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Systems and methods of modulating electrical impulses in an animal brain using arrays of planar coils configured to generate pulsed electromagnetic fields and integrated into clothing

11020603 · 2021-06-01

    Inventors

    Cpc classification

    International classification

    Abstract

    The present specification discloses a pulsed electromagnetic field system having planar microcoil arrays integrated into clothing. Preferably, each of the planar microcoil arrays has two or more planar microcoils positioned on a substrate. The planar microcoil arrays are connected to a controller configured to generate an electrical current and transmit that electrical current, in accordance with a particular stimulation protocol, to each of the planar microcoil arrays.

    Claims

    1. A pulsed electromagnetic field device comprising: a hat comprising a crown having an internal surface configured to receive a human head; a controller configured to be attached to a surface of the hat and configured to generate an electrical current; a plurality of planar microcoil arrays, wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays comprises at least one planar microcoil positioned on a substrate, wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is coupled to the internal surface of the crown, and wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is in electrical communication with the controller to receive the electrical current; and programmatic instructions stored on a separate computing device, wherein, when executed by the separate computing device, the programmatic instructions generate a display for prompting a user to input data indicative of a desired type of treatment, wherein the desired type of treatment includes at least one of relaxation, improved sleep, improved memory, or improved mental acuity.

    2. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is physically separate and configured to independently receive an electrical current from the controller.

    3. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein the controller is adapted to generate an electrical pulse train having a frequency and to deliver the electrical pulse train to each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays.

    4. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein the electrical pulse train comprises at least two pulses having different peak levels of current and wherein the different peak levels of current are in a range of 5 mA to 500 mA.

    5. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 4, wherein a shape of each of the at least two pulses is rectangular.

    6. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 3, wherein the frequency is in a range of 0.1 Hz to 60 Hz.

    7. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays comprises at least 4 spiral-shaped microcoils.

    8. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 7, wherein the controller is adapted to generate an electrical pulse train that is currently delivered to each of the at least 4 microcoils concurrently.

    9. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of planar microcoil arrays comprises at least 5 planar microcoil arrays and wherein: a first array of the at least 5 planar microcoil arrays is positioned at a front portion of the crown such that, when the hat is worn on the human head, the first array of the at least 5 planar microcoil arrays is positioned adjacent a frontal lobe of a brain within the human head; a second array of the at least 5 planar microcoil arrays is positioned at a right side portion of the crown such that, when the hat is worn on the human head, the second array of the at least 5 planar microcoil arrays is positioned adjacent a right temporal lobe of the brain within the human head; a third array of the at least 5 planar microcoil arrays is positioned at a left side portion of the crown such that, when the hat is worn on the human head, the third array of the at least 5 planar microcoil arrays is positioned adjacent a left temporal lobe of the brain within the human head; a fourth array of the at least 5 planar microcoil arrays is positioned at a top side portion of the crown such that, when the hat is worn on the human head, the fourth array of the at least 5 planar microcoil arrays is positioned adjacent the frontal lobe or a parietal lobe of the brain within the human head; and a fifth array of the at least 5 planar microcoil arrays is positioned at a back side portion of the crown such that, when the hat is worn on the human head, the fifth array of the at least 5 planar microcoil arrays is positioned adjacent a occipital lobe of the brain within the human head.

    10. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 9, wherein the controller is adapted to generate an electrical pulse train having a frequency in a range of 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz and to sequentially deliver the electrical pulse train to each of the at least 5 planar microcoil arrays.

    11. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 9, wherein the controller is adapted to generate an electrical pulse train having a frequency in a range of 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz and to concurrently deliver the electrical pulse train to at least 2 of each of the at least 5 planar microcoil arrays.

    12. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein the hat comprises two or more layers of material and wherein the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is positioned between the two or more layers of material.

    13. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein the controller is adapted to generate an electrical pulse train having a frequency and to deliver the electrical pulse train to each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays, wherein the electrical pulse train comprises a first pulse having a first amplitude, a second pulse having a second amplitude, and a third pulse having a third amplitude, wherein the first amplitude is less than the second amplitude and the second amplitude is less than the third amplitude.

    14. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 13, wherein each of the first pulse, second pulse, and third pulse has a substantially rectangular shape.

    15. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 14, wherein, upon receiving the electrical pulse train, each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is configured to generate a magnetic field in a range of 100 microTesla to 300 microTesla as measured 1 mm or less from a surface of the each array of the plurality of planar microcoils arrays.

    16. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 15, wherein the generated magnetic field is adapted to degrade in air to less than 80 microTesla over a distance of at least 10 mm.

    17. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays comprises an input terminal configured to receive current from the controller, an output terminal, and at least two traces to electrically connect each of the microcoils positioned on each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays to the input terminal and the output terminal.

    18. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 17, wherein a first set of each of the microcoils is configured to direct current clockwise and wherein a second set of each of the microcoils is configured to direct current counterclockwise.

    19. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 17, wherein each of the microcoils is configured to direct current in a same direction.

    20. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 17, wherein each of the microcoils is at least one of a spiral circular planar microcoil, a rectangular circular planar microcoil, a non-spiral circular planar microcoil, or a non-spiral rectangular planar microcoil.

    21. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein, when executed by the separate computing device, the programmatic instructions generate a display for prompting a user to input data indicative of a physiological state, wherein the physiological state is representative of at least one of the user's state of stress, the user's state of anxiety, the user's state of relaxation or whether the user has a headache.

    22. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein the controller is adapted to generate an electrical pulse train having a frequency, to deliver the electrical pulse train to each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays in accordance with a programmed time period, and to automatically terminate generating the electrical pulse train after the programmed time period elapses.

    23. A pulsed electromagnetic field device comprising: a hat comprising a crown having an internal surface configured to receive a human head; a liner configured to be attached to the internal surface of the crown, wherein the liner comprises a plurality of cells and wherein each cell of the plurality of cells is defined by a pocket made of a first material bounded by a second material, and wherein the first material is more flexible than the second material; a controller configured to be attached to a surface of the hat and configured to generate an electrical current; a plurality of planar microcoil arrays, wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays comprises at least one planar microcoil positioned on a substrate, wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is coupled to one of the plurality of cells, and wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is in electrical communication with the controller to receive the electrical current.

    24. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 23, wherein the plurality of cells is divided into a first set of cells and a second set of cells, wherein each cell of the first set of cells comprises one array of the plurality of planar microcoils arrays and a cushioning material, and wherein each cell of the second set of cells comprises cushioning material without any array of the plurality of planar microcoils arrays.

    25. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein the substrate is flexible and wherein each of the at least one planar microcoil is embedded, layered, or printed on the flexible substrate.

    26. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein the hat further comprises a brim attached to the crown and wherein the controller is adapted to be coupled to a portion of the brim.

    27. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein the controller is adapted to receive the data indicative of the desired type of treatment from the separate computing device, to generate an electrical pulse train having a frequency based on the data indicative of the desired type of treatment, to deliver the generated electrical pulse train to each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays, and to automatically terminate generating the electrical pulse train after a programmed time period elapses.

    28. The pulsed electromagnetic field device of claim 1, wherein the programmed time period is based on the data indicative of the desired type of treatment.

    29. A pulsed electromagnetic field device comprising: a hat comprising a crown having an internal surface configured to receive a human head; a plurality of planar microcoil arrays, wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays comprises at least one planar microcoil positioned on a substrate and wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is coupled to the internal surface of the crown; and a controller configured to be attached to a surface of the hat, wherein the controller comprises a switch, wherein a position of the switch is representative of a desired type of treatment, wherein the desired type of treatment includes at least one of relaxation, improved sleep, improved memory, or improved mental acuity, and wherein the controller is adapted to generate an electrical pulse train having a frequency based on the position of the switch, to deliver the generated electrical pulse train to each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays, and to automatically terminate generating the electrical pulse train after a programmed time period elapses.

    30. A pulsed electromagnetic field device comprising: a hat comprising a crown having an internal surface configured to receive a human head; a controller configured to be attached to a surface of the hat and configured to generate an electrical current; a plurality of planar microcoil arrays, wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays comprises at least one planar microcoil positioned on a substrate, wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is coupled to the internal surface of the crown, and wherein each array of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is in electrical communication with the controller to receive the electrical current; and programmatic instructions stored on a separate computing device, wherein, when executed by the separate computing device, the programmatic instructions generate a display for prompting a user to input data indicative of a physiological state, wherein the physiological state is representative of at least one of the user's state of stress, the user's state of anxiety, the user's state of relaxation or whether the user has a headache.

    Description

    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

    (1) These and other features and advantages of the present specification will be further appreciated, as they become better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings:

    (2) FIG. 1A depicts an exemplary planar microcoil in a first circular configuration;

    (3) FIG. 1B depicts an exemplary planar microcoil in a first rectangular configuration;

    (4) FIG. 2A depicts an exemplary planar microcoil in a second circular configuration;

    (5) FIG. 2B depicts an exemplary planar microcoil in a second rectangular configuration;

    (6) FIG. 3A depicts an exemplary planar microcoil in a third circular configuration;

    (7) FIG. 3B depicts an exemplary planar microcoil in a third rectangular configuration;

    (8) FIG. 3C depicts an exemplary planar microcoil in a fourth configuration;

    (9) FIG. 4A depicts an exemplary planar microcoil in a first alternative configuration;

    (10) FIG. 4B depicts an exemplary planar microcoil in a second alternative configuration;

    (11) FIG. 4C depicts an exemplary planar microcoil in a third alternative configuration;

    (12) FIG. 5A depicts a first exemplary set of dimensions associated with an exemplary rectangular planar microcoil;

    (13) FIG. 5B depicts a second exemplary set of dimensions associated with an exemplary rectangular planar microcoil;

    (14) FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary planar microcoil system with multiple arrays of microcoils;

    (15) FIG. 7A depicts an exemplary planar microcoil positioned on a substrate;

    (16) FIG. 7B depicts an exemplary set of planar microcoils positioned on a substrate;

    (17) FIG. 8 depicts exemplary planar microcoils positioned on a second substrate;

    (18) FIG. 9 depicts an exemplary planar microcoil circuit diagram;

    (19) FIG. 10A depicts a first pulsed electromagnetic frequency signal which may be implemented to administer the therapies described herein;

    (20) FIG. 10B depicts a second pulsed electromagnetic frequency signal which may be implemented to administer the therapies described herein;

    (21) FIG. 10C depicts a third pulsed electromagnetic frequency signal which may be implemented to administer the therapies described herein;

    (22) FIG. 10D depicts a fourth pulsed electromagnetic frequency signal which may be implemented to administer the therapies described herein;

    (23) FIG. 10E depicts a fifth pulsed electromagnetic frequency signal which may be implemented to administer the therapies described herein;

    (24) FIG. 10F depicts a sixth pulsed electromagnetic frequency signal which may be implemented to administer the therapies described herein;

    (25) FIG. 10G depicts a seventh pulsed electromagnetic frequency signal which may be implemented to administer the therapies described herein;

    (26) FIG. 11A depicts a shirt with embedded planar microcoil arrays, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification;

    (27) FIG. 11B depicts a pair of socks with embedded planar microcoil arrays, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification;

    (28) FIG. 11C depicts a head covering with embedded planar microcoil arrays, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification;

    (29) FIG. 11D depicts a pair of pants or leggings with embedded planar microcoil arrays, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification;

    (30) FIG. 11E depicts a glove with embedded planar microcoil arrays, in accordance with some embodiments of the present specification;

    (31) FIG. 12A depicts a shirt with embedded planar microcoil arrays, in accordance with other embodiments of the present specification;

    (32) FIG. 12B depicts a pair of socks with embedded planar microcoil arrays, in accordance with other embodiments of the present specification;

    (33) FIG. 12C depicts a head covering with embedded planar microcoil arrays, in accordance with other embodiments of the present specification;

    (34) FIG. 12D depicts a pair of pants or leggings with embedded planar microcoil arrays, in accordance with other embodiments of the present specification;

    (35) FIG. 12E depicts a glove with embedded planar microcoil arrays, in accordance with other embodiments of the present specification;

    (36) FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing an exemplary use of the system;

    (37) FIG. 14 is an exemplary footwear system;

    (38) FIG. 15 is an exemplary array of planar coils;

    (39) FIG. 16 is an exemplary current directionality of a coil array;

    (40) FIG. 17 is an exemplary docking station configured to interface with a controller;

    (41) FIG. 18A is an exemplary head covering with planar microcoil arrays integrated therein;

    (42) FIG. 18B is another exemplary head covering with planar microcoil arrays integrated therein;

    (43) FIG. 19 is a side view of an article of clothing with planar microcoil arrays integrated therein;

    (44) FIG. 20 shows an exemplary method of using the PEMF device;

    (45) FIG. 21A shows an exemplary EEG profile of a human brain without exposure to an pulsed electromagnetic field using planar coils;

    (46) FIG. 21B shows an exemplary EEG profile of a human brain during exposure to an pulsed electromagnetic field using planar coils;

    (47) FIG. 22A shows a magnetic field profile of a preferred planar microcoil array approximately 1 mm from the surface of the array;

    (48) FIG. 22B shows a magnetic field profile of a preferred planar microcoil array approximately 3 mm from the surface of the array;

    (49) FIG. 22C shows a magnetic field profile of a preferred planar microcoil array approximately 5 mm from the surface of the array;

    (50) FIG. 22D shows a magnetic field profile of a preferred planar microcoil array approximately 7 mm from the surface of the array;

    (51) FIG. 22E shows a magnetic field profile of a preferred planar microcoil array approximately 9 mm from the surface of the array;

    (52) FIG. 22F shows a magnetic field profile of a preferred planar microcoil array approximately 11 mm from the surface of the array;

    (53) FIG. 23 shows an exemplary method of treating a person's brain;

    (54) FIG. 24 shows an exemplary method of treating pain in various parts of a person's body;

    (55) FIG. 25A shows a first view of an exemplary liner configured to be positioned between headwear and a patient's head; and

    (56) FIG. 25B shows a second view of an exemplary liner configured to be positioned between headwear and a patient's head.

    DETAILED DESCRIPTION

    (57) The present specification is directed towards multiple embodiments. The following disclosure is provided in order to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention. Language used in this specification should not be interpreted as a general disavowal of any one specific embodiment or used to limit the claims beyond the meaning of the terms used therein. The general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Also, the terminology and phraseology used is for the purpose of describing exemplary embodiments and should not be considered limiting. Thus, the present invention is to be accorded the widest scope encompassing numerous alternatives, modifications and equivalents consistent with the principles and features disclosed. For purpose of clarity, details relating to technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the invention have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention.

    (58) In the description and claims of the application, each of the words “comprise” “include” and “have”, and forms thereof, are not necessarily limited to members in a list with which the words may be associated. It should be noted herein that any feature or component described in association with a specific embodiment may be used and implemented with any other embodiment unless clearly indicated otherwise.

    (59) As used herein, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” mean “at least one” or “one or more” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

    (60) As used herein, the term “planar coil” or “planar microcoil” both refer to a conductive pathway with curves or turns where the entirety of the conductive pathway is substantially positioned within the same plane. Stated differently, the turns, curves, or coils of the conductive pathway occupy varied positions within an X-Y plane but are of the same thickness or have a thickness within a range of 20% of each other. Accordingly, such a planar microcoil is differentiated from conventional coil structures because the windings or turns of the coil do not extend substantially upward or outward from the innermost or first coil in the Z direction or normal to the X-Y plane defined by the innermost or first coil. The terms “extend substantially upward or outward”, “within the same plane”, or “within the same X-Y plane” are defined as within +/−20 mm, within +/−15 mm, within +/−10 mm, or more preferably within +/−5 mm of a 0 point on the Z axis. The planar footprint area of a “planar coil” or “planar microcoil” is preferably greater than 1 cm.sup.2, more preferably between 1 cm.sup.2 and 9 cm.sup.2, and even more preferably between 2 cm.sup.2 and 4 cm.sup.2.

    (61) As used herein, the term “magnetic flux” refers to a quantity or strength of magnetic lines produced by a current passing through one or more planar coils and the term “magnetic flux density” refers to the amount of that magnetic flux in an area taken perpendicular to the magnetic flux's direction, typically measured in Tesla. It should be appreciated that, throughout this specification and in each embodiment taught here, all magnetic fields, and corresponding magnetic flux and magnetic flux densities, are generated by a current passing through one or more planar coils and are not generated by one or more permanent magnets unless otherwise stated. It should further be appreciated that each embodiment described herein may further include an optional version which expressly does not include, incorporate, or otherwise use permanent magnets but, yet, which still generate magnetic fields.

    (62) Planar Microcoil Structure

    (63) Referring to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B, the planar microcoils may have a plurality of different shapes and dimensions. FIG. 1A shows a spiral circular planar microcoil 100a having six turns where the conductive pathway follows a spiral shape from a first part of the circuit 102a, or where the spiral coil conductive pathway begins, to a second part of the circuit 104a, or where the spiral coil conductive pathway terminates. Each turn forms a circle, except that the beginning and end of the circle are offset from each other, thereby creating a spiral across all turns. The spiral shaped conductive pathway 106a is substantially entirely positioned within the same X-Y plane.

    (64) Similarly, FIG. 1B shows a spiral rectangular planar microcoil 100b having 10 turns where the conductive pathway follows a spiral shape from a first part of the circuit 102b, or where the spiral coil conductive pathway begins, to a second part of the circuit 104b, or where the spiral coil conductive pathway terminates. Each turn forms a rectangle, except that the beginning and end of the circle are offset from each other, thereby creating a spiral across all turns. The spiral shaped conductive pathway 106b is substantially entirely positioned within the same X-Y plane.

    (65) It should be appreciated that the present invention is directed toward any spiral shaped planar microcoil, including polygonal, elliptical, or other shapes, having a plurality of turns where the conductive pathway follows a spiral shape from a first part of the circuit, or where the spiral coil conductive pathway begins, to a second part of the circuit, or where the spiral coil conductive pathway terminates. In such embodiments, each turn would form the same polygonal, elliptical, or other shape, except that the beginning and end of the shape are offset from each other, thereby creating a spiral across all turns. The spiral shaped conductive pathway would also be substantially entirely positioned within the same X-Y plane.

    (66) FIG. 2A shows a non-spiral circular planar microcoil 200a having three turns where the conductive pathway follows a curved, or circular, shape from a first part of the circuit 202a, or where the coil conductive pathway begins, to a second part of the circuit 204a, or where the coil conductive pathway terminates. Each turn forms an incomplete circle and shares a common electrical input and electrical output with the adjacent turns, thereby creating a set of nested incomplete circles, each in electrical communication with a common electrical input 202a and electrical output 204a and each having a progressively smaller (or larger) radius. The conductive pathway of nested incomplete circles 206a is substantially entirely positioned within the same X-Y plane.

    (67) Similarly, FIG. 2B shows a non-spiral rectangular planar microcoil 200b having four turns where the conductive pathway follows a polygonal, or rectangular, shape from a first part of the circuit 202b, or where the coil conductive pathway begins, to a second part of the circuit 204b, or where the coil conductive pathway terminates. Each turn forms an incomplete rectangle and shares a common electrical input and electrical output with the adjacent turns, thereby creating a set of nested incomplete rectangles, each in electrical communication with a common electrical input 202b and electrical output 204b and each having a progressively smaller (or larger) length and width. The conductive pathway of nested incomplete rectangles 206b is substantially entirely positioned within the same X-Y plane.

    (68) It should be appreciated that the present invention is directed toward any non-spiral shaped planar microcoil, including polygonal, elliptical, or other shapes, having a plurality of turns where the conductive pathway follows a polygonal, elliptical, or other shape from a first part of the circuit, or where the coil conductive pathway begins, to a second part of the circuit, or where the coil conductive pathway terminates. In such embodiments, each turn would form the same incomplete polygonal, elliptical, or other shape and would share a common electrical input and electrical output with the adjacent turns, thereby creating a set of nested incomplete polygonal, elliptical, or other shapes, each in electrical communication with a common electrical input and electrical output and each having a progressively smaller (or larger) length and width or radius. The conductive pathway of nested incomplete polygonal, elliptical, or other shapes would be substantially entirely positioned within the same X-Y plane

    (69) FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4C, 5A, 5B, 7A, 7B and 8 show additional exemplary microcoil embodiments and configurations. Referring to FIG. 3A, a circular spiral coil is shown 300a with a current input 305a and current output 310a on the same side and parallel to each other. FIG. 3B shows a rectangular spiral coil 300b with a current input or output 305b in the interior of the coil 300b. FIG. 3C shows a high-density spiral coil with an interior, wireless region 320c that is rectangular with curved corners. FIGS. 4A-4C show less preferred embodiments where 400a shows a two pronged coil with the two parallel ends of the coil separated by an open space 405a, 400b shows a two pronged coil with the two parallel ends of the coil separated by a zig-zag coil 405b, and 400c shows a two pronged coil with the two parallel ends of the coil separated by a zig-zag coil and having a conductive material positioned therein 405c. Referring to FIG. 8, a multi-coil planar array 800 may include two or more pronged coils 810 with the two ends of the coil separated by a zig-zag coil 805.

    (70) FIG. 5A shows a side perspective view of a planar coil 500a with coil depth in the Z the direction, as denoted by the variable “h”. The variable D denotes a dimension indicative of the distance from one exterior side of the coil to the opposing exterior side of the coil. The variable b denotes a dimension indicative of the thickness of the coil. The variable p denotes a dimension indicative of the distance between coils, referred to as a pitch. The variable Di denotes a dimension indicative of the distance from one interior side of the innermost coil to the opposing interior side of the innermost coil. Referring to FIG. 5B, the variable g also shows a spacing between coils. The arrow indicates a flow of current from an outside current coil connection to an inside current coil output. Referring to FIG. 7A, a single coil 700a mounted on a substrate 730a, where the coil is rectangular and has an input/output, 720a, 725a, on the exterior of the coil and in the interior of the coil. Referring to FIG. 7B, six coil 700a mounted on a substrate 730a, where the coil is rectangular and has an input/output, 720a, 725a, on the exterior of the coil and in the interior of the coil. FIG. 7B represents the preferred embodiment of a planar multi-coil array 700b and is discussed in greater detail with respect to FIG. 15. Six circular planar coils, 740b, 741b, are mounted on a flexible substrate 730b. Three coils 740b are on a top side and three coils 741b are on a bottom side. All coils are electrically connected, via traces 750b which run across the substrate, and 760b which connect from trace 750b to an individual coil, to a current input 720b and a current output 725b. In one embodiment, the current input 720b and output 725b are on the same side of the substrate 730b. In another embodiment, the current input 720b and output 725b may be on the different sides of the substrate 730b.

    (71) Table 1 has a list of preferred attributes of each of the spiral circular coil (FIG. 1A), spiral rectangular coil (FIG. 1B), non-spiral circular coil (FIG. 2A), and non-spiral rectangular coil (FIG. 2B). It should be appreciated that one or more of the other coils, as described herein, may have one or more of the preferred attributes described in Table 1 below.

    (72) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Coil Attributes Spiral circular Spiral rectangular Non-spiral circular Non-spiral rectangular Variables coil FIG. 1a coil FIG. 1b coil FIG. 2a coil FIG. 2b Width of the coil 1 to 200 microns 1 to 200 1 to 200 microns 1 to 200 microns segments (note that (preferably 25 to microns (preferably 25 to (preferably 25 to 100 the widths may be 100 microns, (preferably 25 100 microns, microns, preferably constant or preferably 50 to 100 microns, preferably 50 50 microns) variable) microns) preferably 50 microns) microns) Distance from 10 to 500 10 to 500 10 to 500 microns 10 to 500 microns center of coil to microns microns (preferably 100 (preferably 100 innermost coil (preferably 100 (preferably 100 microns) microns) segment microns) microns) Distance from 43 to 800250 43 to 800250 43 to 800250 43 to 800250 center to the microns, where microns, where microns, where microns, where the outermost coil the max distance the max the max distance max distance is segment is calculated distance is is calculated calculated using 100 using 100 calculated using using 100 microns for the width microns for the 100 microns for microns for the of the coil segment, width of the coil the width of the width of the coil 250 microns for the segment, 250 coil segment, segment, 250 distance from the microns for the 250 microns for microns for the center of the coil to distance from the the distance distance from the the innermost coil center of the coil from the center center of the coil segment, pitch is to the innermost of the coil to the to the innermost 1500 microns, coil segment, innermost coil coil segment, number of turns is pitch is 1500 segment, pitch pitch is 1500 500 microns, number is 1500 microns, number of turns is 500 microns, of turns is 500 number of turns is 500 Distance between 10 to 3000 10 to 3000 10 to 3000 10 to 3000 microns each coil segment, microns microns microns (preferably 50, 200, referred to as pitch (preferably 50, (preferably 50, (preferably 50, 650, 1150 microns) (note that the pitch 200, 650, 1150 200, 650, 1150 200, 650, 1150 may be constant or microns) microns) microns) variable) Height of the coil 0.1 to 20 0.1 to 20 0.1 to 20 microns 0.1 to 20 microns segments microns microns (preferably 1 (preferably 1 micron) (preferably 1 (preferably 1 micron) micron) micron) Number of turns 3 to 500 3 to 500 3 to 500 3 to 500 (preferably (defined as the (preferably 5, 20, (preferably 5, (preferably 5, 20, 5, 20, 48, 94) number of times a 48, 94) 20, 48, 94) 48, 94) coil travels around the center of the coil at least 270 degrees) Support structure SiO.sub.2/Si, wafer, SiO.sub.2/Si, wafer, SiO.sub.2/Si, wafer, SiO.sub.2/Si, wafer, Kapton, flexible Kapton, flexible Kapton, flexible Kapton, flexible

    (73) Referring back to FIG. 3C, in another embodiment, a copper coil 305c that is substantially circular with a substantially rectangular inner air core (having rounded internal edges) is provided. In one embodiment, it has the following attributes:

    (74) 1. The coil, including any hard-plastic backing, has a footprint no greater than 2 cm by 2 cm, preferably no greater than 1.65 by 1.65 centimeters.

    (75) 2. The coil comprises a plurality of wire turns, where the diameter of the coil in the plane of the coil is 0.04 mm.

    (76) 3. The coil will have a minimum of 100 turns, preferably 175 windings, and even more preferably greater than 150 windings.

    (77) 4. Each corner of the coil will have 1 quarter-circle with a radius of 0.18125 cm.

    (78) 5. The inductance is in a range of 200 to 700 μH, preferably around 373 μH and the resistance is in a range of 50 to 800 ohms, preferably around 144 ohms.

    (79) 6. The inner air core has dimensions in a range of 0.2 cm by 0.2 cm with each corner of the inner air core being 1 quarter-circle with a radius of 0.00625 cm.

    (80) Profile of the Magnetic Field

    (81) Referring to FIGS. 22A-22F, preferred planar microcoil arrays preferably generate high intensity, sharply peaking fields at a small vertical distance from the surface of the planar microcoil that rapidly flatten and decrease in intensity as the vertical distance from the surface of the planar microcoil array increases.

    (82) More specifically, each coil on the planar microcoil array concurrently generates a field which, at a 40 mA current and measured using an AC field measurement of 1 kHz, that decreases in a non-linear manner as the vertical distance increases from the surface of the array. As shown in FIG. 22A, each of the coils generates a field 2230A in a range of 120 to 160 microTesla approximately 1 mm above the array and coil surface. Concurrently referring to FIGS. 22B-22F, that field decreases to 50-80 microTesla (at 3 mm, 2230B), to 25-40 microTesla (at 5 mm, 2230C), to 14-20 microTesla (at 7 mm, 2230D), to 8-12 microTesla (at 9 mm, 2230E), and to 5-7 microTesla (at 11 mm, 2230F). Accordingly, as measured vertically from the surface of array, the field of each coil initially decreases at a first rate and then, over 2-4 mm, decreases to a second rate, where the second rate is less than the first rate. Additionally, over 5-8 mm, decreases to a third rate, where the third rate is less than the first and second rates. It should be appreciated that, while a six coil configuration is shown, other numbers of coils (collectively integrated onto a single contiguous substrate) may be used, in a range of 2 to 1000 and every whole number increment therein.

    (83) Furthermore, at a given distance normal to the surface of the planar microcoil array, each coil on the planar microcoil array concurrently, yet independently, generates a field having a peak intensity that is within 0.01% to 20% of the average peak intensity of all the coils measured at the same given distance. More preferably, each coil on the planar microcoil array concurrently, yet independently, generates a field having a peak intensity that is within 0.01% to 10%, or any whole number increment therein, of the average peak intensity of all the coils measured at the same given distance.

    (84) Furthermore, at a given distance normal to the surface of the planar microcoil array, the peak intensity generated by each coil on the planar microcoil array concurrently, yet independently, decreases at a certain rate as the distance increases from the surface of the planar microcoil array. For example, in one embodiment, the average peak intensity of the magnetic field measured 1 mm normal to the surface of the planar microcoil array decreases from a first value, such as in a range of 200 to 300 microTesla, to a second value measured 2 mm normal to the surface of the planar microcoil array, such as in a range of 80 to 130 microTesla, to a third value measured 3 mm normal to the surface of the planar microcoil array, such as in a range of 50 to 90 microTesla, to a fourth value measured 4 mm normal to the surface of the planar microcoil array, such as in a range of 30 to 70 microTesla, to a fifth value measured 5 mm normal to the surface of the planar microcoil array, such as in a range of 20 to 50 microTesla, to a sixth value measured 6 mm normal to the surface of the planar microcoil array, such as in a range of 10 to 40 microTesla, to a seventh value measured 7 mm normal to the surface of the planar microcoil array, such as in a range of 5 to 35 microTesla, to a eighth value measured 8 mm normal to the surface of the planar microcoil array, such as in a range of 5 to 30 microTesla, to a ninth value measured 9 mm normal to the surface of the planar microcoil array, such as in a range of 1 to 25 microTesla, to a tenth value measured 10 mm normal to the surface of the planar microcoil array, such as in a range of 1 to 20 microTesla, and to an eleventh value measured 11 mm normal to the surface of the planar microcoil array, such as in a range of 1 to 20 microTesla.

    (85) Stated differently, the peak intensity generated by each coil on the planar microcoil array concurrently, yet independently, decreases rapidly, such as 70% to 30%, within the first 4 mm of the surface of planar microcoil array. The magnitude of the decrease lessens as one moves further away from the planar microcoil array. For example, the peak intensity generated by each coil on the planar microcoil array concurrently, yet independently, decreases less rapidly, such as 40% to 14%, within the next 4 mm of the surface of planar microcoil array. In a preferred embodiment, the peak intensity generated by each coil on the planar microcoil array concurrently, yet independently, decreases according to the following equation:
    y=Ax.sup.−B
    where A is in a range of 100 to 600, and more preferably 300 to 400, and every whole number increment therein and where B is in a range of 1 to 2.5 (and every 0.1 decimal increment therein).

    (86) Taken together, the preferred magnetic field generated by the planar microcoil arrays are defined by four different vectors: a) the frequency of the pulse train or burst, b) the shape of each pulse in the pulse train or burst itself, c) the relative peak intensities of each pulse in the pulse train or burst itself, and d) the degradation profile from the surface of the planar microcoil arrays. In a preferred embodiment, each embodiment described herein generates a magnetic field by: a) Using a planar microcoil array having at least one coil positioned thereon, from 2 to 100 coils positioned thereon, and preferably from 4-10 coils where each of the coils may be one or more of the embodiments described herein; b) Driving a current to the coils positioned on a single array where the current is in the form of a pulse train, where the pulse train may be one or more of the embodiments described herein, and, more preferably, where the pulse train may be a ramping rectangular or sinusoidal pulse having a first pulse, a first time interval, a second pulse, and optionally a second time interval and a third (or more) pulses, as follows: a. the first pulse and second pulse (and the optional third or more pulses) have pulse widths in a range of 0.001 to 0.2 seconds and preferably in a range of 0.01 to 0.02 seconds. where the first time interval and optional additional time intervals are in a range of 0.01 to 0.04 seconds (preferably a 0.025 second interval), and where the second pulse is greater than the first pulse (or vice-versa) and have current levels in a range of 5 mA to 200 mA; or b. each pulse width may be defined as a function of the period (which is the inverse of the frequency) where each pulse width is in a range of ½ to 1/50 the period length (preferably ⅕ to 1/7 the period length), where each interval between the pulses in the pulse train is in a range of ½ to 1/50 the period length (preferably ⅕ to 1/9), where the dead time between each pulse burst or train is in a range of ½ to 1/20 the period length (preferably ⅓ to ⅕), and where the second pulse is greater than the first pulse (or vice-versa) and have current levels in a range of 5 mA to 200 mA; c) Activating the pulse train in accordance with a programmed frequency, where the programmed frequency is in a range of 0.01 Hz to 200 Hz and preferably in a range of 1 Hz to 60 Hz; and d) Activating each of the microcoil arrays in parallel or in series (or a combination thereof) such that the peak intensity generated by each coil on the planar microcoil array concurrently, yet independently, decreases according to the following equation:
    y=Ax.sup.−B
    where A is in a range of 100 to 600, and more preferably 300 to 400, and every whole number increment therein and where B is in a range of 1 to 2.5 (and every 0.1 decimal increment therein). Accordingly, the preferred embodiments generate a magnetic field having at least four vectors of variation, resulting in a rapidly changing magnetic field profile across human tissue: a) the individual pulse shape in a given pulse train (rectangular, sinusoidal or other shaped pulse), b) the ramping (or decreasing) peak intensity between individual pulses in a pulse train, c) the frequency of the pulse train/bursts, and d) the degradation profile of the field from each of the coils over a distance. The combination of these various vectors results in a rapidly varying magnetic field profile (over both time and distance) that results in the beneficial therapeutic effects described herein.

    (87) Additionally, it is preferred to have the magnetic field vectors defining the dominant direction of the magnetic fields of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays be non-coplanar. Specifically, it is preferred that: 1. A first of a plurality of planar microcoil arrays generates a first magnetic field defined by a first vector extending in a first direction, a second of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays generates a second magnetic field defined by a second vector extending in a second direction, and a third of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays generates a third magnetic field defined by a third vector extending in a third direction, wherein the first direction, second direction, and third direction are different directions. 2. A first of a plurality of planar microcoil arrays generates a first magnetic field defined by a first vector extending in a first direction, a second of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays generates a second magnetic field defined by a second vector extending in a second direction, and a third of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays generates a third magnetic field defined by a third vector extending in a third direction, wherein the first direction, second direction, and third direction are transverse to each other. 3. A first of a plurality of planar microcoil arrays generates a first magnetic field defined by a first vector extending in a first direction, a second of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays generates a second magnetic field defined by a second vector extending in a second direction, and a third of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays generates a third magnetic field defined by a third vector extending in a third direction, wherein if the first vector and second vector were to intersect each other, they would form an angle having a value greater than 15 degrees and if the second vector and third vector were to intersect each other, they would form an angle having a value greater than 15 degrees. 4. A first of a plurality of planar microcoil arrays generates a first magnetic field defined by a first vector extending in a first direction, a second of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays generates a second magnetic field defined by a second vector extending in a second direction, and a third of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays generates a third magnetic field defined by a third vector extending in a third direction, wherein the first direction, second direction, and third direction are non-parallel and intersect each other.
    Planar Microcoil Arrays and Controllers

    (88) Referring to FIG. 6, the therapeutic system 600 comprises a flexible patch or substrate 620 having one or more planar microcoils 620 positioned thereon. The flexible patch or substrate 620 comprises a flexible material, such as Kapton, polyimide, or any other suitable non-conductive flexible material. A single patch 620 comprising a plurality of planar microcoils 615 constitutes a planar microcoil array 630, as shown in FIGS. 7b and 15. Each of the arrays is connected in parallel or in series to a controller 605. For example, the set of patches 620 in column 603 may be connected serially, while the patches in columns adjacent to column 603 may be connected in parallel to the patches in column 603 via wires, or electrical communication pathways, 610.

    (89) In one embodiment, the single patch 620 comprises two or more planar microcoils 615 or between 2 and 100 microcoils or more than 2 planar microcoils. In one embodiment, the set of patches used in any specific application, including in any piece of clothing, may have different sizes (e.g. surface areas), and therefore different numbers of planar microcoils, in order to better fit or suit different parts of a person's anatomy. For example, clothing positioned adjacent to the patient's torso may have larger patches, and more planar microcoils, integrated into a single patch than clothing positioned near the patient's toes or fingers, which may have smaller patches to better contour to the curves and crevices near the patient's toes or fingers, as further discussed in relation to FIGS. 12a to 12e.

    (90) Controller 605 may be programmed to concurrently stimulate all the planar microcoils in all the patches, all planar microcoils on a subset of the patches, or a subset of planar microcoils on a subset of the patches. Further, the controller 605 may be optionally configured to removably interface with a docking station 675. Referring to FIG. 17, a docking system 1700 is comprised of a controller 1705 having circuitry 1710 configured to generate current signals in accordance with the stimulation protocols described herein, a first mechanical connection 1722, and a power source, such as a battery 1720, and a docking station 1730, having an electrical connection 1740 configured to mate to the circuitry 1710 and a second mechanical connection 1745 configured to mate with the first mechanical connection 1722. In one embodiment, the electrical connection 1740 comprises one or more pins having data stored therein indicative of the type of clothing, device, or application the docking station 1730 is integrated into. As described below, the planar microcoil arrays are integrated into clothing and, preferably, the docking station 1730 is as well. The controller 1705 is removably attachable to the docking station 1730 such, upon connecting the first mechanical connection 1722 to the second mechanical connection 1745, the circuit 1710 is automatically placed in electrical communication with, and is therefore capable of driving a current through, electrical interface 1740. Further, upon being automatically interfaced with electrical interface 1740, the circuit 1710 is configured to read the data indicative of the type of clothing or planar array configuration to which the docking station 1730 is connected, thereby allowing a user to use one controller 1705 with multiple different clothing types and further allowing the controller 1705 to be charged or serviced separate from the docking station 1730, planar microcoil arrays, and clothing into which both are integrated. The mechanical connection may be a male/female latch combination, a male/female snap combination, or any other male/female mechanical combination.

    (91) In one embodiment, programmatic instructions on a separate computing device, such as a phone, 635, are executed to capture pain data from the patient, analyze the pain data to determine which areas of the patient's anatomy requires pulsed electromagnetic field therapy, and, depending on the garment being worn by the patient, activate one or more planar microcoils on one or more patches to target the determined areas requiring pulsed electromagnetic field therapy.

    (92) More specifically, referring to FIG. 13, a patient first acquires a specific piece of clothing with the patches and planar microcoil arrays integrated therein, as further described below. The patient downloads an app onto his or her phone 635, creates an account, and inputs a clothing identifier, using a QR code, RFID tag, serial number or another identifier. In response to inputting the clothing identifier, the app determines the type of clothing (shirt, pant, sock, etc.) and generates a set of clearance questions specific to that type of clothing 1305. Clearance questions may be directed toward making sure the device is not used proximate to implanted devices, metal or other structures that, if positioned on the patient's skin, could experience induced electrical currents if pulsed electromagnetic fields are applied thereto.

    (93) After receiving the user's response to the clearance questions, the app determines if there are any contraindications to use (i.e. a pacemaker, spinal implants, pins, or other implanted devices) 1310 and, depending upon the determination, generates an activation code which is transmitted to the controller 605. If the user inputted data is contraindicated for use with the specific piece of clothing, the app recommends the user first activate the device under the supervision of a physician. An override code, which would require the user to actively acknowledge the risks involved, may be provided by the app and either wirelessly transmitted to the controller 605 or displayed to the user who may manually input it into the controller 605.

    (94) If user, relative to the identified piece of clothing, is cleared for use and the controller 605 is activated, the app then prompts the user to input data indicative of the patient's pain level and location of the pain 1315. The app may do so by generating a visual analog scale that the user may use to indicate a level of pain being experienced (i.e. on a scale of 1 to 10 or using graphical emojis) and a graphical image of a human body, or portions thereof, to allow the user to identify, by pointing to the right location on the graphical image, the locus of pain. In one embodiment, the graphical image used is specific to the type of clothing identified using the original code indicative of the clothing acquired. Once the degree and/or locus of pain has been identified, the app may determine which set of patches and/or set of planar microcoils should be energized in order to treat the inputted level and location of pain 1320 and transmit such data to the controller. For other conditions, other questions may be posed, such as degree and timing of memory lapses, degree and timing of tremors, or degree and timing of other symptoms.

    (95) FIG. 9 describes an exemplary circuit 900 configured to generate electrical currents, in accordance with stimulation protocols described below. The exemplary circuit may be in the controller 605 or distributed between the controller 605 and patches 620.

    (96) Referring to FIG. 15, the coil array 1500 may comprise a flexible substrate 1502 upon which a plurality of coil pieces 1504 are attached. Each coil piece 1504 comprises a backing, such as a hard-plastic backing 1506, upon which a coil 1508 is wound or molded. The coils may be any of the rectangular spiral, rectangular non-spiral, circular spiral, circular non-spiral or other shaped coils. The coil pieces 1504 are preferably spaced from each other in a range of 0.1 cm to 10 cm, preferably 0.5 cm to 2 cm, and preferably less than 15 cm, or any numerical increment therein. Each coil 1508 comprises an input lead and an output lead. The input lead of each coil 1508 may be routed to one side of the array 1510 and may be kept separate from each other by one or more layers of insulation tape 1512. The input leads of all the coils 1508 of the array 1500 are integrated or multiplexed together to form an input terminal 1522 to which electrical current from the controller and energy source may be directed. Accordingly, all the coils 1508 of the array 1500 may be concurrently energized by directing current from a single energy or battery source to just one input terminal 1522.

    (97) Similarly, the output lead of each coil 1508 may be routed to one side of the array 1514 and may be kept separate from each other by one or more layers of insulation tape 1512. The output leads of all the coils 1508 of the array 1500 are integrated or multiplexed together to form an output terminal 1524 to which electrical current from the controller and energy source may be directed. Accordingly, the output leads of all the coils 1508 of the array 1500 are integrated or multiplexed together to form an output terminal 1524 to which electrical current may be directed from the array to the controller and energy source. Further, all the coils 1508 of the array 1500 may form a closed circuit by directing current from the array to the single energy or battery source via the one output terminal 1524.

    (98) Preferably, positioned between each coil piece 1504 or coil 1508 is a material that may act as a cushion, barrier, or padding 1518 that functions to both prevent the coil pieces from 1504 shifting and to gently position the array 1500 against the user's skin. Additionally, or alternatively, area 1518 may include an adhesive to attach, secure, or otherwise fixedly position the array 1500 against the user's skin. Additionally, or alternatively, area 1518 may include an attachment mechanism, such as Velcro or snaps, to attach area 1518, and therefore array 1500, to another substrate or material to form a piece of clothing, as further discussed below.

    (99) It should be appreciated that the directionality of the current of each coil may be modified to achieve a desired magnetic flux level by properly routing its input lead or output lead to the input or output side of the array 1500. Referring to FIG. 16, in this array 1600, the top coils 1632 and the bottom coils 1636 have counterclockwise currents. The directionality of the current of a coil may be modified by changing which lead, extending from that coil, is routed to the input terminal and is routed to the output terminal. For example, if lead A is directed to the input terminal and lead B is directed to the output terminal, the current directionality of the corresponding coil may be clockwise. That current directionality may be switched to become counterclockwise by routing lead A to the output terminal and lead B to the input terminal

    (100) It should further be appreciated that the form factor and range of coil sizes and relative separation between coil pieces are important to achieving two core objectives. First, the coil footprint should not be too large, and the coil separation should not be too small, otherwise the array will not be flexible enough to conform to uneven or non-planar portions of a user's body. Second, the coil footprint should not be too small, and the coil separation should not be too large, otherwise the array will not generate a sufficiently large magnetic flux for therapeutic purposes. Hence, the dimensions and distances disclosed herein have a distinct utility and are not merely aesthetic in nature.

    (101) Stimulation Protocols

    (102) The controller is configured to generate an electrical current, and selectively transmit the electrical current to all of the plurality of planar microcoils, or a subset of the plurality of planar microcoils, in order to generate pulsed electromagnetic fields in accordance with one or more of FIGS. 10A to 10G. The electrical current may be a sinusoidal curve 1000a defined by a first period, a sinusoidal curve 1000b defined by a second period, or a sinusoidal curve 1000c defined by a third period where each of the three periods are of different lengths. The electrical current may also be a sinusoidal curve 1000d having a varying amplitude. In other embodiments, the electrical current pulse may be a trapezoidal 1000e, a spike 1000f, or square shaped 1000g. Referring to FIG. 10G, in one embodiment, the stimulation pulse, or shape of the electrical current pulse, may comprise a series of pulse trains 1000g, each defined by a set of ramping square pulses, 1005g, 1015g, 1020g. In particular, within a stimulation session, each pulse train 1000g may be initiated at a frequency in a range from 5 Hz to 200 Hz, preferably in a range of 8 to 30 Hz. Each pulse train 1000g comprises at least 1 square pulse, typically having an amplitude of between 20 and 100 mA. More preferably, each pulse train 1000g comprises a series of ramping square pulses, 1005g, 1015g, 1020g, that increase in amplitude from a first pulse in a range of 20 to 50 mA, to a second pulse in a range of 40 to 70 mA, to a third pulse in a range of 60 to 100 mA. It should be appreciated that other ramping configurations could be implemented, including a down ramping pulse that, in the course of the pulse train, decreases in amplitude.

    (103) A stimulation session may go from 1 minute to 24 hours. As described above, within a given stimulations session, you may have a series of pulse bursts. A pulse burst may have one or more pulses. Each pulse in the pulse burst may have the same or different pulse shapes, as shown in FIGS. 10A-10F. Each pulse in the pulse burst may have the same or different amplitude. In one preferred stimulation, there are multiple pulses in a pulse burst where the amplitude of each pulse burst ramps from low to high or ramps from high to low. Each pulse amplitude causes a generation of a field in the range of 1 to 10000 microTesla, preferably 3 to 500 microTesla, preferably 10 to 200 microTesla. The frequency of the pulse burst is in a range of 1 to 500 Hz, preferably 5 to 30 Hz, and more preferably 6 to 15 Hz. Amperage is dependent on the selected planar microcoil design but is in a range of 1 mAmp to 5 Amp. In embodiments, the pulse bursts may have characteristics as described with reference to Table 2 below:

    (104) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Pulse Burst Characteristics Amplitude of 1 mAmp to 1 Amp 1 mAmp to 1 Amp 1 mAmp to 1 Amp 1 mAmp to 1 Amp electrical signal (preferably 0.1, (preferably 0.1, (preferably 0.1, (preferably 0.1, generated by the 0.2, 0.4 0.5, 0.2, 0.4 0.5, 0.2, 0.4 0.5, 0.2, 0.4 0.5, controller 0.55 Amps) 0.55 Amps) 0.55 Amps) 0.55 Amps) Frequency of 1 Hz to 500 Hz 1 Hz to 500 Hz 1 Hz to 500 Hz 1 Hz to 500 Hz electrical pulse (preferably 5 to (preferably 5 to (preferably 5 to (preferably 5 to bursts (each burst 30 Hz, more 30 Hz, more 30 Hz, more 30 Hz, more contains one or preferably 5 to preferably 5 to preferably 5 to preferably 5 to more pulses) 15 Hz) 15 Hz) 15 Hz) 15 Hz) Number of pulses 1 to 20 1 to 20 1 to 20 1 to 20 in each burst Ramping No ramping (all No ramping (all No ramping (all No ramping (all pulses are equal pulses are equal pulses are equal pulses are equal in amplitude), in amplitude), in amplitude), in amplitude), ramping up (first ramping up (first ramping up (first ramping up (first pulse is less than pulse is less than pulse is less than pulse is less than the last pulse in the last pulse in the last pulse in the last pulse in the burst), the burst), the burst), the burst), ramping down ramping down ramping down ramping down (first pulse is (first pulse is (first pulse is (first pulse is more than the last more than the last more than the last more than the last pulse in the pulse in the pulse in the pulse in the burst) burst) burst) burst) Shape of each Square, Square, Square, Square, pulse in the pulse Trapezoidal, Trapezoidal, Trapezoidal, Trapezoidal, burst Sinusoidal Sinusoidal Sinusoidal Sinusoidal Generated EMF 1 microTesla to 1 microTesla to 1 microTesla to 1 microTesla to field over the 10 milliTesla 10 milliTesla 10 milliTesla 10 milliTesla surface area of the coil and extending outward from the surface of the coil in a range of 0 mm to 20 mm
    Controller Software

    (105) In one embodiment, the treatment systems disclosed herein, including the coils, coil arrays, and controller circuit configured to generate and deliver electrical current to the coils and coil arrays, are controlled by a software application configured to be installed and execute on a separate computing device, such as a mobile phone, laptop, or external controller, that is in wired or wireless communication with the controller circuit.

    (106) In one embodiment, the software application, or controller application, is configured to identify a type of coil system being used by a patient. Operationally, the controller application may be installed on a mobile phone and be configured to use a camera functionality of the mobile phone to capture a bar code, QR code, or other identification or be configured to generate a graphical user interface to receive an alphanumeric identifier of the coil system. Based on the data provided, the controller application may 1) validate the coil system as being a legitimate, authorized, or otherwise acceptable coil system, 2) determine what type of coil system is being used and whether that coil system is specific to a particular anatomical region, e.g. a coil system specific to a neck region, torso region, back region, leg region, foot region, arm region, head region, or other anatomical region, and 3) based upon that determination, generate graphical user interfaces that display anatomical regions specific to the coil system being used, e.g. if the coil system is specific to a neck region the generated graphical user interfaces visually display a neck, if the coil system is specific to a torso region the generated graphical user interfaces visually display a torso, if the coil system is specific to a back region the generated graphical user interfaces visually display a back region, if the coil system is specific to a leg region the generated graphical user interfaces visually display a leg region, if the coil system is specific to a foot region the generated graphical user interfaces visually display one or more feet, if the coil system is specific to an arm region the generated graphical user interfaces visually display one or more arms, and if the coil system is specific to a head region the generated graphical user interfaces (GUIs) visually display a head region.

    (107) In one embodiment, the generated GUIs are configured to receive an input from a patient as to a locus or loci of pain relative to the displayed anatomical region. For example, upon displaying the anatomical region in a GUI, a patient may paint, using a stylet or finger pressed upon a display, an area of the anatomical region that may be in pain. One or more GUIs may then be presented to prompt from a patient, and receive from the patient, an indication of the level of the pain via, for example, a visual analog scale where a user may indicate using numbers or icons a degree of the pain.

    (108) Based upon the highlighted anatomical region and the level of pain, the controller software determines 1) a desired level of magnetic flux to be delivered, 2) a corresponding set of coils to be energized in what order and at what frequency, and 3) a level of current to be delivered to each coil or coil array to generate the desired level of magnetic flux in the right location and at the right frequency. In particular, different locus or loci of pain may require an increased or decreased intensity or frequency of magnetic flux to be delivered at nerves located upstream or downstream from the locus or loci of pain. The controller software therefore comprises programmatic instructions, and supporting data, that correlates anatomical locations of pain with nerve areas that are co-located with the locus or loci of pain, upstream from the locus or loci of pain and/or downstream from the locus or loci of pain. In one embodiment, the controller software becomes aware of the location of specific coils or coil arrays based on at least one of 1) a preset relationship of the coils/coil arrays that is stored and known to the controller software based on identifying the type of coil system or 2) input by a user that indicates to the controller software where each of the coils are being positioned on a patient—such an indication being provided through a GUI that presents possible anatomical locations either through text or graphically.

    (109) In one embodiment, the software application, or controller application, is configured to generate instructions that, when communicated to and executed by the controller circuit, causes the controller circuit to generate electrical current and deliver that electrical current to different coils and/or coil arrays based on the desired frequency, intensity level, order, and location, as described above. For example, if a patient is suffering from acute pain on top of his or her right foot, the controller software may determine that coil arrays positioned on top of his or her right foot need to generate a magnetic flux in a range of 100 microTesla at a frequency of 10 Hz while coils positioned in the sole of the footwear, proximate the bottom of the patient's foot, need only be activated to generate a magnetic flux in a range of 20 microTesla at a frequency of 30 Hz.

    (110) In another embodiment, the controller circuit may be configured to electrically connect with a coil array or coils and upon making such a connection, to detect and store an identifier of the coil array or coil. The controller circuit preferably stores each of the identifiers and communicates it to the controller software upon connecting. These identifiers may be further used to identify the validity and/or type of coils or coil arrays being used.

    (111) To determine desired dosing levels, in another embodiment, the controller software may include a set of programmatic instructions for dose training. In one embodiment, the controller software operates in a training mode in which 1) a user is prompted to provide real-time feedback on pain levels using a visual analog scale, 2) the controller software modulates, over predefined periods of time, the frequency of pulse signals, the amount of current (and therefore magnetic flux intensity level) and/or the shape of the pulse signals in various combinations over the predefined period of time, and 3) as the parameters change, the user is prompted to input feedback on pain levels through the visual analog scale. For example, once a user identifies a locus of loci of pain, it initiates a cycling process starting with a set of frequency and modulating the current level and therefore the magnetic flux level up and down, prompting the user for feedback on pain levels during the cycling process. The controller software may then change frequency settings and repeat the up and down modulation of current level and magnetic flux level, again concurrently prompting the user for feedback on pain levels during the cycling process. Once the cycling processes are completed, the controller software analyzes the user's feedback to determine an optimal combination of frequency and current level for a given locus or loci of pain.

    (112) In another embodiment, the controller may be programmed by a) inputting data into a separate computing device configured to execute a set of programmatic instructions that, when executed by the separate computing device, generate a display for prompting a user to input data indicative of a desired type of treatment, wherein the desired type of treatment includes at least one of relaxation, improved sleep, improved memory, weight loss, or improved mental acuity, b) wirelessly transmitting the inputted data to the controller, c) receiving, in the controller, the inputted data and generating an electrical pulse train having a frequency based on the data indicative of the desired type of treatment, d) delivering the generated electrical pulse train to each of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays, and e) automatically terminating the electrical pulse train after a programmed time period elapses, wherein the programmed time period is based on the data indicative of the desired type of treatment. Alternatively, the controller may comprise a switch (which could be a button, slide switch, or any physical input means), where a position of the switch is representative of a desired type of treatment, where the desired type of treatment includes at least one of relaxation, improved sleep, improved memory, or improved mental acuity, and where the controller is adapted to generate an electrical pulse train having a frequency based on the position of the switch, to deliver the generated electrical pulse train to each of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays, and to automatically terminate generating the electrical pulse train after a programmed time period elapses.

    (113) Integration of Planar Microcoils with Clothing

    (114) To improve patient compliance and provide for ease of use, the patches comprising planar microcoil arrays are integrated into clothing. Referring to FIGS. 11A to 11E and 12A to 12E, the patches 1105, 1205 are sandwiched between a first outer layer and a second inner layer (closer to body) where the second layer is the same material as the first layer but thinner or is of a different material and thicker or thinner than the first layer. The patches are connected to a controller strip 1115, 1215 positioned at the base of the shirt (11A, 12A), top of the socks (11B, 12B), the base of a mask or neck covering (11C, 12C), top of pants (11D, 12D), or base of a glove (11E, 12E). Preferably, the controller comprises a rechargeable battery. Alternatively, the patches may be connected to a docking station to which a controller may be removably attached, as described above.

    (115) It should be appreciated that the array sizes may be variable. For example, as shown in each of the FIGS. 12A to 12E, one may have a plurality of planar microcoils integrated onto a small substrate surface area 1207, i.e. in a range of 0.5 in.sup.2 to 2 in.sup.2, or onto a larger substrate surface area 1209, i.e. in a range of 2.01 in.sup.2 to 120 in.sup.2. The smaller substrate surface areas 1207 are designed to be positioned near crevices, curves, or other non-planar anatomical areas of the patient, such as the areas in or around the toes. The larger substrate surface areas 1209 are designed to be positioned on substantially planar surface areas, such as portions of the arms, legs, and back.

    (116) It should further be appreciated that the planar microcoil arrays are preferably integrated into a layer of the clothing and are not directly exposed to the user's skin or to the outside environment. Referring to the shirt, head covering, foot covering, and hand coverings shown in FIGS. 12A-12E and further including elbow, knee, leg, ankle, shoulder, or neck braces made from materials ranging from polyester to Lycra or spandex, the planar microcoil arrays and associated traces may be incorporated into a layer positioned between an innermost layer of clothing, which touches the user's skin, and an outermost layer of clothing, which is exposed to the outside environment.

    (117) Footwear

    (118) In one embodiment, the present invention is directed toward the integration of coils and/or coil arrays into footwear, such as a shoe, boot, sock, or other foot covering. The sole or base of the footwear 1401 comprises a plurality of individual coils, such as Coil S.sub.1, Coil S.sub.2, and Coil S.sub.3, and/or coil arrays, such as Array S.sub.1 that are distributed on a surface of the sole or base. The individual coils, such as Coil S.sub.1, Coil S.sub.2, and Coil S.sub.3, and/or coil arrays, such as Array S.sub.1 may be of the type described herein or 1. Coil S.sub.1: 6 by 5 cm, inner air core: 0.2 by 1.2 cm, 800 to 1,500 turns (preferably 1200-1300 turns), 0.04 mm wire thickness or larger. 2. Coil S.sub.2: 7 by 5.1 cm, inner air core: 0.2 by 2.3 cm, 800 to 1500 turns (preferably 1200-1300 turns), 0.04 mm wire thickness or larger. 3. Coil S.sub.3: 3 by 4.5 cm, inner air core: 0.2 by 1.7 cm, 700 turns, 0.04 mm wire thickness

    (119) Preferably, the individual coils, such as Coil S.sub.1, Coil S.sub.2, and Coil S.sub.3, and/or coil arrays, such as Array S.sub.1 are configured to be of different sizes with Coil S.sub.1 being larger or having more windings than Coil S.sub.2 or Coil S.sub.3 and where a distance between the Coil S.sub.1, Coil S.sub.2, and Coil S.sub.3 is between 1 cm and 3 cm, preferably around 2 cm. Each of the Coil S.sub.1, Coil S.sub.2, and Coil S.sub.3 are in electrical communication with the controller 1403. The controller 1403 is also in electrical communication with a plurality of coil arrays U.sub.1, U.sub.2, U.sub.3, U.sub.4, U.sub.5, and/or U.sub.6 1402 that are integrated into the upper of the footwear and configured to cover the entirety of the user's foot. As discussed above, each of the coil arrays may be energized and/or controller as described above to address a user's foot pain.

    (120) Optionally, the ankle region of the footwear device may comprise two large coils which are positioned on opposing sides of the ankle region and are spaced and sized to function as Helmholtz coils.

    (121) Headwear

    (122) Referring to FIG. 18A, a PEMF device 1800a configured to comfortably conform to a patient's head is shown. A flexible material 1880a configured as a headband and made out of cotton, terry cloth, polyester, or other materials. Integrated into a layer of the headband 1880a are a plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805a which are in electrical communication with a docking station and controller 1870a, as described above. The headband may be adjustable by having an attachment mechanism 1890a which permits for the relative circumferential extent of the headband to be adjusted. The attachment mechanism 1890a can use, for example, a Velcro connection which can thereby adjust to the size of the user's head. Preferably there are enough planar microcoil arrays to extend along the template region of the user's head. More preferably there are enough planar microcoil arrays to extend along the entire circumferential extent of the headband.

    (123) In another embodiment, referring to FIG. 18B, a plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b is positioned in distributed positions around headwear 1885b, shown as a cap. It should be appreciated that, while the headwear 1885b is shown as a baseball cap, it may also be any of form of headwear, including a head scarf, cowboy hat, fedora hat, sun hat, flat cap hat, newsboy hat, trilby hat, pork pie hat, homburg hat, bowler hat, panama hat, western hat, stockman hat, watch cap, trapper hat, Stormy Kromer® hat, astrakhan hat, hijab scarf, beanie hat, beret hat, bucket hat, cloche hat, cocktail hat, deerstalker hat, cocktail hat, fascinator hat, gatsby hat, visor, or pillbox hat or any other configurations of material adapted to cover portions of a person's skull, including at least one or more (or preferably two or more) of the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, coronal suture, parietal bone, squamous suture, lambdoid suture, occipital bone and/or temporal bone (collectively referred to as headwear).

    (124) In one embodiment, the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b are positioned about the crown of the headwear 1885b such that, when worn, at least one of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b is externally positioned proximate at least one or more of the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, coronal suture, parietal bone, squamous suture, lambdoid suture, occipital bone and/or temporal bone of the wearer's skull. In another embodiment, the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b are positioned about the crown of the headwear 1885b such that, when worn, at least one of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b is externally positioned proximate at least two or more of the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, coronal suture, parietal bone, squamous suture, lambdoid suture, occipital bone and/or temporal bone of the wearer's skull.

    (125) In another embodiment, the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b are positioned about the crown of the headwear 1885b such that, when worn, at least one of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b is externally positioned proximate at least the frontal bone and the parietal bone of the wearer's skull. In another embodiment, the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b are positioned about the crown of the headwear 1885b such that, when worn, at least one of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b is externally positioned proximate at least the frontal bone and the parietal bone and at least one of the sphenoid bone and/or temporal bone of the wearer's skull.

    (126) In another embodiment, the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b are positioned such that they are symmetrically distributed about the crown of the headwear 1885b such that, when worn, at least one of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b is externally positioned proximate a left side of the wearer's frontal bone, at least one of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b is externally positioned proximate a right side of the wearer's frontal bone, at least one of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b is externally positioned proximate at a top side of the wearer's parietal bone, at least one of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b is externally positioned proximate a left side of the wearer's parietal bone, and at least one of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b is externally positioned proximate a right side of the wearer's parietal bone.

    (127) In another embodiment, the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b is positioned such that they are symmetrically distributed about the crown of the headwear 1885b such that, when worn, at least two of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b are externally positioned proximate the wearer's frontal bone and at least three of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b are externally positioned proximate the wearer's parietal bone. In another embodiment, the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b is positioned such that they are symmetrically distributed about the crown of the headwear 1885b such that, when worn, at least four (and preferably between 4 and 10) of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b are externally positioned proximate at least the wearer's frontal bone and the wearer's parietal bone and optionally the temporal bone and occipital bone.

    (128) In another embodiment, the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b is positioned such that one or more arrays are a) positioned between the front of the crown of the headwear 1885b and the right and/or left frontal lobe, b) positioned between the right side of the crown of the headwear 1885b and the right temporal lobe, c) positioned between the left side of the crown of the headwear 1885b and the left temporal lobe, d) positioned between the top side of the crown of the headwear 1885b and the cerebral cortex, e) positioned between the top side of the crown of the headwear 1885b and the parietal lobe, and/or f) positioned between the back side of the crown of the headwear 1885b and the occipital lobe,

    (129) Referring to FIGS. 25a and 25b, in another embodiment, the plurality of planar microcoil arrays are integrated into a liner 2500 having a plurality of cells 2505 wherein each cell is defined by a protrusion from a base material 2525 extending toward a patient's head and where the base material positioned between cells comprises plastic, cardboard, or other rigid non-metallic material to which the material covering the protrusion is attached. Within at least some of the cells, a microcoil array 2525 is positioned with the emitting coil surface 2526 directed inward toward the patient's head. Positioned behind the array is cushioning material 2535, such as cotton or foam, to keep the microcoil array in place. Preferably, there is a minimal amount of material or additional layers between the array and the patient's head. Each cell 2505 is distributed around the liner such that, when the liner is attached to the crown 2510 of the head garment and the head garment plus liner is worn, at least one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned between the front of the crown 2510 of the headwear and the right and/or left frontal lobe, at least one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned between the right side of the crown 2510 of the headwear and the right temporal lobe, at least one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned between the left side of the crown 2510 of the headwear and the left temporal lobe, at least one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned between the top side of the crown 2510 of the headwear and the cerebral cortex, at least one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned between the top side of the crown 2510 of the headwear and the parietal lobe, and/or at least one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned between the back side of the crown 2510 of the headwear and the occipital lobe.

    (130) More preferably, one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned in the front of the crown, 2510 adjacent the frontal lobe when worn; one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned in the top, forward right section of the crown 2510, adjacent the right top portion of the frontal lobe when worn; one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned in the top, forward left section of the crown 2510, adjacent the left top portion of the frontal lobe when worn; one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned in the top, back right section of the crown 2510, adjacent the right top portion of the parietal lobe when worn; one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned in the top, back left section of the crown 2510, adjacent the left top portion of the parietal lobe when worn; one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned in the right-side section of the crown 2510, adjacent the right temporal lobe when worn; one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned in the left-side section of the crown 2510, adjacent the left temporal lobe when worn; and one cell 2505 with an array 2525 is positioned in the back of the crown 2510, adjacent the occipital lobe when worn. The use of a cushioned matrix of cells has several benefits, including a) providing a degree of flexibility to accommodate different sized heads and b) insuring a constant directional orientation of the array relative to the patient's head.

    (131) A controller 1870b is in electrical communication with each of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b and is programmed to direct an electrical current to each of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b in accordance with a certain frequency, a certain current intensity, a certain pulse width or shape, and a certain sequence, as described throughout this specification. More specifically, the controller 1870b directs an electrical current from an energy source, such as a battery, to each of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b in accordance with stored programmatic instructions. The stored programmatic instructions define a current level (preferably in a range of 5 mA to 200 mA), define a pulse shape (preferably rectangular, sinusoidal, or a flat pulse with a sloped activation and deactivation), define a pulse frequency (preferably in a range of 0.1 Hz to 200 Hz), and define a sequence of activating each of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b such as clockwise around the wearer's skull, counterclockwise around the wearer's skull, sequentially such that only one of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b has current driven thereto at one time, concurrently such that at least two of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b has current driven thereto at one time, concurrently such that at least three of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b has current driven thereto at one time, concurrently such that all of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays 1805b has current driven thereto at one time, concurrently such that planar microcoil arrays 1805b on opposing sides of the wearer's skull has current driven thereto at one time, or concurrently such that planar microcoil arrays 1805b separated by at least 2 inches across the wearer's skull has current driven thereto at one time.

    (132) As described above, the controller is programmed to generate a magnetic field via the planar microcoil arrays by four different vectors: a) the frequency of the pulse train or burst, b) the shape of each pulse in the pulse train or burst itself, c) the relative peak intensities of each pulse in the pulse train or burst itself, and d) the degradation profile from the surface of the planar microcoil arrays. In a preferred embodiment, each embodiment described herein generates a magnetic field by: a) Using a planar microcoil array having at least one coil positioned thereon, from 2 to 100 coils positioned thereon, and preferably from 4-10 coils where each of the coils may be one or more of the embodiments described herein; b) Driving a current to the coils positioned on a single array where the current is in the form of a pulse train, where the pulse train may be one or more of the embodiments described herein, and, more preferably, where the pulse train may be a ramping rectangular or sinusoidal pulse having a first pulse, a first time interval, a second pulse, and optionally a second time interval and a third (or more) pulses, as follows: a. the first pulse and second pulse (and the optional third or more pulses) have pulse widths in a range of 0.001 to 0.2 seconds and preferably in a range of 0.01 to 0.02 seconds. where the first time interval and optional additional time intervals are in a range of 0.01 to 0.04 seconds (preferably a 0.025 second interval), and where the second pulse is greater than the first pulse (or vice-versa) and have current levels in a range of 5 mA to 200 mA; or b. each pulse width may be defined as a function of the period (which is the inverse of the frequency) where each pulse width is in a range of ½ to 1/50 the period length (preferably ⅕ to 1/7 the period length), where each interval between the pulses in the pulse train is in a range of ½ to 1/50 the period length (preferably ⅕ to 1/9), where the dead time between each pulse burst or train is in a range of ½ to 1/20 the period length (preferably ⅓ to ⅕), and where the second pulse is greater than the first pulse (or vice-versa) and have current levels in a range of 5 mA to 200 mA; c) Activating the pulse train in accordance with a programmed frequency, where the programmed frequency is in a range of 0.01 Hz to 200 Hz and preferably in a range of 1 Hz to 60 Hz; and d) Activating each of the microcoil arrays in parallel or in series (or a combination thereof) such that the peak intensity generated by each coil on the planar microcoil array concurrently, yet independently, decreases according to the following equation:
    y=Ax.sup.−B
    where A is in a range of 100 to 600, and more preferably 300 to 400, and every whole number increment therein and where B is in a range of 1 to 2.5 (and every 0.1 decimal increment therein).

    (133) It should be appreciated that, upon activation, magnetic fields are generated in accordance with the stimulation protocols described above. Conventionally, it is believed that very large magnetic fields have to be directed into the brain to have any tangible therapeutic effects on certain conditions, such as depression. However, it is believed that, by modulating a position, configuration, orientation, or movement, of magnetite chains in one or more brain cells or neurons, which may be effectuated by magnetic fields less than 200 microTesla or by applying a sufficient magnetic field gradient, which is determined by the frequency and shape of pulse, one can cause a normalization of brain function, at least during the application of the magnetic fields. Normalization of brain function may thereby enable at least a partial alleviation of symptoms associated with anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, memory degeneration, schizophrenia, attention deficient disorder, autism, Parkinson's disease, stroke rehabilitation, drug addiction, including addiction to, or cravings for, nicotine, cocaine, alcohol, heroine, methamphetamines, stimulants, and/or sedatives, depression and depression-related conditions, such as post-partum depression or bipolar depression, auditory hallucinations, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, Alzheimer's disease, spinocerebellar degeneration, epilepsy, urinary incontinence, movement disorders, chronic tinnitus, or sleep apnea while the magnetic fields are being applied to the brain. Accordingly, it is within the scope of this invention to treat symptoms related to disorders having a loci of dysfunction in the brain by normalizing at least one of a position, configuration, orientation, or movement of magnetite chains in one or more brain cells or neurons by applying magnetic fields less than 200 microTesla, as measured within 1 cm from the surface of the planar microcoil surface, or by applying a sufficient magnetic field gradient.

    (134) More specifically, each of the conditions listed in this specification may be treated by having a patient wear headwear 1885b and be subjected to magnetic fields that help entrain the frequency and/or magnitude of brain waves. In one embodiment, a software program configured to execute on a mobile device, as further described herein, is adapted to generate one or more graphical user interfaces. The one or more graphical user interfaces is configured to receive data inputted from a wearer, wherein the data is indicative of a health state of the wearer. The graphical user interfaces preferably prompts the wearer to input data indicative of whether the wearer: 1. Has one or more contraindications of use, including having had a seizure, headache or migraine within the last 48 hours, having a history of seizures, having ferromagnetic or metallic material in or around his or her head; 2. Suffers from one or more conditions that may be contraindicated by the use of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy; and 3. Wishes to have the degree of intensity of the treatment be set to one or more levels, such as mild, medium, strong or very strong.

    (135) Based on the data inputted above, the software program configured to execute on the mobile device is adapted to generate a plurality of programmatic instructions that define one or more of a current level, a pulse shape, a pulse frequency, and/or a selection of, or sequence of, which microcoil arrays actually receive the current. The programmatic instructions are adapted to be transmitted, whether by a wired connection or wirelessly, to the controller integrated into the headwear 1885b and the controller is adapted to modify the generation and transmission of current in accordance with the plurality of programmatic instructions that define one or more of a current level, a pulse shape, a pulse frequency, and/or a selection of, or sequence of, which microcoil arrays actually receive the current. Exemplary combinations of current level, pulse shape, pulse frequency, and/or a selection of, or sequence of, which microcoil arrays actually receive the current are provided below: 1. Referring to FIG. 23, in one embodiment, any of the aforementioned conditions may be treated by placing a hat, as described above, on a user's head 2305, programming the controller to deliver a series of rectangular, ramping pulse bursts at a frequency of 1 Hz to 60 Hz, preferably 6 to 12 Hz 2310, wear the hat for 10 to 30 minutes (preferably with eyes closed, blocking out auditory stimulus, and/or taking deep breaths) 2315, having the controller shut off the pulse train automatically after the treatment period 2320, and repeating the process daily or weekly over several months 2330. In one embodiment, this treatment causes the user's brain to decrease or increase alpha wave generation, to increase blood circulation, decrease or increase beta wave generation, to decrease or increase delta wave generation, to decrease or increase theta wave generation, to decrease or increase gamma wave generation, to increase coherence in theta wave generation, to increase coherence in delta wave generation, to increase coherence in alpha wave generation, to increase coherence in beta wave generation, to increase coherence in gamma wave generation, and/or any combination of the above. 2. Referring to FIG. 24, in one embodiment, chronic pain, peripheral neuropathy, in a person's feet, legs, back, chest, torso, arms, hands, shoulders, or any other body part other than the person's head can be treated by a) placing a hat, as described above, on a user's head 2405, programming the controller to deliver a series of rectangular, ramping pulse bursts at a frequency of 1 Hz to 100 Hz, preferably 4 to 50 Hz 2410, wear the hat for 10 to 30 minutes (preferably with eyes closed, blocking out auditory stimulus, and/or taking deep breaths) 2415, having the controller shut off the pulse train automatically after the treatment period 2420, and repeating the process daily or weekly over several months 2430 while concurrently, or partially concurrently, b) placing another piece of clothing with integrated microcoil arrays, as described herein, on the portion of the user's body with pain 2455, programming the controller to deliver a series of rectangular, ramping pulse bursts at a frequency of 1 Hz to 100 Hz, preferably 4 to 50 Hz 2460, wear the hat for 5 to 300 minutes 2465, having the controller shut off the pulse train automatically after the treatment period 2470, and repeating the process daily or weekly over several months 2480. In one embodiment, this treatment causes the user's brain to increase blood circulation, decrease or increase alpha wave generation, to decrease or increase beta wave generation, to decrease or increase delta wave generation, to decrease or increase theta wave generation, to decrease or increase gamma wave generation, to increase coherence in theta wave generation, to increase coherence in delta wave generation, to increase coherence in alpha wave generation, to increase coherence in beta wave generation, to increase coherence in gamma wave generation, and/or any combination of the above while concurrently causing in the other body part with pain a decrease in the level of pain and/or increasing blood circulation.

    (136) The headwear embodiment disclosed herein may be used to treat Parkinson's disease by applying the stimulation protocols, using the hat and integrated planar microcoils, described above to direct magnetic fields toward the substantia nigra of a patient. In one embodiment, a patient with Parkinson's disease may be treated by placing a hat, as described above, on a user's head, programming the controller to deliver a series of pulses (preferably rectangular, ramping pulse bursts) at a frequency of 0.1 Hz to 60 Hz, preferably 0.1 to 50 Hz 2310, wear the hat for 10 to 30 minutes (preferably with eyes closed, blocking out auditory stimulus, and/or taking deep breaths), having the controller shut off the pulse train automatically after the treatment period, and repeating the process daily or weekly. In one embodiment, this treatment causes the user's brain to decrease or increase alpha wave generation, to increase blood circulation, decrease or increase beta wave generation, to decrease or increase delta wave generation, to decrease or increase theta wave generation, to decrease or increase gamma wave generation, to increase coherence in theta wave generation, to increase coherence in delta wave generation, to increase coherence in alpha wave generation, to increase coherence in beta wave generation, to increase coherence in gamma wave generation, to modulate dopamine production in the substantia nigra and/or any combination of the above.

    (137) Other Applications

    (138) It should further be appreciated that other embodiments may be specifically designed to be directed toward 1) treating osteoporosis by, for example, positioning a plurality of arrays along a length of substrate configured to extend over an entire length of a user's spine, each of said arrays being in electrical communication with a controller, 2) effectuating an activation of acupoints that may be distributed over various areas of the user's body, where at each acupoint an array is positioned and where all of the arrays are in electrical communication with a controller; optionally, a coil that aligns with an acupoint may be configured to receive a higher level of current and generate a higher magnetic flux than the rest of the coils which are not aligned with an acupoint, 3) treating a neck region to reduce increase and increase a collagen framework, where a plurality of arrays are configured to extend around a neck region of the user, each of the arrays being in electrical communication with a controller, and 4) treating one or more broken bones by providing a plurality of arrays configured to be positioned on a user's skin and between a cast and the user's skin, each of the arrays being electrical communication with a controller.

    (139) Referring to FIG. 19, an article of clothing with a set of planar microcoils integrated therein 1900. A layer of clothing 1910b, which faces the outside environment, has, positioned on top of it, and opposing the outside layer, a set of planar microcoil arrays 1920 that are connected by traces. A layer of clothing 1910a, configured to face the skin of a user, is positioned on top of the set of planar microcoil arrays 1920. In one embodiment, the layer of clothing 1910a is contiguous and uniform. In another embodiment, the layer of clothing 1910a has a window that exposes the coils of the arrays, and therefore the generated magnetic fields, to the skin of the user. The window may be just a space or made of a different material, such as a clear plastic or a thinner material than the rest of layer 1910a. A buffer material 1930 may be positioned between the arrays to keep the arrays 1920 in position and physically separated from each other. The buffer material may be any non-conductive material, including cotton, polyester, or wool.

    (140) Referring to FIG. 20, in one embodiment, a method 2000 of treating a condition is provided. An article of clothing is attached 2005 to a portion of a patient's body. The article of clothing comprises a plurality of planar microcoil arrays, wherein each of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays comprises two or more planar microcoils positioned on a flexible substrate, wherein each of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is integrated into the article of clothing; and wherein each of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is in electrical communication with a docking station integrated into the article of clothing. A controller is attached 2010 to the docking station, wherein the controller comprises a circuit and a power source. Preferably, upon attaching the controller to the docking station, the circuit automatically electrically interfaces with at least one of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays. The docking station is optional. The controller may be directly integrated into the article of clothing. The controller is activated 2015 to cause a time varying current to be transmitted to each of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays.

    (141) The condition is at least one of an anxiety disorder, an obsessive compulsive disorder, a post-traumatic stress disorder, memory degeneration, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, stroke rehabilitation, drug addiction, drug cravings, depression, depression-related conditions, post-partum depression, bipolar depression, auditory hallucinations, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, Alzheimer's disease, spinocerebellar degeneration, epilepsy, urinary incontinence, movement disorders, dementia, autism, attention deficient disorder, pain, chronic tinnitus, or sleep apnea.

    (142) The article of clothing may be attached such that at least one of the two or more planar microcoils in at least one of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is positioned over an acupoint of the patient's body. Additionally, prior to attaching the article of clothing, a skin impedance measurement may be made and, based on the level of impedance, the article of clothing may be attached such that at least one of the two or more planar microcoils in at least one of the plurality of planar microcoil arrays is positioned over an area of impedance that exceeds a predefined threshold value. Accordingly, an impedance measurement sensor and circuit may also be integrated into the article of clothing.

    (143) While the exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described and illustrated herein, it will be appreciated that they are merely illustrative. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from or offending the spirit and scope of the invention.