Production of reactive oxidative species by photocat alytic activation of chlorine (I) under ultraviolet/visible light/near infrared irradiation

Abstract

A system to produce reactive oxidative species in a fluid medium containing a source of Cl(I) by irradiating a solid photocatalyst suspended in the fluid medium or residing on a surface that is contactable by the fluid with electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic radiation can be in the UV, near-UV, visible, or near-IR consistent with the photocatalyst employed. The source of Cl(I) in certain embodiments is Cl.sub.2, HOCl, or H.sub.2NCl. The photocatalyst is g-C.sub.3N.sub.4, TiO.sub.2, BBiOBr, or any other solid insoluble photocatalyst.

Claims

1. A system for reactive oxidative species production, comprising: a source of Cl(I); a solid photocatalyst; a source of electromagnetic radiation; and a fluid medium, wherein the fluid medium contains the source of Cl(I), and wherein the fluid medium is in direct contact with the solid photocatalyst, wherein the solid photocatalyst comprises g-C.sub.3N.sub.4, BBiOBr, TiO.sub.2/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4, Cu.sub.2(OH)PO.sub.4, or any combination thereof.

2. The system for reactive oxidative species production according to claim 1, wherein the source of Cl(I) comprises Cl.sub.2, NH.sub.2Cl, HOCl, or any combination thereof.

3. The system for reactive oxidative species production according to claim 1, wherein the solid photocatalyst comprises g-C.sub.3N.sub.4, Cu.sub.2(OH)PO.sub.4, or any combination thereof.

4. The system for reactive oxidative species production according to claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic radiation is ultraviolet, near-ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, or any combination thereof.

5. The system for reactive oxidative species production according to claim 1, further comprising a source of oxygen.

6. The system for reactive oxidative species production according to claim 1, wherein the source of the electromagnetic radiation comprises one or more lamps, one or more light emitting diodes (LED), sunlight, or any combination thereof.

7. The system for reactive oxidative species production according to claim 1, wherein the fluid medium comprises water, an aqueous solution, or an aqueous suspension.

8. The system for reactive oxidative species production according to claim 1, wherein the system is a water decontamination and/or disinfection system.

9. The system for reactive oxidative species production according to claim 1, wherein the system is an air purification system.

10. The system for reactive oxidative species production according to claim 1, wherein the system is a mold prevention and/or removal system.

11. The system for reactive oxidative species production according to claim 1, wherein the system is an organic chemical reactor.

12. A method of forming reactive oxidative species, comprising: providing the system according to claim 1; combining the fluid medium and the source of Cl(I) into a mixture; contacting the mixture with the solid photocatalyst; and irradiating the solid photocatalyst with electromagnetic radiation.

13. A method of forming reactive oxidative species, comprising: providing a system for reactive oxidative species production, the comprising: a source of Cl(I); a solid photocatalyst; a source of electromagnetic radiation; and a fluid medium, wherein the fluid medium contains the source of Cl(I), and wherein the fluid medium is in direct contact with the solid photocatalyst; combining the fluid medium and the source of Cl(I) into a mixture; contacting the mixture with the solid photocatalyst; and irradiating the solid photocatalyst with electromagnetic radiation, wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises visible light and the solid photocatalyst comprises g-C.sub.3N.sub.4, BBiOBr, or Cu.sub.2(OH)PO.sub.4.

14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises ultraviolet light and the photocatalyst comprises TiO.sub.2.

15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the source of Cl(I) comprises Cl.sub.2, NH.sub.2Cl, HOCl or any combination thereof.

16. The method according to claim 12, wherein irradiating the solid photocatalyst comprises irradiating the solid surface suspended in the fluid medium or residing on a surface.

17. The method according to claim 12, wherein the fluid medium is water, and wherein combining the fluid medium and the source of Cl(I) into a mixture comprises dissolving the source of Cl(I) in the water.

18. The method according to claim 13, wherein the source of Cl(I) comprises Cl.sub.2, NH.sub.2Cl, HOCl or any combination thereof.

19. The method according to claim 13, wherein irradiating the solid photocatalyst comprises irradiating the solid surface suspended in the fluid medium or residing on a surface.

20. The method according to claim 13, wherein the fluid medium is water, and wherein combining the fluid medium and the source of Cl(I) into a mixture comprises dissolving the source of Cl(I) in the water.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows a plot of CBZ degradation under combination of factors where: pH=7.0, [CBZ].sub.0=2.0 μM, [g-C.sub.3N.sub.4]=1.0 g/L, [Chlorine].sub.0=5.0 mg/L as Cl.sub.2.

(2) FIG. 2A shows composite plots of CBZ degradation for various g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 quantities at: pH=7.0, [CBZ].sub.0=2.0 μM, [Chlorine].sub.0=2.0 mg/L as Cl.sub.2.

(3) FIG. 2B shows bar charts for the apparent rate constant for various g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 quantities at: pH=7.0, [CBZ].sub.0=2.0 μM, [Chlorine].sub.0=2.0 mg/L as Cl.sub.2.

(4) FIG. 3A shows composite plots of CBZ degradation for various initial Cl.sub.2 concentrations at: pH=7.0, [CBZ].sub.0=2.0 μM, [g-C.sub.3N.sub.4]=1.0 g/L.

(5) FIG. 3B shows a bar chart for the apparent rate constant for various initial Cl.sub.2 concentrations at: pH=7.0, [CBZ].sub.0=2.0 μM, [g-C.sub.3N.sub.4]=1.0 g/L.

(6) FIG. 4A shows composite plots of CBZ degradation for various radical scavengers at: pH=7.0, [CBZ].sub.0=2.0 μM, [g-C.sub.3N.sub.4]=1.0 g/L, [Chlorine].sub.0=2.0 mg/L as Cl.sub.2, [TBA]=[Sodium oxalate]=2.0 mM, [DO]≈0.5 mg/L.

(7) FIG. 4B shows a bar chart for the apparent rate constant for various radical scavengers at: pH=7.0, [CBZ].sub.0=2.0 μM, [g-C.sub.3N.sub.4]=1.0 g/L, [Chlorine].sub.0=2.0 mg/L as Cl.sub.2, [TBA]=[Sodium oxalate]=2.0 mM, [DO]≈0.5 mg/L.

(8) FIG. 5A shows composite plots of CBZ degradation by various combinations of components of Vis.sub.450/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4/chlorine at pH=7.0, [g-C.sub.3N.sub.4]=1.0 g/L, and [Chlorine].sub.0=5.0 mg/L as Cl.sub.2.

(9) FIG. 5B shows composite plots of CBZ degradation by various combinations of components of UV.sub.365/TiO.sub.2/chlorine at pH=7.0, [TiO.sub.2]=0.1 g/L, and [Chlorine].sub.0=5.0 mg/L as Cl.sub.2.

(10) FIG. 6 shows composite plots for degradation of CBZ in the presence of NH.sub.2Cl and g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 under visible light irradiation at: pH=7.0, [CBZ].sub.0=2.0 μM, [g-C.sub.3N.sub.4]=1.0 g/L, [NH.sub.2Cl].sub.0=5.0 mg/L as Cl.sub.2.

(11) FIG. 7A shows composite plots for degradation of different contaminates by the photocatalytic AOPs system Vis.sub.450/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4/chlorine at pH=7.0, [g-C.sub.3N.sub.4]=2.0 g/L, [Chlorine].sub.0=5.0 mg/L as Cl.sub.2.

(12) FIG. 7B shows composite plots for degradation of different contaminates by the photocatalytic AOPs system UV.sub.365/TiO.sub.2/chlorine at pH=7.0, [TiO.sub.2]=0.1 g/L, [Chlorine].sub.0=5.0 mg/L as Cl.sub.2.

(13) FIG. 8 shows a bar chart for the apparent rate constant for different photocatalysts under visible light irradiation at: pH=7.0, [CBZ].sub.0=2.0 μM, [photocatalyst]=1.0 g/L, [Chlorine].sub.0=5.0 mg/L as Cl.sub.2.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

(14) An embodiment of the invention is directed to the formation of reactive oxidative species by an AOP using photocatalysts that are activated by UV, visible and near infrared light. Various types of lamps, LEDs or sunlight can be used as the light source, where a suitable irradiation induces a photocatalyst to generate photoinduced species that activate chlorine. The activation of chlorine by this process can form various reactive oxidative species. The process activates chlorine using electrons, holes, and superoxide radicals that are generated after photocatalysts are activated by either UV or visible light or infrared. This activation produces larger amount of reactive oxidative species than the direct photolysis of chlorine under UV light and enables the activation of chlorine to form radicals by visible light or infrared radiation. The photocatalytic process forms a significant amount of electrons, holes, and superoxide radicals upon light irradiation using, singularly, or in combination: low cost, non-toxic, and stable visible light photocatalysts, such as, but not limited to, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C.sub.3N.sub.4); low cost, non-toxic, and stable UV light photocatalysts, such as, but not limited to, titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2); or low cost, non-toxic, and stable infrared photocatalysts, such as, but not limited to, Cu.sub.2(OH)PO.sub.4, which activates free chlorine under UV, visible light, and/or infrared irradiation. The process can be used in any application where a component of a fluid medium is transformed by a reactive oxidative species to, for example: degrade micro-pollutants, for example one of the most frequently detected recalcitrant micro-pollutants, carbamazepine (CBZ); disinfect pathogens in water or during post-harvesting processing of vegetables & fruits; sterilize molds; remove indoor air formaldehyde; remediate groundwater; and synthesize polymers.

(15) The activation of chlorine to produce reactive oxidative species is based on the reaction between the photo-induced species and HOCl/ClO.sup.−, which is an absolutely novel method to activate HOCl/ClO.sup.− to produce reactive oxidative species. The method produces larger amount of reactive oxidative species than the direct photolysis of chlorine under UV light. The method enables the activation of chlorine in water to form reactive radical species, including but not limited to hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, chlorine containing radicals, and singlet oxygen, under visible light or infrared, which is impossible for chlorine under direct visible light or infrared irradiation. In an embodiment of the invention, the photocatalytic process, where, rather than employing less powerful superoxide radicals, or low concentrations of reactive species, including but not limited to electrons, holes, and hydroxyl radicals, can utilize these reactive species to activate chlorine and produce larger amount and more powerful reactive radical species, including but not limited to hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, chlorine containing radicals, and singlet oxygen, in the fluid medium under either UV, visible light, or infrared irradiation.

(16) The process is less limited by the environmental factors, for example, the water matrices when water comprises the fluid medium. Generally, penetration of UV light is more difficult than visible light or near infrared light. Therefore, UV transmittance can highly affect the performance of the UV/Chlorine AOP system. Resistance to light penetration is less for visible light or near infrared light. One example, which illustrates production of large amounts of strong radicals is the degradation of aqueous CBZ by vis/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4/chlorine and the degradation of aqueous CBZ and HCHO by near UV/TiO.sub.2/chlorine.

(17) FIG. 1 shows plots of CBZ degradation by the vis/chlorine, vis/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4, vis/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4/chlorine and dark/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4/chlorine processes over 30 minutes after the addition of 1.0 g/L g-C.sub.3N.sub.4, 5.0 mg/L free chlorine, and both. No CBZ degradation is achieved in the dark in the presence of g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 and chlorine. Over this period, about 10% CBZ degrades using visible light with chlorine or visible light with g-C.sub.3N.sub.4. In the same period, more than 80% of CBZ was degraded with visible light with the combination of g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 and chlorine, an apparent synergistic enhancement of CBZ degradation. The effects of g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 and free chlorine dosages on the CBZ degradation in the vis/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4/chlorine process are shown in FIGS. 2A-2B and 3A-3B, respectively. FIGS. 2A and 3A, the CBZ degradation in the vis/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4/chlorine process at different g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 and free chlorine dosages, respectively, follows pseudo-first order degradation kinetic. Their degradation rate constants are shown in FIGS. 2B and 3B. The CBZ degradation rate constants increase linearly 2.6 fold from 0.0291 to 0.0762 min.sup.−1 with an increasing g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 content of 4 fold from 0.5 to 2.0 g/L. However, the increase of the CBZ degradation rate constant is about 1.8 fold from 0.0350 to 0.0615 min.sup.−1 with increasing free chlorine content of 10 times fold from 0.5 to 5.0 mg/L. This comparison suggests that g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 content is the limiting factor in the vis/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4/chlorine process.

(18) FIG. 4A shows CBZ degradation kinetics by the vis/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4/chlorine process in the presence of various radical scavengers or at low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations to investigate the contributions of different reactive species to the synergistic enhancement. Tert-butanol (TBA) and sodium oxalate were used as a HO• and a hole scavenger, respectively. As shown in FIG. 4B, the degradation rate constants of CBZ decreased by 30.2% and 22.7% in the presence of TBA and sodium oxalate, indicating that both HO• and holes contributes to the synergistic enhancement in the degradation of CBZ. When the solution DO was reduced to 0.5 mg/L, the CBZ degradation rate constant decreased by 43.75%. This may be attributed to the lower concentrations of O.sub.2.sup.•− available in activating free chlorine to generate HO•, because the generation of O.sub.2.sup.•− from the reaction between O.sub.2 and photo-induced electrons is greatly inhibited under the low DO condition. However, the CBZ degradation rate constant at low DO concentration is still 3.4 times larger than that in the absence of free chlorine, suggesting that free chlorine may also be activated by photo-induced holes/electrons to form reactive radical species. Free chlorine in this case, comprise Cl.sup.(+1) chemicals, including, but not limited to, hypochlorite, hypochloric acid and dichlorine.

(19) In addition to or instead of g-C.sub.3N.sub.4, other photocatalysts, under the irradiation of the same or other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum may be used, including ultraviolet light, visible light and near infrared light, to activate free chlorine. The degradation of CBZ under UV irradiation of TiO.sub.2 at 365 nm and visible light irradiation of g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 at 450 nm were tested and the results are shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. The chlorine activation by g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 under 450 nm 5 W visible LED irradiation is shown in FIG. 5A, where no CBZ degradation occurs with irradiation of Vis.sub.450/chlorine with no catalyst, indicating that chlorine cannot be directly activated by 450 nm visible light. On the other hand, more than 80% of CBZ is degraded using the catalyzed Vis.sub.450/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4/chlorine process, which was four times more active than the Vis.sub.450/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 process lacking chlorine. This significant enhancement of CBZ degradation suggests activation of chlorine by g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 photocatalytic process. Similar enhancement occurs by the coupling chlorine with an UV.sub.365/TiO.sub.2 process. As shown in FIG. 5B, it takes about 240 s and 150 s to degrade 85% of CBZ by UV.sub.365/chlorine and UV.sub.365/TiO.sub.2 processes, respectively. In contrast 85% degradation occurs in 20 s using an UV.sub.365/TiO.sub.2/chlorine process.

(20) The degradation of CBZ using HOCl and monochloramine (NH.sub.2Cl) under visible light irradiation of g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 at 450 nm results in the enhanced degradation of CBZ. As indicated in FIG. 6, the Cl(I) containing species, NH.sub.2Cl, is activated by g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 under 450 nm 5 W visible LED irradiation.

(21) The photocatalytic chlorine activation process selectively degrades micro-pollutants. For example, the degradation of CBZ, NB and BA under UV irradiation of TiO.sub.2 at 365 nm, and the degradation of HCHO and CBZ under visible light irradiation of g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 at 450 nm are shown in FIG. 7A, selectively degrades different compounds. The Vis.sub.450/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4/chlorine process shows the highest reactivity towards CBZ, follows by NB and BA. The UV.sub.365/TiO.sub.2/chlorine process also displays higher reactivity towards CBZ than HCHO, as shown in FIG. 7B.

(22) The photocatalysts used in the photocatalytic chlorine activation process is not limited to metal oxide based photocatalyst, such as TiO.sub.2, or non-metal based photocatalyst, such as g-C.sub.3N.sub.4. As shown in FIG. 8, other photocatalysts, such as boron based photocatalyst BBiOBr and BBiOBr(CTAB), and z-scheme based photocatalyst such as g-C.sub.3N.sub.4/TiO.sub.2, initiate the photocatalytic chlorine activation process, and enhance the activation process.

(23) All publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.

(24) It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and/or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.