Methods for measuring real-time dew-point value and total moisture content of material to be molded or extruded

Abstract

A method for accurately measuring the real-time valid dew-point value of a material and determining the total moisture content of the material by using an algorithm during the material drying process. The algorithm estimates the valid dew-point value of the material and the total moisture content of the material by analyzing sensor data received on a server. The algorithm determines a valid dew-point value by estimating an inflection point of the moisture content versus time friction/curve for the material, and the total moisture content of the material is determined within the valid dew-point value.

Claims

1. A method for measuring real-time dew-point value of a granular resin material and determining total moisture content of said material in the course of drying said material preparatory to molding or extruding said material into finished plastic parts comprising: a) acquiring data from temperature and dew-point sensors positioned at in a sole drying air outlet of a hopper having said material therein; b) transmitting the acquired data, using a programmable logic controller, a relay, or a wireless sensor network, to a server; c) estimating initial moisture content of said material before the drying process begins by executing the $V\left(0\right)=\left(\frac{k}{\mathrm{Mp}}\right){\int }_0^{\infty }\mathrm{DP}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*D_{\mathrm{Air}}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*F\left(t^{\prime }\right){\mathrm{dt}}^{\prime }$ algorithm where k is an experience-based correction factor, D.sub.air is the measured initial density of air, MP is the total mass of material in the hopper, “DP” is initial dew-point of air in the hopper, and “t” is time; d) continuously estimating moisture content of said material during the drying process; e) measuring a dew-point by determining an inflection point of moisture content for said material by: i) executing the algorithm $V\left(t\right)=V\left(0\right)-\left(\frac{k}{\mathrm{Mp}}\right){\int }_0^{\infty }\mathrm{DP}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*D_{\mathrm{Air}}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*F\left(t^{\prime }\right){\mathrm{dt}}^{\prime }$ when the values are as noted above in limitation “c”; ii) continuously calculating the first dew-point using the equation in limitation “i”; and iii) establishing an inflection point when the algebraic sign of the first derivative of the algorithm in limitation “i” changes; f) determining the total moisture content of said material after determining said inflection point by: i) weighing the material in the hopper and using the algorithm U(t)=k∫.sub.0.sup.t DP(t′)*D.sub.Air(t′)*F(t′)dt′ subtracting therefrom the mass of water vapor forced from the material; ii) measuring the weight of material remaining in the hopper; and iii) dividing the measured weight of material by the water vapor mass found in step (c) minus the water vapor forced from the material.

2. Ancillary to a dryer having a hopper for hot air drying of granular resin material preparatory to molding or extrusion, a system for measuring real-time dew-point of granular polymeric resin material to be molded or extruded into finished plastic products once the material is sufficiently dry, and determining total moisture content of said material comprising: a) a server; b) a temperature sensor for sensing temperature of drying air exiting the hopper; c) a dew-point sensor for sensing dew point of drying air entering the hopper; d) a communication system using a programmable logic controller, a relay, or a network of wireless sensors, for providing data from the sensors to the server; e) the server comprising an analyzer module for i) estimating initial moisture content of said material by executing the algorithm $V\left(0\right)=\left(\frac{k}{\mathrm{Mp}}\right){\int }_0^{\infty }\mathrm{DP}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*D_{\mathrm{Air}}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*F\left(t^{\prime }\right){\mathrm{dt}}^{\prime }$ before the drying process begins; ii) continuously estimating moisture control of said material during the drying process by executing the algorithm $V\left(0\right)\cong \left(\frac{k}{\mathrm{Mp}}\right){\int }_0^{1.5*\mathrm{Td}}\mathrm{DP}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*D_{\mathrm{Air}}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*F\left(t^{\prime }\right){\mathrm{dt}}^{\prime };$ iii) determining an inflection point for said material by monitoring the moisture content data computed in step “ii”; iv) continuously computing the first derivative of the data computed in step “iii”; v) noting when the algebraic sign of the first derivative changes; and vi) determining total moisture content of said material after determining said inflection point using the algorithm $V\left(0\right)\cong \left(\frac{k}{\mathrm{Mp}}\right){\int }_0^{1.5*\mathrm{Td}}\mathrm{DP}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*D_{\mathrm{Air}}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*F\left(t^{\prime }\right){\mathrm{dt}}^{\prime }.$

3. A method of fabricating plastic parts by molding or extrusion from granular polymeric resin material, comprising: a) loading a hopper with granular resin material to be molded into finished plastic articles; b) drying the granular resin material to sufficient dryness that the material can be molded or extruded into finished plastic articles without bubbles of moisture forming in the article during the molding or extrusion process, comprising: i) introducing drying air into the hopper for passage through the granular resin material contained therein and escape from the hopper via a drying air outlet; ii) positioning a temperature sensor at the drying air outlet to sense temperature of drying air exiting the hopper; iii) positioning a dew point sensor at the drying air outlet to sense dew point of drying air exiting the hopper; iv) acquiring data from temperature and dew-point sensors positioned in a sole drying air outlet of a hopper having said material therein; v) estimating initial moisture content of said material before the drying process begins by executing the $V\left(0\right)=\left(\frac{k}{\mathrm{Mp}}\right){\int }_0^{\infty }\mathrm{DP}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*D_{\mathrm{Air}}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*F\left(t^{\prime }\right){\mathrm{dt}}^{\prime }$ algorithm where k is an experience-based correction factor, D.sub.air is the measured initial density of air, MP is the total mass of material in the hopper, “DP” is initial dew-point of air in the hopper, and “t” is time; vi) continuously measuring dew point of air exiting the hopper by: 1) executing the algorithm $V\left(t\right)=V\left(0\right)-\left(\frac{k}{\mathrm{Mp}}\right){\int }_0^t\mathrm{DP}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*D_{\mathrm{Air}}\left(t^{\prime }\right)*F\left(t^{\prime }\right){\mathrm{dt}}^{\prime }$ when the parameters are as noted above in limitation “c”; 2) continuously calculating the first dew-point using the equation in limitation “1”; and 3) establishing an inflection point when the algebraic sign of the first derivative of the algorithm in limitation “1” changes; c) upon noting an inflection point in the continuously moving dew point data from step “iv” commencing conveying dried granular polymeric resin material from the hopper via an exit in the hopper bottom to a molding or extrusion machine; and d) molding or extruding the dried granular resin material into finished or semi-finished plastic articles.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates a system used in a material drying process according to the invention.

(2) FIG. 2 illustrates the system components required for accurately measuring the real-time valid dew-point value of a material based on which the total moisture content of the material is determined according to the invention.

(3) FIG. 3a and FIG. 3b illustrates a graphical representation of the dew-point measure for different materials according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(4) In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and specific embodiments that may be practiced are shown by way of illustration. The embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments and it is to be understood that the logical, mechanical and other changes may be made without departing from the scope of the embodiments. The following detailed description is not to be taken in a limiting sense.

(5) In accordance with the invention, the method uses an algorithm for accurately measuring the real-time valid dew-point value of a material. Total moisture content of the material is estimated within the determined valid dew-point value during the material drying process. The material used for the drying process can be a resin, a plastic, or the like.

(6) FIG. 1 illustrates a system used in the material drying process. The system 100 comprises a unit 101 used as a material dryer by blowing dry air into unit 101 and a hopper 102 used to maintain the moisture level of the material. Temperature and dew-point sensors 103 are fixed at the unit outlet for acquiring data from the hopper 102 to determine the temperature and the real-time valid dew-point value of the material. Sensor data acquired from the hopper 102 is sent to a server 104 for estimating initial moisture content of the material before starting the drying process. System 100 determines the moisture content of the material, being dried by the drying process, using an algorithm.

(7) A valid dew-point value 105 for the material inside the dryer unit 101 is determined by using an algorithm. An inflection point of the material moisture level as a function of time curve is determined for the material. Total moisture content of the material is determined based on the inflection point of the moisture as a function of time curve as estimated for the material by using the algorithm. The real-time valid dew-point value of the material is determined and is transmitted to hopper 102 for determining total moisture content of the material within the valid dew-point value by using the algorithm which provides the determination of the inflection point of the moisture content versus time curve for the material of interest.

(8) FIG. 2 illustrates a system 200 for accurately measuring the real-time valid dew-point value of a material based on which the total moisture content of the material is determined. The system 200 includes a sensor module 201 to sense temperature and dew-point data of the material in the hopper 102, a data acquisition module 202 to acquire the sensed data in server 104 for processing the acquired data, and an analyzer module 203 which estimates the valid dew-point of the material and total moisture content of the material by executing an algorithm. The algorithm determines the valid dew-point value of the material as follows: Total mass of water vapor U(t) that has been forced out of the dryer at a given time t, is obtained from the equation
U(t)=k∫.sub.0.sup.tDP({acute over (t)})*D.sub.Air({acute over (t)})*F({acute over (t)})d{acute over (t)}  [1]
where DP({acute over (t)}) is the dew-point at a given time {acute over (t)} in the outlet, D.sub.Air({acute over (t)}) is the density of air (since outlet air temperature is changing) and F({acute over (t)}) is the flow rate, which remains constant all the time. A linear correction factor of k is assumed because dew-point measurement is never accurate and is used to offset the inaccurate dew-point.

(9) Then, water vapor extracted from the material between any two given times t and t2, is given by
ΔU(t−t2)=k∫.sub.t2.sup.tDP({acute over (t)})*D.sub.Air({acute over (t)})*F({acute over (t)})d{acute over (t)}  [2]
To determine the moisture content of the material as V(t), following mass conservation equation is applied, denoting total mass of material as Mp,
Mp*{V(t)−V(t2)}=ΔU(t−t2)=k∫.sub.t2.sup.tDP({acute over (t)})*D.sub.Air({acute over (t)})*F({acute over (t)})d{acute over (t)}  [3]
Assuming t2=0.sup.th time or any other time from several sets of measurement of drying, k is determined from linear regression, which should remain constant as it reflects dew-point calibration adjustment.
Knowing k, the total amount of water in the material can be determined.
In one practice of the invention, the following algorithm is used to determine the initial moisture content of the material of interest:

(10) $\begin{array}{cc}V\left(0\right)=\left(\frac{k}{\mathrm{Mp}}\right){\int }_0^{\infty }\mathrm{DP}\left(\stackrel{\text{'}}{t}\right)**D_{\mathrm{Air}}\left(\stackrel{\text{'}}{t}\right)*F\left(\stackrel{\text{'}}{t}\right)d\stackrel{\text{'}}{t}& \left[4\right]\end{array}$
Since within 15-30 minutes of the outlet air attaining highest and saturated temperature, material moisture content is expected to reduce to 50-100 parts per million (ppm), the following modification of equation [4] is used to approximate the residual moisture content, (assuming Td is the time to arrive at high-saturated temperature at outlet of the dryer):

(11) $\begin{array}{cc}V\left(0\right)\cong \left(\frac{k}{\mathrm{Mp}}\right){\int }_0^{1.5*\mathrm{Td}}\mathrm{DP}\left(\stackrel{\text{'}}{t}\right)**D_{\mathrm{Air}}\left(\stackrel{\text{'}}{t}\right)*F\left(\stackrel{\text{'}}{t}\right)d\stackrel{\text{'}}{t}& \left[5\right]\end{array}$
Moisture vapor content of material at top at any given time during material cycling is determined using equation 6:

(12) $\begin{array}{cc}V\left(t\right)\cong V\left(0\right)-\left(\frac{k}{\mathrm{Mp}}\right){\int }_0^t\mathrm{DP}\left(\stackrel{\text{'}}{t}\right)**D_{\mathrm{Air}}\left(\stackrel{\text{'}}{t}\right)*F\left(\stackrel{\text{'}}{t}\right)d\stackrel{\text{'}}{t}]& \left[6\right]\end{array}$
A control module 204 to transmits data across modules in system 200 using any existing data transmitting technology such as a programmable logic controller, a relay, a wireless sensor network and the like.

(13) FIG. 3a and FIG. 3b are a graphical representation of the dew-point measurement for different materials. As depicted in FIG. 3a, as temperature of drying air is increased for nylon, the moisture content/dew-point value for nylon is decreasing during the drying process. Further, as the temperature of the drying air is increased during the drying process the valid dew-point decreases. As depicted in FIG. 3b, as the drying air is blown into the dryer unit 101, over a period the valid dew-point value of the material eventually decreases.

(14) The method transmits the estimated valid dew-point value to hopper 102 within which the total moisture content of the material can be determined by the algorithm. For example, the curve for one material depicts a dew-point of 2000 ppm and the curve for the other material depicts a dew-point of 770 ppm, which have decreased over a period of time during the material drying process. The algorithm determines the total moisture content of the material within the valid dew-point value estimated for the material.

(15) The foregoing description of the specific embodiments fully reveals the embodiments that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt these embodiments for various applications without departing from the generic concept. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. Therefore, while the embodiments herein have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments herein can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Although the embodiments herein are described with various specific embodiments, a person skilled in the art will practice the invention with modifications. However, all such modifications are deemed to be within the scope of the claims.