Piezoelectric vibrator and sensor

Abstract

To provide a vibrator made of a piezoelectric crystal having a larger electromechanical coupling coefficient and a more satisfactory frequency-temperature characteristic than those of quartz, a vibrating piece (101) is made of a Ca.sub.3Ta(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1). In the single crystal, letting θ be a rotation angle from an X-Z plane about an X-axis serving as a rotation axis, 18x+17.5≤θ≤24x+24.5 is set. In addition, the vibrating piece (101) is made of a Ca.sub.3Nb(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1). In the single crystal of this arrangement, letting θ be a rotation angle from an X-Z plane about an X-axis serving as a rotation axis, 25x+23.083≤θ≤32x+26.167 is set.

Claims

1. A piezoelectric vibrator comprising at least one vibrating piece made of a Ca.sub.3Ta(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1), wherein in the single crystal, letting θ be a rotation angle from an X-Z plane about an X-axis serving as a rotation axis, 18x+17.5≤θ≤24x+24.5 is set.

2. The piezoelectric vibrator according to claim 1, wherein 20x+20.16≤θ≤21x+22.083 is set.

3. A piezoelectric vibrator comprising at least one vibrating piece made of a Ca.sub.3Nb(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1), wherein in the single crystal, letting θ be a rotation angle from an X-Z plane about an X-axis serving as a rotation axis, 25x+23.083≤θ≤32x+26.167 is set.

4. The piezoelectric vibrator according to claim 3, wherein 27.6x+24.367≤θ≤27.8x+25.783 is set.

5. A piezoelectric vibrator comprising at least one vibrating piece made of a Ca.sub.3(Ta.sub.1-yNb.sub.y)(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1, 0≤y≤1), wherein in the single crystal, letting θ be a rotation angle from an X-Z plane about an X-axis serving as a rotation axis, {18+(25−18)y}x+17.5+(23.083−17.5)y≤θ≤{24+(32−24)y}x+24.5+(26.167−24.5)y is set.

6. The piezoelectric vibrator according to claim 5, wherein {20+(27.6−20)y}x+20.16+(24.367−20.16)y≤θ≤{21+(27.8−21)y}x+22.083+(25.783−22.083)y is set.

7. The piezoelectric vibrator according to claim 1, further comprising: an electrode provided on the vibrating piece; a connection terminal connected to the electrode; and a hermetic container storing the vibrating piece and filled with an inert gas.

8. A sensor using a piezoelectric vibrator described in claim 1, comprising: a measurement region provided on a vibrating piece and brought into contact with a measurement target substance; and measurement means for detecting a mass of the substance that is in contact with the measurement region based on a change in a resonance frequency of the vibrator caused by the contact of the substance with respect to the measurement region.

9. The piezoelectric vibrator according to claim 2, further comprising: an electrode provided on the vibrating piece; a connection terminal connected to the electrode; and a hermetic container storing the vibrating piece and filled with an inert gas.

10. The piezoelectric vibrator according to claim 3, further comprising: an electrode provided on the vibrating piece; a connection terminal connected to the electrode; and a hermetic container storing the vibrating piece and filled with an inert gas.

11. The piezoelectric vibrator according to claim 4, further comprising: an electrode provided on the vibrating piece; a connection terminal connected to the electrode; and a hermetic container storing the vibrating piece and filled with an inert gas.

12. The piezoelectric vibrator according to claim 5, further comprising: an electrode provided on the vibrating piece; a connection terminal connected to the electrode; and a hermetic container storing the vibrating piece and filled with an inert gas.

13. The piezoelectric vibrator according to claim 6, further comprising: an electrode provided on the vibrating piece; a connection terminal connected to the electrode; and a hermetic container storing the vibrating piece and filled with an inert gas.

14. A sensor using a piezoelectric vibrator described in claim 2, comprising: a measurement region provided on a vibrating piece and brought into contact with a measurement target substance; and measurement means for detecting a mass of the substance that is in contact with the measurement region based on a change in a resonance frequency of the vibrator caused by the contact of the substance with respect to the measurement region.

15. A sensor using a piezoelectric vibrator described in claim 3, comprising: a measurement region provided on a vibrating piece and brought into contact with a measurement target substance; and measurement means for detecting a mass of the substance that is in contact with the measurement region based on a change in a resonance frequency of the vibrator caused by the contact of the substance with respect to the measurement region.

16. A sensor using a piezoelectric vibrator described in claim 4, comprising: a measurement region provided on a vibrating piece and brought into contact with a measurement target substance; and measurement means for detecting a mass of the substance that is in contact with the measurement region based on a change in a resonance frequency of the vibrator caused by the contact of the substance with respect to the measurement region.

17. A sensor using a piezoelectric vibrator described in claim 5, comprising: a measurement region provided on a vibrating piece and brought into contact with a measurement target substance; and measurement means for detecting a mass of the substance that is in contact with the measurement region based on a change in a resonance frequency of the vibrator caused by the contact of the substance with respect to the measurement region.

18. A sensor using a piezoelectric vibrator described in claim 6, comprising: a measurement region provided on a vibrating piece and brought into contact with a measurement target substance; and measurement means for detecting a mass of the substance that is in contact with the measurement region based on a change in a resonance frequency of the vibrator caused by the contact of the substance with respect to the measurement region.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the arrangement of a piezoelectric vibrator according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(2) FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing the arrangement of the piezoelectric vibrator according to the embodiment of the present invention;

(3) FIG. 3A is a graph showing the cut angle θ dependence of the frequency-temperature characteristic of a piezoelectric vibrator according to the first embodiment;

(4) FIG. 3B is a graph showing the cut angle θ dependence of the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the piezoelectric vibrator according to the first embodiment;

(5) FIG. 4 is a graph showing a result obtained by expanding a region where the amount of frequency temperature change shown in FIG. 3A is 1,000 ppm or less;

(6) FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the optimum cut angle and the Al substitution amount of the piezoelectric vibrator according to the first embodiment;

(7) FIG. 6A is a graph showing the cut angle θ dependence of the frequency-temperature characteristic of a piezoelectric vibrator according to the second embodiment;

(8) FIG. 6B is a graph showing the cut angle θ dependence of the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the piezoelectric vibrator according to the second embodiment;

(9) FIG. 7 is a graph showing a result obtained by expanding a region where the amount of frequency temperature change shown in FIG. 6A is 1,000 ppm or less;

(10) FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the optimum cut angle and the Al substitution amount of the piezoelectric vibrator according to the second embodiment;

(11) FIG. 9 is a graph showing a result obtained by measuring, using a sensor according to the fourth embodiment, a change in an equivalent series resonant resistance in a piezoelectric vibrator in a state in which pure water is brought into contact with a measurement region; and

(12) FIG. 10 is a graph showing a result obtained by measuring, using a conventional sensor using a quartz oscillator, a change in an equivalent series resonant resistance in the quartz oscillator in a state in which pure water is brought into contact with a measurement region.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

(13) The embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

First Embodiment

(14) The first embodiment of the present invention will be described first. FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the arrangement of a piezoelectric vibrator according to the first embodiment of the present invention. This piezoelectric vibrator includes a vibrating piece 101 made of a Ca.sub.3Ta(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1). The vibrating piece 101 has, for example, a plate shape. Additionally, in the single crystal, letting θ (degrees) be the rotation angle (cut angle) from the X-Z plane about the X-axis serving as the rotation axis, 18x+17.5≤θ≤24x+24.5 is set. The angle θ complies with the definition of the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). In this definition, for example, the angle θ of quartz AT cut is 35°15′. Note that the X-Y plane is the (001) plane of the Ca.sub.3Ta(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1), the Y-Z plane is the (110) plane of the Ca.sub.3Ta(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1), and the X-Z plane is the (100) plane of the Ca.sub.3Ta(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1).

(15) The vibrating piece 101 is obtained by, for example, cutting the piece from an ingot of a Ca.sub.3Ta(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1) obtained by the Czochralski method using a wire saw and polishing both surfaces.

(16) For example, as shown in FIG. 2, when electrodes are formed, and a predetermined signal is applied, the piezoelectric vibrator can then be operated (oscillated). An electrode 102 is formed on the principal surface of the plate-shaped vibrating piece 101, and an electrode 103 is formed on the lower surface of the vibrating piece 101. The electrodes 102 and 103 can be formed by depositing a predetermined metal material on the principal and lower surfaces of the vibrating piece 101 to form metal films and patterning the formed metal films using a known photolithography technology. Each metal film has a multilayered structure of, for example, a gold layer and a chromium layer. In addition, a circuit configured to apply a signal (excitation signal) being used is connected to a connection terminal (not shown) connected to each of the electrodes 102 and 103.

(17) Additionally, the vibrating piece with the electrodes provided in the above-described way being used is stored in a hermetic container filled with an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon. For example, to form a chip having the 3225 size or less in JIS or, in particular, a chip having the 2520 size or less, the conventional quartz oscillator needs vacuum sealing because of the series resistance value. However, according to the vibrator of the present invention, the similar performance can be achieved even if used in an inert gas atmosphere.

(18) A result obtained by measuring the cut angle θ dependence of the frequency-temperature characteristic and the cut angle θ dependence of the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the Ca.sub.3Ta(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal according to the first embodiment when an Al substitution amount (composition ratio)×(the ratio to substitute Ga with Al) is set to 0%, 25%, and 50% will be described next. FIG. 3A is a graph showing the cut angle θ dependence of the frequency-temperature characteristic. FIG. 3B is a graph showing the cut angle θ dependence of the electromechanical coupling coefficient. A crystal of each Al substitution amount was cut at a cut angle θ of 3° step, and a vibrator was produced using an obtained vibrating piece. The vibrating piece thickness was adjusted such that the resonance frequency became 24 MHz.

(19) In the cut angle θ dependence of the frequency temperature-characteristic shown in FIG. 3A, the temperature characteristic of the resonance frequency was measured within the range of −30° C. to 80° C., and the frequency change amount was normalized by the resonance frequency at 25° C. and displayed in ppm. In the cut angle θ dependence of the electromechanical coupling coefficient shown in FIG. 3B, calculation was performed using the resonance frequency and the antiresonance frequency, and the result was displayed in percentage.

(20) As shown in FIG. 3A, when the cut angle is changed, the frequency-temperature characteristic exhibits a change such that the frequency change amount has the minimum value at a certain cut angle. In addition, it is observed that when the Al substitution amount is changed, the cut angle that decreases the amount of frequency change also changes.

(21) On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 3B, when the cut angle is changed, the electromechanical coupling coefficient exhibits a change that generally projects upward, and a cut angle at which the electromechanical coupling coefficient becomes maximum exists. In addition, as similar to the frequency change, when the Al substitution amount is changed, the cut angle that provides the maximum electromechanical coupling coefficient changes as well. The electromechanical coupling coefficient of an AT cut quartz oscillator that is generally used is 0.7%. However, electromechanical coupling coefficient of the piezoelectric vibrator according to the present invention is 2% or more, and this indeed contributes to widening of the band of the frequency variable width.

(22) FIG. 4 shows a result obtained by expanding a region where the amount of frequency temperature change shown in FIG. 3A is 1,000 ppm or less. FIG. 5 shows a state in which the Al substitution amount is plotted along the abscissa, and the cut angle at which the frequency temperature change becomes minimum and the cut angle at which the frequency temperature change is 1,000 ppm or less or 200 ppm or less are plotted along the ordinate using the result shown in FIG. 4. When linear approximation is performed for each plot, the following result can be obtained.

(23) When the range of the cut angle θ is set to “18x+17.5≤θ≤24x+24.5” in accordance with the Al substitution amount (composition ratio) x, the amount of frequency temperature change can preferably be set to 1,000 ppm or less. This is the range indicated by two thick broken lines shown in FIG. 5. In addition, when the range is set to “20x+20.16≤θ≤21x+22.083” that is the range indicated by two thin dotted lines shown in FIG. 5, the amount of frequency temperature change can more preferably be set to 200 ppm or less.

(24) An oscillation activation time will be described next. The oscillation activation time of the piezoelectric vibrator according to the first embodiment using the vibrating piece 101 in which the Al substitution amount (composition ratio) x was set to 5%, and the cut angle was set to 21.1° and the oscillation activation time of a piezoelectric vibrator using a vibrating piece made of AT cut quartz were compared. In both the piezoelectric vibrators, the vibrating piece thickness was set such that the resonance frequency became 8 MHz. A predetermined signal voltage was applied to the two electrodes to obtain an oscillation state at the resonance frequency of 8 MHz, and the time from the signal voltage application to stabilization of the oscillation was measured. The results of the measurement is shown in Table 1 below. Note that Table 1 also shows the values of resonant resistance.

(25) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Oscillation Resonant activation time resistance (μsec) (Ω) First embodiment 130 to 30 Quartz 1,500 170 oscillator

(26) The resonant resistance of the quartz oscillator is as high as 170Ω or more. The oscillation activation time is 1,500 μsec, that is, the activation time is very long. On the other hand, in the first embodiment, the resonant resistance is as low as 30Ω or less. The oscillation activation time is 130 μsec, that is, the activation time is 1/10 or less of that in quartz. In a recent electronic device, a sleep mode in which the device is activated only when necessary, and otherwise, performs only a minimum operation is frequently used from the viewpoint of reduction of power consumption.

(27) The return time from the sleep mode, that is, the activation time of the oscillation circuit is a preparation time for the device to perform the original operation. Shortening the activation time is an important factor for reduction of power consumption. In the conventional vibrator, the activation time is relatively long, and power is wasted. According to the present invention, the activation time can be shortened drastically, and this contributes to the reduction of power consumption of a device.

Second Embodiment

(28) The second embodiment of the present invention will be described next. In the second embodiment, the arrangement shown in the perspective view of FIG. 1 is also used, as in the above-described first embodiment. In the second embodiment, a piezoelectric vibrator includes a vibrating piece 101 made of a Ca.sub.3Nb(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1). The vibrating piece 101 has, for example, a plate shape. Additionally, in the single crystal, letting θ (degrees) be the rotation angle (cut angle) from the X-Z plane about the X-axis serving as the rotation axis, 25x+23.083≤θ≤32x+26.167 is set. The angle θ complies with the definition of the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). In this definition, for example, the angle θ of quartz AT cut is 35°15′. Note that the X-Y plane is the (001) plane of the Ca.sub.3Nb(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1), the Y-Z plane is the (110) plane of the Ca.sub.3Nb(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1), and the X-Z plane is the (100) plane of the Ca.sub.3Nb(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1).

(29) The vibrating piece 101 according to the second embodiment is also obtained by, for example, cutting the piece from an ingot of a Ca.sub.3Nb(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1) obtained by the Czochralski method using a wire saw and polishing both surfaces.

(30) In addition, as shown in FIG. 2, when electrodes are formed, and a predetermined signal is applied, the piezoelectric vibrator can be operated (oscillated). An electrode 102 is formed on the principal surface of the plate-shaped vibrating piece 101, and an electrode 103 is formed on the lower surface of the vibrating piece 101. The electrodes 102 and 103 can be formed by depositing a predetermined metal material on the principal and lower surfaces of the vibrating piece 101 to form metal films and patterning the formed metal films using a known photolithography technology. Each metal film has a multilayered structure of, for example, a gold layer and a chromium layer. In addition, a circuit configured to apply a signal (excitation signal) being used is connected to a connection terminal (not shown) connected to each of the electrodes 102 and 103.

(31) A result obtained by measuring the cut angle θ dependence of the frequency-temperature characteristic and the cut angle θ dependence of the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the Ca.sub.3Nb(Ga.sub.1-xAl).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal according to the second embodiment when an Al substitution amount x (the ratio to substitute Ga with Al) is set to 0%, 25%, and 50% will be described next. FIG. 6A is a graph showing the cut angle θ dependence of the frequency-temperature characteristic. FIG. 6B is a graph showing the cut angle θ dependence of the electromechanical coupling coefficient. A crystal of each Al substitution amount was cut at a cut angle θ of 3° step, and a vibrator was produced using an obtained vibrating piece. The vibrating piece thickness was adjusted such that the resonance frequency became 24 MHz.

(32) In the cut angle θ dependence of the frequency-temperature characteristic shown in FIG. 6A, the temperature characteristic of the resonance frequency was measured within the range of −30° C. to 80° C., and the frequency change amount was normalized by the resonance frequency at 25° C. and displayed in ppm. In the cut angle θ dependence of the electromechanical coupling coefficient shown in FIG. 6B, calculation was performed using the resonance frequency and the antiresonance frequency, and the result was displayed in percentage.

(33) As shown in FIG. 6A, when the cut angle is changed, the frequency-temperature characteristic exhibits a change such that the frequency change amount has the minimum value at a certain cut angle. In addition, it is observed that when the Al substitution amount is changed, the cut angle that decreases the amount of frequency change also changes.

(34) On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 6B, when the cut angle is changed, the electromechanical coupling coefficient exhibits a change that generally projects upward, and a cut angle at which the electromechanical coupling coefficient becomes maximum exists. In addition, when the Al substitution amount is changed, the cut angle that provides the maximum electromechanical coupling coefficient changes as well. The electromechanical coupling coefficient of an AT cut quartz oscillator that is generally used is 0.7%. However, electromechanical coupling coefficient of the piezoelectric vibrator according to the present invention is 2% or more, and this contributes to widening of the band of the frequency variable width, as can be seen.

(35) FIG. 7 shows a result obtained by expanding a region where the amount of frequency temperature amount shown in FIG. 6A is 1,000 ppm or less. FIG. 8 shows a state in which the Al substitution amount is plotted along the abscissa, and the cut angle at which the frequency temperature change becomes minimum and the cut angle at which the frequency temperature change is 1,000 ppm or less or 200 ppm or less are plotted along the ordinate using the result shown in FIG. 7. When linear approximation is performed for each plot, the following result can be obtained.

(36) When the range of the cut angle θ is set to “25x+23.083≤θ≤32x+26.167” in accordance with the Al substitution amount (composition ratio) x, the amount of frequency temperature change can preferably be set to 1,000 ppm or less. This is the range indicated by two thick broken lines shown in FIG. 8. In addition, when the range is set to “27.6x+24.367≤θ≤27.8x+25.783” that is the range indicated by two thin dotted lines shown in FIG. 8, the amount of frequency temperature change can more preferably be set to 200 ppm or less.

Third Embodiment

(37) The third embodiment of the present invention will be described next. In the third embodiment, the arrangement shown in the perspective view of FIG. 1 is also used, as in the above-described first and second embodiments. In the third embodiment, a piezoelectric vibrator includes a vibrating piece 101 made of a Ca.sub.3 (Ta.sub.1-yNb.sub.y)(Ga.sub.1-xAl).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1, 0≤y≤1). The vibrating piece 101 has, for example, a plate shape. Additionally, in the single crystal, letting θ (degrees) be the rotation angle (cut angle) from the X-Z plane about the X-axis serving as the rotation axis, {18+(25−18)y}x+17.5+(23.083−17.5)y≤θ≤{24+(32−24)y}x+24.5+(26.167−24.5)y is set. The angle θ complies with the definition of the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). In this definition, for example, the angle θ of quartz AT cut is 35°15′. Note that the X-Y plane is the (001) plane of the Ca.sub.3 (Ta.sub.1-yNb.sub.y)(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1, 0≤y≤1), the Y-Z plane is the (110) plane of the Ca.sub.3 (Ta.sub.1-yNb.sub.y)(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1, 0≤y≤1), and the X-Z plane is the (100) plane of the Ca.sub.3 (Ta.sub.1-yNb.sub.y)(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1, 0≤y≤1).

(38) The vibrating piece 101 according to the third embodiment is also obtained by, for example, cutting the piece from an ingot of a Ca.sub.3(Ta.sub.1-yNb.sub.y)(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal (0<x≤1, 0≤y≤1) obtained by the Czochralski method using a wire saw and polishing both surfaces.

(39) In addition, as shown in FIG. 2, when electrodes are formed, and a predetermined signal is applied, the piezoelectric vibrator can be operated (oscillated). An electrode 102 is formed on the principal surface of the plate-shaped vibrating piece 101, and an electrode 103 is formed on the lower surface of the vibrating piece 101. The electrodes 102 and 103 can be formed by depositing a predetermined metal material on the principal and lower surfaces of the vibrating piece 101 to form metal films and patterning the formed metal films using a known photolithography technology. Each metal film has a multilayered structure of, for example, a gold layer and a chromium layer. In addition, a circuit configured to apply a signal (excitation signal) being used is connected to a connection terminal (not shown) connected to each of the electrodes 102 and 103.

(40) Next, in the Ca.sub.3(Ta.sub.1-yNb.sub.y)(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 single crystal according to the third embodiment, as a result of measurement as in the above-described first and second embodiments, when the range of the cut angle θ is set to “{18+(25−18)y}x+17.5+(23.083−17.5)y≤θ≤{24+(32−24)y}x+24.5+(26.167−24.5)y” in accordance with the Al composition ratio x and the Nb composition ratio y, the amount of frequency temperature change can preferably be set to 1,000 ppm or less. In addition, when the range is set to “{20+(27.6−20)y}x+20.16+(24.367−20.16)y≤θ≤{21+(27.8−21)y}x+22.083+(25.783−22.083)y”, the amount of frequency temperature change can more preferably be set to 200 ppm or less.

Fourth Embodiment

(41) A sensor using the piezoelectric vibrator according to the present invention will be described next. This sensor includes a measurement region provided on the vibrating piece and brought into contact with a measurement target substance, and a measurement means for detecting the mass of the substance that is in contact with the measurement region based on a change in the resonance frequency of the vibrator caused by the contact of the substance with respect to the measurement region. The vibrating piece is made of, for example, a Ca.sub.3Ta(Ga.sub.1-xAl.sub.x).sub.3Si.sub.2O.sub.14 (Al substitution amount 5%) single crystal. The cut angle (rotation angle) θ is set to 21.1°, and the frequency is set to about 10 MHz. The angle θ complies with the definition of the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). In this definition, for example, the angle θ of quartz AT cut is 35°15′.

(42) Using this sensor, a change in the equivalent series resonant resistance in the piezoelectric vibrator was measured in a state in which a predetermined solution (pure water) was in contact with the measurement region. FIG. 9 shows the result. In addition, even for a sensor using a similar piezoelectric vibrator (quartz oscillator) whose vibrating piece was made of quartz, a change in the equivalent series resonant resistance was measured in a state in which the predetermined solution was in contact with the measurement region. FIG. 10 shows the result.

(43) In the sensor using the piezoelectric vibrator according to the present invention, the equivalent series resonant resistance in atmosphere was as low as about 20Ω. Even if pure water was added, the equivalent series resonant resistance was 90Ω and degraded little. On the other hand, in the sensor using the quartz oscillator, the equivalent series resonant resistance in atmosphere was about 90Ω. When pure water was added, the equivalent series resonant resistance degraded to 2 kΩ.

(44) As described above, according to the sensor using the piezoelectric vibrator of the present invention, the degradation in the resonance characteristic (the degradation in the equivalent series resonant resistance) in a liquid is small, as compared to the sensor using the conventional quartz oscillator. The piezoelectric vibrator according to the present invention is suitable as a so-called QCM used for a liquid. Note that Ca may partially be substituted with Sr, and the above description also applies to this arrangement.

(45) Note that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and many modifications and combinations can be made by those who have ordinary knowledge in this field within the technical scope of the present invention, as a matter of course.

EXPLANATION OF THE REFERENCE NUMERALS AND SIGNS

(46) 101 . . . vibrating piece, 102, 103 . . . electrode