Venturi vortex and flow facilitating turbine

Abstract

A wind harvesting assembly for a wind turbine, having: a Venturi tube having a hollow interior having a first air pressure; an open top end having a first diameter; an open bottom end having the first diameter; a tube length spanning between the open top end and the open bottom end; and a constricted section located above the bottom end, the constricted section adapted to increase a velocity of air passing through by having a second diameter smaller than the first diameter; a plurality of vertical wind turbine blades arranged around the Venturi tube, wherein each vertical blade of the plurality of vertical wind turbine blades is associated with permanent magnets.

Claims

1. A wind harvesting assembly for a wind turbine, the wind harvesting assembly comprising: a Venturi tube having a hollow interior having a first air pressure; an open top end having a first diameter; an open bottom end having the first diameter; a tube length spanning between the open top end and the open bottom end; and a constricted section located above the bottom end, the constricted section being adapted to increase a velocity of air passing through the Venturi tube and cause an expulsion of air out of the Venturi tube by having a second diameter smaller than the first diameter; a plurality of vertical wind turbine blades arranged around the Venturi tube, wherein each vertical blade of the plurality of vertical wind turbine blades is associated with a magnet, such that a rotation of the vertical blade causes a rotation of the magnet; and wherein each vertical blade of the plurality of vertical wind turbine blades has: a blade top end; a blade bottom end; and a blade length spanning between the blade top end and the blade bottom end, the length being the same as the tube length, and being aligned with the tube length, such that the blade top end is aligned with the open top end, and the blade bottom end is aligned with the open bottom end; wherein the first air pressure within the hollow interior is lower than a second air pressure outside of the wind harvesting assembly, resulting in a pressure differential that causes a suction effect of a first portion of air into the open top end from wind passing over the wind harvesting assembly, such that the first portion of air becomes the air passing through the Venturi tube; wherein the rotation of the plurality of vertical wind turbine blades is caused when a second portion of air is ingested into the wind turbine and forced to become a vortex 20 having a higher speed than the ingested air, the vortex being a spiral air stream traveling towards the open bottom end; and wherein the open bottom end is adapted to facilitate the expulsion of air out of the Venturi tube.

2. The wind harvesting assembly of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of Venturi tube vents above the open bottom end of the Venturi tube, the plurality of Venturi tube vents being adapted to further facilitate the expulsion of air out of the Venturi tube.

3. The wind harvesting assembly of claim 1, wherein the higher speed of the vortex causes a pressure inside the wind turbine to be lower than an atmospheric pressure outside the wind turbine, thus causing a second suction effect that draws more wind into the wind turbine.

4. The wind harvesting assembly of claim 1, further comprising a wind guide at the open top end, the wind guide being adapted to guide wind into the Venturi tube by having a pointed shape.

5. The wind harvesting assembly of claim 4, the wind guide being further adapted to guide wind into the Venturi tube by being rotatable about the open top end, such that the pointed shape is in a desired position to catch and guide wind into the Venturi tube.

6. The wind harvesting assembly of claim 5, wherein the wind guide is associated with a stationary upper frame, the stationary upper frame being attached to the wind turbine and being adapted to hold the wind guide during a rotation of the wind guide.

7. A wind turbine comprising a wind harvesting assembly and a housing, the wind harvesting assembly being encased in a hollow housing interior of the housing, the housing having: a top housing end; a base at a bottom housing end, the base having a hollow base interior, a top base end, a bottom base end, and means for a first expulsion of air out of the wind turbine; an intake opening spanning between the top housing end and the bottom housing end; a Venturi tube having: a hollow interior having a first air pressure; an open top end having a first diameter, the open top end being located at the top housing end; an open bottom end having the first diameter, the open bottom end being located at the top base end; a tube length spanning between the open top end and the open bottom end; and a constricted section located above the bottom end, the constricted section being adapted to increase a velocity of air passing through the Venturi tube cause a second expulsion of air out of the Venturi tube by having a second diameter smaller than the first diameter; a plurality of vertical wind turbine blades arranged around the Venturi tube, wherein each vertical blade of the plurality of vertical wind turbine blades is associated with a magnet, such that a rotation of the vertical blade causes a rotation of the magnet; and wherein each vertical blade of the plurality of vertical wind turbine blades has: a blade top end; a blade bottom end; and a blade length spanning between the blade top end and the blade bottom end, the length being the same as the tube length, and being aligned with the tube length, such that the blade top end is aligned with the open top end, and the blade bottom end is aligned with the open bottom end; wherein the first air pressure within the hollow interior is lower than a second air pressure outside of the wind harvesting assembly, resulting in a pressure differential that causes a suction effect of a first portion of air into the open top end from wind passing over the wind harvesting assembly; and wherein the rotation of the plurality of vertical wind turbine blades is caused when a second portion of air is ingested into the wind turbine and forced to become a vortex having a higher speed than the ingested air, the vortex being a spiral air stream traveling towards the open bottom end.

8. The wind turbine of claim 7, wherein the means for the first expulsion of air out of the wind turbine comprises a plurality of vents on the base located above the bottom base end.

9. The wind turbine of claim 7, wherein the means for the first expulsion of air out of the wind turbine comprises an opening at the bottom base end.

10. The wind turbine of claim 7, further comprising a base blade housed within the hollow base interior, the base blade being adapted to assist in the first expulsion of air out of the wind turbine by a rotation caused by the second expulsion of air out of the Venturi tube.

11. The wind turbine of claim 7, further comprising a plurality of Venturi tube vents above the open bottom end of the Venturi tube, the plurality of Venturi tube vents being adapted to facilitate the second expulsion of the air out of the Venturi tube.

12. The wind turbine of claim 7, further comprising a wind guide at the top housing end, the wind guide being adapted to guide wind into the Venturi tube by having a pointed shape.

13. The wind turbine of claim 12, the wind guide being further adapted to guide wind into the Venturi tube by being rotatable about the top housing end, such that the pointed shape is in a desired position to catch and guide wind into the Venturi tube.

14. A wind harvesting assembly for a wind turbine, the wind harvesting assembly comprising: a Venturi tube having: a hollow interior having a first air pressure; an open top end having a first diameter; an open bottom end having the first diameter; a tube length spanning between the open top end and the open bottom end; and a constricted section located above the bottom end, the constricted section adapted to increase a velocity of air passing through the Venturi tube and cause an expulsion of air out of the Venturi tube by having a second diameter smaller than the first diameter; and a plurality of vertical wind turbine blades arranged around the Venturi tube such that each vertical blade of the plurality of vertical wind turbine blades is radially disposed between a shell of the wind turbine and the Venturi tube, wherein each vertical blade of the plurality of vertical wind turbine blades is associated with a magnet, and wherein a rotation of the plurality of vertical wind turbine blades is caused by wind ingested into the wind turbine.

15. The wind harvesting assembly of claim 14, further comprising a plurality of Venturi tube vents at the bottom end of the Venturi tube, the plurality of Venturi tube vents being adapted to facilitate the expulsion of the air out of the Venturi tube.

16. The wind harvesting assembly of claim 14, further comprising a wind guide at the open top end, the wind guide being adapted to guide wind into the Venturi tube by having a pointed shape.

17. The wind harvesting assembly of claim 16, the wind guide being further adapted to guide wind into the Venturi tube by being rotatable about the open top end, such that the pointed shape is in a desired position to catch and guide wind into the Venturi tube.

18. The wind harvesting assembly of claim 17, wherein the wind guide is associated with a stationary upper frame, the stationary upper frame being attached to the wind turbine and being adapted to hold the wind guide during a rotation of the wind guide.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) For exemplification purposes, and not for limitation purposes, aspects, embodiments or examples of the invention are illustrated in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1A illustrates an exploded perspective view of a cyclonic aeolian vortex (CAV) turbine, having the cap of the cavity shell lifted for illustration purposes, as known in the art.

(3) FIG. 1B illustrates the top view of a cyclonic aeolian vortex (CAV) turbine, having the cap of the shell removed for illustration purposes, as known in the art.

(4) FIG. 1C shows a sectional view of a cyclonic aeolian vortex (CAV) turbine, as known in the art.

(5) FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate the top perspective view and the side perspective view, respectively, of a Venturi vortex flow facilitating wind turbine (VVFF), according to an aspect.

(6) FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate the partial cross-sectional side views of examples of a VVFF turbine, according to an aspect.

(7) FIG. 4 illustrates the cross-sectional side view of another example of a VVFF turbine, according to an aspect.

(8) FIG. 5 illustrates the partial cross-sectional side perspective view showing an example of a wind harvesting assembly in the interior of the VVFF turbine, according to an aspect.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(9) What follows is a description of various aspects, embodiments and/or examples in which the invention may be practiced. Reference will be made to the attached drawings, and the information included in the drawings is part of this detailed description. The aspects, embodiments and/or examples described herein are presented for exemplification purposes, and not for limitation purposes. It should be understood that structural and/or logical modifications could be made by someone of ordinary skills in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore, the scope of the invention is defined by the accompanying claims and their equivalents.

(10) It should be understood that, for clarity of the drawings and of the specification, some or all details about some structural components or steps that are known in the art are not shown or described if they are not necessary for the invention to be understood by one of ordinary skills in the art.

(11) For the following description, it can be assumed that most correspondingly labeled elements across the figures (e.g., 340 and 440, etc.) possess the same characteristics and are subject to the same structure and function. If there is a difference between correspondingly labeled elements that is not pointed out, and this difference results in a non-corresponding structure or function of an element for a particular embodiment, example or aspect, then the conflicting description given for that particular embodiment, example or aspect shall govern.

(12) FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate the top perspective view and the side perspective view, respectively, of a Venturi vortex and flow facilitating wind turbine (“Venturi flow turbine,” “Venturi Vortex Flow Facilitator,” or “VVFF turbine”) 240, according to an aspect. The VVFF turbine 240 may be provided with various elements to assist in the following for more efficiently harvesting the kinetic energy of the winds: manifesting a steady low pressure zone within the turbine, facilitating the creation of a stable vortex within the turbine, expulsion of harvested air axially down and radially out of the turbine, and the use of air passing over the turbine in the operation of the turbine.

(13) The VVFF turbine 240 may be provided with a shell 202 (“shell,” “blade housing,” “turbine housing,” or “housing”), which, as described previously, may be a sheet (e.g., a metallic sheet) formed in a funnel-like or spiral-like shape having an intake opening (“intake opening” or “vertical intake opening”) 202b spanning the entire height/length 202a of the turbine housing. Again, it should be understood that other shapes may be adopted as long as they enable the shell 202 to capture the functions described herein. The environmental wind 225 may be normally ingested through the entire length/height 202a of the intake opening 202b. The wind 225 may also be ingested in from the upper opening 245, which may be located at the top end 240a of the turbine 240. An advantage may be that winds that may normally pass over a turbine without an upper opening may, with the addition of the upper opening 245, now be utilized in the operation of the turbine 240 and may assist in a more efficient operation of the turbine by passing through a Venturi tube (as will be described in further detail when referring to FIGS. 3A-4).

(14) The VVFF turbine 240 may also be provided with a base 241, which may comprise the bottom end 240b of the turbine 440, and the base 241 may have air vents or diffusers (“diffusers,” “grates,” “vents,” or “stationary radial diffusers”) 242. As an example, the base 241 may be provided with an open bottom at the bottom end 240b of the turbine for the release of air, or vents 242, or both an open bottom and vents 242. The base 241 may also have a closed end as shown as an example in FIG. 5. The vents 242 may be of any suitable size or shape, such as the examples shown in FIG. 2, or may also resemble the examples shown in FIG. 3. The vents 242, and/or the open bottom of the turbine may serve as exit points for the harvested wind that entered the turbine. As will be described further, the interior of the turbine may maintain a zone of comparatively lower pressure (“low pressure zone”) in contrast to the external air of the environment around the turbine (“high pressure zone”). The low pressure zone may help to expel the harvested wind through these exit points. The low pressure zone may also assist the turbine 240 in starting a rotation of its blades when in a slow wind speed environment or condition.

(15) These elements may also allow the VVFF turbine to operate as a passive system by taking advantage of the stack effect, which refers to the movement of air through a building or similar structure resulting from the height of the building or structure, and resulting from a pressure differential between the inside of the structure and the environment.

(16) FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate the partial cross-sectional side views of examples of a VVFF turbine 340, according to an aspect. The VVFF turbine 340 may be provided with a Venturi tube 343 at the center of the interior of the housing 302. The upper opening 345 may lead air into the Venturi tube 343, and thus, wind 325a may enter from the upper opening and travel downwards through the Venturi tube 343. The Venturi tube 343 may be provided with a constricted section 343a which may be situated near the bottom end of the tube. The Venturi tube 343 may be straight, until the constricted section 343a where the tube is narrowed, and then the tube may, as shown, widen again to a same width as above the constricted section 343a. The constricted section 343a may cause wind coming down through the Venturi tube 343 to naturally become accelerated due to the Venturi effect. The combination of this accelerated wind and the lower air pressure located at the base of the Venturi tube 343 may, similar to the exhaust opening 103 of FIG. 1A, help to expel air from the base of the turbine such that air stoppage is relieved. The combination of the Venturi tube and the lowered air pressure may thus provide an efficient and active system for air expulsion from the bottom end of the VVFF turbine.

(17) Similar to the exemplary configurations as described in FIGS. 1A-1C, the VVFF turbine 340 may, again, take advantage of the Venturi effect via the Venturi tube, to increase the velocity of the ingested wind 325a, as it is forced to pass through the constricted section of the Venturi tube. Again, as previously discussed, the Venturi effect is the reduction of a fluid pressure when the fluid flows through a constricted section, which further dictates that a velocity of a fluid passing through the constricted section increases. Thus, this system may increase the amount of kinetic energy that can be harvested from the wind by increasing the velocity of air traveling into the turbine.

(18) Air flowing down the Venturi tube and subjected to the Venturi effect may travel naturally down the flue created by the Venturi tube and create a draft of wind that assists in stabilizing the vortex that is created by the turning of the turbine blades 344. When the VVFF turbine 340 is provided with a Venturi tube 343, blades 110a as shown in FIGS. 1B-1C may be blocked by the Venturi tube 343 and thus unable to rotate within the turbine as previously described. The VVFF turbine 340 may thus, as an example, be provided with a turbine blade assembly as shown, having a plurality of vertical blades 344 situated around the Venturi tube 343. Each vertical blade 344 of the plurality of vertical blades (“turbine blade,” “vertical turbine blade,” or “vertical blade”) 344 may rotate individually on its own vertical axis. Each vertical turbine blade 344 may be secured within the housing of the turbine by any suitable means, such as, for example, by being associated with stationary mount 348 on the floor of the housing as shown. Each vertical blade 344 may rotate on its vertical axis when a wind vortex, represented by arrows 327, is created within the turbine from the wind 325 ingested through the intake opening 302b. The rotation of the vertical blades 344 may cause a generation of energy via a generator (as shown by 130 in FIG. 1C as an example, and as shown by 530 in FIG. 5), magnets 354 at the base of the vertical blades 344, and coils 355, which may, for example, be static copper coils. The magnets 354 may rotate via the vertical blades 344 over the coils 355 for energy production, for example. The plurality of vertical blades 344 situated around the central Venturi tube may be smaller than the rotor blade assembly as shown by 110 in FIG. 1B as an example. Thus, the smaller vertical blades 344 may be able to begin rotating in slower wind speeds than a larger blade assembly, and the turbine could thus start in slower wind speeds. The central Venturi tube 343 spanning the length of the turbine housing may also serve to block any errant wind energy from crossing the diameter of the housing, such that a steady wind vortex 327 may be maintained

(19) The base 341 of the VVFF turbine 340 may have a hollow interior space (“base hollow interior space,” “base interior,” “base hollow interior”) 347 within which a negative pressure zone may be maintained. The base interior 347 may also house various elements, such as electronics, battery storage, and any other suitable equipment for pointing the turbine into the direction of the wind, for example. As shown in FIG. 3A, the VVFF turbine 340 may be provided with a base blade 346 (which may be referred to as an “active negative pressure system” or “active system”) within the base 347, or, as shown in FIG. 3B, the VVFF turbine 340 may be provided without a base blade (which may be referred to as a “passive negative pressure system” or “passive system”). The base blade 346 may assist in creating negative pressure by assisting in pulling air down and through the base. This air 325b may then be vented out of the shell through vents 342 or through an open bottom, or both, and thus the base blade may also be referred to as a “negative pressure blade.” The low pressure zone maintained within the base interior 347 may be the lowest pressure (“lowest pressure zone”) when compared to the low pressure zone of the Venturi tube, and to the high pressure zone of the exterior environment (as will be further described when referring to FIG. 4). This lowest pressure zone may help to stabilize the wind vortex 327, and may also help to better stabilize the wind vortex 327 when in low speeds and high speeds of the harvested wind. During such conditions, without the low pressure zone, the wind vortex 327 may destabilize. With the low pressure zone created within the base interior 347, the wind vortex 327 may be sustained for longer and may also be created more easily. This effect may be referred to as a “pre-start effect.” Additionally, the base blade 346 may also help to power auxiliary devices such as, for example, a slow start motor for the main turbine, a yaw control motor to point turbine into oncoming wind, or may also power a storage battery, or any other suitable devices.

(20) FIG. 4 illustrates the cross-sectional side view of another example of a VVFF turbine 440, according to an aspect. The VVFF turbine 440 may be provided with an upper frame (“upper frame,” “top frame,” or “frame”) 449 at the upper end 440a of the turbine, which may be elevated above the upper end 440a. The upper frame 449 may be provided with a wind guide 450, which may assist in pointing the turbine 440 into the wind, by rotating as needed and by having a shape that points inwards into the Venturi tube 443, for example. The wind guide 450 may be pointed, may have a cone shape, or any other suitable shape for pointing and guiding wind and errant gusts into the Venturi tube 443. As an example, the wind guide 450 may be stationary and be accessible to the winds in 360 degrees without the need for movement. As another example, the wind guide 450 may be able to rotate a full 360 degrees on top of the turbine, while the top frame 449 is also stationary, or the wind guide 450 and the frame 449 may rotate together on top of the turbine. The rotation of the wind guide 450 about the top of the turbine may enable the wind guide 450 to thus point into a desired direction for creating a guide or path for incoming wind to follow and flow into the Venturi tube 443 of the turbine. Again, the wind guide 450 may be vane-shaped, or may be cone-shaped, or any other suitable shape for guiding wind down into the Venturi tube. The wind guide 450 may, again, be further adapted to guide wind into the Venturi tube by being rotatable about the open top end, such that the pointed shape is in a desired position to catch and guide wind into the Venturi tube. As an example, wind around the turbine may push and position the wind guide into the desired position for optimally catching wind and guiding wind into the Venturi tube 443.

(21) Pressure differentials may exist between the exterior environment 451, within the interior 452 of the Venturi tube 443, and within the base interior 447. Of these, the exterior environment 451 may have air pressure that is the highest (“high pressure zone”), and the interior 452 of the Venturi tube may have air pressure that is lower (“low pressure zone”), and the interior of the base 447 may have air pressure that is the lowest (“lowest pressure zone” or “lower pressure zone”). The low and lower pressure zones may help to suction effect air expanded into the turbine, and may also help to expel the harvested air 425b back out of the bottom end of the turbine, creating room for more air to move downwards and continue the harvesting of energy from the wind. The efficiency of this process may be assisted by these pressure differentials.

(22) Again, also because of the Bernoulli effect, the increased speed of the air inside the shell 402 translates to lower pressure inside the shell when compared with the atmospheric pressure 451 outside the shell, as described. This may create a suction effect that helps attract more wind inside the shell through the intake opening 402b, thus increasing the amount of kinetic energy that could be harvested by the turning of the turbine blades.

(23) The expulsion of air out of the bottom end of the turbine may also be assisted by a base blade 446, which may create a vortex of air 425c which may then be expelled radially through vents 442.

(24) FIG. 5 illustrates the partial cross-sectional side perspective view showing an example of a wind harvesting assembly in the interior of the VVFF turbine 540, according to an aspect. The VVFF turbine 540 may be provided with a plurality of turbine blades 544 situated around the Venturi tube and housed within the shell or housing 502, which may be turned by wind 525 ingested through the intake opening 502b, which may become a vortex 527 circling around the plurality of turbine blades 544. Wind 525a may also be ingested down into the Venturi tube 543.

(25) With the addition of the Venturi tube, and blade assembly inside of the cyclonic aeolian vortex turbine taking advantage of the inverse type stack effect, the air that would normally travel over the top of the CAV turbine may then be utilized in the operation of the VVFF turbine. As an example, a base blade may be installed at the bottom of the interior of the turbine, which may then be rotated by the air traveling down through the Venturi tube 543. The air that is sucked in through the Venturi tube 543 may be able to generate a small amount of electricity via the generator 530, which can then be used in various functions such as assisting in starting the main turbine, or generating electrical or mechanical power for auxiliary devices including battery storage. Again, the magnets 554, stationary coils 555, and generator 530 may then generate electrical energy via the turning of the vertical turbine blades 544. Thus, the inclusion of the Venturi tube 543 may enable the turbine 540 to begin turning even in slow wind conditions.

(26) The Venturi tube 543 may also be provided with vents (“Venturi tube vents”) 553 at its base, which may assist in pushing air out of the shell 502. This action may be further assisted by the base blade 546 and guide vanes (as shown by 450 in FIG. 4). The accelerated air leaving the bottom of the Venturi tube 543 radially and leaving through the Venturi tube vents 553, combined with the lowest air pressure within the base may all help to expel air 525b from the turbine, and alleviate any air blockage present at the base of the turbine.

(27) It may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words and phrases used in this patent document. The term “couple” and its derivatives refer to any direct or indirect communication between two or more elements, whether or not those elements are in physical contact with one another. The term “or” is inclusive, meaning and/or. The phrases “associated with” and “associated therewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, or the like.

(28) Further, as used in this application, “plurality” means two or more. A “set” of items may include one or more of such items. Whether in the written description or the claims, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of,” respectively, are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases with respect to claims.

(29) If present, use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed. These terms are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements. As used in this application, “and/or” means that the listed items are alternatives, but the alternatives also include any combination of the listed items.

(30) Throughout this description, the aspects, embodiments or examples shown should be considered as exemplars, rather than limitations on the apparatus or procedures disclosed or claimed. Although some of the examples may involve specific combinations of method acts or system elements, it should be understood that those acts and those elements may be combined in other ways to accomplish the same objectives.

(31) Acts, elements and features discussed only in connection with one aspect, embodiment or example are not intended to be excluded from a similar role(s) in other aspects, embodiments or examples.

(32) Aspects, embodiments or examples of the invention may be described as processes, which are usually depicted using a flowchart, a flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may depict the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. With regard to flowcharts, it should be understood that additional and fewer steps may be taken, and the steps as shown may be combined or further refined to achieve the described methods.

(33) If means-plus-function limitations are recited in the claims, the means are not intended to be limited to the means disclosed in this application for performing the recited function, but are intended to cover in scope any equivalent means, known now or later developed, for performing the recited function.

(34) If any presented, the claims directed to a method and/or process should not be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written, and one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that the sequences may be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

(35) Although aspects, embodiments and/or examples have been illustrated and described herein, someone of ordinary skills in the art will easily detect alternate of the same and/or equivalent variations, which may be capable of achieving the same results, and which may be substituted for the aspects, embodiments and/or examples illustrated and described herein, without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore, the scope of this application is intended to cover such alternate aspects, embodiments and/or examples. Hence, the scope of the invention is defined by the accompanying claims and their equivalents. Further, each and every claim is incorporated as further disclosure into the specification.