Fuel formulation

Abstract

A gasoline fuel formulation which contains 60% v/v or more of a combination of (a) a biologically-derived alcohol and (b) a mixture of C.sub.4 to C.sub.12 hydrocarbon fuel components, all of which hydrocarbon fuel components have been derived, whether directly or indirectly, from catalytic conversion of a biologically-derived oxygenate component, wherein the concentration of the alcohol (a) in the formulation is from 0.1 to 30% v/v.

Claims

1. A gasoline fuel formulation comprising: 60% v/v or more of a combination of (a) a biologically-derived alcohol at a concentration of from 0.1% to 30% v/v, by volume of the gasoline fuel formulation; and (b) a mixture of C4 to C12 hydrocarbon fuel components comprising aromatic hydrocarbons, wherein the mixture of C4 to C12 hydrocarbon fuel components are derived from a catalytic conversion of a biologically-derived oxygenate component comprising a C.sub.1+O.sub.1-3.

2. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 1, further comprising less than 30% v/v of a non-biologically-derived fuel component.

3. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 1, wherein the biologically-derived alcohol comprises one or more of ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, and t-butanol.

4. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 1, wherein the mixture of C.sub.4 to C.sub.12 hydrocarbon fuel components further comprises: (1) a high octane hydrocarbon fuel component, comprising one or more hydrocarbons selected from C.sub.5 to C.sub.12 hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, which is the product of a catalytic conversion of a biologically-derived oxygenate component, and which contains in the range of from 40 to 80% v/v of aromatic hydrocarbons; and (2) one or more of: a. a low octane hydrocarbon fuel component, comprising one or more hydrocarbons selected from C.sub.5 to C.sub.10 hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, which is the product of a catalytic conversion of a biologically-derived oxygenate component, and which contains in the range of from 75% to 100% v/v of paraffinic hydrocarbons and in the range of from 0% v/v to 20% v/v of aromatic hydrocarbons, b. a high octane isomerised hydrocarbon fuel component, comprising one or more biologically-derived hydrocarbons selected from C.sub.5 and C.sub.6 hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, which contains 60% v/v or more of isoparaffinic hydrocarbons and saturated cyclic hydrocarbons and 5% v/v or less of aromatic hydrocarbons, and c. a C.sub.4 hydrocarbon fuel component which comprises a biologically-derived C.sub.4 hydrocarbon or mixture thereof.

5. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 4, wherein the gasoline fuel formulation comprises each of the components (1), (2a), (2b) and (2c).

6. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 1, wherein the catalytic conversion of the biologically-derived oxygenate component comprises an aqueous phase reforming (APR) process.

7. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 4, wherein the catalytic conversion of the biologically-derived oxygenate component comprises a catalytic condensation to form the high octane hydrocarbon fuel component.

8. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 4, wherein the catalytic conversion of the biologically-derived oxygenate component comprises dehydration, oligomerisation and/or hydrotreatment to form the low octane hydrocarbon fuel component.

9. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 1, wherein the biologically-derived alcohol is selected from C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 aliphatic alcohols.

10. The gasoline fuel formulation of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the biologically-derived alcohol in the fuel formulation is from 5% to 30% v/v, by volume of the gasoline fuel formulation.

11. A method for producing a gasoline fuel formulation, which method comprises combining together: (a) a biologically-derived alcohol at a concentration of from 0.1% to 30% v/v, by volume of the gasoline fuel formulation; and (b) a mixture of C.sub.4 to C.sub.12 hydrocarbon fuel components comprising aromatic hydrocarbons wherein the mixture of C.sub.4 to C.sub.12 hydrocarbon fuel components are derived from catalytic conversion of a biologically-derived oxygenate component comprising a C.sub.1+O.sub.1-3, in order to produce a gasoline fuel formulation that contains 60% v/v or more of the combination of (a) and (b) and from 0.1 to 30% v/v of the biologically-derived alcohol (a).

12. The method of claim 11, comprising: (i) subjecting a biologically-derived oxygenate component, optionally following a catalytic deoxygenation process, to a catalytic condensation process in order to produce either a high octane hydrocarbon fuel component (1) comprising one or more hydrocarbons selected from C5 to C12 hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, which contains in the range of from 40 to 80% v/v or a precursor thereto which additionally contains one or more C4 hydrocarbons; (ii) subjecting a biologically-derived oxygenate component, optionally following a catalytic deoxygenation process, to a dehydration, oligomerisation and/or hydrotreatment process in order to produce the low octane hydrocarbon fuel component (2a) comprising one or more hydrocarbons selected from C5 to C10 hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, which contains in the range of from 75% to 100% v/v of paraffinic hydrocarbons and in the range of from 0% v/v to 20% v/v of aromatic hydrocarbons; and (iii) mixing together the component (1) which results from step (i) and the component (2a) which results from step (ii), either before, after or at the same time as combining them with the biologically-derived alcohol (a).

13. A method of operating an internal combustion engine, and/or a vehicle which is driven by an internal combustion engine, which method involves introducing into a combustion chamber of the engine a gasoline fuel formulation according to claim 1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) Reference is made to the accompanying drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram (PFD) showing overall process flow, in diagrammatic form, for the process of Example A, and

(3) FIG. 2 is a process flow diagram (PFD) showing overall process flow, in diagrammatic form, for the process of Example B.

EXAMPLE A—PRODUCTION OF A LOW OCTANE FUEL COMPONENT

(4) The below example summarizes the results obtained from a process that was configured to continuously and simultaneously produce C.sub.4 to C.sub.28 hydrocarbons containing bio-naphtha component (2a), bio-distillate, and bio-heavy hydrocarbons. The term bio-distillate refers to a hydrocarbon fraction which encompasses the boiling point range for both jet fuel and diesel fuel.

(5) FIG. 1 shows a high level PFD of the overall process flow. Conditions for the catalytic reaction steps are contained within Table Ala. The fresh feed to the system 101, was a 60% dry solids mixture of 43 DE (dextrose equivalent) corn syrup and water. Fresh feed 101, was combined with hydrogen 102, and recycle from the reactor outlet 105, to form the combined feed 103 to the first stage aqueous phase reactor 104. The combined feed 103, was passed over the catalyst contained within reactor 104, whereupon hydrogen was consumed to facilitate deoxygenation and carbon-carbon bond cleavage of the corn syrup sugar molecules. The reactor temperatures were maintained in a range such that liquid was present at the reactor outlet. A portion of the reactor 104 liquid phase products was returned to the reactor inlet as recycle 105 while the remaining liquid and all the gas phase products 107 were removed from reactor, cooled, and separated into gas and liquid phase products in separator 108. The gas phase product 109, primarily residual hydrogen, was removed from the process. The liquid phase product 110 was passed on to the second stage APR.

(6) Liquid phase product 110 from the first stage APR was combined with hydrogen 111 and second stage APR liquid recycle 114 to form the combined feed 112 to the second stage APR reactor 113. The second stage of APR continued the hydrogen consuming reactions of the first stage. After passing over the catalyst in the second stage APR reactor 113, a portion of the liquid products were returned to the reactor inlet as liquid recycle 114 while the remaining liquid and all the gas phase products 115 were combined with recycle stream 125 to form combined stream 116 and passed on to the condensation reactor 117.

(7) Condensation product 118 was flashed and separated in hot separator 119 to form a gas stream 120 and a liquid stream 121 which was sent on to hydrotreating. The gas stream 120 was cooled and separated in cold separator 122 to generate a gas product 123 which was vented from the system, an aqueous product 124 which was removed from the system, and an organic phase, a portion of which was directed into recycle stream 125 and a portion 126 which was sent to hydrotreating.

(8) Streams 121 and 126 were combined with hydrogen 127 and hydrotreating product recycle 132 to form the combined feed 128 for the hydrotreating reactor 129. In the hydrotreating step, hydrogen was reacted with the product of the condensation process step in order further to remove oxygen so that the product sent on for distillation was substantially hydrocarbons. The nickel catalyst within the hydrotreating reactor was suitable for promoting the required oxygen removing reactions. Subsequent to the hydrotreating reactor 129, hydrotreating reactor effluent 130 was cooled and separated in cold separator 131. Gas product 133 from separator 131 was vented and a portion of the organic phase was directed to the hydrotreating recycle 132. The remaining organic phase and any free water were taken as net product 134 and sent on to distillation column 135 which recovered bio-naphtha 136 and water 137 as overhead products. Bottoms product 138 was subjected to further separation in distillation column 139 to generate bio-jet or bio-diesel (depending on the operation of the distillation columns 135 and 139) as an overhead product 140 and a heavies fraction 141 suitable for a number of fuel oil, lubricant, solvent, and other applications.

(9) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE A1a Reactor Conditions for Example A Conden- Hydro- APR I APR II sation treating Unit Op 104 113 117 129 Temperature 175-245° C. 245-260° C. 250-310° C. 330-400° C. Pressure 124 bar 62 bar 62 bar 90 bar WHSV* 0.8 hr.sup.−1 0.8 hr.sup.−1 0.8 hr.sup.−1 1.6 hr.sup.−1 Feed 60% APR I APR II DHOG 43DE Product Product Product Corn syrup H.sub.2 Co-feed 1.4:1 0.8:1 — 0.5:1 mol H.sub.2/mol C Recycle   2:1   1:1 0.9:1 0.7:1 Ratio**, mass recycle/mass fresh feed *WHSV, weight hourly space velocity. The feed rate for all four catalysts used for determining space velocity was based on the fresh corn syrup feed (dry basis) into the system. **The recycle ratio was based on the total mass of feed entering the reactor (wet basis, including water)

(10) Table A1b summarizes catalyst formulations used in the above bio-hydrocarbon production process. The aqueous phase reforming and condensation catalysts were made with monoclinic zirconia or tungstated zirconia support (NorPro Saint Gobain). Metals impregnation was completed by incipient wetness with a deionized water/ammonium nitrate solution. The catalysts were calcined in a static oven at a maximum temperature of 400° C. The condensation catalyst was selected for its ability to form carbon-carbon bonds and increase the average molecular weight of the reaction products in order to produce distillate fuels in the C.sub.9-C.sub.20 range. The reactions include dehydration, olefin oligomerization, aldol condensation, and other oligomerization and condensation reactions as described in Patent Application US20120198760 A1. The hydrotreating (HT) catalyst was a commercial nickel oxide catalyst available from CRI catalysts, KL6560, which was loaded as received. After loading into the reactors, the catalysts were reduced under flowing hydrogen using typical industrial reduction conditions.

(11) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE A1b Catalyst Compositions Process HDO I HDO II Condensation Hydrotreating Metal 1 Pd Pd Pd Ni Metal 2 Mo Ag Ag — Metal 3 Sn — — — Support W on WO.sub.x—ZrO.sub.2 WO.sub.x—ZrO.sub.2 Alumina M-ZrO.sub.2

(12) The catalysts were loaded into the process described above and operated for 21 days. Samples of process intermediate streams and product streams were subjected to gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC), gas chromatography with a mass spectroscopy detector (GC-MS), and/or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the composition of the samples. These analytical techniques are commonly used and familiar to those skilled in the art of hydrocarbon and oxygenate analysis.

(13) Table A1c summarizes the composition of the APR product 115 on a carbon percentage basis. Approximately 90% of the components contained continuous carbon chain lengths of six or less. This material was subsequently sent on to condensation reactor In order to modify the carbon number distribution to increase the amount of molecules in the jet and diesel range.

(14) The composition was a complex mixture which comprised mono-oxygenates such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and ethers (including cyclic ethers such as 2,5 dimethyl tetrahydrofuran) and more highly oxygenated di-oxygenates and poly-oxygenates. Around half of the mixture consisted of species which did not fall into the categories listed or could not be identified though the analytical techniques employed covered by the other and unknown category.

(15) Table Aid shows a typical bio-naphtha 136 composition from the same operation. The bio-naphtha could be further distilled into a light, C.sub.5 and C.sub.6 fraction and subjected to isomerization. Due to the large amount of normal hexane (47 wt % of the total naphtha cut or 68% of the C.sub.5+C.sub.6 fraction), the octane upgrading potential that would be obtained from isomerization would be substantial.

(16) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE A1c Start of Run 21 Days on Stream Paraffins 2% 2% Olefins 1% 0% Alcohols 8% 6% Ketones 10% 4% Aldehydes 7% 5% Ethers 9% 9% Di-Oxygenates 6% 8% Poly-Oxygenates 11% 10% Other + Unknown 44% 56%

(17) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE A1d Name CAS Number Composition (wt %) Ethane 74-84-0 0.02 Propane 74-98-6 0.9 Isobutane 75-28-5 0.1 Butane 106-97-8 3.5 Butane, 2-methyl- 78-78-4 0.7 Pentane 109-66-0 9.4 Cyclopentane 287-92-3 0.6 Pentane, 2-methyl- 107-83-5 2.0 Pentane, 3-methyl- 96-14-0 1.5 Hexane 110-54-3 47.0 Cyclopentane, methyl- 96-37-7 4.4 Pentane, 2,4-dimethyl- 108-08-7 0.01 Benzene 71-43-2 0.05 Cyclohexane 110-82-7 3.5 C.sub.7+ 26.4

EXAMPLE B—PRODUCTION OF A HIGH OCTANE FUEL COMPONENT (1)

(18) The below example summarizes the results obtained from a process that was configured to continuously and simultaneously produce bio-reformate component (1), bio-butanes component (2c), and light bio-naphtha from sucrose. The overall process flow utilized is illustrated by FIG. 2. Conditions for the catalytic reaction steps are contained within Table B2a. The fresh feed to the system 101, was a 60% dry solids mixture of sucrose and water. Fresh feed 101, was combined with hydrogen 102, and recycle from the reactor outlet 107, to form the combined feed to the reactor 104. The combined feed 103, was passed over the catalyst contained within reactor 104, whereupon hydrogen was consumed to facilitate deoxygenation and carbon-carbon bond cleavage of the sucrose. The reactor temperatures were maintained in a range such that liquid was present at the reactor outlet. The reactor effluent 105 was cooled and separated in decanter 106 into gas, organic liquid, and aqueous phase products. The gas phase product 108, containing excess hydrogen and light hydrocarbons was vented from the system to maintain pressure. A portion of the aqueous phase product 107 was recycled to the reactor inlet while the organic phase 109 product and the remaining portion of the aqueous phase product 110 was sent on to condensation.

(19) The APR and condensation catalysts were made using monoclinic zirconia support (NorPro Saint Gobain). The catalyst composition is summarized in Table B2b. Metals impregnation for the APR catalyst was completed by incipient wetness. The catalysts were calcined in a static oven at a maximum temperature of 400° C. After loading into the reactors, the APR catalyst was reduced under flowing hydrogen using typical industrial reduction conditions.

(20) The catalysts within the condensation reactors 112a, 112b, and 112c were selected for the ability to generate aromatic hydrocarbons. In general, two reactors were operated to convert the oxygenate feed from the APR process, shown as 112a and 112b operated in series while a third reactor was regenerated using an oxidative regeneration step, shown as 112c in this example. The three reactors shown were rotated through the lead (112a in FIG. 2), lag (112b in FIG. 2), and regeneration (112c in FIG. 2) positions such that the reactors were brought off line, regenerated, and brought back on line in a manner to support continuous process operations. APR product organic 109 and aqueous 110 fractions were combined with recycle gas 121 and recycle liquid 128 to generate combined feed 111 upstream of the condensation reactor 112a. Lead reactor 112a product 113 was then sent on to a lag reactor 112b for further oxygenate conversion. Lag reactor product 114 was cooled and separated into gas, organic, and aqueous phase product in decanter 115. The aqueous phase product was exported from the system. The gas phase product 118 was combined with distillation column offgas 128 and a portion of the combined stream was compressed in compressor 120 to increase the pressure of the recycle gas 121 and allow it to be returned to the reactor inlet. A portion of the gas 119 was vented to maintain system pressure.

(21) The organic phase product 117, containing high levels of aromatics, was removed from the system as product 117 or was sent on to distillation column 122 which was operated to remove components with boiling points less than that of toluene (including benzene) from the bio-reformate 123. The distillation column overhead was cooled and separated in decanter 124. The gas phase fraction 128 was recycled while the liquid phase fraction was returned to the distillation column as reflux 125, sent to the condensation reactors through a pump as liquid recycle 127, or removed as light naphtha product 226.

(22) Table B2c summarizes the composition of the liquid APR product which is the combination of streams 109 and 110 referring to FIG. 2 on a water free weight percentage basis. This material was subsequently sent on to condensation reactor 112a to generate aromatics and other hydrocarbons from the mixed oxygenates.

(23) The composition of the liquid APR product was a complex mixture which comprised mono-oxygenates such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and ethers (including cyclic ethers such as 2,5 dimethyl tetrahydrofuran) and more highly oxygenated di-oxygenates and poly-oxygenates. Around one third of the mixture consisted of species which did not fall into the categories listed or could not be identified though the analytical techniques employed covered by the other and unknown category.

(24) Table B2d shows typical bio-reformate compositions from the same operation. One case corresponds to the composition at 117 in FIG. 2 before distillation and one to the composition at 123 in FIG. 2 after distillation to remove C.sub.6− hydrocarbons. The C.sub.6− hydrocarbons 126, containing almost all of the benzene, could be subjected to benzene saturation and recombined with the product 123 to generate a highly aromatic but low benzene reformate product.

(25) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE B2a Reactor Operating Parameters APR Condensation Internal Temperature Range (° C.) 175-290 350-450 Pressure (bar) 124 7 WHSV (hr.sup.−1) 0.4 0.85* H.sub.2 addition (molH.sub.2/mol Feed 1.75 None Carbon) Vapor Recycle (g recycle/g None 3 feed) Liquid Recycle (g recycle/g 4   0-0.95 feed) *WHSV is on a single reactor basis

(26) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE B2b Catalyst APR Condensation Metal Content Pd, Mo, Sn, W Ni Support Monoclinic ZrO.sub.2 ZSM-5 (SAR 30)

(27) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE B2c Weight Percent of APR Product Liquid Paraffins 1.6% Olefins 0.3% Alcohols 19.1%  Ketones 3.1% Aldehydes 0.6% Ethers 9.4% Diols 22.7%  Poly-Oxygenates 2.9% Organic Acids 3.8% Other di-oxygenates 1.84%  Other + Unknown  35%

(28) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE B2d Unfractionated bio- Fractionated bio- Case reformate 117, wt % reformate 123, wt % Paraffins Ethane 0.0 0.0 Propane 0.9 0.0 Isobutane 1.8 0.0 Butane 1.9 0.0 Butane, 2- 2.6 0.0 methyl- Pentane 1.2 0.0 Butane, 2,2- 0.0 0.0 dimethyl- Pentane, 2- 0.8 0.0 methyl- Pentane, 3- 0.4 0.0 methyl- Hexane 1.8 0.0 C.sub.7+ Paraffins 0.7 0.3 Naphthenes Cyclopentane 0.5 0.0 Cyclopentane, 2.1 0.0 methyl- Cyclohexane 0.1 0.0 C.sub.7+ Naphthenes 2.4 1.0 Olefins C.sub.4 Olefins 0.4 0.0 C.sub.5 Olefins 0.8 0.0 C.sub.6+ Olefins 0.6 0.0 Aromatics Benzene 2.7 0.0 Toluene 15.6 16.9 Ethylbenzene 4.1 7.1 m-Xylene 12.7 17.0 p-Xylene 3.1 3.3 o-Xylene 4.8 6.1 C.sub.9 Aromatics 20.8 26.8 C.sub.10+ Aromatics 13.7 19.0 Other 3.5 2.5

(29) The present invention will now be further described with reference to the following non-limiting example.

Example 1

(30) This example shows how gasoline fuels can be contain 100% biologically-derived fuel components, whilst still complying with the current European Union standard, EN 228, for automotive gasoline fuels.

(31) The fuel formulations make use of components which are obtainable from a catalytic process for the conversion of biological materials into hydrocarbons. This process involves the catalytic deoxygenation and reforming of an oxygenate derived from a plant source such as lignocellulosic biomass, using an APR treatment process. As described in more detail below, two separate oxygenate streams are subjected to two different further treatments, so as to yield both a high octane and a low octane hydrocarbon product.

(32) The data that follow demonstrate that, using only biologically-derived fuel components of this type, the invention may be used to formulate a wide range of gasoline fuels. The APR-derived hydrocarbon components, blended together in different ratios according to requirements, can provide versatility in terms of the properties of the overall formulations, in particular as to octane quality and volatility. Thus, fuels can be formulated to meet the requirements of different vehicle emission control technologies and different climatic conditions.

(33) Four hydrocarbon components were considered, corresponding to components (1), (2a), (2b) and (2c) as defined above. They were: a C.sub.5 to C.sub.10 “bio-reformate” (component (1)). a C.sub.5 to C.sub.10 “bio-naphtha” (component (2a)). a C.sub.5 to C.sub.6 “bio-isomerate” (component (2b)). a C.sub.4 “bio-butanes/butenes” component (component (2c)), referred to in the following results tables as “bio-butanes”.

(34) All four can be obtained from the same basic APR process, carried out on a water-soluble biologically-derived oxygenate. The bio-reformate can be obtained directly, by acid-catalysed condensation of the APR product followed by removal of the C.sub.4 hydrocarbons by distillation. Suitable conditions for the acid-catalysed condensation process are a pressure between 1 bar and 30 bar, a temperature between 300° C. and 500° C. using a zeolite catalyst.

(35) The bio-naphtha can also be obtained directly, by dehydration, oligomerisation and hydrotreatment of the APR product, again followed by distillation to remove the C.sub.4 hydrocarbons. Suitable conditions for these processes are a pressure between 30 and 250 bar, a temperature between 200 and 350° C., using an acid catalyst.

(36) The relatively high octane reformate contains aromatic hydrocarbons. The amounts and natures of these aromatic species (including benzene) can be varied by altering the conditions for the condensation reaction from which the reformate results. The aromatic content of component (1) is a function of the operating conditions and catalyst used for the condensation system as well as the effective hydrogen to carbon ratio of the oxygenate mixture converted in the condensation system. The benzene content of component (1) is influenced by the same conditions as the total aromatics content but to a different extent. Therefore, there is some ability to control benzene content independent of the total aromatic content of component (1).

(37) Benzene levels are strictly controlled in automotive gasoline fuels. For example, the MSAT-II (Mobile Source Air Toxics limit for hazardous air pollutants, set by the Environmental Protection Agency in the USA) requirement for benzene levels in US gasoline is an annual average of 0.62% v/v: this represents a major constraint for the formulation of biofuel-containing gasoline fuels.

(38) The current EN 228 specification in Europe allows for a maximum benzene level of 1% v/v and a maximum total aromatics content of 35% v/v. Consequently, for European use it becomes possible to formulate a gasoline fuel with a bio-reformate containing a higher level of benzene, provided that the following condition is met:
(35% v/tot.aromatics (% v) in C.sub.5+ bio-roformate)*benzene (% v) in C.sub.5+ bio-reformate≤1% v

(39) This in turn can make possible the use of a relatively high octane bio-reformate in a 100% biologically-derived gasoline fuel.

(40) In general terms, when carrying out the present invention, appropriate levels of C.sub.4 hydrocarbons may be left in the bio-reformate and/or the bio-naphtha components in order to yield desired volatility and distillation profiles. This may be in part achieved by tailoring the conditions under which the two components are processed, in order to yield product streams that contain the desired C.sub.4 levels and/or that have the desired properties. For the purposes of this example, the bio-reformate and bio-naphtha components are both assumed to contain no C.sub.4 hydrocarbons: the bio-butane component can then be used to tailor the C.sub.4 content—and hence the volatility—of the overall fuel formulation.

(41) The bio-isomerate can be obtained by fractionation of the bio-naphtha stream followed by isomerisation to convert paraffins into iso-paraffins and to saturate olefins and aromatic compounds. Suitable conditions for this isomerisation process are reaction pressures between 14 and 60 bar and a temperature between 100° C. and 250° C. for a chlorided alumina type isomerization catalyst, a temperature between 125° C. and 225° C. for a sulfated zirconia type isomerization catalyst, and a temperature between 200° C. and 350° C. for a zeolite type isomerization catalyst.

(42) As described above, the bio-butanes/butenes component can be obtained, by distillation, from either the bio-reformate or the bio-naphtha stream.

(43) The compositions of a typical bio-reformate and bio-naphtha, both obtained from an APR process with subsequent processing as described above, are shown in Tables 1a and 1b respectively at the end of this example. Table 1c shows the composition of a C.sub.5/C.sub.6 bio-isomerate that could be obtained from the bio-naphtha component of Table 1b. The figures in the tables are percentage concentrations by volume (% v/v). The benzene content of the reformate was 1.57% v/v.

(44) Also considered were three oxygenates: ethanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol. These too can be obtained from biological sources.

(45) Theoretical calculations were used to establish in what ratios these components could be mixed in order to create gasoline fuel formulations having certain desired properties. Calculations were performed for formulations containing 5, 10 and 20% v/v of each alcohol. Although the bio-reformate and bio-naphtha of Tables 1a and 1b contain C.sub.4 hydrocarbons, the notional bio-reformate and bio-naphtha used in the calculations did not: instead, the bio-butane was used as a separate component, to allow more effective tailoring of overall fuel volatility.

(46) For the purposes of these calculations, certain fuel component properties were assumed to translate into formulation properties on a linear-by-volume basis: this applied to oxygen content, aromatics (and benzene) content, olefin content and density. RVP was assumed to blend according to the Chevron rule:
RVP=Σ.sub.1.sup.nv.sub.fnRVP.sub.n.sup.1.5
where RVP is the Reid vapour pressure of the fuel formulation in kPa; v.sub.f n is the volume fraction of component n; and RVP.sub.n is the Reid vapour pressure of component n, again in kPa.

(47) A Hartenhof calculation was used to assign values for E70, E100, E120, E150 and E180, which were then assumed to blend on a linear-by-volume basis. RON and MON values were determined using a model derived from fundamental understandings of octane number (see for example C Morley, “A fundamental based correlation between alkane structure and octane number”, Comb Sci Tech 55 (1987): 115, and L J Kirsch and C P Quinn, “A fundamentally based model of knock in the gasoline engine”, 16.sup.th Symp (Int) Comb (The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh 1976), page 233). Table 2, at the end of this example, sets out blending properties used for the seven potential fuel components, corrected where necessary to take account of the absence of C.sub.4 hydrocarbons in the bio-reformate and bio-naphtha.

(48) In order to consider a range of different gasoline fuel specifications, reference was made to the Worldwide Fuel Charter (see above). This defines five categories of fuel quality for unleaded gasoline, depending on the markets in which the fuels are intended to be used:

(49) Category 1: markets with no or first level emission control, based primarily on fundamental vehicle/engine performance and protection of emission control systems, for example markets requiring US Tier 0, EURO 1 or equivalent emission standards.

(50) Category 2: markets with requirements for emission control or other market demands, for example markets requiring US Tier 1, EURO 2/II, EURO 3/III or equivalent emission standards.

(51) Category 3: markets with more stringent requirements for emission control or other market demands, for example markets requiring US LEV, California LEV or ULEV, EURO 4/IV (except lean burn gasoline engines), JP 2005 or equivalent emission standards.

(52) Category 4: markets with advanced requirements for emission control, for example markets requiring US Tier 2, US Tier 3 (pending), US 2007/2010 Heavy Duty On-Highway, US Non-Road Tier 4, California LEV II, EURO 4/IV, EURO 5/V, EURO 6/VI, JP 2009 or equivalent emission standards. Category 4 fuels enable sophisticated NO.sub.x and particulate matter after-treatment technologies.

(53) Category 5: markets with highly advanced requirements for emission control and fuel efficiency, for example those markets with Category 4 emission standards that also require US 2017 light duty fuel economy, US heavy duty fuel economy, California LEV III or equivalent emission control and fuel efficiency standards.

(54) The fuel properties required across these five categories are summarised in Tables 3 and 4 at the end of this example, Table 4 relating specifically to the volatility requirements. It is to be noted that within each category, a fuel may be formulated to any of three different octane specifications: 91 RON, 95 RON and 98 RON, and independently to any of five different volatility classes.

(55) The approach taken involved setting two targets for each formulation: a RON or MON value, the choice being dependent upon which octane value was limiting; and an RVP value that is the upper limit of each volatility class.

(56) Other properties were then constrained within appropriate limits for each volatility class and fuel category. Based on the blending properties of the fuel components, an Excel (trade mark) spreadsheet solver was used to find blend ratios which used both the maximum and minimum possible amounts of the C.sub.5/C.sub.6 bio-isomerate.

(57) The combination of three octane classes, five categories of fuel for different levels of emission control and five volatility classes results in 75 (i.e. 3×5×5) different unleaded gasoline fuel specifications that cover the fuel requirements of the different world markets. The present calculations aimed to identify how many of these 75 specifications could be met using some or all of the seven biologically-derived fuel components.

Example 1A—Bio-Gasoline With Ethanol

(58) The results of the calculations for formulations containing biologically-derived ethanol are summarised in Tables 5a to 5c below. These show the categories in which fuels can be formulated to the necessary specifications. The ethanol was introduced into the calculations at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20% v/v.

(59) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 5a 5% v/v Ethanol Volatility Class 98 RON 95 RON 91 RON A 1 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B 1 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C 1 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 E 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

(60) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 5b 10% v/v Ethanol Volatility Class 98 RON 95 RON 91 RON A 1 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B 1 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C 1 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 E 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

(61) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 5c 20% v/v Ethanol Volatility Class 98 RON 95 RON 91 RON A 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 E 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

(62) The oxygenate contributes to octane quality, and even at only 5% v/v ethanol, a reasonable proportion of the different fuel categories can be blended.

(63) The use of 10% v/v ethanol results in an oxygen content that is above the 2.7% w/w limit set in the Worldwide Fuel Charter. However, 10% v/v ethanol is allowed where permitted by existing market regulations and has therefore been assumed generically allowable for all the categories listed in Table 5b.

(64) The Worldwide Fuel Charter makes no allowance for unleaded gasoline with 20% v/v ethanol (6.9% w/w oxygen), although in Table 5c permissibility is assumed for each fuel category, whilst not changing any of the other property requirements.

(65) It can be seen from Tables 5a to 5c that the progressive introduction of more ethanol increases the number of types of fuel which can be formulated. The presence of the oxygenate can have an added advantage in that it reduces the amount of the more highly processed C.sub.5/C.sub.6 bio-isomerate needed to meet fuel specifications, the effect increasing as ethanol content is raised.

(66) The detailed results of this exercise are given in Tables 6a to 6j at the end of this example, for unleaded gasoline categories 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and separately for each ethanol concentration (E5=5% v/v ethanol; E10=10% v/v ethanol; E20=20% v/v ethanol). The tables show the percentages (by volume) of each component that can be blended together to yield fuels meeting each of the 75 specifications. The term “n.b.” means that it is not possible, using the relevant components, to formulate a blend having the necessary overall properties. Tables 6a to 6j also quote calculated octane values and other relevant properties for each of the blends.

(67) It should be noted that the 98 RON fuels do not meet the MON requirement, which is set within the Worldwide Fuel Charter at 88 MON. However, it is known that modern spark ignition engines fitted with knock sensor technology are able to realise a performance advantage from fuels with high RON and high octane sensitivity (RON minus MON). Lower MON value fuels can therefore offer a power and acceleration benefit in these types of engine, and as such the Charter's requirement of 88 MON may be regarded as conservative.

(68) Assuming that the most commercially favourable blends will use the smallest amount of the C.sub.5/C.sub.6 bio-isomerate (which is the most processed stream), the maximum and minimum levels of each biologically-derived hydrocarbon component can be defined across the range of successful blends. The results are shown in Table 11 at the end of this example, together with those from Examples 1B and 1C.

Example 1B—Bio-Gasoline With N-Butanol

(69) Biologically-derived n-butanol was introduced into the calculations at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20% v/v. The results are summarised in Tables 7a to 7c below.

(70) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 7a 5% v/v n-butanol Volatility Class 98 RON 95 RON 91 RON A — 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B — 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C — 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 E — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

(71) TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 7b 10% v/v n-butanol Volatility Class 98 RON 95 RON 91 RON A — 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 E — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

(72) TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 7c 20% v/v n-butanol Volatility Class 98 RON 95 RON 91 RON A — 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 E — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

(73) The production of bio-butanol by fermentation has focused on two isomers: n-butanol and iso-butanol. The primary straight chain alcohol has lower octane than ethanol but more attractive volatility characteristics (RVP, E70 and E100). The lower octane of n-butanol is reflected in the inability to blend any of the 98 RON fuels. However, the majority of the 95 RON and all of the 91 RON fuels can be blended.

(74) The detailed results of this exercise are given in Tables 8a to 8j at the end of this example. These tables are set out in the same format as Tables 6a to 6j, separately for each n-butanol concentration (nB5=5% v/v n-butanol; nB10=10% v/v n-butanol; nB20=20% v/v n-butanol). The loss of octane quality (relative to ethanol) is reflected in an increased requirement for the C.sub.5/C.sub.6 bio-isomerate in order to blend the range of unleaded gasolines defined within the Worldwide Fuel Charter.

Example 1C—Bio-Gasoline With Iso-Butanol

(75) Biologically-derived iso-butanol was introduced into the calculations at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20% v/v. The results are summarised in Tables 9a to 9c below.

(76) TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 9a 5% v/v Iso-butanol Volatility Class 98 RON 95 RON 91 RON A — 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 E — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

(77) TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 9b 10% v/v Iso-butanol Volatility Class 98 RON 95 RON 91 RON A 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 E 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

(78) TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 9c 20% v/v Iso-butanol Volatility Class 98 RON 95 RON 91 RON A 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 E 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

(79) The use of iso-butanol as the oxygenate restores some of the loss of octane quality that is experienced with n-butanol, although at 5% v/v it is still not possible to blend 98 RON fuels. This constraint is progressively alleviated by increasing the blend ratio of the iso-butanol and at 20% v/v almost all classes of fuel can be blended. The C.sub.5/C.sub.6 bio-isomerate has to be used at similar levels as those employed when blending with n-butanol.

(80) The detailed results of this exercise are given in Tables 10a to 10i at the end of this example. These tables are set out in the same format as Tables 6a to 6j, separately for each iso-butanol concentration (iB5=5% v/v iso-butanol; iB10=10% v/v iso-butanol; iB20=20% v/v iso-butanol).

Example 1—Summary & Conclusions

(81) The above demonstrates that it is possible to formulate a range of different unleaded gasolines, with a range of desired properties, using only biologically-derived fuel components, in particular those derived, either directly or indirectly, from a biomass reformation process.

(82) Importantly, within-specification fuels be formulated by blending an alcohol with two or more of four hydrocarbon components, all of which can be obtained as individual processing streams from the same biologically-derived starting material. It has been shown possible to formulate such fuels with several different alcohol types and concentrations. The alcohols can themselves be biologically-derived, thus allowing the preparation of 100% biologically-derived fuels which nevertheless still meet current gasoline specifications and can be used without engine or supply chain modification.

(83) Collating the results of the above three blending exercises yields maximum and minimum concentrations at which each of the four hydrocarbon components may be blended in order to yield fuels within at least one of the relevant categories. These concentrations are shown in Table 11 at the end of this example.

(84) Table 12 below shows, for fuels containing different types and concentrations of oxygenate, the percentage of the 75 possible fuel specifications which can be met using only the four biologically-derived hydrocarbon components.

(85) TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 12 Oxygenate 5% v/v 10% v/v 20% v/v Ethanol 63 64 96 n-butanol 55 63 63 Iso-butanol 63 76 96

(86) Table 12 shows that, due to constraints on octane ratings, a higher alcohol concentration widens the range of fuels that can be successfully formulated. n-butanol provides less versatility than ethanol and iso-butanol, with iso-butanol proving the most versatile at an alcohol concentration of 10% v/v.

(87) When ethanol is used at 20% v/v, virtually all of the five fuel categories and volatility classes can be blended, across the three octane grades. Ethanol also allows the use of lower concentrations of the C.sub.5/C.sub.6 bio-isomerate, which is the component requiring the most intensive level of processing and thus typically the most expensive.

(88) Butanol has a lower octane quality than ethanol. This is most acutely observed for the n-isomer and is reflected in an inability to blend any of the 98 RON fuels, even at 20% v/v oxygenate. At 10% v/v there is however parity between n-butanol and ethanol in terms of the number of fuels that can be blended across the three octane grades. More specifically, n-butanol provides more versatility than ethanol for 95 RON fuels.

(89) The branched isomer, iso-butanol, offers a blend advantage over n-butanol. Like ethanol, it allows blending of nearly all the 75 fuels when used at 20% v/v. At 10% v/v it is not possible to blend 98 RON fuels with iso-butanol, but the oxygenate nevertheless has excellent utility for blending 95 RON and 91 RON fuels.

(90) The above examples demonstrate that the present invention makes it possible to formulate 100% biologically-derived gasoline fuels using only biomass-derived hydrocarbons and oxygenates. The resultant formulations can be tailored to meet the requirements of existing fuel specifications, vehicles and distribution infrastructures.

(91) TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 1a Bio-reformate Composition C no. n-Paraffins iso-Paraffins n-Olefins iso-Olefins Cylic Olefins Dienes Naphthenes Aromatics Unknowns 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 5.50 0.21 0.66 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 8.69 6.31 0.35 1.23 0.02 0.00 0.68 0.00 0.00 6 7.28 3.55 0.06 0.43 0.01 0.00 1.64 1.57 0.00 7 0.16 1.29 0.07 0.11 0.29 0.00 1.23 11.70 0.01 8 0.10 0.41 0.13 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.32 22.04 0.12 9 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.46 0.11 10 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.05 0.01 11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 Σ 21.74 12.55 1.26 2.07 0.31 0.00 3.88 57.83 0.31

(92) TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 1b Bio-naphtha Composition C no. n-Paraffins iso-Paraffins n-Olefins iso-Olefins Cylic Olefins Dienes Naphthenes Aromatics Unknowns 3 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 4.26 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 14.08 1.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.00 0.00 6 39.21 3.95 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 8.55 0.00 0.00 7 4.16 1.89 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 1.57 0.00 0.00 8 3.18 1.64 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 3.29 0.00 0.00 9 2.65 3.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.00 10 0.39 3.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 11 0.05 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Σ 68.80 16.35 0.00 0.12 0.02 0.00 14.70 0.00 0.00

(93) TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 1c Bio-isomerate Composition C no. n-Paraffins iso-Paraffins n-Olefins iso-Olefins Cylic Olefins Dienes Naphthenes Aromatics Unknowns 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 1.88 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 8.19 40.95 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 4.86 0.00 0.00 6 0.72 30.91 0.00 0.00 0.91 0.00 9.75 0.00 0.00 7 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Σ 10.79 72.78 0.00 0.39 0.91 0.00 15.13 0.00 0.00

(94) TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 2 Blending C.sub.4 Bio- C.sub.5-9 Bio- C.sub.5/6 Bio- C.sub.5-10 Bio- Ethanol (at Ethanol (at Ethanol (at n- iso- property Units butanes Naphtha Isomerate Reformate 5%) 10%) 20%) Butanol Butanol RON — 98 49 87 99 108 108 108 99 106 MON — 89 49 84 87 90 90 90 85 91 RVP kPa 370 45 96 35 170 120 120 39 17 Oxygen % w/w 0 0 0 0 35 35 35 22 22 Aromatics % v/v 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 0 0 Olefins % v/v 18 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 Density kg/m.sup.3 573 679 660 785 794 794 794 810 803 Hartenhof E70 % v/v 100 39 85 6 270 235 139 −8 16 E100 % v/v 100 75 104 27 209 110 146 93 133 E120 % v/v 103 88 105 46 198 100 118 124 122 E150 % v/v 100 93 100 76 150 100 108 96 97 E180 % v/v 100 96 100 97 105 100 101 112 100

(95) TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 3 Fuel category Property 1 2 3 4 5 91 RON RON 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 82.0 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 95 RON RON 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 MON 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 98 RON RON 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 MON 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 Oxygen (% w/w) 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 Olefins (% v/v) — 18.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Aromatics (% v/v) 50.0 40.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 Benzene (% v/v) 5.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 715-780 715-770 715-770 715-770 720-775

(96) TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 4 Class (for all categories) Property A B C D E RVP (kPa) 45-60 55-70 65-80 75-90  85-105 E70 (% v/v) 20-45 20-45 25-47 25-50 25-50 E100 (% v/v) 50-65 50-65 50-65 55-70 55-70

(97) TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 6a E5 Gasoline; Category 1 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Components A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-Butanes  1%  4%  7%  9% 13%  2%  5%  8%  9% 14% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate 16% 13% 10% 16% 10%  9%  6%  3%  8%  3% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha  1%  2%  3%  1%  3% 11% 12% 13% 12% 13% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 76% 76% 75% 69% 69% 73% 72% 72% 65% 65% Ethanol  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5% RON 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 95.2 95.2 95.2 95.0 95.1 MON 86.4 86.4 86.4 86.5 86.5 85.1 85.1 85.0 85.0 85.0 Aromatics (% v) 47 47 47 43 43 45 45 44 41 40 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 4 4 2 3 3 4 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 34 34 34 40 41 32 32 33 38 39 E100 (% v) 50 50 50 55 55 50 50 50 55 55 E150 (% v) 84 84 84 86 86 84 84 84 86 86 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 761 758 755 746 742 758 755 752 743 738 Benzene (% v) 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.09 1.08 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.03 1.02 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-Butanes  3%  5%  8% 10% 14% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 67% 65% 62% 60% 56% Ethanol  5%  5%  5%  5%  5% RON 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 83.0 83.0 82.9 82.9 82.9 Aromatics (% v) 42 40 39 37 35 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 4 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 30 32 35 37 41 E100 (% v) 50 52 54 56 59 E150 (% v) 85 85 86 86 87 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 752 747 742 737 729 Benzene (% v) 1.05 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.87

(98) TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 6b E5 Gasoline; Category 2 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 12%  0%  3%  6%  9% 14%  2%  5%  8% 10% 14% C.sub.5/6 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 18% 23% 19% 15% 10%  3%  5%  0%  0%  0%  0% Isomerate C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  1%  7%  9% 10% 11% 14% 24% 25% 25% 25% 25% Naphtha C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 64% 64% 64% 64% 64% 64% 64% 64% 62% 60% 56% Reformate Ethanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5% RON 98.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 86.6 85.2 85.1 85.1 85.1 85.0 83.0 83.0 82.9 82.9 82.9 Aromatics 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 37 35 (% v) Olefins (% v) 4 2 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 4 4 RVP (kPa) 105 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 45 40 40 40 39 39 33 33 35 37 41 E100 (% v) 59 57 57 56 56 55 53 52 54 56 59 E150 (% v) 87 87 86 86 86 86 85 85 86 86 87 Density 737 748 746 744 741 738 749 747 742 737 729 (kg/m.sup.3) Benzene (% v) 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.87

(99) TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 6c E5 Gasoline; Categories 3-4 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  7% 12%  1%  3%  6%  9% 14% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 25% 18% 19% 15% 10%  6%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  7%  9% 19% 20% 22% 23% 25% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% Ethanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5% RON 95.0 95.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 85.3 85.2 83.2 83.1 83.0 83.0 82.9 Aromatics (% v) 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 Olefins (% v) 3 4 2 2 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 48 47 41 41 40 40 41 E100 (% v) 63 63 60 60 59 59 59 E150 (% v) 89 88 88 88 87 87 87 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 732 728 740 738 736 733 729 Benzene (% v) 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.87

(100) TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 6d E5 Gasoline; Category 5 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-Butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  7% 12%  1%  3%  6%  9% 14% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 25% 18% 19% 15% 10%  6%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  7%  9% 19% 20% 22% 23% 25% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% Ethanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5% RON 95.0 95.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 85.3 85.2 83.2 83.1 83.0 83.0 82.9 Aromatics (% v) 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 Olefins (% v) 3 4 2 2 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 48 47 41 41 40 40 41 E100 (% v) 63 63 60 60 59 59 59 E150 (% v) 89 88 88 88 87 87 87 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 732 728 740 738 736 733 729 Benzene (% v) 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.87

(101) TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 6e E10 Gasoline; Category 1 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Components A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes  1%  4%  7%  8% 13%  2%  5%  7% 10% 14% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate 15% 11%  8% 14%  8%  8%  4%  2%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha  6%  7%  8%  6%  7% 15% 17% 17% 17% 18% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 69% 68% 68% 62% 61% 65% 64% 64% 63% 58% Ethanol 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% RON 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 95.5 95.3 95.6 95.5 95.4 MON 86.2 86.2 86.2 86.4 86.4 85.0 84.9 85.0 85.0 85.0 Aromatics (% v) 43 42 42 38 38 40 40 40 39 36 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 3 4 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 43 44 44 50 50 42 42 43 44 48 E100 (% v) 50 50 50 55 55 50 50 50 51 54 E150 (% v) 83 83 83 85 85 83 83 83 84 85 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 759 756 754 744 740 756 753 750 746 738 Benzene (% v) 1.08 1.07 1.06 0.97 0.96 1.02 1.01 1.01 0.98 0.92 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes  3%  5%  7% 10% 12% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 57% 55% 53% 50% 48% Ethanol 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% RON 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 82.8 82.8 82.8 82.8 82.8 Aromatics (% v) 36 34 33 31 30 Olefins (% v) 2 2 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 98 E70 (% v) 41 43 46 48 50 E100 (% v) 52 53 55 57 59 E150 (% v) 84 85 85 86 86 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 748 743 738 733 728 Benzene (% v) 0.90 0.86 0.82 0.79 0.75

(102) TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 6f E10 Gasoline; Category 2 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b.  8% 13%  2%  5%  7% 10% 14%  3%  5%  7% 10% 12% butanes C.sub.5/6 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. 14%  8%  9%  4%  2%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% Isomerate C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b.  6%  7% 15% 17% 17% 17% 18% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Naphtha C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. 62% 61% 64% 64% 64% 63% 58% 57% 55% 53% 50% 48% Reformate Ethanol n.b. n.b. n.b. 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% RON 98.0 98.0 95.5 95.3 95.6 95.5 95.4 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 86.4 86.4 85.0 84.9 85.0 85.0 85.0 82.8 82.8 82.8 82.8 82.8 Aromatics 38 38 40 40 40 39 36 36 34 33 31 30 (% v) Olefins 3 4 2 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 (% v) RVP (kPa) 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 98 E70 (% v) 50 50 43 42 43 44 48 41 43 46 48 50 E100 (% v) 55 55 51 50 50 51 54 52 53 55 57 59 E150 (% v) 85 85 84 83 83 84 85 84 85 85 86 86 Density 744 740 755 753 750 746 738 748 743 738 733 728 (kg/m.sup.3) Benzene 0.97 0.96 1.01 1.01 1.01 0.98 0.92 0.90 0.86 0.82 0.79 0.75 (% v)

(103) TABLE-US-00031 TABLE 6g E10 Gasoline; Categories 3-5 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-Butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  9% 13%  2%  5%  7% 10% 12% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  9%  3%  2%  0%  0%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 16% 17% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 56% 56% 56% 55% 53% 50% 48% Ethanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% RON 95.1 95.3 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 85.0 85.1 82.8 82.8 82.8 82.8 82.8 Aromatics (% v) 35 35 35 34 33 31 30 Olefins (% v) 3 4 2 2 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 90 105 60 70 80 90 98 E70 (% v) 49 50 42 43 46 48 50 E100 (% v) 56 56 53 53 55 57 59 E150 (% v) 85 85 84 85 85 86 86 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 739 735 747 743 738 733 728 Benzene (% v) 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.79 0.75

(104) TABLE-US-00032 TABLE 6h E20 Gasoline; Category 1 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Components A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes  1%  3%  6%  8% 12%  1%  3%  5%  8% 12% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 23% 24% 25% 26% 20% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 62% 60% 57% 55% 51% 56% 53% 50% 47% 48% Ethanol 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 96.2 95.9 95.7 95.4 97.0 MON 85.7 85.8 85.9 86.0 86.2 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.8 Aromatics (% v) 38 37 36 34 32 35 33 31 29 30 Olefins (% v) 2 2 3 3 4 2 2 2 3 3 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 39 41 43 46 49 41 43 46 48 50 E100 (% v) 60 61 63 65 68 63 65 67 69 69 E150 (% v) 86 86 87 87 88 87 87 88 89 89 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 766 762 757 751 743 760 755 749 743 740 Benzene (% v) 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.80 0.88 0.83 0.78 0.73 0.75 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes  1%  3%  5%  6% 12% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha 30% 30% 30% 30% 20% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 49% 47% 45% 44% 48% Ethanol 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 97.0 MON 84.2 84.3 84.3 84.4 85.8 Aromatics (% v) 31 29 28 27 30 Olefins (% v) 2 2 2 2 3 RVP (kPa) 60 70 78 84 105 E70 (% v) 43 45 47 48 50 E100 (% v) 66 67 69 70 69 E150 (% v) 88 88 89 89 89 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 753 748 744 741 740 Benzene (% v) 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.75

(105) TABLE-US-00033 TABLE 6i E20 Gasoline; Category 2 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Components A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes  1%  3%  6%  8% 12%  1%  3%  5%  8% 12% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 23% 24% 25% 26% 20% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 62% 60% 57% 55% 51% 56% 53% 50% 47% 48% Ethanol 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 96.2 95.9 95.7 95.4 97.0 MON 85.7 85.8 85.9 86.0 86.2 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.8 Aromatics (% v) 38 37 36 34 32 35 33 31 29 30 Olefins (% v) 2 2 3 3 4 2 2 2 3 3 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 39 41 43 46 49 41 43 46 48 50 E100 (% v) 60 61 63 65 68 63 65 67 69 69 E150 (% v) 86 86 87 87 88 87 87 88 89 89 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 766 762 757 751 743 760 755 749 743 740 Benzene (% v) 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.80 0.88 0.83 0.78 0.73 0.75 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes  1%  3%  5%  6% 12% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha 30% 30% 30% 30% 20% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 49% 47% 45% 44% 48% Ethanol 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 97.0 MON 84.2 84.3 84.3 84.4 85.8 Aromatics (% v) 31 29 28 27 30 Olefins (% v) 2 2 2 2 3 RVP (kPa) 60 70 78 84 105 E70 (% v) 43 45 47 48 50 E100 (% v) 66 67 69 70 69 E150 (% v) 88 88 89 89 89 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 753 748 744 741 740 Benzene (% v) 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.75

(106) TABLE-US-00034 TABLE 6j E20 Gasoline; Categories 3-5 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Components A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-Butanes n.b.  2%  5%  8% 12%  1%  3%  5%  8% 12% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate n.b.  6%  2%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha n.b. 15% 17% 17% 17% 23% 24% 25% 26% 20% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate n.b. 56% 56% 55% 51% 56% 53% 50% 47% 48% Ethanol n.b. 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 96.2 95.9 95.7 95.4 97.0 MON 86.0 85.9 86.0 86.2 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.8 Aromatics (% v) 35 35 34 32 35 33 31 29 30 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 4 2 2 2 3 3 RVP (kPa) 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 44 44 46 49 41 43 46 48 50 E100 (% v) 64 64 65 68 63 65 67 69 69 E150 (% v) 87 87 87 88 87 87 88 89 89 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 758 756 751 743 760 755 749 743 740 Benzene (% v) 0.89 0.89 0.86 0.80 0.88 0.83 0.78 0.73 0.75 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-Butanes  1%  3%  5%  6% 12% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha 30% 30% 30% 30% 20% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 49% 47% 45% 44% 48% Ethanol 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 97.0 MON 84.2 84.3 84.3 84.4 85.8 Aromatics (% v) 31 29 28 27 30 Olefins (% v) 2 2 2 2 3 RVP (kPa) 60 70 78 84 105 E70 (% v) 43 45 47 48 50 E100 (% v) 66 67 69 70 69 E150 (% v) 88 88 89 89 89 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 753 748 744 741 740 Benzene (% v) 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.75

(107) TABLE-US-00035 TABLE 8a nB5 Gasoline; Category 1 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  2%  5%  6%  8% 13%  3%  6%  9% 10% 15% C.sub.5/6 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 22% 19% 25% 30% 23% 13% 10%  8% 12%  7% Isomerate C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  3%  4%  2%  1%  3% 15% 17% 17% 16% 18% Naphtha C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 68% 68% 62% 56% 56% 63% 63% 62% 56% 55% Reformate n-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5% RON 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 85.1 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.2 83.1 83.0 83.0 82.9 82.8 Aromatics (% v) 42 42 38 35 35 39 39 38 35 34 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 26 26 32 37 36 24 24 25 30 31 E100 (% v) 50 50 55 59 59 50 50 51 55 55 E150 (% v) 83 83 85 86 86 84 84 84 85 85 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 751 748 739 731 727 747 744 740 732 727 Benzene (% v) 1.07 1.06 0.97 0.89 0.89 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.89 0.87

(108) TABLE-US-00036 TABLE 8b nB5 Gasoline; Category 2 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  1%  4%  6%  8% 13%  3%  6%  9% 10% 15% C.sub.5/6 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 28% 24% 25% 30% 23% 13% 10%  8% 12%  7% Isomerate C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  1%  2%  2%  1%  3% 15% 17% 17% 16% 18% Naphtha C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 64% 64% 62% 56% 56% 63% 63% 62% 56% 55% Reformate n-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5% RON 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 85.2 85.2 85.2 85.3 85.2 83.1 83.0 83.0 82.9 82.8 Aromatics (% v) 40 40 38 35 35 39 39 38 35 34 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 29 29 32 37 36 24 24 25 30 31 E100 (% v) 53 53 55 59 59 50 50 51 55 55 E150 (% v) 84 84 85 86 86 84 84 84 85 85 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 747 745 739 731 727 747 744 740 732 727 Benzene (% v) 1.01 1.01 0.97 0.89 0.89 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.89 0.87

(109) TABLE-US-00037 TABLE 8c nB5 Gasoline; Categories 3-4 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  8% 13%  1%  4%  7% 10% 15% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 30% 23% 26% 21% 17% 12%  7% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  1%  3% 12% 13% 14% 16% 18% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 55% n-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5% RON 95.0 95.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 85.3 85.2 83.2 83.1 83.0 82.9 82.8 Aromatics (% v) 35 35 35 35 35 35 34 Olefins (% v) 3 4 2 2 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 37 36 31 30 30 30 31 E100 (% v) 59 59 57 56 55 55 55 E150 (% v) 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 731 727 739 737 734 732 727 Benzene (% v) 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.87

(110) TABLE-US-00038 TABLE 8d nB5 Gasoline; Category 5 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-Butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  8% 13%  1%  4%  7% 10% 15% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 30% 23% 26% 21% 17% 12%  7% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  1%  3% 12% 13% 14% 16% 18% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 55% n-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5% RON 95.0 95.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 85.3 85.2 83.2 83.1 83.0 82.9 82.8 Aromatics (% v) 35 35 35 35 35 35 34 Olefins (% v) 3 4 2 2 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 37 36 31 30 30 30 31 E100 (% v) 59 59 57 56 55 55 55 E150 (% v) 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 731 727 739 737 734 732 727 Benzene (% v) 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.87

(111) TABLE-US-00039 TABLE 8e nB10 Gasoline; Category 1 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON 95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  3%  5%  8% 10% 15%  4%  7%  8% 11% 16% C.sub.5/6 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 17% 19% 15% 16% 11%  8%  4%  9%  6%  1% Isomerate C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  4%  3%  4%  3%  5% 17% 18% 17% 18% 19% Naphtha C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 67% 63% 63% 60% 60% 61% 61% 56% 55% 54% Reformate n-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% RON 95.4 95.4 95.5 95.5 95.6 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.1 MON 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.1 85.0 82.8 82.7 82.7 82.6 82.5 Aromatics (% v) 42 39 39 37 37 38 38 35 34 34 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 4 4 2 3 3 4 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 21 25 25 28 29 20 20 25 26 26 E100 (% v) 50 53 53 55 55 51 50 55 55 55 E150 (% v) 83 84 84 85 85 84 84 85 85 85 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 757 751 748 742 738 751 749 741 737 733 Benzene (% v) 1.05 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.88 0.86 0.85

(112) TABLE-US-00040 TABLE 8f nB10 Gasoline; Category 2 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  2%  5%  8% 10% 15%  4%  7%  8% 11% 16% C.sub.5/6 n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 21% 19% 15% 16% 11%  8%  4%  9%  6%  1% Bio-Isomerate C.sub.5-10 n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  2%  3%  4%  3%  5% 17% 18% 17% 18% 19% Bio-Naphtha C.sub.5-10 n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 64% 63% 63% 60% 60% 61% 61% 56% 55% 54% Bio-Reformate n-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% RON 95.3 95.4 95.5 95.5 95.6 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.1 MON 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.1 85.0 82.8 82.7 82.7 82.6 82.5 Aromatics (% v) 40 39 39 37 37 38 38 35 34 34 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 4 4 2 3 3 4 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 24 25 25 28 29 20 20 25 26 26 E100 (% v) 52 53 53 55 55 51 50 55 55 55 E150 (% v) 84 84 84 85 85 84 84 85 85 85 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 754 751 748 742 738 751 749 741 737 733 Benzene (% v) 1.01 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.88 0.86 0.85

(113) TABLE-US-00041 TABLE 8g nB10 Gasoline; Categories 3-5 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  3%  6%  9% 14%  3%  5%  8% 11% 16% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 30% 26% 22% 16% 17% 13%  9%  6%  1% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  0%  1%  2%  4% 14% 16% 17% 18% 19% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 55% 54% n-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% RON 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.4 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.1 MON 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 82.8 82.7 82.7 82.6 82.5 Aromatics (% v) 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 34 34 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 4 4 RVP (kPa) 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 31 31 31 31 25 25 25 26 26 E100 (% v) 59 59 58 58 55 55 55 55 55 E150 (% v) 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 743 740 738 734 746 744 741 737 733 Benzene (% v) 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.85

(114) TABLE-US-00042 TABLE 8h nB20 Gasoline; Category 1 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  3%  5%  7% 10% 15%  3%  6%  8% 11% 16% C.sub.5/6 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 18% 14% 19% 15%  9% 11%  7% 12%  7%  1% Isomerate C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  1%  1%  1%  2%  3% 16% 17% 16% 17% 19% Naphtha C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 59% 59% 54% 54% 54% 50% 50% 45% 45% 44% Reformate n-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 96.4 96.5 96.3 96.4 96.6 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.2 MON 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 82.2 82.1 82.2 82.1 82.0 Aromatics (% v) 37 37 33 33 33 31 31 28 28 28 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 20 20 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 E100 (% v) 56 56 60 60 59 58 58 62 62 62 E150 (% v) 85 85 86 86 86 86 86 87 87 87 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 761 759 751 748 744 753 750 742 739 735 Benzene (% v) 0.93 0.93 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.79 0.78 0.70 0.70 0.70

(115) TABLE-US-00043 TABLE 8i nB20 Gasoline; Category 2 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  3%  5%  7% 10% 15%  3%  6%  8% 11% 15% C.sub.5/6 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 18% 14% 19% 15%  9% 11%  8% 12%  8%  2% Isomerate C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  1%  1%  1%  2%  3% 14% 15% 14% 15% 16% Naphtha C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 59% 59% 54% 54% 54% 51% 51% 46% 46% 46% Reformate n-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 96.4 96.5 96.3 96.4 96.6 91.6 91.7 91.6 91.8 92.1 MON 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 82.6 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 Aromatics (% v) 37 37 33 33 33 32 32 28 28 29 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 20 20 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 E100 (% v) 56 56 60 60 59 58 58 62 62 61 E150 (% v) 85 85 86 86 86 86 86 87 87 87 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 761 759 751 748 744 754 751 743 741 737 Benzene (% v) 0.93 0.93 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.80 0.80 0.72 0.72 0.72

(116) TABLE-US-00044 TABLE 8j nB20 Gasoline; Categories 3-5 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-Butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  2%  5%  7% 10% 15%  3%  6%  8% 11% 15% C.sub.5/6 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 21% 18% 19% 15%  9% 11%  8% 12%  8%  2% Isomerate C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  0%  0%  1%  2%  3% 14% 15% 14% 15% 16% Naphtha C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 56% 56% 54% 54% 54% 51% 51% 46% 46% 46% Reformate n-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 96.2 96.4 96.3 96.4 96.6 91.6 91.7 91.6 91.8 92.1 MON 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 82.6 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 Aromatics (% v) 35 35 33 33 33 32 32 28 28 29 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 22 22 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 E100 (% v) 58 58 60 60 59 58 58 62 62 61 E150 (% v) 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 87 87 87 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 758 756 751 748 744 754 751 743 741 737 Benzene (% v) 0.89 0.89 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.80 0.80 0.72 0.72 0.72

(117) TABLE-US-00045 TABLE 10a iB5 Gasoline; Category 1 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  3%  6%  9% 10% 15%  4%  7%  9% 11% 16% C.sub.5/6 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 16% 13% 10% 16% 10%  7%  4%  4%  7%  1% Isomerate C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  6%  7%  8%  6%  8% 19% 20% 20% 19% 21% Naphtha C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 69% 69% 68% 62% 62% 65% 64% 61% 58% 57% Reformate iso-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5% RON 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 85.3 85.2 85.2 85.2 85.2 83.2 83.1 83.0 83.0 82.8 Aromatics (% v) 43 43 42 39 38 40 40 38 36 35 Olefins (% v) 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 24 25 25 31 31 22 23 25 29 29 E100 (% v) 50 50 50 55 55 50 50 52 55 55 E150 (% v) 83 83 83 84 85 83 83 84 85 85 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 752 750 746 737 733 748 745 740 733 728 Benzene (% v) 1.09 1.08 1.07 0.98 0.97 1.02 1.01 0.97 0.90 0.89

(118) TABLE-US-00046 TABLE 10b iB5 Gasoline; Category 2 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  2%  5%  8% 10% 15%  4%  7%  9% 11% 16% C.sub.5/6 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 25% 21% 17% 16% 10%  7%  4%  4%  7%  1% Isomerate C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  3%  5%  6%  6%  8% 19% 20% 20% 19% 21% Naphtha C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 64% 64% 64% 62% 62% 65% 64% 61% 58% 57% Reformate iso-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5% RON 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 85.3 85.3 85.2 85.2 85.2 83.2 83.1 83.0 83.0 82.8 Aromatics (% v) 40 40 40 39 38 40 40 38 36 35 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 29 29 29 31 31 22 23 25 29 29 E100 (% v) 55 54 54 55 55 50 50 52 55 55 E150 (% v) 84 84 84 84 85 83 83 84 85 85 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 747 744 742 737 733 748 745 740 733 728 Benzene (% v) 1.01 1.01 1.01 0.98 0.97 1.02 1.01 0.97 0.90 0.89

(119) TABLE-US-00047 TABLE 10c iB5 Gasoline; Categories 3-5 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  3%  6%  9% 14%  2%  5%  8% 11% 16% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 35% 31% 27% 20% 22% 18% 13%  9%  2% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  0%  2%  3%  5% 14% 16% 17% 19% 21% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% iso-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5%  5% RON 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 85.5 85.4 85.4 85.3 83.2 83.2 83.1 83.0 82.8 Aromatics (% v) 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 Olefins (% v) 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 4 4 RVP (kPa) 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 37 37 37 37 31 30 30 30 30 E100 (% v) 62 61 61 60 58 57 57 56 55 E150 (% v) 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 735 733 731 727 738 736 734 732 728 Benzene (% v) 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89

(120) TABLE-US-00048 TABLE 10d iB10 Gasoline; Category 1 Volatility classes Volatility classes w/ RON98 w/ RON95 Components A B C D E A B C C.sub.4 Bio-butanes  4%  7%  9% 11% 16%  4%  7%  9% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate 12%  8% 12% 11%  6%  7%  3%  8% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha  1%  2%  1%  1%  3% 11% 12% 10% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 73% 73% 68% 66% 65% 68% 68% 63% iso-Butanol 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% RON 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 MON 86.6 86.6 86.6 86.6 86.6 85.1 85.1 85.1 Aromatics (% v) 45 45 42 41 41 42 42 39 Olefins (% v) 3 3 3 4 5 3 3 3 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 E70 (% v) 20 21 25 27 27 20 20 25 E100 (% v) 50 50 54 55 55 51 51 55 E150 (% v) 82 82 83 84 84 83 83 84 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 762 760 752 748 743 757 755 747 Benzene (% v) 1.15 1.14 1.07 1.04 1.03 1.07 1.07 0.99 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes 12% 16%  5%  7% 10% 12% 16% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate  4%  0%  1%  0%  2%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha 12% 12% 22% 23% 22% 23% 23% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 62% 61% 61% 60% 56% 55% 51% iso-Butanol 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% RON 95.0 95.2 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 85.0 85.0 82.9 82.8 82.8 82.7 82.6 Aromatics (% v) 39 38 38 37 35 34 31 Olefins (% v) 4 5 3 3 3 4 4 RVP (kPa) 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 25 26 20 21 25 26 30 E100 (% v) 55 55 53 54 57 58 61 E150 (% v) 84 84 83 84 85 85 86 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 744 739 751 746 740 736 728 Benzene (% v) 0.98 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.88 0.86 0.79

(121) TABLE-US-00049 TABLE 10e iB10 Gasoline; Category 2 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. 11% 16%  4%  6%  9% 12% 16%  5%  7% 10% 12% 16% butanes C.sub.5/6 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. 14%  7% 13%  9%  8%  4%  0%  1%  0%  2%  0%  0% Isomerate C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b.  0%  3%  9% 10% 10% 12% 12% 22% 23% 22% 23% 23% Naphtha C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. 64% 64% 64% 64% 63% 62% 61% 61% 60% 56% 55% 51% Reformate iso-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% RON 98.0 98.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.2 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 86.6 86.6 85.1 85.1 85.1 85.0 85.0 82.9 82.8 82.8 82.7 82.6 Aromatics 40 40 40 40 39 39 38 38 37 35 34 31 (% v) Olefins 4 5 2 3 3 4 5 3 3 3 4 4 (% v) RVP (kPa) 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 29 28 24 23 25 25 26 20 21 25 26 30 E100 (% v) 57 56 55 54 55 55 55 53 54 57 58 61 E150 (% v) 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 83 84 85 85 86 Density 746 742 753 751 747 744 739 751 746 740 736 728 (kg/m.sup.3) Benzene 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.88 0.86 0.79 (% v)

(122) TABLE-US-00050 TABLE 10f iB10 Gasoline; Categories 3-5 Volatility classes w/ RON98 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  2%  5%  8% 11% 15%  4%  7% 10% 12% 16% C.sub.5/6 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 28% 24% 19% 15%  8% 10%  6%  2%  0%  0% Isomerate C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b.  4%  5%  7%  8% 10% 20% 21% 22% 23% 23% Naphtha C.sub.5-10 Bio- n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 55% 51% Reformate iso-Butanol n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. n.b. 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% RON 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.1 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 MON 85.3 85.2 85.1 85.1 85.1 82.9 82.9 82.8 82.7 82.6 Aromatics (% v) 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 34 31 Olefins (% v) 2 2 3 4 4 2 3 3 4 4 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 32 32 31 31 31 25 25 25 26 30 E100 (% v) 62 62 61 61 60 58 57 57 58 61 E150 (% v) 86 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 85 86 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 744 742 740 737 733 745 743 740 736 728 Benzene (% v) 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.79

(123) TABLE-US-00051 TABLE 10g iB20 Gasoline; Category 1 Volatility classes Volatility classes w/ RON98 w/ RON95 Components A B C D E A B C C.sub.4 Bio-butanes  5%  8%  9% 12% 17%  5%  8% 10% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate  7%  4%  8%  4%  0%  4%  0%  5% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha  5%  7%  5%  6%  8% 14% 14% 13% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 62% 62% 57% 57% 56% 58% 58% 53% iso-Butanol 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 95.4 95.5 95.5 MON 86.5 86.4 86.4 86.4 86.4 85.0 85.0 85.0 Aromatics (% v) 39 39 35 35 35 36 36 33 Olefins (% v) 3 3 3 4 5 3 3 3 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 E70 (% v) 20 20 25 25 26 20 20 25 E100 (% v) 60 60 64 63 64 61 61 65 E150 (% v) 84 84 85 85 86 85 85 86 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 763 761 753 750 745 759 756 748 Benzene (% v) 0.98 0.98 0.90 0.90 0.87 0.91 0.90 0.83 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes 13% 17%  5%  8% 10% 13% 17% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate  1%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha 14% 14% 26% 26% 26% 26% 21% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 53% 49% 48% 46% 44% 41% 42% iso-Butanol 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 95.6 95.7 91.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 93.0 MON 85.0 85.0 82.4 82.3 82.2 82.1 83.3 Aromatics (% v) 33 31 30 29 27 25 26 Olefins (% v) 4 4 2 3 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 90 105 60 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 25 28 22 24 26 28 30 E100 (% v) 65 67 65 66 68 70 70 E150 (% v) 86 87 86 87 87 88 88 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 746 738 749 744 739 734 731 Benzene (% v) 0.83 0.78 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.66

(124) TABLE-US-00052 TABLE 10h iB20 Gasoline; Category 2 Volatility classes Volatility classes w/ RON98 w/ RON95 Components A B C D E A B C C.sub.4 Bio-butanes  5%  8%  9% 12% 17%  5%  8% 10% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate  7%  4%  8%  4%  0%  4%  0%  5% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha  5%  7%  5%  6%  8% 14% 14% 13% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 62% 62% 57% 57% 56% 58% 58% 53% iso-Butanol 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 95.4 95.5 95.5 MON 86.5 86.4 86.4 86.4 86.4 85.0 85.0 85.0 Aromatics (% v) 39 39 35 35 35 36 36 33 Olefins (% v) 3 3 3 4 5 3 3 3 RVP (kPa) 60 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 E70 (% v) 20 20 25 25 26 20 20 25 E100 (% v) 60 60 64 63 64 61 61 65 E150 (% v) 84 84 85 85 86 85 85 86 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 763 761 753 750 745 759 756 748 Benzene (% v) 0.98 0.98 0.90 0.90 0.87 0.91 0.90 0.83 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-butanes 13% 17%  7%  8% 10% 13% 17% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate  1%  0%  3%  0%  0%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha 14% 14% 25% 25% 25% 25% 21% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 53% 49% 45% 47% 45% 43% 42% iso-Butanol 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 95.6 95.7 91.3 91.5 91.5 91.6 93.0 MON 85.0 85.0 82.5 82.6 82.5 82.5 83.3 Aromatics (% v) 33 31 28 29 28 26 26 Olefins (% v) 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 90 105 70 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 25 28 25 23 26 28 30 E100 (% v) 65 67 67 66 68 69 70 E150 (% v) 86 87 87 86 87 88 88 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 746 738 743 746 740 735 731 Benzene (% v) 0.83 0.78 0.71 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.66

(125) TABLE-US-00053 TABLE 10i iB20 Gasoline; Categories 3-5 Volatility classes Volatility classes w/ RON98 w/ RON95 Components A B C D E A B C C.sub.4 Bio-Butanes n.b.  6%  9% 12% 17%  5%  8% 10% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate n.b. 14% 10%  5%  0%  6%  2%  5% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha n.b.  3%  5%  6%  8% 13% 14% 13% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate n.b. 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 56% 53% iso-Butanol n.b. 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0 95.4 95.5 95.5 MON 86.5 86.5 86.4 86.4 85.0 85.1 85.0 Aromatics (% v) 35 35 35 35 35 35 33 Olefins (% v) 3 3 4 5 2 3 3 RVP (kPa) 70 80 90 105 60 70 80 E70 (% v) 26 26 26 26 21 21 25 E100 (% v) 65 65 64 64 62 62 65 E150 (% v) 86 86 86 86 85 85 86 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 754 752 750 745 757 755 748 Benzene (% v) 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.89 0.89 0.83 Volatility classes w/ RON95 Volatility classes w/ RON91 Components D E A B C D E C.sub.4 Bio-Butanes 13% 17%  7%  8% 10% 13% 17% C.sub.5/6 Bio-Isomerate  1%  0%  3%  0%  0%  0%  0% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Naphtha 14% 14% 25% 25% 25% 25% 21% C.sub.5-10 Bio-Reformate 53% 49% 45% 47% 45% 43% 42% iso-Butanol 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% RON 95.6 95.7 91.3 91.5 91.5 91.6 93.0 MON 85.0 85.0 82.5 82.6 82.5 82.5 83.3 Aromatics (% v) 33 31 28 29 28 26 26 Olefins (% v) 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 RVP (kPa) 90 105 70 70 80 90 105 E70 (% v) 25 28 25 23 26 28 30 E100 (% v) 65 67 67 66 68 69 70 E150 (% v) 86 87 87 86 87 88 88 Density (kg/m.sup.3) 746 738 743 746 740 735 731 Benzene (% v) 0.83 0.78 0.71 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.66

(126) TABLE-US-00054 TABLE 11 Type of unleaded gasoline Component E5 E10 E20 nB5 nB10 nB20 iB5 iB10 iB20 Bio-butanes (% v) 0-15 0-15  1-13 1-16 3-17 3-20 2-17 2-18 6-21 Bio-isomerate 0-26 0-16 0-6 7-31 1-33 2-27 1-37 0-31 0-18 (% v) Bio-naphtha (% v) 1-27 6-34 16-32 1-19 1-22 0-23 0-22 0-26 4-33 Bio-reformate 59-80  53-76  46-65 58-72  60-75  56-74  59-73  56-81  51-78  (% v)