MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND MODULAR GEOTECHNICAL TESTING DEVICE

Abstract

A multifunctional and modular geotechnical testing device for testing a soil sample is provided. The testing device includes a testing cell, a plurality of needle probes, and a plurality of lateral pressure-measuring sensors. The testing cell has an oedometer ring for accommodating the soil sample, with a plurality of holes located on and angularly distributed over an internal lateral surface of the oedometer ring forming a plurality of channels to access the soil sample from outside. The plurality of needle probes, each configured to house a pore water pressure-measuring sensor, is detachably mountable to the plurality of channels from outside for simultaneously measuring the pore water pressures. The plurality of lateral pressure-measuring sensors is removably attachable to an inner peripheral side of the testing cell for measuring lateral pressures of the soil sample.

Claims

1. A multifunctional and modular geotechnical testing device for testing a soil sample, the testing device comprising: a testing cell comprising an oedometer ring for accommodating the soil sample, the oedometer ring including a plurality of holes located on and angularly distributed over an internal lateral surface of the oedometer ring, the plurality of holes forming a plurality of channels to access the soil sample from outside the oedometer ring for measuring pore water pressures at plural selected angles of the oedometer ring; and a plurality of needle probes detachably mountable to the plurality of channels from outside the oedometer ring, the plurality of needle probes being configured to simultaneously measure the pore water pressures at the selected angles of the oedometer ring for avoiding adverse effects due to time-lag when compared to sequential measurements of the pore water pressures, wherein the plurality of needle probes is configured to house a plurality of pore water pressure-measuring sensors used for performing simultaneous measurement of the pore water pressures.

2. The testing device of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of lateral pressure-measuring sensors removably attachable to an inner peripheral side of the testing cell, the plurality of lateral pressure-measuring sensors being arranged to be located at plural selected locations of the inner peripheral side of the testing cell for measuring lateral pressures of the soil sample at the selected locations when the plurality of lateral pressure-measuring sensors is immersed in the soil sample.

3. The testing device of claim 1, wherein an individual needle probe is accessible to the soil sample through a respective hole for measuring a corresponding pore water pressure present at the respective hole, the individual needle probe comprising: a barrel for filling with de-aired water; a tube insertable into the respective hole, the tube being coupled to the barrel for receiving the de-aired water such that the de-aired water is accessible to the soil sample; a plunger coupled to the barrel for pushing the de-aired water forward to fill up the individual needle probe so as to remove air bubbles from the individual needle probe, causing the de-aired water to be pressurized from the pore water; and a sensor holder configured to receive a respective pore water pressure-measuring sensor and position the respective pore water pressure-measuring sensor into the barrel, allowing the respective pore water pressure-measuring sensor to measure the corresponding pore water pressure.

4. The testing device of claim 3 further comprising: the plurality of pore water pressure-measuring sensors for measuring the pore water pressures at the selected angles of the oedometer ring.

5. The testing device of claim 3, wherein the plurality of pore water pressure-measuring sensors and the plurality of lateral pressure-measuring sensors use pressure-measuring sensors of a same type.

6. The testing device of claim 3, wherein the individual needle probe further comprises: a stiff O-ring positioned at an end of the plunger and used as a plunger stopper for sealing the individual needle probe, thereby preventing the de-aired water from flowing out or air from flowing into the individual needle probe.

7. The testing device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of holes is substantially-evenly distributed angularly over the internal lateral surface of the oedometer ring.

8. The testing device of claim 7, wherein the plurality of holes consists of three holes.

9. The testing device of claim 1, wherein an individual hole comprises a channel and a large-diameter end for placing of filter materials to avoid clogging.

10. The testing device of claim 1, wherein the testing cell further comprises: a top flange for holding the oedometer ring in position and preventing any external interference that potentially changes boundaries and loading conditions of the soil sample.

11. The testing device of claim 1, wherein the testing cell further comprises a cutting tool mountable on the oedometer ring for trimming the soil sample to be used in testing.

12. The testing device of claim 11, wherein the cutting tool is made of stainless steel.

13. The testing device of claim 11, wherein the oedometer ring further includes a plurality of grooves configured to receive the cutting tool for securing the cutting tool to the oedometer ring.

14. The testing device of claim 3, wherein: the respective hole has a diameter greater than a diameter of the tube of the individual needle probe by at least 1 mm for avoiding clogging of soil particles; and the respective hole has a length at least 0.5 mm longer than a length of the tube for allowing filtering materials to be placed in the respective hole.

15. The testing device of claim 2, wherein: an individual lateral pressure-measuring sensor is a piezoresistive force sensor or a piezoelectric force sensor.

16. The testing device of claim 2, wherein: an individual lateral pressure-measuring sensor is coated with three or four polyurethane coatings and a super hydrophobic coating for waterproofing the individual lateral pressure-measuring sensor.

17. The testing device of claim 4, wherein: the respective pore water pressure-measuring sensor is a piezoresistive force sensor or a piezoelectric force sensor.

18. The testing device of claim 4, wherein: the respective pore water pressure-measuring sensor is coated with three or four polyurethane coatings and a super hydrophobic coating for waterproofing the respective pore water pressure-measuring sensor.

19. The testing device of claim 1, wherein the oedometer ring is cylindrical in shape such that the soil sample is in a form of disc.

20. The testing device of claim 1 further comprising: a stress-applying mechanism for applying a stress to the soil sample to compress the soil sample; and a displacement-measuring sensor for sensing a displacement made in compressing the soil sample.

21. The testing device of claim 20, wherein the displacement-measuring sensor is a dial gauge or a linear variable displacement transducer.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0042] The appended drawings contain figures to further illustrate and clarify the above and other aspects, advantages, and features of the present disclosure. It will be appreciated that these drawings depict only certain embodiments of the present disclosure and are not intended to limit its scope. It will also be appreciated that these drawings are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been depicted to scale. The present disclosure will now be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

[0043] FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram illustrating the multifunctional and modular geotechnical testing device in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0044] FIG. 2 depicts a side view of the testing cell in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0045] FIG. 3A depicts a perspective view of the top flange of the testing cell of FIG. 2;

[0046] FIG. 3B depicts a top view of the top flange of FIG. 3A;

[0047] FIG. 4A depicts a perspective view of the oedometer ring of the testing cell of FIG. 2;

[0048] FIG. 4B depicts a cross-sectional view of hole located on and angularly distributed over the internal lateral surface of the oedometer ring of FIG. 4A;

[0049] FIG. 4C depicts a side perspective view of the groove in the oedometer ring of FIG. 4A;

[0050] FIG. 4D depicts a side perspective view of the groove in the oedometer ring in accordance with certain alternative embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0051] FIG. 5 depicts a perspective view of the cutting tool of the testing cell of FIG. 2;

[0052] FIG. 6 depicts a perspective view of the needle probe in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0053] FIG. 7 depicts a perspective view of the plunger of the needle probe of FIG. 6;

[0054] FIG. 8 depicts a perspective view of the O-ring of the needle probe of FIG. 6;

[0055] FIG. 9 depicts a perspective view of the sensor holder housed in the needle probe of FIG. 6;

[0056] FIG. 10 depicts a perspective view of the pore water pressure-measuring sensor of the needle probe of FIG. 6;

[0057] FIG. 11 depicts a perspective view of the barrel of the needle probe of FIG. 6;

[0058] FIG. 12 depicts a perspective view of the tube adapter of the needle probe of FIG. 6; and

[0059] FIG. 13 is a photo of the testing device in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0060] The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the disclosure or its application and/or uses. It should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. The detailed description will enable those of ordinary skilled in the art to implement an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure without undue experimentation, and it is understood that various changes or modifications may be made in the function and structure described in the exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as set forth in the appended claims.

[0061] The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all of the claims. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.

[0062] Terms such as “upper”, “lower”, “inner”, “outer”, “top”, “bottom”, and variations thereof are used herein for ease of description to explain the positioning of an element, or the positioning of one element relative to another element, and are not intended to be limiting to a specific orientation or position. A vertical axis A is defined by the gravity as shown in FIG. 2, extending from the top of the testing cell 20 to the bottom of the testing cell 20. Furthermore, a longitudinal axis B that is substantially perpendicular to the vertical axis A is also defined.

[0063] The present disclosure generally relates to a multifunctional and modular geotechnical testing device for performing an all-purpose soil characterization. More specifically, but without limitation, the present disclosure relates to a testing device for testing a soil sample, which can be used to determine various kinds of soil properties of the soil sample.

[0064] The term “multifunctional” refers to a simultaneous measurement of various soil properties of geotechnical processes, for example, when conducting consolidation, shearing, wetting-and-drying, cementation, etc. It is the objective of the present disclosure to provide a more reliable, representative, and comparable information on the soil properties.

[0065] The term “modular” refers to various kinds of sensing modules that can be customized and utilized interchangeably for characterizing the soil properties. This is particularly essential for providing a testing platform suitable for executing various measurements of the soil sample in one test. In other words, the entire testing device is designed as a plug-and-play tool. Various kinds of sensing modules, such as pressure-based sensors, electromagnetic wave-based sensing system, and image-based measurement devices, can be easily installed and replaced according to the experimental need and requirement.

[0066] As conceptually illustrated in FIG. 1, the present disclosure provides a novel geotechnical testing device, which is generally designated as 10, for testing a soil sample during consolidation. In certain embodiments, the testing device 10 is named as U-oedometer and configured to determine soil properties by performing simultaneous determination of c.sub.v, k and K.sub.0 during consolidation. In addition to the conventional settlement measurement, the testing device 10 augments the capabilities of conventional oedometer devices, i.e., renders pore water pressure and lateral pressure measurement for solving long-lasting problems in the determination of soil properties during consolidation. The testing device 10 comprises three parts, namely a testing cell 20, a pore water measuring system, and a lateral pressure measuring system. The testing cell 20 is arranged to accommodate the soil sample, which is the subject matter for testing. The pore water measuring system includes a plurality of needle probes 400 detachably mountable to the testing cell 20, each configured to house a pore water pressure-measuring sensor 440 for simultaneously measuring the pore water pressures. The lateral pressure measuring system includes a plurality of lateral pressure-measuring sensors 600 removably attachable to an inner peripheral side of the testing cell 20. Additionally, the testing device 10 may also include other conventional settlement measurement systems, such as a dial gauge and an LVDT.

[0067] The plurality of lateral pressure-measuring sensors 600 is arranged to be located at plural selected locations of the inner peripheral side of the testing cell 20 for measuring the lateral pressures of the soil sample at that selected locations when the plurality of lateral pressure-measuring sensors 600 is immersed in the soil sample. In certain embodiments, the lateral pressure-measuring sensor 600 is a piezoresistive force sensor or a piezoelectric force sensor. In one embodiment, the lateral pressure-measuring sensor 600 is a Flexiforce® sensor, which is a thin and flexible film-like piezoresistive force sensor. Flexiforce® sensor has a sensing range from 0 to 111N (equivalent to 0 to 1556 kPa), a sensing area of 9.53 mm in diameter, and a thickness of 0.203 mm. When a force is applied on the sensor, the output resistance changes, resulting in the varied output voltage measured corresponding to an applied force. It is apparent that the relative size between the soil particles and the sensing area could affect the measurement accuracy due to limited particles in contact with the sensor. The sensor can also be integrated into a force-to-voltage circuit, such that the sensor calibration can be established based on the applied force and output voltage.

[0068] In certain embodiments, waterproofing pre-treatment is applied to each of the plurality of lateral pressure-measuring sensors 600. As the plurality of lateral pressure-measuring sensors 600 is in direct contact to the soil sample, it is required to have at least a water repelling coating or layer thereon. The present disclosure provides a special coating for each individual lateral pressure-measuring sensor 600, comprising at least three polyurethane coatings and one outer layer of super hydrophobic coating. Preferably, each individual lateral pressure-measuring sensor 600 comprises three or four polyurethane coatings for making the lateral pressure-measuring sensor 600 waterproof. After the pre-treatment, each of the plurality of lateral pressure-measuring sensors 600 is calibrated for short-term static loading [10], which is required to first immerse into de-aired water in a sealed cubic box, followed by calibration by applying different pressure levels.

[0069] With reference to FIG. 2, the testing cell 20 comprises a top flange 100, an oedometer ring 200, and a cutting tool 300. In certain embodiments, the testing cell 20 is constructed by modifying the existing oedometer cell or settlement column, such that the testing cell 20 can be easily installed in and compatible with the conventional oedometer or other consolidation apparatuses for maximizing the potential usage. The oedometer is generally used for measuring the compression of a soil sample when the soil sample is subjected to a constant load or a stress. In one embodiment, the stress is applied to the soil sample from the top of the testing cell 20 along the vertical axis A to compress the soil sample.

[0070] As illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3B and discussed in greater detail below, the top flange 100 or rim structure is provided for holding the oedometer ring 200 in position and preventing any external interference that potentially changes the boundaries and loading conditions of the soil sample. The top flange 100 may include a center opening 120, one or more peripheral long holes 151, one or more handle knobs 130, and one or more mounting holes 152 arranged circumferentially around the center opening 120. As divided by the peripheral long holes 151 and the mounting holes 152, the flange 100 can be provided with an outer ring 110 and an inner ring 140. In certain embodiments, the one or more handle knobs 130 are arranged along the longitudinal axis B.

[0071] Referring to FIG. 4A, the oedometer ring 200 is a hollow column with an interior hollow space 201 for accommodating the soil sample. Therefore, the oedometer ring 200 is cylindrical in shape such that the soil sample is in a form of disc. Preferably, the diameter of the interior hollow space 201 is the same as the diameter of the center opening 120. The diameter of the interior hollow space 201 is approximately 70 mm and the oedometer ring 200 has a height of approximately 20 mm. It is apparent that the height of the oedometer ring 200 can be otherwise according to different testing requirements, and the shape may not be cylindrical in shape, for example, it can also be a rectangular column, an elliptical cylinder, a polygonal column, or any other shapes thereof. On the oedometer ring 200, there is a plurality of holes 220 located on and angularly distributed over an internal lateral surface 202 of the oedometer ring 200. In one embodiment, there are three holes 220 on the oedometer ring 200, while the three holes 220 are substantially-evenly distributed at 120 degrees apart over the internal lateral surface 202 of the oedometer ring 200. The plurality of holes 220 is preferably vertically positioned at or around the center of the internal lateral surface 202, thereby the holes 220 are used to determine the soil properties at the same depth to ensure an accurate measurement on a particular layer. In addition, the multiple measurements enhance fault-tolerance, where measurement of Δu can still be obtained even if any of the pore water pressure-measuring sensor 440 malfunction.

[0072] From the cross-sectional view of a particular hole in FIG. 4B, the plurality of holes 220 forms a plurality of channels 221 to access the soil sample from outside the oedometer ring 200 such that pore water pressures at plural selected angles of the oedometer ring 200 are measurable when the soil sample is mixed with pore water. The Δu during consolidation can be computed from the pole water pressure. To avoid clogging of the soil particles, the channel 221 of that particular hole is enlarged at the internal lateral surface 202 to form a large-diameter end 222 to allow placing of filter materials, such as filter papers and wire gauzes. In certain embodiments, the large-diameter end 222 is 3 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm in depth from the internal lateral surface 202 of the oedometer ring 200.

[0073] For connecting to the cutting tool 300, the oedometer ring 200 further comprises a plurality of grooves 212 configured to receive the cutting tool 300 for securing the cutting tool 300 to the oedometer ring 200. FIG. 4C shows a preferred configuration of a particular groove 212. On the upper end of the oedometer ring 200, there is a plurality of protruding blocks 211. In one embodiment, the protruding block 211 is curved with a center of curvature equivalent to the cross-sectional center of the oedometer ring 200. On the inner side of each protruding block 211, there is provided the groove 212 with a slot 213 connected thereto, thereby the cutting tool 300 can be locked to the oedometer ring 200 firmly. The slot 213 may be arranged in different angles to the groove 212 other than the illustrated embodiment for firmly secure the cutting tool 300 without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. In FIG. 4D, an alternative embodiment of the groove 212 is illustrated. The groove may also be provided on the inner lateral surface 202 of the oedometer ring 200 without a protruding block 211. Therefore, the groove 212 and the slot 213 are substantially a cut-out from the oedometer ring 200.

[0074] The cutting tool 300 is preferably made of stainless steel, titanium, high strength alloy, or the like. The cutting tool 300 is mountable on the oedometer ring 200 for trimming the soil sample to be used in testing. FIG. 5 provides an exemplary illustration of the cutting tool 300 in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure. The cutting tool 300 comprises a ring body 320 and a plurality of pins 310, wherein the plurality of pins 310 is circumferentially arranged, and substantially-evenly distributed angularly around the ring body 320. In certain embodiments, the plurality of pins 310 is distributed in the same manner angularly as the plurality of grooves 212 such that the plurality of grooves 212 can receive the plurality of pins 310 to secure the cutting tool 300 to the oedometer ring 200. The cutting tool 300 may further include cutting teeth, sharp ends, or other cutting structures on the ring body 320 for improving the efficiency when trimming the soil sample.

[0075] The testing device 10 of the present disclosure adopts the modular concept, various kinds of sensing modules can be mounted to the testing cell 20 for characterizing the soil properties of the soil sample. Advantageously, the plurality of needle probes 400 is detachably mountable to the plurality of channels 221 from outside the oedometer ring 200, for performing soil properties measurements. The plurality of needle probes 400 is configured to simultaneously measure the pore water pressures at the selected angles of the oedometer ring 200 for avoiding adverse effects due to time-lag when compared to sequential measurements of the pore water pressures. This allows the measured pore water pressures to be augmented to obtain a more-reliable measurement of pore water pressure of the soil sample. The plurality of needle probes 400 is configured to house a plurality of pore water pressure-measuring sensors 440 used for performing simultaneous measurement of the pore water pressures. An individual needle probe 400 is accessible to the soil sample through a respective hole 220, which has a diameter greater than the diameter of the tube 410 of the individual needle probe 400 by at least 1 mm for avoiding clogging of soil particles. The respective hole 220 has a length at least 0.5 mm longer than the length of the tube 410 for allowing filtering materials to be placed in the respective hole 220. Therefore, this configuration allows the individual needle probe 400 to measure a corresponding pore water pressure present at the respective hole 220, which can further be used to determine c.sub.v.

[0076] FIG. 6 depicts a perspective view of an individual needle probe 400 in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure. The needle probe 400 comprises a barrel 450, a plunger 430, and a sensor holder 440. The barrel is in a cylindrical shape for filling with de-aired water. The tube 410 is coupled to the barrel 450 for receiving the de-aired water such that the de-aired water is accessible to the soil sample. A valve 411 may be coupled to the tube 410 for controlling the flow of de-aired water. The needle probes 400 produce a pore water pressure measuring system of low volumetric compliance. The needle probe 400 can also mimic the structure of a syringe, which takes advantage of such design for effective removal of air bubbles.

[0077] The plunger 430 is illustrated in FIG. 7, which is coupled to the barrel 450 by placing a piston end 432 of the plunger 430 into the barrel 450 for pushing the de-aired water forward to fill up the individual needle probe 400. Therefore, the air bubbles from the individual needle probe 400 is removed, and the de-aired water is caused to be pressurized from the pore water. The other end of the plunger 430 is a handle end 431.

[0078] A stiff O-ring 460, as depicted in FIG. 8, is positioned at the piston end 432 of the plunger 430 and used as a plunger stopper for sealing the barrel 450 of the individual needle probe 400. The stiff O-ring 460 can prevent the de-aired water from flowing out or air from flowing into the individual needle probe 400.

[0079] The sensor holder 470 is shown in FIG. 9, which is configured to receive a respective pore water pressure-measuring sensor 440 of FIG. 10. The sensor holder 470 can properly position the respective pore water pressure-measuring sensor 440 into the barrel 450, allowing the respective pore water pressure-measuring sensor 440 to measure the corresponding pore water pressure. In certain embodiments, the sensor holder 470 is a curved member that can be connected to the barrel 450 for securing the respective pore water pressure-measuring sensor 440 in position. The sensor holder 470 has a curved protrusion 472 that can be inserted into the opening 451 of the barrel 450, with a narrow gap 471 thereon that can allow the respective pore water pressure-measuring sensor 440 to pass through. The narrow gap 471 may have a height of 0.5 mm and a width of 13 mm. Preferably, epoxy is used to seal the narrow gap 471 after installing the pore water pressure-measuring sensor 440 for preventing leakage. In certain embodiments, the sensor holder 470 is formed as an integral part of the barrel 450. In certain embodiments, the pore water pressure-measuring sensors 440 and the lateral pressure-measuring sensors 600 may be of the same type or of different types. Preferably, similar to the lateral pressure-measuring sensor 600, the pore water pressure-measuring sensor 440 is a piezoresistive force sensor or a piezoelectric force sensor. Preferably, the pore water pressure-measuring sensor 440 is also coated with three or four polyurethane coatings and a super hydrophobic coating for waterproofing the pore water pressure-measuring sensor 440. Similar calibration is also needed before installation.

[0080] In certain embodiments, the pore water pressure-measuring sensor 440 is a Flexiforce® sensor used to gauge Δu measurement. The use of this sensor can avoid deformation problem in the diaphragm of other conventional pressure transducers.

[0081] The barrel 450, according to certain embodiments, is illustrated in FIG. 11. The barrel 450 has a cylindrical tube 452 for filling with de-aired water, an opening 451 for the sensor holder 470 to mount thereon, a tip 454, and a plunger end 453. The wall of the lower part of the cylindrical tube 452 is thicker than the upper part for enhancing the rigidity of the needle probe 400 for installing the sensor holder 470. The plunger 430 is insertable into the barrel 450 from the plunger end 453. The tip 454 is an opposite end to the plunger end 453 longitudinally for discharging the de-aired water to the tube 410. In certain embodiments, the tip 454 and the tube 410 are connected using a tube adapter 420 of FIG. 12.

[0082] Before the needle probe 400 can be used, the barrel 450 is first saturated with de-aired water, followed by pushing the plunger 430 forward until water comes out from the tube 410 to ensure air bubbles are completely removed from the needle probe 400. The plunger 430 is then firmly fixed in position with stainless-steel bars and clamping nuts to avoid any unnecessary movement (deformation) when the water in the barrel 430 is pressurized during one-dimensional consolidation tests. FIG. 13 shows an experimental setup of soil consolidation in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure. A stress-applying mechanism 500 is provided in the testing device for applying a stress to the soil sample to compress the soil sample. A displacement-measuring sensor is also provided for sensing a displacement made in compressing the soil sample. In certain embodiments, the displacement-measuring sensor is a dial gauge or a linear variable displacement transducer.

[0083] The following setup is illustrating one possible implementation of the testing device for performing oedometer tests in accordance with certain embodiment of the present disclosure. The soil sample is first prepared for trimming and fitted into the testing cell 20. Before trimming, filter paper or wire gauze is placed at each of the plurality of holes 220 of the oedometer ring 200 to minimize the possibility of clogging by soil particles. Also, silicone grease may be applied on the inner part of the oedometer ring 200 to reduce the side friction. Afterward, the testing cell 20, with the trimmed soil sample, is installed on a loading frame of the oedometer device. Three 3D-printed needle probes 400 are connected to the three holes 220 of the oedometer ring 200 to measure the excess pore water pressure upon consolidation, and an LVDT is installed to measure the associated vertical displacement of the soil sample. Two lateral pressure-measuring sensors 600 are placed on the inner wall of the oedometer ring 200 to measure the horizontal stress.

[0084] This illustrates the multifunctional and modular geotechnical testing device for performing oedometer testing in accordance with the present disclosure. It will be apparent that variants of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be combined into many other devices. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the disclosure is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the preceding description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.

LIST OF REFERENCES

[0085] There follows a list of references that are occasionally cited in the specification. Each of the disclosures of these references is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. [0086] [1] Aldrich, H. P. 1951. Analysis of foundation stresses and settlements at the Hayden Library Harl Preslar Aldrich. Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusett Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., United States. [0087] [2] Al-Zoubi, M. S. 2008. Coefficient of consolidation by the slope method. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 31(6): 1-5. [0088] [3] Al-Zoubi, M. S. 2010. Consolidation analysis using the settlement rate-settlement (SRS) method. Applied Clay Science, 50: 34-40. [0089] [4] Al-Zoubi, M. S. 2014. Consolidation analysis by the modified slope method Geotechnical Testing Journal, 37(3): 540-547. [0090] [5] BS 1377. 1960. British standard methods of test for Soils for civil engineering purpose. Part 6. Consolidation and permeability tests in hydraulic cells and with pore pressure measurement. 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