One-Off Fertilization Method Suitable for Winter Wheat in Areas with Less Rainfall in Spring

Abstract

A one-off fertilization method suitable for winter wheat in areas with less rainfall in spring includes the following steps: (1) carrying out, on a flat wheat block which is suitable for mechanized operations and after the harvest of preceding crops, a deep ploughing or a subsoiling in combination with a rotary tillage and a one-off fertilization for land preparation, without involving any top dressing in a later stage; and (2) carrying out a seeding operation by a wheat seeder, wherein for nitrogen fertilizer, according to the nitrogen release period of a controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, one of the following application modes is determined: applying a polyurethane-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer alone or a water-based resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer special for winter wheat alone; or applying a water-based resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer special for winter wheat in combination with 20% to 30% of a polyurethane-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer.

Claims

1. A one-off fertilization method for winter wheat in areas with less rainfall in spring, comprising the following steps: (1) on a flat wheat block suitable for mechanized operations and after a harvest of preceding crops, carrying out a deep ploughing or a subsoiling in combination with a rotary tillage and a one-off fertilization for land preparation, without involving any top dressing in a later stage; and (2) carrying out a seeding operation by a wheat seeder, wherein a fertilizer of the one-off fertilization comprises a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, and a potassium fertilizer, for the nitrogen fertilizer, according to a nitrogen release period of a controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, one of the following application modes is determined, and percentages are based on a total input of pure nitrogen: a. applying a polyurethane-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer alone; b. applying a water-based resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer special for wheat alone; c. applying a water-based resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer special for wheat in combination with 20% to 30% of a polyurethane-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer; or d. applying a thermoplastic or thermosetting resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer in combination with 10% to 40% of a quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer; the phosphate fertilizer is one selected from the group consisting of a monoammonium phosphate fertilizer, a diammonium phosphate fertilizer, a superphosphate fertilizer and a triple superphosphate fertilizer; and the potassium fertilizer is a potassium chloride fertilizer or a potassium sulfate fertilizer; wherein the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer, and the potassium fertilizer are all in a form of granules; and applied amounts of the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer, and the potassium fertilizer are as follows: for a wheat field with a high soil fertility, wherein a plough layer depth is equal to or more than 20 cm, a soil organic matter content for 0-20 cm of soil layer is equal to or more than 2.0%, a total nitrogen content is equal to or more than 0.125%, a alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content is equal to or more than 120 mg/kg, a quick-acting phosphorus content is equal to or more than 30 mg/kg, a quick-acting potassium content is equal to or more than 150 mg/kg and a pH is 6.0-8.0: applying 240-300 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 of the nitrogen fertilizer (in pure N), 135-180 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 of the phosphate fertilizer (in P.sub.2O.sub.5), and 105-150 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 of the potassium fertilizer (in K.sub.2O); for a wheat field with a medium soil fertility, wherein, a plough layer depth is 15-20 cm, a soil organic matter content for 0-20 cm of soil layer is 1.5%-2.0%, a total nitrogen content is 0.10%-0.125%, a alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content is 90-120 mg/kg, a quick-acting phosphorus content is 20-30 mg/kg, a quick-acting potassium content is 100-150 mg/kg, and a pH is 8.0-8.5 or 5.5-6.0: applying 180-240 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 of the nitrogen fertilizer (in pure N), 105-135 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 of the phosphate fertilizer (in P.sub.2O.sub.5), and 75-105 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 of the potassium fertilizer (in K.sub.2O); and for a wheat field with a low soil fertility, wherein a plough layer depth is equal to or less than 15 cm, a soil organic matter content for 0-20 cm of soil layer is equal to or less than 1.5%, a total nitrogen content is equal to or less than 0.10%, an alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content is equal to or less than 90 mg/kg, a quick-acting phosphorus content is equal to or less than 20 mg/kg, a quick-acting potassium content is equal to or less than 100 mg/kg, and a pH is 8.5-9.0 or 5.0-5.5: applying 120-180 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 of the nitrogen fertilizer (in pure N), 75-105 kg ha.sup.−1 of the phosphate fertilizer (in P.sub.2O.sub.5), and 45-75 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 of the potassium fertilizer (in K.sub.2O).

2. The one-off fertilization method for the winter wheat according to claim 1, wherein the polyurethane-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer in the step (2) meets the following requirements: an initial release rate of nitrogen is equal to or less than 12%, a cumulative nutrient release rate within 28 days is equal to or less than 75%, a cumulative nutrient release rate in the nitrogen release period is equal to or more than 80%, and a release period of nitrogen nutrients is equal to or more than 60 days.

3. The one-off fertilization method for winter wheat according to claim 1, wherein the water-based resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer special for the winter wheat in the step (2) meets the following requirements: an initial release rate of nitrogen is equal to or less than 12%, a cumulative nutrient release rate within 28 days is equal to or less than 75%, and a cumulative nutrient release rate in the nitrogen release period is equal to or more than 80%; and if the nitrogen release period is equal to or more than 60 days, the fertilizer special for the winter wheat is applied alone; and if the nitrogen release period is more than 28 days, the fertilizer special for the winter wheat is applied in combination with 20% to 30% of the polyurethane-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer.

4. The one-off fertilization method for the winter wheat according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic or thermosetting resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer in the step (2) meets the following requirements: an initial release rate of nitrogen is equal to or less than 12%, a cumulative nutrient release rate within 28 days is equal to or less than 75%, and a cumulative nutrient release rate in a nitrogen release period is equal to or more than 80%; and if the nitrogen release period of the fertilizer of a product is more than 120 days, the product is applied in combination with 30% to 40% of a quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer; and if the nitrogen release period of the fertilizer of the product is equal to or less than 120 days, the product is applied in combination with 10% to 30% of a quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer.

5. The one-off fertilization method for the winter wheat according to claim 1, wherein the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is a common urea fertilizer with a nitrogen content equal to or more than 46%, a monoammonium phosphate fertilizer with a nitrogen content equal to or more than 12%, or a diammonium phosphate fertilizer with a nitrogen content equal to or more than 18%.

6. The one-off fertilization method for the winter wheat according to claim 1, wherein the method for the seeding operation is as follows: the wheat seeder in the step (2) is hung on a tractor and is operated with a traction of the tractor; furrows are made by a furrow opener, wherein the furrow opener is connected to a seed tank of the wheat seeder; seeds fall into the furrows having a depth of 2 cm to 4 cm, and a pressing operation is performed by press wheels immediately after seed falling.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0037] The present invention is further described by but not limited to the following embodiments. In these embodiments, the polyurethane-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer is produced by Shandong Maoshi Ecological Fertilizer Co., Ltd.; the water-based resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and the thermoplastic or thermosetting resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer are produced by Shandong Kingenta Ecological Engineering Co., Ltd.

[0038] All “%” in the embodiments refer to mass percentages.

Embodiment 1

[0039] A one-off fertilization method suitable for winter wheat in areas with less rainfall in spring, the method comprising the following steps:

[0040] (1) carrying out, on a flat wheat block which is suitable for mechanized operations and after the harvest of preceding crops, a subsoiling in combination with a rotary tillage for land preparation, wherein the required fertilizers are evenly distributed on the soil surface before the rotary tillage and are evenly mixed with the soil during the rotary tillage which achieves a depth of 15 cm, without involving any top dressing in a later stage; and

[0041] (2) carrying out a seeding operation by a wheat seeder, wherein the following fertilizers can be selected: a polyurethane controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer with ≥60 days of the release period of nitrogen nutrients, a triple superphosphate fertilizer as the phosphate fertilizer and a granular potassium chloride fertilizer as the potassium fertilizer;

[0042] for a wheat field with a high soil fertility, apply 270 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 (in pure N) of the nitrogen fertilizer, 135 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 (in P.sub.2O.sub.5) of the phosphate fertilizer, and 112.5 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 (in K.sub.2O) of the potassium fertilizer.

[0043] The method for the mechanical seeding operation is as follows: the wheat seeder is hung on a tractor and is operated with the traction of the tractor on the field for which the rotary tillage has done, wherein furrows made by a seed furrow opener have a depth of 3.5 cm, and a pressing operation is performed by press wheels immediately after seeding.

Embodiment 2

[0044] A one-off fertilization method suitable for winter wheat in areas with less rainfall in spring, the method comprising the following steps:

[0045] (1) carrying out, on a flat wheat block which is suitable for mechanized operations and after the harvest of preceding crops, a subsoiling in combination with a rotary tillage for land preparation, wherein the required fertilizers are evenly distributed on the soil surface before the rotary tillage and are evenly mixed with the soil during the rotary tillage which achieves a depth of 12 cm, without involving any top dressing in a later stage; and

[0046] (2) carrying out a seeding operation by a wheat seeder, wherein the following fertilizers can be selected: a water-based resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer special for wheat with >28 days of the nitrogen release period, in combination with 30% (mass percent) of the polyurethane-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer with ≥60 days of the release period of nitrogen nutrients, a triple superphosphate fertilizer as the phosphate fertilizer and a granular potassium chloride fertilizer as the potassium fertilizer;

[0047] for a wheat field with a low soil fertility, apply 180 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 (in pure N) of the nitrogen fertilizer, 90 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 (in P.sub.2O.sub.5) of the phosphate fertilizer, and 60 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 (in K.sub.2O) of the potassium fertilizer.

[0048] The method for the mechanical seeding operation is as follows: the wheat seeder is hung on a tractor and is operated with the traction of the tractor on the field for which the rotary tillage has done, wherein furrows made by a seed furrow opener have a depth of 3 cm, and a pressing operation is performed by press wheels immediately after seeding.

Embodiment 3

[0049] A one-off fertilization method suitable for winter wheat in areas with less rainfall in spring, the method comprising the following steps:

[0050] (1) carrying out, on a flat wheat block which is suitable for mechanized operations and after the harvest of preceding crops, a deep ploughing in combination with a rotary tillage for land preparation, wherein the required fertilizers are evenly distributed on the soil surface before the deep ploughing and are evenly mixed with the soil during the deep ploughing which achieves a depth of 25 cm, and then performing the rotary tillage, without involving any top dressing in a later stage; and

[0051] (2) carrying out a seeding operation by a wheat seeder, wherein

[0052] the following fertilizers can be selected: a water-based resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer special for wheat with ≥60 days of the release period of nitrogen, a superphosphate fertilizer as the phosphate fertilizer, and a granular potassium sulfate fertilizer as the potassium fertilizer;

[0053] for a wheat field with a medium soil fertility, apply 225 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 (in pure N) of the nitrogen fertilizer, 105 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 (in P.sub.2O.sub.5) of the phosphate fertilizer, and 90 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 (in K.sub.2O) of the potassium fertilizer.

[0054] The method for the mechanical seeding operation is as follows: the wheat seeder is hung on a tractor and is operated with the traction of the tractor on the field for which the deep ploughing and the rotary tillage have done, wherein furrows made by a seed furrow opener have a depth of 2 cm, and a pressing operation is performed by press wheels immediately after seeding.

Embodiment 4

[0055] A one-off fertilization method suitable for winter wheat in areas with less rainfall in spring, the method comprising the following steps:

[0056] (1) carrying out, on a flat wheat block which is suitable for mechanized operations and after the harvest of preceding crops, a deep ploughing in combination with a rotary tillage for land preparation, wherein the required fertilizers are evenly distributed on the soil surface before the deep ploughing and are evenly mixed with the soil during the deep ploughing which achieves a depth of 20 cm, and then performing the rotary tillage, without involving any top dressing in a later stage; and

[0057] (2) carrying out a seeding operation by a wheat seeder, wherein the following fertilizers can be selected: a thermoplastic resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer with >120 days of the nitrogen release period of the product, in combination with 35% (in pure nitrogen, that is, nitrogen in the urea nitrogen fertilizer and the diammonium phosphate fertilizer accounts for 35% of total nitrogen applied) of a quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer (composed of a diammonium phosphate fertilizer and a urea fertilizer), a diammonium phosphate fertilizer as the phosphate fertilizer and a granular potassium chloride fertilizer as the potassium fertilizer;

[0058] for a wheat field with a high soil fertility, apply 240 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 (in pure N) of the nitrogen fertilizer, 135 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 (in P.sub.2O.sub.5) of the phosphate fertilizer, and 105 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 (in K.sub.2O) of the potassium fertilizer.

[0059] The method for the mechanical seeding operation is as follows: the wheat seeder is hung on a tractor and is operated with the traction of the tractor on the field for which the deep ploughing and the rotary tillage have done, wherein furrows made by a seed furrow opener have a depth of 3.5 cm, and a pressing operation is performed by press wheels immediately after seeding.

[0060] The beneficial effects of the present invention are described by but not limited to the following experimental examples.

Experimental Example 1

[0061] A comparative experiment was performed between the one-off fertilization method suitable for winter wheat in areas with less rainfall in spring of embodiment 1 and the local traditional fertilization method which applies the same amount of phosphorus and potassium nutrients and a 15%-reduced amount of the nitrogen nutrients compared to that in the one-off fertilization method. The comparative experiment was conducted in two sites, Dezhou and Tai'an of Shandong province from 2014 to 2015. For the traditional fertilization method, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were derived from compound fertilizers and urea fertilizers (the compound fertilizers were used as base fertilizers and were applied before seeding; land preparation was carried out by means of a sub soiling and a rotary tillage; in the jointing stage in spring, urea fertilizers were applied and then irrigation was conducted; and the ratio of basal fertilizer to top dressing of nitrogen fertilizers was 3:7), and after the fertilization and the land preparation, the seeding was carried out, wherein furrows were made by a seed-furrow opener and had a depth of 3.5 cm. Other field management and operations were consistent between the one-off fertilization and the traditional fertilization. Table 1 showed the comparative analysis for nutrient input, labor input, average yield, benefit, and the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer between the two test sites.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Comparison between the one-off fertilization method and the traditional fertilization method for winter wheat Utilization efficiency Number of Wheat Net of Nitrogen labors grain income nitrogen input (person .Math. yield (yuan .Math. fertilizer (kg .Math. ha.sup.−1) ha.sup.−1) (kg .Math. ha.sup.−1) ha.sup.−1) (%) Traditional 318 45 8980 11305 28.5 fertilization method One-off 270 30 9130 13425 35.6 fertilization method

[0062] It could be seen from table 1 that compared with the traditional fertilization method, the one-off fertilization method for winter wheat increased the wheat gain yield by 1.7% where the nitrogen input was reduced by 15%, and was capable of maintaining stable yield. Moreover, in terms of labor saving and net income increasing, the one-off fertilization method was obviously superior to the traditional fertilization method with average 15 labors saved per hectare and a 2120 yuan increased in net income per hectare; in addition, the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers of the one-off fertilization method was 7.1% higher than that of the traditional fertilization method. Therefore, the one-off fertilization method had obvious advantages.

Experimental Example 2

[0063] The one-off fertilization method suitable for winter wheat in areas with less rainfall in spring of embodiment 2 was used, and an experiment was conducted in 8 typical counties or cities in the middle areas, southwest and middle south of Shandong province from 2014 to 2015. For the traditional fertilization method, the input of each pure nutrient was the same as that in embodiment 2; the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were derived from compound fertilizers and urea fertilizers (the compound fertilizers were used as base fertilizers and were applied before seeding; land preparation was carried out by means of a subsoiling and a rotary tillage; in the returning green stage in spring, urea fertilizers were applied and then irrigation was conducted; and the ratio of basal fertilizer to top dressing of nitrogen fertilizers was 4:6), and after the fertilization and the land preparation, the seeding was carried out, wherein furrows were made by a seed-furrow opener and had a depth of 3 cm. Other field management and operations were consistent between the one-off fertilization and the traditional fertilization. Table 2 showed the comparative analysis for average yield, cost-effectiveness, nutrient utilization efficiency, and nutrient loss among all test sites.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Comparison between the one-off fertilization method and the traditional fertilization method for winter wheat Utilization Net efficiency Nitrate Wheat Input cost income of nitrogen nitrogen grain yield (yuan .Math. (yuan .Math. fertilizer loss (N (kg .Math. ha.sup.−1) ha.sup.−1) ha.sup.−1) (%) kg .Math. ha.sup.−1) Traditional 5865 7460 5443.0 29.2 9.90 fertilization method One-off 6172 7080 6498.4 34.3 7.65 fertilization method

[0064] It could be seen from table 2 that compared with the traditional fertilization method, the one-off fertilization method for winter wheat increased the wheat gain yield by 5.23%. Moreover, in terms of cost saving and benefit increasing, the one-off fertilization method was obviously superior to the traditional fertilization with an average 1055.4 yuan increase in income per hectare, a 5.1% increase in nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and a 22.7% reduction in nitrate nitrogen loss. Therefore, the one-off fertilization method had obvious technical advantages.

Experimental Example 3

[0065] The one-off fertilization method suitable for winter wheat in areas with less rainfall in spring of embodiment 3 was used, and an experiment was conducted in 3 counties or cities including Tai'an, Longkou and Dezhou of Shandong Province from 2012 to 2013. For the traditional fertilization method, the input of each nutrient was the same as that in embodiment 3; the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were derived from compound fertilizers and urea fertilizers (the compound fertilizers were used as base fertilizers and were applied before seeding; land preparation was carried out by means of a deep ploughing in combination with a rotary tillage; in the erecting stage in spring, urea fertilizers were applied and then irrigation is conducted; and the ratio of basal fertilizer to top dressing of nitrogen fertilizers was 5:5), and after the fertilization and the land preparation, the seeding was carried out, wherein furrows were made by a seed-furrow opener and had a depth of 2 cm. Other field management and operations were consistent between the one-off fertilization and the traditional fertilization. Table 3 showed the comparative analysis for the seedling emergence, population composition, and average wheat grain yield among the three test sites.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Comparison between the one-off fertilization method and the traditional fertilization method for winter wheat Number of Grain spikes number Thousand Wheat Emer- (10,000 per spike grain grain gence spikes .Math. (grain/ weight yield rate (%) ha.sup.−1) spike) (g) (kg .Math. ha.sup.−1) Traditional 92.3 577.5 34.1 38.8 6494.7 fertilization method One-off 95.8 593.5 34.3 39.0 6748.4 fertilization method

[0066] It could be seen from table 3 that the one-off fertilization method for winter wheat had significant advantages over the traditional fertilization method in terms of emergence rate and the number of spikes. As for the grain number per spike and the thousand grain weight, although the top dressing of nitrogen was not applied in any later stage, they were comparable to those in the traditional fertilization method. Thus, the one-off fertilization method achieved a 253.7 kg.Math.ha.sup.−1 increase in final average yield, i.e., an increase rate of 3.9%, and had obvious effects.

Experimental Example 4

[0067] The one-off fertilization method suitable for winter wheat in areas with less rainfall in spring of embodiment 4 was used, and an experiment was conducted in 5 typical counties or cities including Dingtao, Yuncheng, Tengzhou, Daiyue and Huantai of Shandong Province from 2013 to 2014 and from 2014 to 2015. For the traditional fertilization method, the input of each nutrient was the same as that in embodiment 4; the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were derived from compound fertilizers and urea fertilizers (the compound fertilizers were used as base fertilizers and were applied before seeding; land preparation was carried out by means of a deep ploughing in combination with a rotary tillage; in the early jointing stage in spring, urea fertilizers were applied and then irrigation was conducted; and the ratio of basal fertilizer to top dressing of nitrogen fertilizers was 5:5), and after the fertilization and the land preparation, the seeding was carried out, wherein furrows were made by a seed-furrow opener and had a depth of 3.5 cm. Other field management and operations were consistent between the one-off fertilization and the traditional fertilization. The average yield, cost-effectiveness, nutrient utilization efficiency, and nutrient loss were compared as follows.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Comparison between the one-off fertilization method and the traditional fertilization method for winter wheat Utilization efficiency Wheat Net of Nitrate grain income nitrogen nitrogen yield Input cost (yuan .Math. fertilizer loss (N (kg .Math. ha.sup.−1) (yuan .Math. ha.sup.−1) ha.sup.−1) (%) kg .Math. ha.sup.−1) Traditional 8330 7540 10786 28.6 6.75 fertilization method One-off 8520 6840 11904 33.5 4.80 fertilization method

[0068] It could be seen from table 4 that compared with the traditional fertilization method, the one-off fertilization method for winter wheat, although had no significant increase in wheat grain yield, in terms of input cost saving and benefit increasing, it was obviously superior to the traditional fertilization with an average 1118 yuan increase in income per hectare, a 4.9% increase in nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and a 28.9% reduction in nitrate nitrogen loss, as well as a relatively small pollution threat to the groundwater. Therefore, the one-off fertilization method had obvious technical effects.