On-load tap-changer control method, excitation control system carrying out said control method and power excitation chain

Abstract

The present invention relates to an on-load tap changer control method for a power transformer in a power system. The power transformer has a primary side for a connection to a first grid in which electric power is generated, and a secondary side for connection to a second grid in which electrical power is consumed, the power transformer being equipped with an on-load tap changer. The method includes measuring the voltage and current at least on the primary side (u.sub.1, i.sub.1) or on the secondary side (u.sub.2 i.sub.2) of the power transformer, processing said measured voltages (u.sub.1; u.sub.2) and currents (i.sub.1; i.sub.2) in order to derive prospective reactive power at the output of the power transformer after prospective tap-change, comparing prospective reactive power to a predefined set-point, and—initiating tap-change of on-load tap changer if prospective reactive power is closer to said predefined set-point than actual reactive power.

Claims

1. An on-load tap changer control method for a power transformer in a power system, wherein the power transformer has a primary side for a connection to a first grid in which electric power is generated, and a secondary side for connection to a second grid in which electrical power is consumed, the power transformer being equipped with an on-load tap changer, said method comprising: measuring the voltage and current at least on the primary side (u.sub.1, i.sub.1) or on the secondary side (u.sub.2, i.sub.2) of the power transformer, processing said measured voltages (u.sub.1; u.sub.2) and currents (i.sub.1; i.sub.2) in order to derive prospective reactive power at the output of the power transformer after prospective tap-change, comparing prospective reactive power to a predefined set-point, controlling tap-change of on-load tap changer if prospective reactive power is closer to said predefined set-point than actual reactive power.

2. The on-load tap changer control method according to claim 1, wherein processing said measured voltages (u.sub.1; u.sub.2) and currents (i.sub.1; i.sub.2) in order to derive prospective reactive power at the output of the power transformer after prospective tap-change takes into account the grid reactance (x.sub.Q) and the internal grid voltage (u.sub.Q) of said grid where electrical power is consumed.

3. An on-load tap changer control method according to claim 1, further comprising a further step of detection of change of an operation point of the power transformer, and wherein the detection of a change of operation point initiates the calculation of said parameters representing the grid condition (x.sub.Q, u.sub.Q), based on a set of actual and historical electrical quantities, wherein the historical quantities are stored in memory.

4. An on-load tap changer control method according to claim 3, wherein detection of change of an operation point of the power transformer comprises to detect a variation beyond a predefined range of the the internal electromotive force (e.sub.T) of the power transformer.

5. An on-load tap changer control method according to claim 4, wherein said change of the internal electro-motive force (e.sub.T) of the power transformer is detected by detecting stepping of the OLTC.

6. An on-load tap changer control method according to claim 4, wherein the said primary grid comprises a synchronous generator and an excitation system with an automatic voltage regulator (AVR.sub.G), where said change of the internal electro-motive force (e.m.f.) of the power transformer is detected by detecting a change in the reference value of the automatic voltage regulator of the generator (AVR.sub.G).

7. An on-load tap changer control method according to claim 6, further comprising altering temporarily and slightly the reference voltage of the generator automatic voltage regulator (AVR.sub.G) for purposely producing a change of internal electromotive force e.m.f. of the power transformer.

8. The on-load tap changer control method according to claim 7, wherein altering the reference voltage of the generator automatic voltage regulator (AVR.sub.G) lasts at most for some seconds and where said alteration of the reference voltage is less than 1% of the rated value, preferentially 0.5%.

9. The on-load tap changer control method according to claim 1, wherein the first grid comprises a power excitation chain having a generator (G), and where the power transformer is a step-up transformer equipped with an on-load tap changer and connected on the one hand to the output of said generator (G) and on the other hand to a transmission bus, where said measured voltage and current are respectively the generator voltage (u.sub.G) and generator current (i.sub.G).

10. An on-load tap changer control unit for a power transformer in a power system, wherein the power transformer has a primary side for a connection to a first grid in which electric power is generated, and a secondary side for connection to a second grid in which electrical power is consumed, the power transformer being equipped with an on-load tap changer, wherein said unit comprising means to measure the voltage and current at least on the primary side (u.sub.1, i.sub.1) or on the secondary side (u.sub.2 i.sub.2) of the power transformer, means to process said measured voltages (u.sub.1; u.sub.2) and currents (i.sub.1; i.sub.2) in order to derive prospective reactive power at the output of the power transformer after prospective tap-change, means to compare prospective reactive power to a predefined set-point, initiate tap-change of on-load tap changer if prospective reactive power is closer to said predefined set-point than actual reactive power.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a power transformer, equipped with an OLTC

(2) FIG. 2 is an equivalent electric circuit scheme of the configuration shown in of FIG. 1,

(3) FIGS. 3a and 3b are schematic representations of the specific application where the power transformer is a step-up transformer with OLTCs in a power plant;

(4) FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an alternative embodiment of a part of a power excitation chain according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(5) In all figures, same reference numerals refer to the same elements.

(6) FIG. 1 is a schematic representation showing a first grid 3 in which electric power is generated connected to the primary side of a power transformer 5, equipped with an on-load tap changer OLTC 7.

(7) The secondary side of the power transformer 5 is connected to a second grid 9 in which electrical power is consumed.

(8) The flow of power is counted positive from the primary to the secondary side of the power transformer 5.

(9) The power transformer is connected to an associated OLTC regulator and control unit 10.

(10) Said OLTC regulator and control unit 10 is configured to measure the voltage and current on the primary side u.sub.1, i.sub.1 or on the secondary side u.sub.2 i.sub.2 of the power transformer or on both, the primary side u.sub.1, i.sub.1 and on the secondary side u.sub.2, i.sub.2 of the power transformer 5.

(11) As shown in FIG. 1, said OLTC regulator and control unit 10 has inputs that are respectively connected to measurement units 15, 17 (for example instrument transformers or Rogowski coils) for measuring the voltage u.sub.1 and current i.sub.1 on the primary side of the power transformer 5 and measurement units 15A, 17A (for example instrument transformers or Rogowski coils) for measuring the voltage u.sub.2 and current i.sub.2 on the secondary side of the power transformer 5.

(12) The solution in FIG. 1 is the most complete solution as both primary and secondary voltage and current measurements are done. However, in a quite simpler version, either measurements on the primary or the secondary side are done.

(13) The OLTC regulator and control unit 10, which may be a calculator, a computer or part of a computer, is configured to process said measured voltages u.sub.1 and/or u.sub.2 and currents i.sub.1 and/or i.sub.2 in order to derive prospective reactive power q.sub.2 at the output of the power transformer 5 after prospective tap-change, to compare prospective reactive power to a predefined set-point, and to initiate tap-change of on-load tap changer 7 if prospective reactive power is closer to said predefined set-point than actual reactive power.

(14) This will be explained in detail with respect to FIG. 2 which shows an equivalent electric circuit scheme of the components shown in FIG. 1 for explanation purposes.

(15) The symbols in this figure denoting electrical quantities are used in the calculations below.

(16) The control parameter is the reactive power q.sub.2 provided to the grid 9 in which electrical power is consumed.

(17) u.sub.2 and q.sub.2 can not change continuously, but only in discrete steps according to the resolution of the tap-changer. A tap-change command will be given only, if the prospective quantity after stepping, q.sub.2(n±1), will be closer to the setpoint than the actual quantity at, i.e. q.sub.2(n).

(18) Hence, the prospective value after stepping higher or lower, q.sub.2(n±1), must be known for the regulator algorithm. However, q.sub.2(n±1) depends on the tap-changer position, the actual load flow over the power transformer 5, and the condition of the grid 9 in which electrical power is consumed.

(19) As can be seen on FIG. 1, the measured actual values of voltage and current may be measured either on the primary side of the step-up transformer 5 or on the secondary side. In the first case, the quantities on the secondary side of the power transformer 5 have to be derived from calculation.

(20) The tap-changer position is known from a feedback signal of the OLTC 7, and the load flow can be directly derived from the measured voltage and current by conventional calculation.

(21) However, the determination of the condition of the grid 9 on the consumer side, that is characterised by the internal ideal voltage u.sub.Q and a series reactance x.sub.Q, requires a more complex algorithm.

(22) For the calculations, following quantities are defined:

(23) index 1 quantity on primary side of transformer

(24) index 2 quantity on secondary side of transformer

(25) index Q quantity of grid or transmission bus model

(26) u.sub.i complex voltage value

(27) i.sub.i complex current value

(28) e.sub.T electromotive force (e.m.f.) of step-up transformer

(29) p.sub.i active power value

(30) q.sub.i reactive power value

(31) Δu voltage variation by one tap change

(32) Δx impedance variation by one tap change

(33) n position of tap changer

(34) Furthermore, it is assumed that: resistances are neglected.fwdarw.active power is constant throughout model: p.sub.1=p.sub.2=p.sub.Q=p all values in p.u. the internal grid voltage u.sub.Q is not influenced considerably by the tap-changer position of the transformer under consideration, the active power p is not influenced considerably by the tap-changer position of the transformer under consideration.

(35) The quantities to be calculated concern: the grid/transmission bus condition that is defined by the virtual internal grid voltage u.sub.Q, and the grid reactance x.sub.Q the quantities on secondary side of step-up transformer at actual tap changer position n e.m.f. e.sub.T(n) current i.sub.2(n) reactive power q.sub.2(n) quantities on secondary side of step-up transformer at tap changer position n±1 e.m.f. e.sub.T(n+1), e.sub.T(n−1) current i.sub.2(n+1), i.sub.2(n−1) reactive power q.sub.2(n+1), q.sub.2(n−1)

(36) Available parameters and values are

(37) from measurement:

(38) complex actual values of voltage and current on primary or secondary side of the transformer, u.sub.1 and i.sub.1, or u.sub.2 and i.sub.2, respectively active and reactive power on primary or secondary side of the transformer, p.sub.1 & q.sub.1, or p.sub.2 & q.sub.2, respectively (with assumption p.sub.1=p.sub.2=p)
system parameters transformer reactance x.sub.k variation of e.m.f. with one tap change, Δu variation of x.sub.k with one tap change, Δx
position of tap changer, n, for example by feedback signal via the plant control system.
In the following calculations, the position of the tap-changer, n, is scaled such that n=0 denotes the middle position of the tap-changer, n>0 results in a higher e.m.f., n<0 results in a lower e.m.f.
With e.sub.T defining the real axis, complex electromagnetic calculation yields (all values in p.u.)
e.sub.T(n)=u.sub.1×(1+n×Δu)
and
q.sub.2(n)=q.sub.1(n)−x.sub.k(n)×i.sub.2(n).sup.2
with i.sub.2(n)=i.sub.1/(1+n×Δu) and j being the imaginary number
The prospective reactive power output after stepping the OLTC one step up or down can be calculated using the formula

(39) $q_{1} (n \pm 1) = \frac{e_{T}^{2} (n \pm 1)}{X_{k} (n \pm 1) + X_{Q}} - \sqrt{\frac{u_{q}^{2}}{{(X_{k} (n \pm 1) + X_{Q})}^{2}} .Math. e_{T}^{2} (n \pm 1) - p^{2}}$
From q.sub.1(n±1), the prospective reactive power on the secondary side of the transformer can be calculated:
q.sub.2(n±1)=q.sub.1(n±1)−x.sub.k(n±1)×i.sub.2.sup.2(n±1) Änderung beachten: “x”-Zeichen
With

(40) $i_{2} (n \pm 1) = \frac{s_{1} (n \pm 1)}{e_{T} (n \pm 1)}$
As to be seen in the above formula for q.sub.1(n±1), the values x.sub.Q and u.sub.Q, that characterise the condition of the grid on the secondary side of the transformer, must be available.
The internal voltage u.sub.Q can be derived using

(41) $u_{Q}^{2} = e_{T}^{2} (n) - 2 q_{1} (n) \times (x_{k} (n) + x_{Q}) + \frac{s_{1}^{2} \times {(x_{k} (n) + x_{Q})}^{2}}{e_{T}^{2} (n)}$
with s.sub.1.sup.2=e.sub.T.sup.2(n)×i.sub.T.sup.2(n)=p.sub.1.sup.2+q.sub.1.sup.2
The grid reactance x.sub.Q for grid 9 on the consumer side can not be calculated directly from the instantaneous measured values. Instead, two sets of values at two different operating points are used, an actual and a former operation point.

(42) The two operating points are characterized by different values of the internal e.m.f. of the transformer, e.sub.T. If for an actual and a former operation point the internal e.m.f. of the transformer is equal or less than a specific limit, the grid reactance x.sub.Q is assumed to be the same for both operation points.

(43) The algorithm to derive x.sub.Q is as follows, where the index mem denotes a former value stored for example in a memory during a former calculation step, and the index actual denotes measured actual values: actual values of u.sub.1 & i.sub.1 and/or u.sub.2 & i.sub.2 are measured at a given operating point, derived quantities e.sub.T, q.sub.1 and i.sub.2 are calculated and stored in memory, if a new operating point is detected, i.e. |e.sub.T,actual−e.sub.T,mem| exceeds a specified limit, the grid reactance x.sub.Q is calculated, using the following formula:

(44) $x_{Q} = \frac{q_{1, actual} - q_{1, mem}}{i_{2, actual}^{2} - i_{2, mem}^{2}} (1 - \sqrt{1 - \frac{(e_{T, actual}^{2} - e_{T, mem}^{2}) (i_{2, actual}^{2} - i_{2, mem}^{2})}{{(q_{1, actual} - q_{1, mem})}^{2}}}) - x_{k} (n)$
The internal e.m.f. of the transformer may change due to stepping the OLTC a change of u.sub.1
Hence, the grid reactance x.sub.Q, will be calculated at least at each time the OLTC is operated.

(45) The detection of a change of operation point initiates the storage of the voltages u.sub.1; u.sub.2, currents i.sub.1; i.sub.2 and derived electrical quantities in a memory and the calculation of said grid reactance x.sub.Q.

(46) An alternative method for determining the grid condition can be realized, where in a similar way a formula is established that allows for computing the grid reactance u.sub.Q based on a set of available measured values and quantities stored in memory, and a corresponding equation for computing the grid reactance x.sub.Q, that contains the grid voltage u.sub.Q. The algorithm is then as follows: actual values of u.sub.1 & i.sub.1 and/or u.sub.2 & i.sub.2 are measured at a given operating point, derived quantities e.sub.T, q.sub.1 and i.sub.2 are calculated and stored in memory, if a new operating point is detected, i.e. |e.sub.T,actual−e.sub.T,mem| exceeds a specified limit, the grid voltage u.sub.Q is calculated.

(47) In applications of the method in power generating units, the calculation of the grid reactance can be triggered also by temporarily slightly altering the reference voltage of the automatic voltage regulator of the generator, AVR.sub.G, e.g. by 0.5% for some seconds. This does not affect the operation of the unit, and results in the desired change in e.sub.T.

(48) Thus, only in measuring available electrical quantities on either the primary or secondary side of the transformer, and using appropriate programming and calculation as described above, it is possible to establish an optimal OLTC regulator and control unit 10 with the reactive power output of the transformer as control variable.

(49) FIGS. 3a and 3b are schematic representations of a part of a typical power excitation chain 1, for example implemented in a power plant.

(50) In this case, the grid 3 where electrical power is generated comprises a generator G transforming mechanical energy into electrical energy. The generator G may be driven by not represented turbines or engines fed by any available energy source or combination of energy sources (coal, fuel, gas, nuclear, steam, wind, water, sun, hydrological etc). The generator may be a synchronous generator.

(51) The output of the generator G is connected to the power transformer realized as a step-up transformer 5 equipped with an on-load tap changer (OLTC) 7 and an associated OLTC regulator and control unit 10.

(52) The output of the step-up transformer 5 is connected to a grid 9 where electrical power is consumed which might be in this case a transmission bus connected to the public grid.

(53) The power excitation chain 1 further comprises a generator excitation control system 11.

(54) This generator excitation control system 11 comprises a processing unit 13 with at least one, but for availability reasons preferentially two redundant automatic voltage regulation channels AVR CH1 and AVR CH2.

(55) AVR CH1 and AVR CH2 have inputs that are respectively connected to measurement units 15, 17 (for example instrument transformers or Rogowski coils) for measuring the generator voltage u.sub.1=u.sub.G and generator current i.sub.1=i.sub.G which represent voltage and current on the primary side of the power transformer 5.

(56) AVR CH1 and AVR CH2 comprise a signal processing unit 19 configured for example to filter the measurement signals, to convert them from analogue to digital values, and to calculate derived quantities, such as active and reactive power, power factor etc.

(57) The digital values out of said signal processing unit 19 are fed into respective calculation processing units 21.

(58) Such a calculation processing unit 21 is at least configured and programmed as a generator automatic voltage regulator AVR.sub.G. It may comprise further functions, such as a generator field current regulator FCR.sub.G, a generator over-excitation limiter OEL.sub.G and a generator under-excitation limiter UEL.sub.G, an over-fluxing limiter, or a power system stabilizer.

(59) These calculation processing and control units 21 are then connected to a power section 23 for controlling the power section 23 and therefore excitation of the generator G in function of the measured generator voltage u.sub.G and generator current i.sub.G.

(60) Such a calculation processing unit 21 may be a computer or a microprocessor based calculation unit.

(61) The co-ordination of the generator excitation control and the OLTC control may require a data exchange line 25 via an interface between the processing units 21 and the OLTC regulator and control unit 10.

(62) As shown in FIG. 3a, the OLTC regulator and control unit 10 is a separate control unit or a stand alone solution.

(63) With reference to FIG. 3b, part of the processing unit 21 can also be used and configured as an on-load tap changer regulator and control unit 10. In this case, unit 21 is therefore connected to said on-load tap changer 7, and the data exchange between the excitation control function and the OLTC control function is provided within the processing units 21.

(64) Furthermore, as already described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, OLTC regulator and control unit 10 is configured to derive from said measured generator voltage u.sub.G and generator current i.sub.G the reactive power q.sub.T provided to the transmission bus and/or the grid for controlling said on-load tap changer 7 of the step-up transformer 5 and are connected to said on-load tap changer 7.

(65) This is achieved in applying the same calculations as those described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, by replacing indexes 1 and 2 respectively by G (for generator—which is connected to the primary side of the power transformer 5) and T (for the secondary side of the power transformer 5).

(66) The control parameter is the reactive power q.sub.T provided to the transmission bus and/or the grid.

(67) As already stated u.sub.T and q.sub.T can not change continuously, but only in discrete steps according to the resolution of the tap-changer. A tap-change command will be given only, if the prospective quantity after stepping, q.sub.T(n±1), will be closer to the setpoint than the actual quantity at, i.e. q.sub.T(n).

(68) Hence, the prospective value after stepping higher or lower, q.sub.T(n±1), must be known for the regulator algorithm. However, q.sub.T(n±1) depends on the tap-changer position, the actual load flow over the transformer, and the condition of the transmission grid.

(69) As can be seen on FIGS. 3a, 3b, the measured actual values of voltage and current may be measured on the generator terminals, i.e. on the primary side of the step-up transformer 5.

(70) If so, the quantities on the secondary side of the transformer have to be derived from calculation.

(71) The tap-changer position is known from a feedback signal of the OLTC, and the load flow can be directly derived from the measured voltage and current by conventional calculation. However, the condition of the transmission grid, that is characterised by the internal ideal voltage u.sub.Q and a series reactance x.sub.Q, requires a more complex algorithm.

(72) For the calculations, following quantities are defined: index 1 or G quantity on primary side of transformer index 2 or T quantity on secondary side of transformer
All other quantities are the same as above described and the same assumptions are made.
In the present case, the internal e.m.f. of the power transformer 5 may change due to stepping the OLTC a change in the generator terminal voltage, u.sub.G
Hence, the grid reactance x.sub.Q, will be calculated at least at each time the OLTC is operated.
In applications of the method in power generating units, the calculation of the grid reactance can be triggered also by temporarily slightly altering the reference voltage of the automatic voltage regulator of the generator, AVR.sub.G, e.g. by 0.5% for some seconds. This does not affect the operation of the unit, and results in the desired change in e.sub.T.
Thus, only in measuring available electrical quantities on either the primary or secondary side of the transformer, and using appropriate programming and calculation as described above, it is possible to establish an optimal OLTC regulator with the reactive power output of the transformer as control variable.
In power plants, the proposed regulator can be implemented as an additional software function in the existing automatic voltage regulator of the generator, AVR.sub.G. In the AVR.sub.G, the actual values of the electrical quantities on the primary side of the power transformer are available. An individual OLTC regulator for the on-load tap-changer equipped step-up transformer is then no longer necessary and saves costs. In addition, engineering, commissioning and maintenance costs can be reduced.
It should be noted that there is no need to have a considerably more performant microprocessor to carry out the calculations as described above, as the time basis for generator voltage regulation and OLTC regulation are quite different. Indeed OLTC regulation is by at least one order of magnitude slower than the generator voltage regulation.
FIG. 4 shows an alternative embodiment of the power excitation chain of FIGS. 3a and 3b.
This embodiment differs from that of FIGS. 3a and 3b in that a station supply transformer 30 is connected between the generator G and the step-up transformer 5.
Such a station supply transformer 30 is used in a power plant to satisfy the electrical energy consumption of the power plant.
In FIG. 4 is also represented the plant control system 32 that is connected to measurement units 34, 36 and 38, 40 for measurement of the station supply transformer secondary current i.sub.SS, station supply transformer secondary voltage u.sub.SS, step-up transformer secondary current i.sub.T, and step-up transformer secondary voltage u.sub.T.

(73) In this case, the OLTC regulator function 21 is furthermore configured to take into account active and reactive power measured at the terminals of the step-up transformer (p.sub.T, q.sub.T) and/or active and reactive power measured at the terminals of the station supply transformer (p.sub.SS, q.sub.SS) when deriving from said measured generator voltage and generator current said control parameter for controlling said on-load tap changer in an analogous way as described above. The algorithm described above has then to be modified e.g. such, that the values of active and reactive power measured at the terminals of the station supply transformer (p.sub.SS, q.sub.SS) have to be subtracted from the active and reactive power measured at the generator terminals (p.sub.G, q.sub.G).

(74) As already described in detail in relation to FIGS. 3a and 3b and 4, the present invention also relates to a power excitation chain 1 and to an excitation control system 11 for such a power excitation chain 1 where upon measured generator voltage u.sub.G and generator current i.sub.G, the reactive power output of the step-up transformer 5 is used for controlling the OLTC 7.

On-load tap-changer control method, excitation control system carrying out said control method and power excitation chain

Assignee

Inventors

Cpc classification

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G05F1/70

PHYSICS

Classification Explorer

Y02E40/30

GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS

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H02J3/1878

ELECTRICITY

International classification

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G05F1/70

PHYSICS

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H02J3/18

ELECTRICITY

Abstract

Claims

Description