Fabrication of three dimensional structures by in-flight curing of aerosols

Abstract

A method for fabricating three-dimensional structures. In-flight heating or UV illumination modifies the properties of aerosol droplets as they are jetted onto a target surface. The UV light at least partially cures photopolymer droplets, or alternatively causes droplets of solvent-based nanoparticle dispersions to rapidly dry in-flight, and the resulting increased viscosity of the aerosol droplets facilitates the formation of free standing three-dimensional structures. This 3D fabrication can be performed using a wide variety of photopolymer, nanoparticle dispersion, and composite materials. The resulting 3D shapes can be free standing, fabricated without supports, and can attain arbitrary shapes by manipulating the print nozzle relative to the target substrate.

Claims

1. A method for fabricating a three-dimensional structure on a substrate, the method comprising: surrounding aerosol droplets with a sheath gas; propelling the aerosol droplets and the sheath gas from a deposition head toward the substrate; partially curing or solidifying the aerosol droplets in flight by irradiating them with UV light; fully curing or solidifying the aerosol droplets by irradiating them with UV light once they have been deposited as part of the three-dimensional structure; and fabricating a three-dimensional structure, a portion of which is vertically above empty space, without requiring a sacrificial support.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the aerosol droplets comprise a UV photocurable polymer, and the fabricated three-dimensional structure comprises the UV cured photocurable polymer.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the aerosol droplets comprise solid particles dispersed in the UV photocurable polymer, and the fabricated three-dimensional structure comprises the cured polymer comprising embedded solid particles.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the solid particles comprise a ceramic, a metal, a fiber, or silicon.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the aerosol droplets comprise metal nanoparticles, the method further comprising: irradiating the aerosol droplets with the UV light; heating the metal nanoparticles; and heating the aerosol droplets sufficiently to at least partially evaporate a solvent.

6. The method of claim 5 further comprising continuing to irradiate the metal nanoparticles after they have been deposited, thereby at least partially sintering the metal nanoparticles.

7. The method of claim 1 further comprising tilting or translating the deposition head with respect to the substrate.

8. The method of claim 1 comprising fabricating an overhanging structure without tilting the deposition head or the substrate.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein a standoff distance between the deposition head and the substrate is at least 1 mm.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein the standoff distance between the deposition head and the substrate is at least 2 mm.

11. The method of claim 1 comprising wherein partially curing or solidifying the aerosol droplets in flight increases a viscosity of the aerosol droplets.

12. The method of claim 1 comprising irradiating the aerosol droplets with UV light from more than one direction in flight.

13. The method of claim 1 comprising heating the aerosol droplets with UV light in flight and after the aerosol droplets have been deposited.

14. The method of claim 1 wherein the fabricated three-dimensional structure comprises an enclosed, hollow structure, an overhanging structure, or a mechanical scaffold.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate several embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In the drawings:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic illustrating a mechanism for three-dimensional printing with aerosol jets.

(3) FIGS. 2A-2C are images of an array of polymer posts printed according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2D is a graph showing the post build rate.

(4) FIG. 3 is an image of an array of composite posts.

(5) FIGS. 4A and 4B are perspective and top views, respectively, of an interposer printed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

(6) FIG. 5A shows three-dimensional jack-like structures printed using the offset approach shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 5B shows an open cone structure.

(7) FIGS. 6A and 6B show a closed channel having an open interior along the length. FIG. 6C shows ink flowing on the inside of the channel.

(8) FIGS. 7A and 7B show an individual antenna and an array of antennas, respectively, having an L-shape printed post. FIGS. 7C and 7D are images of 3D electrical components printed on a microchip.

(9) FIG. 8A shows freestanding polymer springs fabricated by tilting the print head during printing. FIG. 8B shows the springs supporting a mass.

(10) FIG. 9A is a graph showing the optical density of silver nanoparticles. FIG. 9B shows a 3D silver wire array printed with the in-situ illumination method.

(11) FIGS. 10A-10F are images of various 3D shapes printed using UV polymers and on-the-fly curing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

(12) The present invention is a method of making three-dimensional structures, such as structures comprising high aspect ratio features, using in-flight curing of aerosols and inks, and direct printing of liquid materials to fabricate three-dimensional, free standing, complex structures. Specifically, embodiments of the present invention combine patented Aerosol Jet dispensing technology, such as that described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,674,671, 7,938,079, and 7,987,813, with an in-flight materials processing mechanism that enables liquid droplets to partially solidify before depositing on a surface. After the in-flight processing, the droplets can be deposited to form free standing structures. Some of the advantages of this approach include ultra-high resolution three-dimensional (3D) printing, with features sizes down to 10 microns, lateral feature resolution to 1 micron, and vertical resolution to 100 nm. The aspect ratio of the free standing structures can be more than 100, and the structures can be printed on nearly any surface and surface geometry by manipulating the tilt and location of the print head relative to those surfaces. Overhangs and closed cells can be printed directly, without using sacrificial support materials. Both metal and insulating materials can be processed, which enables the co-deposition of electronic materials for fabricating circuits in 3D. Furthermore, composite materials can be printed, which allow for the tailoring of the mechanical and electrical properties of the 3D structures. Ultraviolet (UV) polymers can be cured in-flight as they are impacting on the target, and low sintering temperatures enable metallization of plastics. Using an Aerosol Jet process, practically any type of material and/or solvent can be printed. The large standoff from the substrate (typically a few millimeters) for this process enables high aspect printing without any z-axis motion. Sub-10 micron focusing of the aerosol jet enables creation of ultrafine features.

(13) Aerosol Jet printing is a non-contact, aerosol-based jetting technology. The starting inks are formulated with low viscosity (0.5 to 1000 cP) and in the typical process they are first aerosolized into a fine droplet dispersion of 1-5 um diameter droplets. Preferably nitrogen gas entrains the droplets and propels them through a fine nozzle (0.1-1 mm inner diameter) to a target substrate for deposition. A co-flowing, preferably nitrogen sheath gas focuses the droplet jet down to a 10 um diameter, which allows features of this size to be printed. The jetting technology is notable for the large standoff distance between the nozzle and substrate (several mm), the fine resolution (feature width 10 um), volumetric dispense accuracy (10 femptoliter), and wide range of material compatibility. Because of the large standoff distance, it is possible to dry and/or otherwise cure the droplets during their flight to the substrate. In doing so, the viscosity of the droplets can be increased much beyond the starting viscosity. With higher viscosity, the printed inks are self supporting and can be built up into free standing columns and other high aspect ratio features. In order to increase the viscosity, UV light from either a lamp or a UV LED is preferably applied to the interstitial region between the nozzle exit and the target substrate, as shown in FIG. 1. If the starting ink comprises a photopolymer with an absorption band overlapping the UV emission spectrum, the UV light can either fully or partially cure the photopolymer droplet in-flight, thereby increasing the viscosity.

(14) FIG. 1 is a schematic illustrating a mechanism for three-dimensional printing with aerosol jets. Micro 3D structures are manufactured preferably by using Aerosol Jet compatible low viscosity photocurable resins, which are preferably printed using Aerosol Jet technology. Electromagnetic radiation, in this case ultraviolet light, illuminates and partially cures the droplets mid-flight. The partial curing increases the viscosity of the droplets, which in turn limits the spreading of the deposit on the substrate. The droplets coalesce on the target substrate and then fully cure. The top schematic shows the droplets stacking vertically. The lower schematic shows the droplets building an overhang structure as the substrate is translated beneath the print head. Up to 45 degree overhangs have been demonstrated, although even greater angles may be achieved.

(15) FIG. 2A is a photograph of vertical polymer posts printed with Loctite 3104 acrylic urethane and simultaneous UV LED curing. The incident UV power was 0.65 mW, the UV wavelength was 385 nm and volumetric print rate was 7.5 nL/s. The posts can extend from the target substrate substantially to the aerosol jet nozzle outlet. FIG. 2B is a magnified image of the post array; the post height is 1.0 mm, the height variation is 1%, the spacing is 0.5 mm, and diameter is 90 μm. FIG. 2C is an image of the top surface of the post array. The top of each post has a rounded, nearly hemispherical shape. FIG. 2D is a graph showing the measured build rate of a single post. The post height was found to be proportional to time when the print nozzle was stationary at a given location. The variation in height is approximately 1%, or alternatively approximately 10 μm for a 1.0 mm tall post.

(16) In-flight processing is also possible when solid particles, such as ceramics, metals, or fibers, are dispersed in the photopolymer ink. In this case, the cured photopolymer serves as a 3D mechanical support for the solid particles. The mechanical and electrical properties of this composite material can be optimized by, for example, providing wear and abrasion resistance, as well as forming 3D electrical conductors. FIG. 3 is an image of an array of composite posts. Silicon powder, having a particle size of less than 500 nm, was dispersed in a UV photopolymer resin at a concentration of 7% by volume. The composite dispersion was then printed and cured in-flight to produce solid posts of cured resin with embedded silicon. The post diameter is 120 μm and the height is 1.1 mm. Composite materials are desirable for optimizing mechanical and electrical properties of a 3D structure. In this example the composition material is sufficiently transparent to the UV light that it is fully cured, even with single sided UV illumination. At greater concentrations and with highly absorbing particles, the composite resin may be opaque to the incident light. In that case, it may be necessary to illuminate the printing area from opposite sides, or illuminate the deposit with a ring lamp. As long as the UV resin is curing near the outer surface of the 3D structure, sufficient mechanical support will allow the structure to build vertically. The photopolymer can optionally be removed in a post-processing step, such as by heating the 3D structure to beyond the evaporation or decomposition point of the photopolymer.

(17) FIG. 4 shows images of a printed mechanical interposer, which is an element that provides structural support and precision spacing between two separated components. The interposer was printed by stacking multiple layers of UV resin, as can be seen in the perspective view of FIG. 4A. FIG. 4B shows the top surface grid pattern. In some embodiments an interposer can provide electrical or fluidic routing between one element or connection to another, in which case the interstitial spaces could be filled with conductive material or fluids.

(18) FIG. 5A shows three-dimensional jack-like structures printed using the offset approach shown in FIG. 1. The lower 4 legs were printed while translating the print head in x- and y-directions to a vertex point. The angled post is at an approximate 45 degree angle with respect to the substrate. The top legs were printed by translating the print head away from the vertex. The overall height is 4 mm and the individual post diameters are 60 μm. FIG. 5B shows an open cone structure. This was printed by translating the stage in a repeating circular motion with increasing radius. If desired the cone could be closed by continuing the circular motion and decreasing the radius to zero.

(19) FIGS. 6A and 6B show a closed channel having an open interior along the length. Each sidewall of the channel was printed by stacking lines of photocurable polymer and sequentially offsetting by approximately ½ of a linewidth. This process resulted in a wall tilted at approximately 45 degrees in the direction of the offset. By offsetting in opposite directions, the walls touch at the midpoint. FIG. 6C depicts a drop of pigmented ink placed near the entrance to a channel, which is seen to be pulled through the channel by surface tension forces. This demonstrates that the channel is enclosed along the length but the channel is completely open from end to end.

(20) FIG. 7A shows a photocured post used as a mechanical support for an electrical component. The polymer post was fabricated using the process in FIG. 1 and it is approximately 1 mm tall by 0.1 mm wide. Silver ink was printed on the sidewall of the post and substrate by tilting the print head at 45 degrees with respect to each. The silver ink has low viscosity during printing and consequently will spread slightly on the substrate. By providing a mechanical support, the silver ink can be printed in three dimensions along the surface of the support. After printing, the silver ink was thermally sintered in a box oven at 150° C. for 60 minutes. The resulting conductive pattern serves as a freestanding, millimeter wave dipole antenna. FIG. 7B shows an array of micro-antennas. FIGS. 7C and 7D are images of 3D electrical components printed on a microchip. The process of the present invention eliminates complicated connections and waveguides that would otherwise have to be built into a package. This example shows that functional devices such as 3D electrical components (for example, heaters, antenna, and interconnects) can be printed directly on a driver chip.

(21) FIG. 8A shows freestanding polymer springs fabricated by tilting the print head during printing. The print head was tilted from 0° to −30° and back to 0° during build of each spring. FIG. 8B depicts a demonstration showing that the spring array can support a mechanical mass. In contrast to the vertical posts described previously, the springs provide a flexible interposer connection between two surfaces.

(22) In the case of solvent based inks, such as metal nanoparticle dispersions, the droplet viscosity can be increased by partially or fully drying the droplet during flight. Since metal nanoparticles are known to be highly absorbing to UV light, exposing the droplets to UV illumination will heat the nanoparticles and accelerate the solvent evaporation. FIG. 9 shows such an extension of the in-situ curing process to non-photocurable materials. FIG. 9A is a graph showing the increasing optical density (i.e. absorption spectra) of silver nanoparticles at UV wavelengths as the particle size decreases. The curves are strongly peaked around 410 nm, but the absorption edge extends into the visible, making the in-flight processing possible with common UV LED and Hg lamps. Ink droplets comprising silver nanoparticles dispersed in a solvent can thus be heated by absorbing UV light at wavelengths near 400 nm. If heated in-flight, the solvent will largely evaporate and result in a highly concentrated silver drop when it impacts on a surface. The metal nanoparticle droplets can retain their 3D shape, both because the carrier solvent is evaporated and also because the particles are partially sintered. The now higher viscosity silver droplets can be stacked in 3D, similar to the stacking of the photopolymer. Further illumination after printing, which heats the nanoparticles beyond the level required for evaporating the solvent, will cause the nanoparticles to at least partially sinter and become conductive. FIG. 9B shows a 3D silver wire array printed with the in-situ illumination method. The wire width is 40 μm and the height is 0.8 mm. The wires are slightly bent due to the fact that only single sided illumination was used, which causes the wires to be heated more on the illumination side, leading to asymmetrical shrinkage.

(23) FIGS. 10A-10F are images of various 3D shapes printed using UV polymers and on-the-fly curing. FIG. 10A shows pillars (0.1 mm pitch, 0.25 mm tall). FIG. 10B shows a twisted sheet (0.5 mm width, 2 mm tall). FIG. 10C shows a box (1 mm length, 0.25 mm tall, 0.03 mm wall). FIG. 10D shows a hat (0.5 mm diameter, 0.5 mm tall). FIG. 10E shows a cone (0.5 mm diameter, 0.5 mm tall). FIG. 10F shows a bubble (0.5 mm diameter, 1 mm tall).

(24) In embodiments of the present invention, UV illumination is being used to modify the properties of aerosol droplets as they are jetted onto a target surface. Specifically, the UV light is at least partially curing photopolymer droplets, and the resulting increased viscosity facilitates the formation of free standing structures. The UV light alternatively causes droplets of solvent-based nanoparticle dispersions to rapidly dry in-flight, likewise enabling 3D fabrication. This 3D fabrication can be performed using a wide variety of photopolymer, nanoparticle dispersion, and composite materials. The resulting 3D shapes can be free standing, without supports, and can attain arbitrary shapes by manipulating the print nozzle relative to the target substrate. The feature size is primarily determined by the jetting process, and can go down to 10 μm or even lower.

(25) Although the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to the disclosed embodiments, other embodiments can achieve the same results. Variations and modifications of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover all such modifications and equivalents. The entire disclosures of all patents and publications cited above are hereby incorporated by reference.