Gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen reactor

Abstract

The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for low-CO.sub.2 emission combustion of liquid fuel with a gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen reactor. The system comprises an atomizer that sprays fuel and CO.sub.2 into an evaporation zone, where the fuel and CO.sub.2 is heated into a vaporized form. The system comprises a reaction zone that receives the vaporized fuel and CO.sub.2. The system includes an air vessel having an air stream, and a heating vessel adjacent to the air vessel that transfers heat to the air vessel. The system comprises an ion transport membrane in flow communication with the air vessel and reaction zone. The ion transport membrane receives O.sub.2 permeating from the air stream and transfers the O.sub.2 into the reaction zone resulting in combustion of fuel. The combustion produces heat and creates CO.sub.2 exhaust gases that are recirculated in the system limiting emission of CO.sub.2.

Claims

1. A method for low-CO.sub.2 emission combustion of a liquid fuel in a gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen reactor, the method comprising: injecting a liquid fuel into an evaporation zone, wherein the fuel is injected via a CO.sub.2-assisted atomizer adapted to spray the liquid fuel and CO.sub.2 into the evaporation zone; vaporizing the liquid fuel and CO.sub.2 in the evaporation zone, resulting in a mixture of evaporated fuel and CO.sub.2; flowing the mixture of evaporated fuel and CO.sub.2 into a reaction zone which is coaxial to the evaporation zone; supplying a flow of air into an air vessel, wherein the air vessel and reaction zone are separated by an ion transport membrane, and wherein O.sub.2 permeates from the flow of air through the ion transport membrane and into the reaction zone resulting in an O.sub.2-depleted air stream in the air vessel; delivering a hot air and gaseous fuel stream into a heating vessel adjacent to the air vessel, wherein heat from the hot air and gaseous fuel stream is transferred to the air vessel via conductive plates separating the heating vessel and the air vessel; and combusting the evaporated fuel and CO.sub.2 in the presence of O.sub.2 in the reaction zone to produce heat and create an exhaust gas stream.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: heating the liquid fuel prior to injection of the liquid fuel into the evaporation zone.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the liquid fuel is heated via a heat exchanger.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of heating the liquid fuel comprises: recirculating the O.sub.2-depleted air stream to the heat exchanger upstream of the reaction zone, wherein the recirculated O.sub.2-depleted air stream transfers heat to the liquid fuel prior to injection of the liquid fuel into the CO.sub.2-assisted atomizer.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of vaporizing the liquid fuel comprises: transferring heat from the hot air and gaseous fuel stream to the evaporation zone via conductive plates lining an outer wall of the evaporation zone.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: recirculating the exhaust gas stream to transfer heat to the air vessel.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the heat is transferred to the air vessel via one or more conductive plates lining the air vessel.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: filtering the mixture of evaporated fuel and CO.sub.2 prior to flowing the mixture into the reaction zone.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the evaporated fuel and CO.sub.2 are filtered via a fuel filter.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the air vessel and the ion transport membrane are located within the reaction zone and wherein the flow of the mixture of evaporated fuel and CO.sub.2 into the reaction zone is perpendicular to the ion transport membrane.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the ion transport membrane is a tube surrounding the air vessel.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the reaction zone is defined by a first housing that contains a plurality of ion transport membranes that are parallel to one another.

13. The method of claim 12, further including a second housing that surrounds the first housing and defines an air plus gaseous fuel stream conduit that is located between the first and second housings.

14. The method of claim 13, further including the step of directing an air plus gaseous fuel stream into the air plus gaseous fuel stream conduit, whereby the air plus gaseous fuel stream flows in a direction that is perpendicular to the plurality of ion transport membranes.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

(1) Further aspects of the present application will be more readily appreciated upon review of the detailed description of its various embodiments, described below, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen reactor in a cylindrical configuration in accordance with one or more embodiments;

(3) FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen reactor in a periodic planar configuration having multiple reaction zones in accordance with one or more embodiments;

(4) FIG. 3 is a schematic of a heat exchanger associated with the gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen reactor in accordance with one or more embodiments;

(5) FIGS. 4A-B are schematic drawings comparing the operation of a cross-flow ion transport membrane (4A) with the operation of a co-axial flow ion transport membrane (4B) in accordance with one or more embodiments;

(6) FIG. 5 is a side view of an embodiment of the gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen reactor having cross-flow ion transport membranes in accordance with one or more embodiments;

(7) FIG. 6 is a line graph showing the oxygen permeation rate through the ion transport membrane for non-reactive and reactive cases with increasing percentage of CH.sub.4 in the sweep gas, in accordance with one or more embodiments; and

(8) FIG. 7 is a graph showing the reaction rates in the reaction zone with an increasing percentage of CH.sub.4 in the sweep gas, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

(9) The present disclosure details systems and methods for a gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen transport reactor. In particular, the present application discloses a low-carbon emission oxygen transport reactor for liquid fuel which utilizes gas combustion. In one or more embodiments, the present system comprises a gas-assisted (e.g., CO.sub.2 gas) atomizer that provides an atomized spray of liquid fuel and gas into an evaporation zone. The atomized fuel and gas is heated in the evaporation zone and then permeates through a fuel filter into a reaction zone (oxygen transport reactor). A flow of air (air stream) is also fed into the system in a conduit (vessel) adjacent to the reaction zone. This air stream conduit and the reaction zone are separated by one or more ion transport membranes. Due to the conditions of the air stream conduit, the oxygen from the air stream permeates through the ion transport membrane and into the reaction zone. The combination of the atomized fuel and gas and the permeated oxygen in the reaction zone results in the combustion of the fuel and the production of heat.

(10) In conventional methods, the ion transport membrane operates under low flux, and as such, the rate of heat generated by the reaction zone is relatively low. The system of the present application, however, utilizes the stream of atomized gas (e.g., CO.sub.2) as a sweep gas to increase the fluxes of oxygen obtained in the reaction zone through the ion transport membrane. Further, the present system is a closed-loop control system in which the gas and air streams are recirculated throughout the system to maintain a constant temperature at the ion transport membrane. For instance, the gas combustion reactions in the reaction zone are used to heat the ion transport membrane(s) to the desired temperature, and the energy required for maintaining the temperature at the ion transport membrane is provided by the partial recirculation of the exhaust gases exiting the reaction zone. Similarly, after losing oxygen via the ion transport membrane, the now oxygen-depleted air stream (flow) can also be used to recirculate heat within the system by providing heat to the liquid fuel via a heat exchanger prior to its entry into the evaporation zone. Maintaining a constant temperature at the ion transport membrane avoids thermal stresses in the ion transport membrane, and thus results in improved membrane stability and thermal performance.

(11) The systems and methods of the present application allow for efficient self-heating of the system, as well as storage of CO.sub.2 from the exhaust gases, which significantly reduces CO.sub.2 emissions. Further, because the combustion of the fuel is conducted with oxygen rather than air, the system does not result in the emission of NO.sub.x.

(12) The referenced systems and methods for a gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen transport reactor are now described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which one or more illustrated embodiments and/or arrangements of the systems and methods are shown. The systems and methods are not limited in any way to the illustrated embodiments and/or arrangements as the illustrated embodiments and/or arrangements are merely exemplary of the systems and methods, which can be embodied in various forms as appreciated by one skilled in the art. Therefore, it is to be understood that any structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting the systems and methods, but rather are provided as a representative embodiment and/or arrangement for teaching one skilled in the art one or more ways to implement the systems and methods.

(13) FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary system 100 for a gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen transport reactor. In this embodiment, the system 100 has a cylindrical configuration, such as a cylindrical pipe. In at least one embodiment, the system can have a planar configuration having horizontal fuel injection slots. As described herein, when the system 100 has a cylindrical shape, the system is made up of a series of concentric zones/regions. The system 100 can generally be thought to include a first end 102 and an opposing second end 104.

(14) The cylindrical system 100 includes an evaporation zone 105. The evaporation zone includes an inlet 110 for receiving a fuel atomizer 115. Liquid fuel is injected into the evaporation zone 105 via the fuel atomizer 115. The liquid fuel can comprise one or more compounds including but not limited to methane (CH.sub.4), but can also include gaseous fuels and light liquid fuels. In one or more embodiments, the fuel atomizer 115 is gas-assisted (e.g., CO.sub.2-assisted). In an alternative embodiment, the fuel atomizer 115 can be a liquid fuel pressure atomizer. The fuel atomizer 115 can include an inlet 120 for receiving the liquid fuel and an outlet 125 adapted to spray liquid droplets of the atomized fuel and gas (e.g., CO.sub.2) into the evaporation zone 105. The fuel atomizer 115 thus defines one end of the evaporation zone 105. The evaporation zone 105 further includes an outer wall 130 which can have an annular shape as shown. In one or more embodiments, the outer wall 130 can comprise one or more (thermal) conductive plates, which can be used to heat the atomized (i.e., liquid droplet) fuel and gas into a vaporized form as will be explained in greater detail below. In at least one embodiment, the evaporation zone 105 can further comprise a bluff body 135. The bluff body 135 can be used in the evaporation zone to assist in completion of the fuel evaporation and to stabilize the flame. The flame is located in the reaction zone 145. The bluff body 135 is located downstream of the atomizer 115.

(15) With continued reference to FIG. 1, after evaporation of the fuel and gas (e.g., CO.sub.2), the vaporized fuel and gas flow across a fuel filter 140 and into a reaction zone (oxygen transport reactor) 145. In particular, the flow of the CO.sub.2 from the atomizer acts as a sweep gas pushing the atomized fuel through the fuel filter 140 and into the reaction zone 145. The fuel filter 140 ensures the removal of unwanted contaminants from the vaporized fuel and gas prior to entry into the reaction zone 145. The fuel filter 140 extends across (transverses) the evaporation zone 105 and is thus positioned such that the vaporized fuel and gas from the atomizer flows directly into and through the fuel filter 140. In one or more embodiments and as shown in FIG. 1, the reaction zone 145 is coaxially aligned with the evaporation zone 105 and located downstream thereof. Further, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the evaporation zone 105 and reaction zone 145 are located in the innermost area (the core) of the cylindrical configuration (e.g., pipe).

(16) As shown in FIG. 1, in one or more embodiments, the reaction zone 145 is surrounded by one or more ion transport membranes (ITMs) 150. In one or more implementations, the ITMs 150 are made of ceramic materials. In the illustrated embodiment, the ITM 150 has an annular shape with the reaction zone 145 being internal thereto. In at least one embodiment, such as when the system has a planar configuration, the ITM 150 can comprise a first and a second planar membrane surface, where the reaction zone 145 is disposed between the two planar membrane surfaces.

(17) Exemplary ITM materials and additional properties of the ITM are disclosed in published paper by Behrouzifar et al. (Experimental Investigation and Mathematical Modeling of Oxygen Permeation Through Dense Ba.sub.0.5Sr.sub.0.5Co.sub.0.8Fe.sub.0.2O.sub.3-δ (BSCF) Perovskite-type Ceramic Membranes. Ceramics International: 38 (2012); 4797-4811), which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. As discussed in the published paper by Behrouzifar et al., it should be appreciated that membrane thickness and temperature can affect oxygen flux across the ITMs. In particular, oxygen flux across the ITM generally increases with increased temperatures around the membrane, as well as with thinner membranes.

(18) Surrounding the one or more ITMs is a first conduit 155 (air vessel). The first conduit 155 comprises an inlet (not shown) for an air stream. As with other components and features of the system 100, the first conduit 155 can have an annular shape and be concentric with the evaporation and reaction zones. As described below, the first conduit 155 is defined by ITMs 150 (and in part outer wall 130) and by an outer wall structure described below. The mixture of evaporated fuel and sweep gas in the reaction zone 145 induces oxygen from the air stream flowing in the first conduit 155 to transfer across the ITMs 150 into the reaction zone 145. In particular, the sweep gas (e.g., CO.sub.2) in the reaction zone increases the fluxes of oxygen obtained through (across) the ITMs 150, thus inducing oxygen transport from the air stream (in conduit 145) across the ITMs 150.

(19) Further, the air stream is fed into the system 100 in a counter-flow process in that the air stream flows in the opposite direction of the sweep gas/vaporized fuel. This counter flow process provides at least some of the energy required to heat the air stream and thus to maintain uniform temperature along the ITMs, which allows for improved membrane stability. The transport of oxygen into the reaction zone 145 results in the combustion of the fuel in the reaction zone 145, thereby resulting in the production of heat. In one or more embodiments, an increase in the percentage of fuel (e.g., CH.sub.4) in the sweep gas results in increased oxygen permeation through the ITMs 150 as well as increased reaction rates in the reaction zone 145 (See FIGS. 6-7).

(20) The combustion reaction also produces exhausts gases comprising CO.sub.2 and water vapor. In one or more embodiments, at least part of the exhaust gases can be recirculated to provide partial heating to the air stream via (thermal) conductive plates 165, providing even greater oxygen flux across the ITMs 150. The air stream is heated by radiation from the combustion gases in the reaction zone 145. The heated air (oxygen depleted air) exiting 155 is to be circulated into a second conduit 160 to keep the high temperature of the air in 155. In at least one embodiment, combustion gases using air and fuel (burned outside of 100) are passed into the second conduit 160 as a source of heating to the air in 155.

(21) Further, in one or more embodiments, the water vapor in the exhausted gases can be condensed leaving essentially only CO.sub.2 in the exhaust gas stream, which can then be stored to reduce CO.sub.2 emissions. Specifically, the gases leaving zone 155 can pass into a condenser (not shown) to condense the water vapor leaving CO.sub.2 that can be compressed and stored.

(22) As mentioned above, the air stream of conduit 155 is heated, which helps to maintain uniform temperature along the ITMs 150 allowing for improved membrane stability. In one or more embodiments, during operation, the ITMs are maintained at a temperature in the range of approximately 700° C. to approximately 900° C. The determination of the preferred temperature depends on an optimization of the high oxygen flux that can be achieved at high temperatures and the constraint of the thermal and mechanical stability of the ITM materials.

(23) Unlike many conventional systems, the systems of the present application provide for combustion of fuel using oxygen rather than air, thus resulting in an exhaust stream that is free of nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x). Thus the systems of the present application are zero-NO.sub.x emission systems.

(24) With continued reference to FIG. 1, after permeation of oxygen from the air stream through the ITMs 150, the now oxygen-depleted air stream in first conduit 155 can also be recirculated. In particular, the energy available in the oxygen-depleted air can be utilized to heat the fuel prior to entry into the evaporation chamber 105 via a heat exchanger, for example (see FIG. 3). As shown in FIG. 1, in at least one embodiment, the oxygen-depleted air of conduit 155 can also heat the fuel in the evaporation zone 105 via conductive plates in the outer wall 130.

(25) As mentioned above, in at least one embodiment, the system 100 can also comprise a second conduit 160 (heating vessel) surrounding the first conduit 155, the second conduit 160 and first conduit 155 being separated by at least one (thermal) conductive wall/plate 165. The (thermal) conductive wall/plate 165 thus defines both the first conduit 155 and the second conduit 160. The (thermal) conductive wall/plate 165 can have an annular shape.

(26) The second conduit 160 can comprises an inlet (not shown) for a stream of hot air/gaseous fuel stream. The hot air/gaseous fuel stream can provide heat to the air stream of the first conduit 155 via the (thermal) conductive walls/plates 165, thereby resulting in better oxygen flux from the air stream across the ITMs 150. In one or more embodiments, the cylindrical system 100 further comprises an outer wall 170 which serves as the outer barrier of the second conduit 160 and thus defines the second conduit 160.

(27) It will also be understood that a fluid seal is formed between the outer wall 130 and the ITMs 150. As shown in FIG. 1, one end of the outer wall 130 abuts and seals against one end of the ITMs 150.

(28) It will therefore be appreciated that, as shown in FIG. 1, the system 100 can include a series of flow paths that allow for a series of counter fluid flow. More specifically, in the illustrated embodiment, fluid flow in the evaporation and reaction zones and the second conduit 160 is in the same direction (parallel flow paths) and the fluid flow in the first conduit 155 is in the opposite direction (counter flow path). In addition, the various zones and flow paths are arranged in a concentric manner due to the fact that in the illustrated embodiment, the system 100 has a cylindrical shape defined at least in part by a series of concentric annular shaped zones/flow paths.

(29) It will also be appreciated that the sizes of the different zones/flow paths can be varied and the present figures are merely exemplary and not limiting of the present invention. In addition, the direction of flow of each flow path is merely exemplary and not limiting in FIG. 1 in that flow shown as being from left to right can equally be from the right to the left.

(30) It should also be understood that while FIG. 1 (system 100) is described as a cylindrical configuration, in at least one embodiment, the system can have a planar configuration such that the ITM 150 can comprise a first and a second planar membrane surface, where the reaction zone 145 is disposed between the two planar membrane surfaces. In this embodiment, the first conduit 155 (air vessel) can comprise first and second planar plates (conductive plates 165) with the first and second planar membrane surfaces disposed there between. Further, the second conduit 160 (heating vessel) can be defined by a planar outer wall 170 and the planar conductive plates 165.

(31) FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of the gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen reactor system 200 in a periodic planar configuration having multiple reaction zones in accordance with one or more embodiments. Also, in at least one embodiment, it is possible to use multiple, separated cylindrical systems such as the cylindrical system of FIG. 1.

(32) As shown in FIG. 2, the system 200 functions in a similar fashion as the embodiment of FIG. 1. In contrast to system 100 which represents a single stage type system, the system 200 represents a two stage type system in that there are two sets of the components and flow paths described with reference to FIG. 1 and as described below.

(33) Thus, in this embodiment, the system 200 comprises two evaporation zones 205 each having an inlet 210 for receiving an atomizer 215, such as a gas- (e.g., CO.sub.2) assisted atomizer. The liquid fuel (and CO.sub.2) are injected into the atomizers 215 (via inlets 220) and sprayed (via outlets 225) into the evaporation zones 205. In the evaporation zones 205, the fuel and CO.sub.2 are vaporized using heat from (thermal) conductive plates 230. In certain embodiments, each evaporation zone 205 further comprises a bluff body 235.

(34) With continued reference to FIG. 2, the vaporized fuel and CO.sub.2 permeate through fuel filters 240 and flow into the reaction zones 245, the reaction zones 245 each being coaxially aligned with the respective evaporation zone 205. In the periodic planar configuration of FIG. 2, the reaction zones 245 are each disposed between ITMs 250. More specifically, in this embodiment, the ITMs 250 can comprise planar membranes, where each reaction zone 245 is disposed between a first and second planar membrane. Bordering the ITMs 250 are air stream conduits 255 (air vessels) having inlets (not shown) for heated air streams. Oxygen from the heated air streams permeate through the ITMs 250 and into the reaction zones 245, resulting in a combustion reaction with the vaporized fuel and CO.sub.2 stream. The combustion reaction produces heat, as well as exhausts gases comprising CO.sub.2 and water vapor. At least part of the exhaust gases can be recirculated to provide partial heating to the air stream via conductive plates for better oxygen flux across the ITMs 250. Again, in this embodiment, the water vapor in the exhausted gases can be condensed leaving essentially only CO.sub.2 in the exhaust gas stream, which can then be stored in order to reduce CO.sub.2 emissions. As discussed below, each conduit 255 can comprise at least one planar conductive plate 265, which provides heat from the hot air/gaseous fuel stream in conduit 260 to the air stream in conduit 255. As in the first embodiment, the ITMs 250 are maintained at a temperature in the range of approximately 700° C. to approximately 900° C.

(35) After permeation of oxygen from the air streams in the air stream conduits 255, the now oxygen-depleted air streams can also be recirculated to heat the fuel prior to entry into the evaporation zones 205 via one or more heat exchangers, for example.

(36) The system 200 can also comprise air and gaseous fuel conduits 260, which borders the air stream conduits 255, the conduits 260 being separated from conduits 255 by (thermal) conductive walls/plates 265. The conduits 260 can each comprise an inlet (not shown) for a stream of hot air/gaseous fuel. The hot air/gaseous fuel stream can provide heat to the air stream of conduits 255 via the (thermal) conductive walls/plates 265, thereby resulting in better oxygen flux from the air stream across the ITMs 250. The system 200 can further comprises an outer wall 270 which serves as the outer barrier of the conduits 260 comprising the air/gaseous fuel streams. Certain periodic planar embodiments, such as that of FIG. 2, can provide enhanced efficiency since they avoid energy losses that can sometimes occur through outer wall 170 in a cylindrical configuration.

(37) It should be understood from FIG. 2 that, in certain embodiments, the system can comprise several reaction zones (i.e., two or more) each coaxially aligned with its own evaporation zone, and each being disposed between planar ITMs, an air stream conduit, and/or an air plus gaseous fuel conduit. Each evaporation zone, ITM (first and second planar membranes), air stream conduit, and air/gaseous fuel conduit (with a reaction zone disposed between the planar membranes) can be thought of as collectively making up a reactor unit, and in certain embodiments, two or more reactor units can be combined, in a stacked orientation for example. For instance, FIG. 2 displays two reactor units in a stacked orientation. In one or more embodiments, for each reaction unit, the reaction zone is disposed between first and second planar membranes, and the first and second planar membranes are disposed between first and second planar plates of the air vessel (conduit 255).

(38) It should also be appreciated that, in one or more embodiments, a manifold-type structure can be used to create multiple flow paths from a single source. For instance, in a periodic planar configuration as shown FIG. 2, there can be a single source of the liquid fuel, and a manifold structure can be used to split the liquid stream into multiple flow paths for entry into the multiple evaporation zones 205. In certain embodiments, there can also be similar manifold-like structures for other like fluid streams in the system, such as the air streams of conduits 255. Alternatively, in at least one embodiment, there can be a separate source for each liquid fuel stream for entry into each evaporation zone 205, as well as separate sources for other like fluid streams in the system 200.

(39) As mentioned in the above embodiments, the energy available in the oxygen-depleted air stream in conduit 155 (or conduit 255) following permeation of oxygen through the ITMs can be utilized to heat the liquid fuel prior to entry into the evaporation chamber via one or more heat exchangers. FIG. 3 shows a heat exchanger 302 for heating of the liquid fuel prior to entry into the evaporation zone, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The heat exchanger 302 can be located upstream of the evaporation zone(s). As shown in FIG. 3, the heat exchanger 302 can have a first inlet 304 for the fuel, a second inlet 306 for the oxygen-depleted air stream, a first outlet 308 for the fuel, and a second outlet 310 for the oxygen-depleted air stream. The second inlet 306 can be connected to the air stream conduit 155 (or 255) for receiving the oxygen-depleted air, and the first outlet 308 can connect to the inlet 120 (220) of the atomizer 115 (or 215). The heat from the oxygen-depleted air stream can be transferred to the fuel stream in the heat exchanger 302 in any number of ways known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, the exiting oxygen depleted air is generally N.sub.2 rich and can be used in industrial processes such as fertilizer industries.

(40) As mentioned above, in accordance with one or more embodiments, the systems of the present application can be self-heating in that they can use the combustion reaction in the reaction zone to heat the ITMs to a desired temperature. Further, the energy provided by the partial recirculation of the exhaust gas stream exiting the reaction zone helps to maintain the ITM temperature. Thus, in these embodiments, the present systems are closed-loop control systems wherein the ITM temperature is maintained at a constant level in order to avoid thermal stresses in the ITM and improve thermal performance.

(41) In one or more embodiments, each ITM can be one continuous membrane surrounding the reaction zone. In at least one implementation, the ITMs can be a series of ITM tubes. More specifically, in certain embodiments, the ITM tubes can be situated within the reaction zone and perpendicular to the sweep flow (atomized fuel and CO.sub.2 entering the reaction zone) to enhance the oxygen permeation across the ITMs. In other words, in embodiments in which the sweep flow is perpendicular to the ITMs, the ITMs are considered “cross-flow” ITMs, as compared with “coaxial-flow” ITMs in which the sweep flow is parallel to the ITMs. FIGS. 4A-B show schematic drawings of the operation of a cross-flow ITM (FIG. 4A) compared with the operation of a co-axial flow ITM (FIG. 4B).

(42) FIG. 5 shows a side view of an alternative embodiment of the gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen reactor having cross-flow ion transport membranes. In this embodiment, the system 500 can operate in similar fashion as systems 100 and 200, and can comprise all or substantially all of the same elements as shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2, including but not limited to an evaporation zone 505, a fuel filter 540, a reaction zone 545, ITMs 550 (in this embodiment, ITM tubes 550), conductive plates/walls (not shown), and an air plus gaseous fuel stream conduit 560.

(43) However, unlike the embodiments above, the air stream in system 500 is fed directly into the ITM tubes 550 (as opposed to flowing along an exterior thereof), and oxygen (O.sub.2) from the air stream then permeates from inside the ITM tubes 550 to the reaction zone 545 on the outside of the ITM tubes 550 as shown in FIG. 5. In other words, in this embodiment, the ITM tubes 550 are situated within the reaction zone 545, and the inside of the ITM tubes 550 function as air conduits. In the previous embodiment, the reaction zone was located internally within the ITM tube, while in this embodiment, the reaction zone is located external to the ITM tube(s).

(44) In this embodiment, after heating of the liquid fuel and CO.sub.2 in the evaporation zone 505, the vaporized fuel and CO.sub.2 stream flows through the fuel filter 540 into the reaction zone 545. Here, the flow of the vaporized fuel and CO.sub.2 is a “cross-flow” stream that is perpendicular to the ITM tubes 550. For example, the ITM tubes 550 can be vertically oriented from top to bottom in the reaction zone. The cross-flow of the vaporized fuel and CO.sub.2 enhances the oxygen permeation from the air stream through the ITM tubes 550, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the combustion reaction in the reaction zone 545. In one or more implementations of the embodiment of FIG. 5 (i.e., cross-flow ITMs), the exhaust gas streams, oxygen-depleted air streams, and the air plus gaseous fuel streams can be recirculated in the system for heating purposes in a similar fashion as described for the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2, including the use of one or more heat exchangers (see FIG. 3).

(45) While the present invention has been described above using specific embodiments, there are many variations and modifications that will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art. As such, the described embodiments are to be considered in all respects as illustrative, and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims, rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.