POLYOXAZOLIN WITH A PHOTOACTIVATABLE GROUP

Abstract

Polyoxazolin with a photoactivatable group The present invention relates to a polyoxazoline of the formula I as defined below; to a method for synthesizing the polyoxazoline of the formula I, comprising the reaction of an aryl ketone which comprises a deprotonated phenolic hydroxy group with an intermediate polyoxazoline of the formula X as defined below; to a polymer comprising the polyoxazoline of the formula I, where E comprises an ethylenically unsaturated group in polymerized form; to a coated material comprising a coating which contains the polyoxazoline of the formula I or the polymer; and to a use of the polyoxazoline of the formula I or the polymer as antifouling coating.

Claims

1: A polyoxazoline of the following formula I: ##STR00006## wherein E is an electrophile residue, R is C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkenyl, or phenyl, Z is an aryl ketone residue, n is from 2 to 200, and x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

2: The polyoxazoline according to claim 1, wherein Z is an aryl ketone residue derived from at least one selected from the group consisting of benzophenone, acetophenone, phenyl glyoxyl, phenyl glyoxylic acid esters, anthraquinone, anthrone, and anthrone derivatives.

3: The polyoxazoline according to claim 1, wherein Z is a benzophenone residue of the formula II: ##STR00007##

4: The poyoxazoline according to claim 1, wherein E is an electrophile selected from C.sub.1-18 alkyl, C.sub.2-18 alkenyl, (meth)acryloyl, benzyl, or a substituted benzyl selected from the electrophile residues of the formula III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII or IX ##STR00008##

5: The polyoxazoline according to claim 1, wherein Z is the benzophenone residue of the formula II: ##STR00009## E is the electrophile residue of the formula III: ##STR00010## and x is 1.

6: The polyoxazoline according to claim 1, wherein Z is the benzophenone residue of the formula II: ##STR00011## E is the electrophile residue of the formula IV, V, VI, VII, VIII or IX: ##STR00012## and x is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

7: The polyoxazoline according to claim 1, wherein R is C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl.

8: A method for synthesizing the polyoxazoline of the formula I according to claim 1, the method comprising reacting an aryl ketone which comprises a deprotonated phenolic hydroxy group with an intermediate polyoxazoline of the formula X ##STR00013## wherein E is an electrophile residue, R is C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, Z is an aryl ketone residue, n is from 2 to 200, and x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

9: The method according to claim 8, wherein the aryl ketone which comprises a deprotonated phenolic hydroxy group is obtained by reacting an aryl ketone which comprises a phenolic hydroxy group with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene.

10: The method according to claim 8, wherein the aryl ketone which comprises a phenolic hydroxy group is selected from the group consisting of hydroxybenzophenone, hydroxyacetophenone, hydroxyphenyl glyoxal, hydroxy anthraquinone, and 1-hydroxy anthrone.

11: A polymer comprising the polyoxazoline of the formula I according to claim 1, wherein E comprises an ethylenically unsaturated group in polymerized form.

12: The polymer according to claim 11, wherein E is the electrophile residue of the formula III: ##STR00014## Z is the benzophenone residue of the formula II: ##STR00015## and x is 1.

13: A coated material comprising a coating which comprises the polyoxazoline of the formula I according to claim 1.

14: The coated material according to claim 13, wherein the material is a membrane.

15: An antifouling coating, comprising the polyoxazoline of the formula I according to claim 1.

Description

EXAMPLES

[0046] Coating: The coatings were produced by means of a film applicator (ERICHSEN GmbH & Co. KG, COATMASTER 509 MC) and a spin coater (ATM Vision AG, primus STT15). [0047] UV irradiation: UV-treatments were performed using an UV-chamber from Dr. Hönle AG for UV-technology (UVACUBE 100, with F-radiator and H1 filter). [0048] Plasma surface treatment: The plasma surface treatment was carried out using a plasma-chamber from Diener electronic GmbH & Co. KG (Plasma-Surface-Technology, Pico). [0049] Ellipsometric measurements: The gel fractions were analyzed by ellipsometric measurements (Ellipsometer: alfa-SE™; J. A. Woollam Co., Inc.; Ellipsometry Solutions). The film thicknesses were determined by using a Cauchy model for the refractive index of the polymer layers with A=1.53; B=6.32.Math.10.sup.−3; C=9.61.Math.10.sup.−5. [0050] SEC measurements: Polymer molecular weights and polymer molecular weight distributions were determined using size exclusion chromatography. A series of polyester copolymer columns from Polymer Standards Service GmbH, Germany (PSS) were used at 35° C.: GRAM precolumn (Gold) inner diameter 8 mm, length 5 cm; GRAM 30A (Gold) inner diameter 8 mm, length 30 cm 100-10000 g/mol; GRAM 1000A (Gold) inner diameter 8 mm, length 30 cm 1000-1000000 g/mol; GRAM 1000A (Gold) inner diameter 8 mm, length 30 cm 1000-1000000 g/mol. The eluent was DMAC+0.05% TFAc+0.5% LiBr at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Samples were prefiltered through a Sartorius Minisart RC 25 (0.2 μm) filter and 100 μL injected at a concentration of 4 mg/mL. Calibration was done using poly(methyl methacrylate) standards of PSS in the molecular weight range M=102-M=853.000. [0051] MALDI mass spectrometry measurements: Positive ion MALDI-MS spectra were acquired using methanol as solvent and NaTFA/DHB as Matrix.

Example 1: Synthesis of BP-Macromonomers: VBC-PMOXA(10,20,40)-BP

[0052] Potassium iodide (18.54 g; 110.6 mmol; molar ratio (relating to VBC):1.2), Acetonitrile (240 g), 2-Methyloxazoline (80 g; 921.3 mmol; molar ratio (relating to VBC):10) and 4-Vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC, 15.62 g; 92.1 mmol, molar ratio:1) were mixed in the named order and heated up to 80° C. in presence of Nitrogen. The mixture was stirred for 4 h at 80° C.

[0053] In a separate flask 4-Hydroxybenzophenone (22.36 g; 110.6 mmol; molar ratio (relating to VBC):1.2) was dissolved in Acetonitrile (80 g) before 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (17 g; 110.6 mmol; molar ratio (relating to VBC):1.2) was added. The resulting solution was put fast into the main reaction mixture after the named time of polymerization (T.sub.addition=80° C.). From that moment all working steps were done with exclusion of light. The yield was quantitative. After 30 min, the mixture was cooled to room temperature. After filtration (folded filter), solvent was removed by drying in vacuum at 60° C. In table 4 the quantities of the input materials for the three VBC-PMOXA(10,20,40)-BP are summarized. The molar ratios were the same for all macromonomers with exception of the molar ratio of MOXA (molar ratio (relating to VBC):10; 20; 40). After drying yellow powders were obtained in quantitative yield.

[0054] Purification: The macromonomer X1 (VBC-PMOXA(10)-BP, 2 g) was mixed with 50 g of water to obtain a yellow suspension. The suspension was extracted three times with 50 g ethyl acetate: Following 10 min of stirring, the aqueous phase was separated using a separating funnel. The organic phase was disposed. After extraction the transparent aqueous phase was additionally purified by three times dialyzing against 5 L VE-water for 12 hours using dialysis membrane 6 (Spectra/Por, MWCO=1 kDa). The resulting aqueous phase was filtrated using syringe filters and dried in vacuum at 60° C. White powder was obtained All working steps were done with exclusion of light.

[0055] .sup.1H NMR (VBC-PMOXA(10)-BP in CD.sub.3CN): 1.7 ppm (m, DBU), 2 ppm (brt, 30H, —CH.sub.3), 2.7 ppm (d, DBU), 3.3 ppm (t, DBU), 3.4 ppm (brs, 40H, CH.sub.2—N), 3.5 ppm (t, DBU), 4.22 ppm (s, 2H, CH.sub.2—O-AR), 4.55 ppm (s, 2H, AR-CH.sub.2—N), 5.25 ppm, 5.8 ppm, 6.75 ppm (t, each 1H, vinyl protons), 6.85 ppm (d, 2H, excess HBP), 7.1 (d, 2H, converted HBP), 7.2-7.8 ppm (m, 11H, aromatic Protons of VBC and HBP).

[0056] .sup.1H NMR (VBC-PMOXA(20)-BP in CD.sub.3CN): 1.7 ppm (m, DBU), 2 ppm (brt, 60H, —CH.sub.3), 2.7 ppm (d, DBU), 3.3 ppm (t, DBU), 3.4 ppm (brs, 80H, CH.sub.2—N), 3.5 ppm (t, DBU), 4.22 ppm (s, 2H, CH.sub.2—O-AR), 4.55 ppm (s, 2H, AR-CH.sub.2—N), 5.25 ppm, 5.8 ppm, 6.75 ppm (t, each 1H, vinyl protons), 6.85 ppm (d, 2H, excess HBP), 7.1 (d, 2H, converted HBP), 7.2-7.8 ppm (m, 11H, aromatic Protons of VBC and HBP).

[0057] .sup.1H NMR (VBC-PMOXA(40)-BP in CD.sub.3CN): 1.7 ppm (m, DBU), 2 ppm (brt, 120H, —CH.sub.3), 2.7 ppm (d, DBU), 3.3 ppm (t, DBU), 3.4 ppm (brs, 160H, CH.sub.2—N), 3.5 ppm (t, DBU), 4.22 ppm (s, 2H, CH.sub.2—O-AR), 4.55 ppm (s, 2H, AR-CH.sub.2—N), 5.25 ppm, 5.8 ppm, 6.75 ppm (t, each 1H, vinyl protons), 6.85 ppm (d, 2H, excess HBP), 7.1 (d, 2H, converted HBP), 7.2-7.8 ppm (m, 11H, aromatic Protons of VBC and HBP).

[0058] IR (purified VBC-PMOXA(10)-BP): 3469, 2932, 1743, 1645, 1421, 1365, 1254, 1033, 855, 793 cm.sup.−1.

[0059] Elemental analysis of purified VBC-PMOXA(10)-BP: Calculated for C.sub.62H.sub.88O.sub.12N.sub.10: C=63.9%, H=7.6%, O=16.5%, N=12.0%; found: C=57.6%, H=8.1%, O=22.5%, N=12.1%. MALDI-MS (VBC-PMOXA(10)-BP=C.sub.62H.sub.88O.sub.12N.sub.10): Main peak found=1187.642. Theoretical value [M+Na.sup.+]=1187.

[0060] MALDI-MS (VBC-PMOXA(20)-BP=C.sub.102H.sub.158O.sub.22N.sub.20): Main peak found=2038.177. Theoretical value [M+Na.sup.+]=2037.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Synthesis of BP-macromonomers X1 to X3 Macromonomer VBC/g MOXA/g KI/g AcN/g HBP/g AcN/g DBU/g X1 VBC- 15.62 80 18.54 240 22.36 80 17.00 PMOXA(10)-BP.sup.1 X2 VBC- 7.81 80 9.27 240 11.18 40 8.50 PMOXA(20)-BP.sup.2 X3 VBC- 3.12 80 3.71 240 4.47 16 3.40 PMOXA(40)-BP.sup.3 .sup.14 h polymerization. .sup.26 h polymerization. .sup.315 h polymerization.

Examples 2: Synthesis of Star-Like Polymers: TrisBMB-PMOXA(3×10,20,50)-BP

[0061] 1,3,5-Tris(bromomethyl)benzene (TrisBMB, 11.29 g; 90.7 mmol; molar ratio (relating to initiator groups=amount of bromomethyl groups):0.333), Acetonitrile (240 g) and 2-Methyloxazoline (80 g; 921.3 mmol; molar ratio (relating to initiator groups):10) were mixed in the named order and heated up to 80° C. in presence of Nitrogen. The mixture was stirred for 4 h at 80° C. In a separate flask 4-Hydroxybenzophenone (22.36 g; 110.6 mmol; molar ratio (relating to initiator groups):1.2) was solved in Acetonitrile (80 g) before 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (17 g; 110.6 mmol; molar ratio (relating to initiator groups):1.2) was added. The resulting solution was put fast into the main reaction mixture after the named time of polymerization (T.sub.addition=80° C.). From that moment all working steps were done with exclusion of light. After 30 min, the mixture was cooled to room temperature. After filtration (folded filter), solvent was removed by drying in vacuum at 60° C. In table 5 the quantities of the input materials for the three TrisBMB-PMOXA(3×10,20,50)-BP are summarized. The molar ratios were the same for all star-like polymers with exception of the molar ratio of MOXA (molar ratio (relating to initiator groups):10; 20; 50). After drying yellow powders were obtained in quantitative yield. Purification: 1-2 g of X4-X6 were dissolved in 50 mL VE-water and filtrated through a syringe filter. X4 and X5 were transferred into a dialysis membrane 3 (Spectra/Por, MWCO=3.5 kDa), X6 into a dialysis membrane 4 (Spectra/Por, MWCO=12-14 kDa) and dialyzed against 5 L fresh VE-water 6 times for 12 hours.

[0062] .sup.1H NMR (TrisBMB-PMOXA(3×10)-BP in CD.sub.3CN): 1.7 ppm (m, DBU), 2 ppm (brt, 90H, —CH.sub.3), 2.7 ppm (d, DBU), 3.3 ppm (t, DBU), 3.4 ppm (brs, 120H, CH.sub.2—N), 3.5 ppm (t, DBU), 4.22 (s, 6H, CH.sub.2—O-AR), 4.55 ppm (s, 3×2 H, AR-CH.sub.2—N), 6.5 ppm (d, 3×2 H, excess HBP), 7.05 (d, 3×2 H, converted HBP), 7.4-7.8 ppm (m, 1×3 H+3×7 H, aromatic Protons of TrisBMB and HBP).

[0063] .sup.1H NMR (TrisBMB-PMOXA(3×20)-BP in CD.sub.3CN): 1.7 ppm (m, DBU), 2 ppm (brt, 180H, —CH.sub.3), 2.7 ppm (d, DBU), 3.3 ppm (t, DBU), 3.4 ppm (brs, 240H, CH.sub.2—N), 3.5 ppm (t, DBU), 4.22 (s, 6H, CH.sub.2—O-AR), 4.55 ppm (s, 3×2 H, AR-CH.sub.2—N), 6.7 ppm (d, 3×2 H, excess HBP), 7.05 (d, 3×2 H, converted HBP), 7.4-7.8 ppm (m, 1×3 H+3×7 H, aromatic Protons of TrisBMB and HBP).

[0064] .sup.1H NMR (TrisBMB-PMOXA(3×50)-BP in CD.sub.3CN): 1.7 ppm (m, DBU), 2 ppm (brt, 450H, —CH.sub.3), 2.7 ppm (d, DBU), 3.3 ppm (t, DBU), 3.4 ppm (brs, 600H, CH.sub.2—N), 3.5 ppm (t, DBU), 4.22 (s, 6H, CH.sub.2—O-AR), 4.55 ppm (s, 3×2 H, AR-CH.sub.2—N), 6.9 ppm (d, 3×2 H, excess HBP), 7.05 (d, 3×2 H, converted HBP), 7.4-7.8 ppm (m, 1×3 H+3×7 H, aromatic Protons of TrisBMB and HBP).

[0065] SEC data (dialysed Tris-BMB-PMOXA(3×10)-BP): M.sub.w=4,640 g.Math.mol.sup.−1, M.sub.w=5,660 g.Math.mol.sup.−1, PDI=1.2. SEC data (dialysed Tris-BMB-PMOXA(3×20)-BP): M.sub.w=7,210 g.Math.mol.sup.−1, M.sub.w=9,420 g.Math.mol.sup.−1, PDI=1.3.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Synthesis of star-like polymers. star-like polymer TrisBMB/g MOXA/g AcN/g HBP/g AcN/g DBU/g X4 TrisBMB- 15.62 80 240 22.36 80 17.00 PMOXA(3 × 10)-BP.sup.1 X5 TrisBMB- 7.81 80 240 11.18 40 8.50 PMOXA(3 × 20)-BP.sup.2 X6 TrisBMB- 3.12 80 240 4.47 16 3.40 PMOXA(3 × 50)-BP.sup.3 .sup.14 h polymerization. .sup.26 h polymerization. .sup.315 h polymerization.

Examples 3: Synthesis of Di- and Tetra-Functional Polymers

[0066] Reaction was carried out according to examples X3-X6 using the initiators α,α′-Dichlor-p-xylene (DCPX, di-functional; molar ratio (relating to initiator groups):0.5), α,α′-Dibrom-p-xylene (DBPX, di-functional; molar ratio (relating to initiator groups):0.5), 1,2,4,5-Tetrakis(brommethyl)benzene (TetrakisBMB, tetra-functional; molar ratio (relating to initiator groups):0.25) with a molar ratio of MOXA relating to initiator groups:10; molar ratio of DBU relating to initiator groups:1.2 and a molar ratio of 4-HBP relating to initiator groups:1.2.

[0067] X7: .sup.1H NMR (DCPX-PMOXA(2×10)-BP (GM0960-0063) in Acetonitrile): 1.7 (m, DBU), 2 ppm (brt, 60H, —CH.sub.3), 2.7 ppm (d, DBU), 3.3 ppm (t, DBU), 3.4 ppm (brs, 80H, CH.sub.2—N), 3.5 ppm (t, DBU), 4.22 ppm (s, 4H, CH.sub.2—O-AR), 4.55 ppm (s, 2×2 H, AR-CH.sub.2—N), 6.85 ppm (d, 2×2 H, excess HBP), 7.05 ppm (d, 2×2 H, converted HBP), 7.15-7.8 ppm (m, 1×4 H+2×7 H, aromatic Protons of DCPX and HBP). Quantitative yield.

[0068] X8: .sup.1H NMR (DBPX-PMOXA(2×10)-BP (GM0960-0064) in Acetonitrile): 1.7 (m, DBU), 2 ppm (brt, 60H, —CH.sub.3), 2.7 ppm (d, DBU), 3.3 ppm (t, DBU), 3.4 ppm (brs, 80H, CH.sub.2—N), 3.5 ppm (t, DBU), 4.22 ppm (s, 4H, CH.sub.2—O-AR), 4.55 ppm (s, 2×2 H, AR-CH.sub.2—N), 6.85 ppm (d, 2×2 H, excess HBP), 7.05 ppm (d, 2×2 H, converted HBP), 7.15-7.8 ppm (m, 1×4 H+2×7 H, aromatic Protons of DBPX and HBP). Quantitative yield.

[0069] X9: .sup.1H NMR (TetrakisBMB-PMOXA(4×10)-BP (GM0960-0075) in Acetonitrile): 1.7 (m, DBU), 2 ppm (brt, 120H, —CH.sub.3), 2.7 ppm (d, DBU), 3.3 ppm (t, DBU), 3.4 ppm (brs, 160H, CH.sub.2—N), 3.5 ppm (t, DBU), 4.22 ppm (s, 4H, CH.sub.2—O-AR), 4.55 ppm (s, 2×2 H, AR-CH.sub.2—N), 6.55 ppm (d, 2×2 H, excess HBP), 7.05 ppm (d, 2×2 H, converted HBP), 7.4-7.8 ppm (m, 1×2 H+4×7 H, aromatic Protons of TetrakisBMB and HBP). Quantitative yield.

Examples 4: Copolymerization of VBC-PMOXA(10)-OH and VBC-PMOXA(10)-BP

Examples 4a: Synthesis of Hydroxy-Terminal Polyoxazoline Macromonomers VBC-PMOXA(10,20,40)-OH (Compounds Y1-Y3)

[0070] Potassium iodide (27.81 g; 165.8 mmol; molar ratio (relating to VBC):1.2), Acetonitrile (360 g), 2-Methyloxazoline (120 g; 1382 mmol; molar ratio (relating to VBC):10) and 4-Vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC, 23.43 g; 138.2 mmol, molar ratio:1) were mixed in the named order and heated up to 80° C. under stirring and in presence of Nitrogen. After 4 h the mixture was cooled down to 75° C. and Sodium hydroxide solution (82.91 g, 8 wt.-%; 165.8 mmol, molar ratio (relating to VBC):1.2) was added fast. 30 min later, the mixture was further cooled to room temperature. After filtration (folded filter), solvent was removed by drying in vacuum at 60° C. In table 3 the quantities of input materials for the three VBC-PMOXA(10,20,40)-OH are summarized. The molar ratios were the same for all macromonomers with exception of the molar ratio of MOXA (molar ratio (relating to VBC):10; 20; 40). After drying a white to yellow powder was obtained depending on the molar ratio of MOXA (yellow:molar ratio (MOXA):10; white:molar ratio (MOXA):40). The yield was quantitative.

[0071] Purification: The macromonomer Y1 (VBC-PMOXA(10)-OH, 2 g) was mixed with 50 g of water to obtain a yellow suspension. The suspension was extracted three times with 50 g ethyl acetate: Following 10 min of stirring, the aqueous phase was separated using a separating funnel. The organic phase was disposed. After extraction the transparent aqueous phase was additionally purified by three times dialyzing against 5 L VE-water for 12 hours using dialysis membrane 6 (Spectra/Por, MWCO=1 kDa). The resulting aqueous phase was filtrated using syringe filters and dried in vacuum at 60° C. White powder was obtained. All working steps were done with exclusion of light.

[0072] .sup.1H NMR (VBC-PMOXA(10)-OH in CD.sub.3CN): 2 ppm (brt, 30H, —CH.sub.3), 3.4 ppm (brs, 40H, CH.sub.2—N), 4.55 ppm (s, 2H, AR-CH.sub.2—N), 5.25 ppm, 5.8 ppm, 6.75 ppm (t, each 1H, vinyl protons), 7.2-7.5 ppm (m, 4H, C.sub.6H.sub.4).

[0073] .sup.1H NMR (VBC-PMOXA(20)-OH in CD.sub.3CN): 2 ppm (brt, 60H, —CH.sub.3), 3.4 ppm (brs, 80H, CH.sub.2—N), 4.55 ppm (s, 2H, AR-CH.sub.2—N), 5.25 ppm, 5.8 ppm, 6.75 ppm (t, each 1H, vinyl protons), 7.2-7.5 ppm (m, 4H, C.sub.6H.sub.4).

[0074] .sup.1H NMR (VBC-PMOXA(40)-OH in CD.sub.3CN): 2 ppm (brt, 120H, —CH.sub.3), 3.4 ppm (brs, 160H, CH.sub.2—N), 4.55 ppm (s, 2H, AR-CH.sub.2—N), 5.25 ppm, 5.8 ppm, 6.75 ppm (t, each 1H, vinyl protons), 7.2-7.5 ppm (m, 4H, C.sub.6H.sub.4).

[0075] IR (purified VBC-PMOXA(10)-OH): 3441, 2937, 1640, 1478, 1421, 1364, 1255, 1014, 829 cm.sup.−1. SEC data (VBC-PMOXA(10)-OH): Mn=1,320 g.Math.mol.sup.−1, M.sub.w=1,490 g.Math.mol.sup.−1, PDI=1.1. GPC data (VBC-PMOXA(20)-OH): Mn=2,270 g.Math.mol.sup.−1, M.sub.w=2,640 g.Math.mol.sup.−1, PDI=1.2. GPC data (VBC-PMOXA(40)-OH): Mn=4,030 g.Math.mol.sup.−1, M.sub.w=5,160 g.Math.mol.sup.−1, PDI=1.3.

[0076] Elemental analysis of purified VBC-PMOXA(10)-OH: Calculated for C.sub.49H.sub.80O.sub.11N.sub.10: C=59.8%, H=8.1%, O=17.9%, N=14.2%; found: C=56.8%, H=8.4%, O=21.0%, N=13.5%.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Synthesis of OH-macromonomers Y1-Y3 Macromonomer VBC/g MOXA/g NaOH/g KI/g AcN/g Y1 VBC- 23.43 120 82.91 27.81 360 PMOXA(10)-OH.sup.1 Y2 VBC- 11.72 120 41.46 13.90 360 PMOXA(20)-OH.sup.2 Y3 VBC- 3.12 80 11.06 3.71 240 PMOXA(40)-OH.sup.3 .sup.14 h polymerization. .sup.26 h polymerization. .sup.315 h polymerization.

Example 4b: Copolymerization of VBC-PMOXA(10)-OH and VBC-PMOXA(10)-BP

[0077] Different amounts of VBC-PMOXA(10)-OH (Y1) and VBC-PMOXA(10)-BP (X1) (in total 7.5 g), 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride (Wako V-50; 0.5 wt.-%; 37.5 mg) and VE-water (142.5 g) were heated to 75° C. for 5 h. All working steps were done with exclusion of light. The dried macromonomers were used without purification. The resulting reaction medium was filtrated using a folded filter and dried in vacuum at 60° C. White to yellow powders were obtained depending on the composition of the macromonomers (Yield: 90% (1/1) to 96% (64/1)).

[0078] Purification: 1-2 g of X10-X16 were dissolved in 50 mL VE-water each and filtrated through a syringe filter. Then the products were transferred into a dialysis membrane 1 (Spectra/Por, MWCO=6-8 kDa) and dialyzed against 5 L fresh VE-water 4 times for 12 hours.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Copolymerization of OH- and BP-PMOXA(10) macromonomers in different ratios. Ratio OH/BP m(VBC-PMOXA(10)-OH)/g m(VBC-PMOXA(10)-BP)/g X10 1/1 3.75 3.75 X11 2/1 5.00 2.50 X12 4/1 6.00 1.50 X13 8/1 6.67 0.83 X14 16/1  7.06 0.44 X15 32/1  7.27 0.23 X16 64/1  7.38 0.12

Examples 5: Copolymerization of VBC-PMOXA(10,20,40)-OH and VBC-PMOXA(10,20,40)-BP

[0079] Different amounts of VBC-PMOXA(10,20,40)-OH (Y1,Y2,Y3) and VBC-PMOXA(10,20,40)-BP (X1,X2,X3) (in total 7.5 g), 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride (Wako V-50; 0.5 wt.-%; 37.5 mg) and VE-water (142.5 g) were stirred at 75° C. for 5 h. All working steps were done with exclusion of light. The molar ratio of OH/BP was fixed to 4/1 (calculated by molar masses of 1000, 2000 and 4000 g.Math.mol.sup.−1 for VBC-PMOXA(10,20,40)-OH/BP). The dried macromonomers were used without purification. The resulting reaction medium was filtrated and dried in vacuum at 60° C. White powders were obtained (Y≥95%).

[0080] Purification: 1-2 g of X17-X25 were dissolved in 50 mL VE-water each and filtrated through a syringe filter. Then the products were transferred into a dialysis membrane 4 (Spectra/Por, MWCO=12-14 kDa) and dialyzed against 5 L fresh VE-water 4 times for 12 hours.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Copolymerization of different OH- and BP-macromonomers in 4/1 ratio. OH-MM + BP-MM m(VBC-PMOXA( . . . )-OH)/g m(VBC-PMOXA( . . . )-BP)/g X17 10 + 10 (Y1 + X1) 6.00 1.50 X18 10 + 20 (Y1 + X2) 5.00 2.50 X19 10 + 40 (Y1 + X3) 3.75 3.75 X20 20 + 10 (Y2 + X1) 6.67 0.83 X21 20 + 20 (Y2 + X2) 6.00 1.50 X22 20 + 40 (Y2 + X3) 5.00 2.50 X23 40 + 10 (Y3 + X1) 7.06 0.44 X24 40 + 20 (Y3 + X2) 6.67 0.83 X25 40 + 40 (Y3 + X3) 6.00 1.50

Example 6: Coating of Copolymers X10-X16 and of Star-Like Polymers X4 and X5 onto Pretreated Silicon Wafers

Example 6a: Pretreatment of the Si-Wafer (HMDS)

[0081] The Si-wafer was cut in small square pieces (about 2×2 cm) by using lint-free clothes and a diamond cutter. After rinsing them with Methanol for 5 s, the pieces were dried by an air stream (compressed air line of the laboratory). They were treated with Oxygen plasma for 60 s and then hydrophobized by exposing them to a vapor of Hexamethyldisilazane for 20 h at room temperature[.sup.53;54] (1 mL HMDS in an desiccator with an diameter of about 30 cm). After that the pieces were treated a second time with Oxygen plasma but only for 6 s. The average film thickness (SiO.sub.2, HMDS, plasma-treatment) was 2.3 nm (Ellipsometry database of GMC/O: Substrate: SI_JAW; film after treatment: SiO.sub.2).

Example 6b: Coating of Copolymers X10-X16 and of Star-Like Polymers X4 and X5 onto Pretreated Silicon Wafers

[0082] The pieces of Si-wafer pretreated according to example 26 were placed on the spin coater and spun at 2000 rpm for 40 s. As soon as the maximum rotation speed was reached, 1 mL of the relevant polymer solution (each 2.0 wt. % in methanol) was applied onto the spinning wafer piece. After drying in air, the thin polymer film was cured by UV-irradiation for 60 s. Thicknesses of polymer coatings before and after extraction with methanol were analyzed by ellipsometry. The gel fraction of the coating was determined as the ratio of polymer coating thickness after extraction and before extraction multiplied by 100%. All copolymers X10-X16 were synthesized under the same conditions as described for Y4. SEC analysis of Y4 relates to an overall degree of polymerization of the macromonomers of 28. This allows to calculate the average number of benzophenone group per copolymer macromolecule X10-X16. If the number of benzophenone groups per macromolecule, i.e. the cross-linking points, is equal to or greater than approximately 3, the gel fraction was found to be equal to or greater than 95%. This is very well within the expectation of an effective cross-linking for macromolecules comprising of at least 2-3 cross-linking units. The data is summarized in table 8 together with results for the coating and cross-linking of X4 and X5.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Comparison of gel fractions of coatings of X10-X16 after extraction with methanol with theoretical calculated number of benzophenone per macromolecule. VBC-PMOXA(10)-BP/ number of BP/ Gel Polymer VBC-PMOXA(10)-OH macromolecule fraction/% 27 X10 1/1 22.8 96.4 28 X11 2/1 11.4 97.6 29 X12 4/1 5.7 96.9 30 X13 8/1 2.9 95.0 31 X14 16/1  1.4 87.5 32 X15 32/1  0.7 71.8 33 X16 64/1  0.4 14.4 34 X4 N/A <=3 78 35 X5 N/A <=3 79

Example 7: Bacteria Antiadhesiveness Test

[0083] Polymer films were applied to PES (polyether sulfone) foil from polymer solutions X10 and X5 (1 wt. % in MeOH; 15 μm draw down bar slit width; 15 mm/s), dried in air at room temperature and subsequently irradiated with UV-light for 300 s.

[0084] Bacteria culture: Staphylococcus aureus Lu14886 from glycerol stock was streaked onto an agar plate and incubated for 3 days at 37° C. From this plate, bacteria were transferred using an inoculation loop in 50 mL TSBY (tryptic soy broth supplemented with yeast)-medium and incubated overnight at 37° C. and 190 rpm (OD=10.70). This culture was used to prepare the test culture by inoculation of a 5% TSBY medium to an optical density (OD) of 1.0. The test culture was supplemented with Syto®9 (ThermoFisher Scientific) as recommended by the manufacturer to stain bacteria cells green fluorescent.

[0085] Coated samples and the uncoated PES foil were placed in a custom made 12-well holder made from stainless steel with transparent bottom such that only the top surface was exposed and sealed. 1 mL of the test culture was pipetted into each well and incubated for 2 h at 37° C. (no shaking, covered to minimize light exposure and bleaching of the fluorescent dye). Then non-adherent cells were removed by gentle washing through multiple partial solution exchanges (10times 900 μL culture was removed and replaced with 900 μL sterile saline).

[0086] Afterwards, green fluorescent images were taken in situ without drying the samples using an inverted microscope and the number of bacteria were counted. Average values and standard deviations of at least 3 images from 3 samples were taken. The results are summarized in Table 7.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Example Surface Number of adherent bacteria 36 Blank PES film 1240 ± 920 37 X5-coated PES film 105 ± 70 38 X10-coated PES film  50 ± 50

Example 8: Membrane Coating and Permeation

[0087] The membrane (flat sheet Nadir® UP150 a PES polyethersulfone membrane, PE/PP MWCO: 150 kDa; 5 min immersion in ultrapure water, drying with lint-free clothes) was coated as long as the membrane was still slightly moist. Polymer films were applied to membranes from polymer solutions X10-X14 and X4 and X5 (1-1.2 wt. % in MeOH; 15 μm draw down bar slit width; 15 mm/s), dried in air at room temperature and subsequently irradiated with UV-light for 180 s. Pure water permeation (PWP) tests were carried out in a custom made dead-end cell at room temperature using approximately 10 cm diameter die-cut coated or con-coated membrane sheets. The cell had a feed volume of approximately 300 mL and deionized water was used as the feed. The weight of the permeate was recorded as a function of time to determine the PWP. The transmembrane pressure was fixed to 1 bar, then increased to 4 bar and reset to 1 bar.

[0088] FIG. 1 shows the pure water permeability of Nadir® UP150 membranes coated with Polymers X10, X11, X12, X13, X14, X4, X5. Thus, it was demonstrated that a high water permeability can still be reached with a effective antifouling coated membrane.