OPTICAL DEVICE ALLOWING THE ANGULAR AND SPECTRAL EMISSION OF AN OBJECT TO BE MEASURED SIMULTANEOUSLY

Abstract

System (100) for measuring the spatial distribution of the spectral emission of a measurement zone (2) of an object (1), comprising: a first objective (202); means (204) for selecting a portion of an image formed by the first objective; a diaphragm (208); light-dispersing means (210) located in the vicinity of the diaphragm and allowing the light coming from the selecting means to be dispersed; a second objective (206) placed between the selecting means and the diaphragm, interacting with the first objective so that the aperture of the diaphragm is optically conjugated with the measurement zone by the first and second objectives and so that the measurement zone. According to the invention, the first objective forms an image on a predetermined Fourier surface on which each point corresponds to an emission direction of the object for one particular wavelength, the selecting means have a selection surface shaped depending on the predetermined Fourier surface, and the selecting means are placed on the predetermined Fourier surface.

Claims

1. System (100) for measuring the spatial distribution of the spectral emission of a measurement zone (2) of an object (1) comprising, successively, along an optical axis of the system: a first Fourier objective (202) forming an image on a predetermined Fourier surface (Sf1) on which each point corresponds to an emission direction of the object for one particular wavelength, means (204) for selecting a portion of the image formed by the first objective corresponding to one particular azimuth of the spectral emission of the object (1), the selecting means having a selection surface shaped depending on the predetermined Fourier surface, a second Fourier objective (206) arranged after the selecting means (204) cooperating with the first Fourier objective in order to create an image plane optically conjugated with the measurement zone, a diaphragm (208) located on this plane conjugated so that the measurement zone, when it is observed through the diaphragm (208), has an apparent surface approximately independent of the direction, the first and second objectives having a common optical axis forming the optical axis of the system, and light-dispersing means (210) allowing the light coming from the selecting means to be dispersed onto or as close as possible to the diaphragm (208), a third Fourier objective (212) located after the diaphragm (208) allowing the first Fourier surface (Sf1) to be imaged on a Fourier plane (Sf2), an imaging sensor (302) arranged on this second Fourier plane (Sf2) allowing the dispersed light to be received and the spectral and angular response of the light coming from one particular azimuth selected by the selecting means (204) to be determined, characterized in that: the selecting means (210) are arranged on the predetermined Fourier surface (Sf1) so as to select one particular azimuth of the spectral emission of the object, and light-dispersing means (210) are located in the vicinity of or as close as possible to the diaphragm (208).

2. System according to the preceding claim wherein the diaphragm (208) has a circular opening.

3. System according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the dispersion means are formed by the combination of a prism, a transmitting network and a prism arranged to disperse the light in one direction and bring the dispersed rays together about the optical axis of the system, the diaphragm being incorporated in this device as close as possible to the transmitting network.

4. System according to any of the preceding claims, comprising means of simultaneous rotation of the selecting means (204) and light-dispersion means (210), about the optical axis of the system.

5. Method for measuring the spatial distribution of the spectral emission of a measurement zone (2) of an object (1) by a system (100), said method comprising successively along an optical axis of the system: a first Fourier objective (202) forming an image on a predetermined Fourier surface (Sf1) on which each point corresponds to an emission direction of the object for one particular wavelength, means (204) for selecting a portion of an image formed by the first objective, the selecting means having a selection surface shaped depending on the predetermined Fourier surface, a second objective (206) arranged after the selecting means cooperating with the first Fourier objective in order to create an image plane optically conjugated with the measurement zone, a diaphragm (208) located on this conjugated plane so that the measurement zone, when it is observed through the diaphragm (208), has an apparent surface approximately independent of the direction, the first and second objectives having a common optical axis forming the optical axis of the system, light-dispersion means (210), located in the vicinity of the diaphragm (208) and allowing the light coming from the selecting means to be dispersed, a third Fourier objective (212) located after the diaphragm (208) allowing the first Fourier surface (Sf1) to be imaged onto a Fourier plane (Sf2), an imaging sensor (302) arranged on this second Fourier plane (Sf2) allowing the dispersed light to be received and the spectral and angular response of the light coming from one particular azimuth selected by the selecting means (204) to be determined, characterized in that: the selecting means (210) are arranged on the predetermined Fourier surface (Sf1) so as to select a particular azimuth of the spectral emission of the object, and the light-dispersion means (210) are located in the vicinity of or as close as possible to the diaphragm (208).

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0044] Further advantages and features of the invention will emerge from the following detailed description of implementations and embodiments that are in no way limiting, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0045] FIG. 1 represents a schematic illustration of a system according to the prior art,

[0046] FIG. 2 represents a schematic illustration of a system according to the prior art,

[0047] FIG. 3 represents a schematic illustration of a system according to the invention,

[0048] FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the Fourier optics of a system according to the invention and the selecting means associated with said optics,

[0049] FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the effect of the transverse chromatism of the Fourier optics represented in FIG. 4, at the Fourier surface.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0050] As the embodiments described below are in no way limiting, it is possible in particular to regard variations of the invention as comprising only a selection of the characteristics described, if this selection of characteristics is sufficient to confer a technical advantage or to distinguish the invention from the prior state of the art. This selection comprises at least one, preferably functional characteristic, with no structural details or with only part of the structural details if that part alone is sufficient to confer a technical advantage or to distinguish the invention from the prior state of the art.

[0051] FIG. 3a represents, in an observation plane of a system according to the invention: [0052] an object 1 for which the spatial distribution of the spectral emission of a measurement zone 2 is to be measured, [0053] a system 100 according to the invention according to the observation plane, determined by an optical axis of the system 100 and an observation direction of the measurement zone 102.

[0054] The system 100 comprises: [0055] an imaging part 200, [0056] a detecting part 300.

[0057] The imaging part comprises a first converging objective 202, a selecting slit 204, a second converging objective 206, a diaphragm 208 and light-dispersion means 210 located as close as possible to the diaphragm 208 and allowing the light coming from one particular azimuth and selected by the selecting slit 204 to be dispersed, and a third objective 212.

[0058] The surface of object 1 under analysis is placed in the focal plane of the first objective 202.

[0059] The measurement zone 2 and the objective 202 define a surface Sf1, not flat, called a Fourier surface, which is such that any beam from the measurement zone 2 converges on this surface.

[0060] According to the invention, the selection slit 204 (shown more clearly in FIG. 4A) is shaped depending on the predetermined surface Sf1 and arranged on surface Sf1.

[0061] In the embodiment under consideration, a slit formed in an opaque material is used, arranged on a surface having an axis of revolution coinciding with the optical axis of the system. The slit allows one particular azimuth to be selected.

[0062] The second objective 206 is arranged between the first objective 202 and the diaphragm 208, so that it has an optical axis that coincides with that of the first objective 202, defining the optical axis of the system.

[0063] The second objective 206 is also arranged so that the opening of the diaphragm 208 is optically conjugated with the measurement zone 2 by the first and second objectives.

[0064] The measurement zone 102, when observed through the diaphragm 208, has an apparent surface independent of the observation direction.

[0065] The light-dispersion means 210 comprise in combination a prism, a transmitting network and a prism allowing the light to be dispersed in a direction perpendicular to the selection slit 204 and to bring the dispersed rays together about the optical axis of the system.

[0066] The diaphragm 210 is incorporated into this device as close as possible to the transmitting network.

[0067] These dispersion means are arranged before the objective 212.

[0068] The objective 212 is arranged so that its optical axis coincides with the optical axis of the system 100, between the diaphragm 208 and the detection part 300. It is also arranged so that the Fourier surface Sf1 is reimaged on a secondary Fourier plane Sf2 by means of a second objective 206.

[0069] The dispersing element 210 and the transfer optics 212 serve as an imaging spectrograph, which is much simpler than that according to the prior art.

[0070] FIG. 3b is a schematic view of the device 100 in FIG. 3a, in the plane that is perpendicular to the straight analysis section, that is to say in the dispersion plane.

[0071] The detection part 300 comprises an imaging sensor 302 arranged on the secondary Fourier plane Sf2 and allowing the dispersed light to be received and the spectral and angular response of the light coming from one particular azimuth selected by the slit 204 to be determined.

[0072] The imaging sensor 302 is a two-dimensional sensor (comprising for example a matrix of photodetectors or a CCD) and makes it possible to analyze, for a given position of the selecting means, on one hand, in one direction, the light intensity depending on the angle theta and on the other, in the perpendicular direction, the light intensity depending on the wavelength. Advantageously, this sensor is arranged so that its axes correspond to these two directions.

[0073] FIG. 4a shows an embodiment of the Fourier optics 202 including three lenses. The light beams at various angles are progressively brought towards the direction of the optical axis by passing through these three lenses. The Fourier surface Sf1 is not a plane but rather a rotationally symmetrical surface.

[0074] The slit 204 selecting one azimuth is generated on an object of revolution as shown in FIG. 4b.

[0075] FIG. 5a is a schematic representation of the effect of transverse chromatism of the Fourier optics 202 at the Fourier surface Sf.

[0076] For a given light beam collected at a collection angle θ on the object 1, each wavelength λ is focused at a point more or less distant from the optical axis of the system. FIG. 5 shows this effect in particular for the collection angle θ.sub.1, for three different wavelengths k.sub.Rθ.sub.1, k.sub.vθ.sub.1 and k.sub.Bθ.sub.1.

[0077] The effect is usually increasingly greater as the angle θ increases.

[0078] The consideration of this effect by calibrating the pixel/pair correspondence (θ, λ) on the imaging sensor 302 can be achieved as proposed in FIG. 5b.

[0079] In a preferred embodiment, the field lenses generate for each particular direction coming from the selection slit a quasi-collimated beam on the diaphragm 208. This is technically possible because the design constraints of these lenses are fewer than in the conventional Fourier system analyzing the entire Fourier plane (Reference [3] and FIG. 1). In fact, the conventional Fourier system must be perfectly achromatic, with one particular emission direction having to be focused at the same point on the surface of the imaging sensor, whatever the wavelength. This is achieved in the conventional system by correcting the inevitable chromatism of the Fourier optics 2 by means of the field lenses 4 and transfer optics 7.

[0080] This is not the case in the device of the present invention. In fact, the design constraints of the Fourier optics 202 are reduced: all that is required is that the longitudinal chromatism is minimal in the spectral range concerned (typically the visible range). In fact, the various spectral components of the light beams collected on the object must be perfectly focused on the same focal surface Sf1 that constitutes the Fourier surface. By contrast, transverse chromatism poses no problem, as shown by FIGS. 5a and 5b. In fact, the light beams coming from the same angles of the object 1 can without difficulty be focused on the different points of the Fourier surface. This is shown schematically in FIG. 5a, which illustrates a detail of FIG. 4a for red (R), green (V) and blue (b) beams coming from three different angles of incidence. The position of the beams coming from the same angle of incidence on the surface of the object 1 can be different with no major drawback, because the additional spectral dispersion allows the contributions to be separated. This results merely in a different calibration of the pixel/angle correspondence on the imaging sensor for the various wavelengths analyzed, as shown in FIG. 5b.

[0081] The spectral analysis can be extended to other azimuths by adding a simultaneous rotation means of certain elements of the system. The elements of selection 204 and light dispersion 210 can be mounted in a rotationally fixed manner. It is thus possible to reconstruct the entire analysis zone by scanning. In fact, if the selection slit 204 and the dispersing element 210 are simultaneously rotated about the optical axis of the system, it is consecutively possible to achieve a real-time spectral analysis of an entire series of azimuths provided that the pixel/angle and wavelength dependency for each position of the two elements in question have been correctly calibrated. A spectral analysis of the entire angular aperture of the emissive object can thus be achieved rapidly and with a high angular resolution.

[0082] Clearly, the invention is not limited to the embodiments that have just been described, and many modifications can be made to these embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Moreover, the different characteristics, forms, variations and embodiments of the invention can be associated with one another according to different combinations provided that they are not incompatible with or exclusive of one another.