or algorithm which is configured to map the number of k uniformly distributed data symbols or bits to n symbols or bits with a desired distribution. This method or algorithm has two issues.

(53) (1) Encoding and decoding become complex for large output alphabets.

(54) (2) The output length n must be large enough to ensure that the rate k/n of the method or algorithm is close to an optimal value.

(55) For example, in DSL—i.e. digital subscriber line communication—comparable large alphabet sizes, for instance of 256 signal points and more per real dimension, are used. Because of the different channel qualities, several short sequences with different alphabet sizes can occur. Large alphabet sizes make the generation of symbol sequences complex, whereas short sequence lengths lead to suboptimal rates.

(56) The presented invention provides a technique in order to generate a sequence of symbols or bits with a desired distribution by combining several pre-sequences over smaller alphabets, for example, binary sequences.

(57) Each pre-sequence has a certain distribution and may be generated from binary data present in the considered system by appropriate distribution matchers. In particular, binary pre-sequences generated by binary distribution matchers can be used.

(58) The generated sequence of symbols can be used for signal shaping in order to achieve a power efficient communication over noisy communication channels, for example, higher order modulation for optical communication systems.

(59) In particular, the present invention is configured to solve both issues (1) and (2) as mentioned above:

(60) Since it uses several distribution matchers DM with smaller output alphabets in order to generate symbol sequences, the complexity of the distribution matchers DM is low on the one hand, and the usage of distribution matchers DM with a smaller alphabet ensures that the rate is close to the optimal value for short sequences on the other hand.

(61) The present invention can be used in order to generate symbol sequences by combining a symbol or binary output of binary distribution matchers DM.

(62) Pre-sequences of different lengths may be combined in order to simultaneously generate symbol or bit sequences over different alphabets. These symbol or bit sequences can be used for signal shaping for parallel communication channels, for example of a DSL communication system.

(63) For the generation of the pre-sequences, any distribution matcher DM may be used, in particular, any of those suggested known in the art.

(64) These and other features and advantages comprised or achieved by the present invention will become apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description.

(65) In this context, the content of the table of FIG. 9 is to be interpreted in the context of FIG. 10, wherein the table shows the distributions of the binary output sequences of the three binary distribution matchers used for the example in FIG. 10.

(66) The configuration shown in FIG. 5 and further elucidated by the partial structures shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 elucidate a mapping of primary symbol sequences in the sense of bit sequences to secondary symbol sequences.

(67) A number of m binary pre-sequences bn_1 to bn_m each of a respective and not necessarily equal length of n_j bits with j=1, . . . m are generated by the m distribution matchers DM_1 to DM_m as shown in FIG. 2.

(68) In this example, each distribution matcher DM_j uses k_j data bits present in the considered system in order to generate its output symbol or bit sequence bn_j. The numbers k_j of processed data symbols or bits may vary, depending on the distributions imposed on the symbol or bit sequences bn_j.

(69) According to FIG. 10, a Gaussian-like distribution on the underlying symbol alphabet {−7, −5, −3, 1, 1, 3, 5, 7} is shown. The abscissa in FIG. 10 represents the real line. The probabilities of the respective symbols are displayed in the vertical direction at the ordinate by respective dots. The distribution is generated by combining—in this example—the output of three binary distribution matchers DM_1 to DM_3. The binary distributions of the three symbol or bit sequences are displayed in the table of FIG. 9.

(70) In the following reference is taken to the distributions shown in FIG. 11 and the tables shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.

(71) Bit mapping achieved by bit mapper BM_1 from the table of FIG. 12 is used, which is displayed as a 3-bit label on the abscissa or horizontal axis. The bit mapping according to bit mapper BM_1 is an instance of the NBBC (natural based binary code) scheme as explained below.

(72) FIG. 11 elucidates the generation of sequences with Gaussian-like distributions over alphabet sizes 8 and 4. The bit mappers BM_1 and BM_2 are listed in the tables of FIGS. 12 and 13, respectively. The bit sequences have the binary distributions from the table of FIG. 9.

(73) The table of FIG. 12 elucidates the bit mapper BM_1 based on an NBBC scheme for an alphabet with eight symbols.

(74) The table of FIG. 13 elucidates the bit mapper BM_2 based on an NBBC scheme for an alphabet with four symbols.

Generating Symbol Distributions

(75) Symbol sequences are generated from sequences over smaller alphabets, e.g. a binary alphabet. FIG. 5—with explanations from FIGS. 1 to 4—depicts the mapping of m parallel bit sequences to one symbol sequence. A number of m binary distribution matchers DM_1 to DM_m transforms uniformly distributed input symbols or bits into a number of m independent bit sequences—in this case—each of length n.

(76) The mapper uses a bit mapper BM in the form of f: {0, 1}.sup.m.fwdarw.ABM, with ABM being the alphabet of the bit mapper BM, in order to map the input B_1, B_m to a symbol in the alphabet ABM.

(77) FIG. 11 depicts the extension of FIG. 5 to the case where symbol sequences over different alphabet sizes are generated from the same bit sequences.

Generating Gaussian-Like Distributions by the Natural-Based Binary Code (NBBC)

(78) The described scheme can be used in order to generate from m bit sequences a symbol sequence over an alphabet with M=2.sup.m symbols with a Gaussian-like distribution.

(79) A bit mapper maps m bits to one symbol. It is proposed to use the natural-based binary code (NBBC) scheme in order to generate Gaussian-like distributions. The NBBC scheme may be constructed as follows.

(80) Indexing the symbol alphabet by the natural numbers 0, 1, 2, . . . , M−1.

(81) Use the m bit representation B.sub.1{tilde over (B)}.sub.2 . . . {tilde over (B)}.sub.m of the index.

(82) If B1=0, then use B.sub.2 . . . B.sub.m={tilde over (B)}.sub.2{tilde over (B)}.sub.3 . . . {tilde over (B)}.sub.m.

(83) If B1=1, then use B.sub.2B.sub.3 . . . B.sub.m={tilde over (B)}.sub.m{tilde over (B)}.sub.m 1 . . . {tilde over (B)}.sub.2, i.e. use the {tilde over (B)}.sub.j in reverse order.

(84) The tables of FIGS. 12 and 13 display the NBBC schemes for M=8 (m=3) and M=4 (m=2), respectively, as examples.

(85) FIG. 10 demonstrates an example of a Gaussian-like distribution for M=8 (m=3) generated by combining three binary distribution matchers DM_1 to DM_3 with a NBBC bit mapper BM.

Generating Several Symbol Distributions

(86) By using a number of m bit sequences of different output lengths, several shorter symbol sequences over different alphabet sizes can be generated simultaneously. The alphabet size is determined by the number of bit sequences that overlap. If two bit sequences overlap, the symbol alphabet size is 2.sup.2=4. If a number of m bit sequences overlap, the symbol alphabet size is 2.sup.m. For each output segment, the bit mapper BM is chosen according to the number of overlapping bit sequences.

(87) An example is displayed in FIG. 11. In this context, bit sequences of lengths of n1, n2, n3 with n1=n2 and n3<n1 are generated. Thus, for the length n3, three bit sequences overlap and a symbol sequence with alphabet size 2.sup.3=8 can be geneerated.

(88) For the remaining n1-n3 positions, two bit sequences overlap and a symbol sequence with alphabet size 2.sup.2=4 is generated.

Generating Several Gaussian-Like Distributions

(89) By using NBBC scheme bit mappings that correspond to the number of overlapping bit sequences, each output segment can be generated according to a Gaussian-like distribution over the appropriate alphabet size. FIG. 11 shows an example for the simultaneous generation of a Gaussian-like distribution for symbol alphabet sizes M=8 (m=3) and M=4 (m=2) using the NBBC scheme bit mappers BM_1 and BM_2 displayed in the tables of FIGS. 12 and 13.

System View

(90) The present invention originates from the following aspects: Consider a transmitter and a receiver that experience a certain connection quality in the sense of a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is usually imposed by environmental conditions, for instance by the distance to a base station, length of copper cables and the like. Prior to data transmission, transmitter and receiver agree on a transmission setting, for instance they agree on a constellation size and error correcting code to be used in order to ensure that reliable communication is feasible. Data transmission follows according to these agreed settings. All constellation points are used with equal probabilities.

(91) The last aspect is the most crucial issue, as equal probabilities do not guarantee the most efficient data conversion and/or data transmission from a signal source to a signal sink.

(92) This is the most prominent aspect for the access of the present invention.

System with Distribution Matcher (DM)

(93) General aspects of the present invention are the same as in the above-described setting. However, according to the present invention an additional degree of freedom is introduced that leads to the advantages of the inventive data conversion and/or data transmission/reception scheme over the conventional one: According to the present invention, the transmitter side and the receiver side are configured in order to agree on a distribution for the constellation points that is different from the uniform distribution. Imposing a Gaussian-like or shaped distribution increases the spectral efficiency, i.e., higher data rates can be enabled. It has to be noted that—except from the steps mentioned below—everything of the processing schemes may be the same when compared to the invention's origins, in particular, the same physical connection and the same waveforms may be used for the transmission. In other words, the present invention focuses on adjusting the statistics of the modulation points according to the channel conditions and the agreement between the transmitter side and the receiver side. Based on the observed SNR, the transmitter side and the receiver side are configured to choose a constellation and distribution enabling an improved conversion, transmission and/or reception efficiency. In the system from which the present invention originates one distribution mapper DM creates n output symbols from k input symbols or bits. In this original case, the output symbols originate from a set with large cardinality, e.g., 8 signal points for an 8-ASK representation of amplitude shift keying. In the scheme proposed by the present invention, a set of multiple distribution matchers DM_1 to DM_m replaces the single original distribution matcher. And according to the present invention, now k_j input symbols or bits are transformed by respective distribution matchers DM_j into n or more general respective n_j symbols or bits. Thus, the set of output symbols is small and for instance binary, but the zeros and ones have a different distribution when compared to those at the input. The present invention also targets situations with output sets of larger cardinality. However, the binary setting is the easiest example. The j-th outputs of DM_1 to DM_m are mapped to the j-th output symbol by a symbol mapper BM.

FURTHER EXAMPLE

(94) In the following and by taking reference to FIGS. 14 and 15 a further example is presented in order to further elucidate the present invention and its underlying scheme.

(95) First of all, the transmitter side and the receiver side agree on a certain distribution, for instance a distribution as shown in the table of FIG. 14. In this context, a desired output length of n=30 is agreed upon, too.

(96) Parallelized DM The desired distribution on the eight constellation points can be decomposed into three binary distributions on the binary set {0, 1} by representing the symbols by three bits, see the corresponding table shown in FIG. 15. For illustrative purpose, the binary label of symbol “−3” is emphasized by the dotted boxes. The symbol distribution becomes the distribution [ 1/2,1/2]×[ 1/3,2/3]×[ 2/5,3/5] on {0,1}×{0,1}×{0,1}. Three binary distribution matchers DM_1 to DM_3 with the given bit distributions can be used instead of one 8-ary distribution matcher. One possibility to implement that desired mapping are large lookup-tables. The distribution [ 1/2,1/2] has the same distribution as the input data, so that the input can simply be copied to the output. There are

(97) $\left(\begin{array}{c}30\\ 10\end{array}\right)=30045015$
sequences of length 30 that have 10 zeros and 20 ones. These sequences are used in order to create a distribution of [ 1/3,2/3]. It can be calculated that about 60 MB are necessary to store such a table. There are

(98) $\left(\begin{array}{c}30\\ 12\end{array}\right)=86493225$
sequences of length 30 that have 12 zeros and 18 ones. These sequences can be used in order to create a distribution of [2/*5,3/5]. It can be determined that about 240 MB are necessary to store such a table. Therefore, memory can be saved and at the same time an increase of efficiency and flexibility by using an algorithmic, on-the-fly encoding instead of the look-up-tables is achieved. In this case, arithmetic coding can be used. The input lengths of the three distribution matchers DM_1 to DM_3 of this example are: k_1=30 bits (by just copying the input to the output). k_2=log.sub.2(30045015)=24 bits (necessary is a selection from 30045015 possible output sequences that have 10 zeros and 20 ones). k3=log.sub.2(86493225)=26 bits (necessary is a selection from 86493225 possible output sequences that have 12 zeros and 18 ones).

(99) Conventional DM: This distribution matcher needs to index sequences of length 30 with the 8 symbols {−7, −5, −3, −1, 1, 3, 5, 7} occurring 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, 4, 3, 2 times, respectively. There are 6,1689.Math.10.sup.21 sequences of this kind. This corresponds to 1,5728.Math.10.sup.7 TB memory and is not implementable. Alternatively, on-the-fly encoding by arithmetic coding as suggested can be used also for symbol sequences, which is however of higher complexity than using three parallel binary distribution matchers.

(100) In addition to the foregoing description of the present invention, for an additional disclosure explicit reference is taken to graphic representation of FIGS. 1 to 16.

LIST OF REFERENCES

(101) [1] P. Schulte, G. Böcherer, “Constant Composition Distribution Matching”, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 62, no. 1, pages 430-434, January 2016. [2] T. V. Ramabadran, “A coding scheme for m-out-of-n codes”, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 38, no. 8, pages 1156-1163, August 1990. [3] L. Szczecinski and A. Alvarado, Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation: Fundamentals, Analysis and Design. John Wiley & Sons, 2015 [4] G. Böcherer, “Capacity-achieving probabilistic shaping for noisy and noiseless channels”, Thesis 2012.

LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS

(102) ABM alphabet of (inverse) symbol/bit mapping process/unit BM ADM_j alphabet of (inverse) distribution matching process/unit, j=1, . . . , m bn_j pre-sequence of symbols/bits with length n (at input side), j=1, . . . , m bn_j′ sequence of symbols/bits with length n (at output side), j=1, . . . , m B input symbol/bit stream B′ (output) symbol/bit stream B_j partial symbol/bit stream, j=1, . . . , m B_j′ partial symbol/bit stream, j=1, . . . , m BM symbol/bit mapping process/unit BM_j symbol/bit mapping sub-process/sub-unit BM.sup.−1 inverse/inverted symbol/bit mapping process/unit DM_j distribution matching process/unit, j=1, . . . , m DM_j.sup.−1 inverse/inverted distribution matching process/unit, j=1, . . . , m DMX demultiplexing process/unit MX demultiplexing process/unit r(t) sent signal, after channel T4 and before demodulator T5 s(t) signal to be sent, after modulator T3 and before channel T4 S output symbol sequence S′ input symbol sequence T transmission/reception system T1 information source unit T2 encoding unit T3 modulator unit T4 transmission/reception (waveform) channel unit T5 demodulator unit T6 decoder unit T7 information sink unit U signal from source T1, before encoder T2 V signal to sink T7, after decoder T6 X signal, after encoder T2 and before modulator T3 Y signal, after demodulator T5 and before decoder T6