Abstract
An electrical tubular heating element is disclosed with a tubular metal sheath, in whose interior an electrical heating element is arranged, which is formed from a resistive wire and is electrically insulated from the tubular metal sheath at least in sections by an electrically insulating material, in which the resistive wire, from which the electrical heating element is formed, is penetrated by at least one opening and/or has a contoured peripheral surface. A method for manufacturing such an electrical tubular heating element is also disclosed.
Claims
1-13. (canceled)
14. An electrical tubular heating element for producing a desired heating output, the electrical tubular heating element comprising: a tubular metal sheath having an interior; and an electrical heating element positioned within the interior, the electrical heating element formed from a resistive wire and being electrically insulated from the tubular metal sheath at least in sections by an electrically insulating material, the resistive wire, from which the electrical heating element is formed, is penetrated by at least one of an opening and a contoured peripheral surface.
15. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 14, wherein the opening is comprised of openings passing through the electrical heating element, the openings being filled with the electrically insulating material.
16. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 14, wherein the opening passing through the electrical heating element penetrates the electrical heating element along a length of the electrical heating element so that the electrical heating element has the shape of a tube with a side wall open continuously in a direction of extent so that the electrical heating element is divided into multiple segments.
17. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 14, wherein the resistive wire, from which the electrical heating element is formed, is penetrated by a second opening, the second opening extending in a different direction than a direction in which the opening penetrates the electrical heating element.
18. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 14, wherein the opening is closed at least partially by one of a connecting wire and a connecting pin, the one of the connecting wire and the connecting pin being in electrical contact with the electrical heating element.
19. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 18, wherein the opening is comprised of a first opening, the one of the connecting wire and the connecting pin has a second opening, by means of which, when the second opening is open in the one of the connecting wire and the connecting pin, there is a connection to the first opening in the electrical heating element.
20. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 19, wherein a wire is arranged within the second opening in the one of the connecting wire and the connecting pin and closes the second opening.
21. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 14, wherein the electrical heating element is arranged in the interior of the tubular metal sheath and the sections of the electrical heating element are electrically insulated from the tubular metal sheath.
22. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 21, wherein the opening penetrating the resistive wire is filled with the electrically insulating material.
23. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 22, wherein, after the electrical heating element is prepared, the opening is filled with the electrically insulating material by pushing a bar constructed of the electrically insulating material into the opening.
24. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 23, wherein by connecting the electrical heating element with at least one of a connecting wire and a connecting pin an unheated area of the electrical tubular heating element is generated.
25. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 23, wherein the bar is pushed into one of a continuous and a blind-hole-like opening in the at least one of the connecting wire and the connecting pin, a cross section of the bar is adapted to a cross section of the opening formed in the resistive wire, up to opposing end sides of the at least one of the connecting wire, the at least one of the connecting wire and the connecting pin and the electrical heating element contacting each other.
26. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 25, wherein arranging the electrical heating element in the interior of the tubular metal sheath includes an assembly constructed of the electrical heating element, the bar, and the at least one of the connecting wires and the connecting pin introduced into the tubular metal sheath.
27. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 14, wherein the at least one of the opening and the contoured peripheral surface is comprised of two milled grooves that create a local increase in resistance.
28. The electrical tubular heating element according to claim 14, wherein the at least one of the opening and the contoured peripheral surface is realized by a corrugated-tube-like construction of the electrical heating element.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING
[0034] The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the preferred invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the preferred invention, there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:
[0035] FIG. 1a is a longitudinal section through a first preferred electrical tubular heating element of the present invention;
[0036] FIG. 1b is a cross-sectional view of the first electrical tubular heating element of FIG. 1a, taken along line B-B of FIG. 1a;
[0037] FIG. 2a is a longitudinal section through a second preferred electrical tubular heating element of the present invention, taken along line A-A of FIG. 2b;
[0038] FIG. 2b is a front elevational view of the second electrical tubular heating element of FIG. 2a;
[0039] FIG. 3a is a longitudinal section through a third preferred electrical tubular heating element of the present invention, taken along line B-B of FIG. 3b;
[0040] FIG. 3b is front elevational view of the third electrical tubular heating element from FIG. 3a;
[0041] FIG. 4a is a longitudinal section through a fourth preferred electrical tubular heating element of the present invention, taken along line A-A of FIG. 4b;
[0042] FIG. 4b is a front elevational view of the fourth electrical tubular heating element from FIG. 4a;
[0043] FIG. 5a is a side perspective, partial fragmentary and exploded view of components of an assembly for manufacturing an electrical tubular heating element in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0044] FIG. 5b is a side perspective, partial fragmentary and partially exploded view of an intermediate stage for joining the assembly of components from FIG. 5a;
[0045] FIG. 5c is a cross-sectional, side elevational, partial fragmentary view of the joined assembly from FIG. 5a;
[0046] FIG. 6a is a side perspective and partially exploded view of a variant of an assembly for manufacturing an electrical tubular heating element in the intermediate stage analogous to the assembly of the intermediate joining stage of the assembly of components of FIG. 5b;
[0047] FIG. 6b is a cross-sectional, partial fragmentary view of an end section of the joined assembly of FIG. 6a;
[0048] FIG. 7a is a side perspective, partial fragmentary view of another variant of a preferred electrical heating element;
[0049] FIG. 7b is a cross-sectional view of the variant from FIG. 7a, taken generally perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the electrical heating element of FIG. 7a or parallel to a lateral axis;
[0050] FIG. 8a is a side perspective, partial fragmentary view of another variant of a preferred electrical heating element;
[0051] FIG. 8b is a cross-sectional view of the variant from FIG. 8a, taken generally perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the electrical heating element of FIG. 8a or parallel to a lateral axis;
[0052] FIG. 9a is a side perspective, partial fragmentary view of a first example of an electrical heating element with contoured peripheral surface;
[0053] FIG. 9b a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the electrical heating element of FIG. 9a, taken through the electrical heating element of FIG. 9a, generally parallel to a longitudinal axis of the electrical heating element;
[0054] FIG. 10a is a side perspective, partial fragmentary view of a second example of an electrical heating element with contoured peripheral surface;
[0055] FIG. 10b is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the electrical heating element of FIG. 10a, taken through the electrical heating element of FIG. 10a, generally parallel to a longitudinal axis of the electrical heating element;
[0056] FIG. 11 is a side perspective, partial fragmentary view of a third example of an electrical heating element with contoured peripheral surface;
[0057] FIG. 12 is a side perspective, partial fragmentary view of a fourth example of an electrical heating element with contoured peripheral surface;
[0058] FIG. 13 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a fifth example of an electrical heating element with contoured peripheral surface;
[0059] FIG. 14a is a side perspective, partial fragmentary and partially exploded view of a fifth preferred electrical tubular heating element;
[0060] FIG. 14b is a side perspective view of a first variant for connecting wires or a connecting pin of the electrical tubular heating element from FIG. 14a;
[0061] FIG. 14c is a side perspective view of a second variant for connecting wires or a connecting pin of the electrical tubular heating element from FIG. 14a,
[0062] FIG. 15a is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the electrical tubular heating element of FIG. 14a;
[0063] FIG. 15b is a longitudinal cross-sectional of the electrical tubular heating element of FIG. 14a, but with connecting wires or a connecting pin according to FIG. 14b;
[0064] FIG. 16a is a side perspective, exploded and partial fragmentary view of a sixth preferred electrical tubular heating element of the present invention;
[0065] FIG. 16b is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the electrical tubular heating element of FIG. 16a, taken generally perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the assembled electrical tubular heating element of FIG. 16a;
[0066] FIG. 16c is a side perspective view of a variant for connecting wires or a connecting pin of the electrical tubular heating element of FIG. 16a;
[0067] FIG. 16d is a longitudinal cross-sectional, partial fragmentary view of a variant of the electrical tubular heating element of FIG. 16a with connecting wires or a connecting pin according to FIG. 16c;
[0068] FIG. 16e is a longitudinal cross-sectional, partial fragmentary view of the electrical heating element assembly of FIG. 16c;
[0069] FIG. 16f is a side elevational, schematic view of a manufacturing process for an electrical heating element, as the electrical heating element is used in FIG. 16a;
[0070] FIG. 17a is a lateral cross-sectional view of a first variant of an electrical tubular heating element, particularly a variant of a tubular metal sheath and an electrical heating element;
[0071] FIG. 17b is a lateral cross-sectional view of another first variant of an electrical tubular heating element, particularly a variant of a tubular metal sheath and an electrical heating element;
[0072] FIG. 17c is a lateral cross-sectional view of another first variant of an electrical tubular heating element, particularly a variant of a tubular metal sheath and an electrical heating element;
[0073] FIG. 17d is a lateral cross-sectional view of another first variant of an electrical tubular heating element, particularly a variant of a tubular metal sheath and an electrical heating element;
[0074] FIG. 17e is a lateral cross-sectional view of another a first variant of an electrical tubular heating element, particularly a variant of a tubular metal sheath and an electrical heating element;
[0075] FIG. 17f is a lateral cross-sectional view of another first variant of an electrical tubular heating element, particularly a variant of a tubular metal sheath and an electrical heating element; and
[0076] FIG. 17g is a lateral cross-sectional view of another first variant of an electrical tubular heating element, particularly a variant of a tubular metal sheath and an electrical heating element.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0077] FIGS. 1a and 1b show a first electrical tubular heating element 10 with tubular metal sheath 11, in whose interior an electrical heating element 14 is arranged. In this embodiment, the electrical heating element 14 is in electrical contact via the electrically conductive base plate 13 with the tubular metal sheath 11 used as a return line, but is electrically insulated from the tubular metal sheath 11 in sections—namely in its other sections—by the electrically insulating, but good heat-conducting material 12, e.g., magnesium oxide.
[0078] One special feature of the electrical heating element 14 consists in that it is not or no longer manufactured from a solid resistive wire. Instead, the resistive wire has an opening 16 penetrating it along the length from the connection-side end face to the base-side end face, so that it is tubular, wherein the opening 16 is likewise filled with electrically insulating material. This can be the same material as the electrically insulating material 12 or a different electrically insulating material.
[0079] The power supply of the electrical heating element 14 is realized by means of a solid connecting wire or connecting pin 15, which can consist, e.g., of copper. It is worth noting that the connecting wire or connecting pin 15 is inserted into the opening 16 for manufacturing the electrical contact to the electrical heating element 14, whereby the installation space requirements are minimized in the radial direction while simultaneously providing a large contact surface area.
[0080] FIGS. 2a and 2b show a second electrical tubular heating element 20 with tubular metal sheath 21, in whose interior an electrical heating element 24 is arranged electrically insulated from the tubular metal sheath 21 by the electrically insulating but good heat-conducting material 22, e.g., magnesium oxide.
[0081] The electrical heating element 24 is also not or no longer manufactured from a solid resistive wire. In addition to the opening 26 penetrating it along its length from a connection-side end face to the opposite connection-side end face, it has a plurality of additional openings 28, each of which penetrates it in the radial direction. In this way, on one hand, a local additional increase in resistance is created, but the filling of the opening 16 with electrically insulating material is also made easier, when this is filled in a flowable state.
[0082] The power for the electrical heating element 24 is supplied analogous to the embodiment described above by means of a massive connecting wire or connecting pin 25, which can consist of, e.g., copper; because here, however, the tubular metal sheath 21 is not used as a return line, a second, identically configured connecting wire or connecting pin 27 is present on the opposite side of the electrical heating element 24.
[0083] FIGS. 3a and 3b show a third electrical tubular heating element 30 with tubular metal sheath 31, in whose interior an electrical heating element 34 is arranged electrically insulated from the tubular metal sheath 31 by the electrically insulating, but good heat-conducting material 32, e.g., magnesium oxide.
[0084] The electrical heating element 34 is also not or no longer manufactured from a solid resistive wire. Here, the resistive wire is penetrated along the length from one connection-side end face to the opposite connection-side end face by an opening 36, which has a central, circular cross-sectional area arranged coaxial to the resistive wire, so that a tube remains after the central cross-sectional area is formed.
[0085] To supply this structure of the electrical heating element 34 with power, here, as can be seen especially well in consideration of FIG. 3b, two-sided connecting wires or connecting pins 35, 37 are used, which have essentially a rectangular cross section, wherein the electrical contact to the electrical heating element 34 is manufactured via the narrow sides of the rectangle. In this way, which can also be transferred to other embodiments of the electrical heating element, an opening remains on the end side, through which the electrically insulating material can be easily inserted into the openings in the electrical heating element.
[0086] The electrical tubular heating element 40 shown in FIGS. 4a and 4b with tubular metal sheath 41, electrically insulating material 42, base 43, electrical heating element 44 with opening 46 and connecting wire or connecting pin 45 is constructed essentially analogous to the electrical tubular heating element 10 described above with reference to FIGS. 1a and 1b, which is why the description of these figures can be referenced, wherein the reference symbols specified above are produced by adding thirty to the corresponding reference symbols of FIGS. 1a and 1b.
[0087] The essential difference is that here the connecting wire or connecting pin 45 is constructed as a turned part made from copper, which is penetrated by the opening 47 in order to simplify the insertion of electrically insulating material 42 into the opening 46. The connecting wire or connecting pin 45 engages in the opening 46 only with one end section 45a, in which its cross section is reduced; its outer diameter is adapted to the outer diameter of the electrical heating element 44.
[0088] The description of the previous embodiments may show that the insertion of electrically insulating material into the opening formed in the resistive wire that forms the electrical heating element is not easily realized with process assurance. This problem can be solved if an assembly is preconfigured as shown in FIGS. 5a to 5c before the electrical heating element is inserted into the interior of the tubular metal sheath.
[0089] FIG. 5a shows the components of the assembly 150, namely the electrical heating element 154, which has a tubular construction with an opening 56 penetrating the resistive wire from which the electrical heating element 154 is formed from one end side to the other end side, a bar 158 made from electrically insulating, good heat-conducting material, which can consist of, e.g., magnesium oxide and whose outer diameter is adapted to the cross section of the opening 56, and also two tubular connecting wires or connecting pins 155, 157 made from electrically good conductive material, e.g., nickel or copper, which are each penetrated from one end side to the other end side by an opening, whose cross section is adapted to the cross section of the opening 56 of the electrical heating element 154.
[0090] The electrical heating element 154 can be simply threaded onto the bar 158, as shown in FIG. 5b and then the assembly 150, which is shown complete in FIG. 5c, is finished by threading the connecting pins 155, 157 from different sides onto the bar 158 and bringing them into end-side surface-area contact with the electrical heating element 154. This can also be secured, for example, by soldering or welding.
[0091] The assembly 150 then must still be positioned in the interior of the tubular metal sheath, insulated from it by being surrounded with electrically insulating material and optionally compacted, in order to manufacture the electrical tubular heating element.
[0092] FIGS. 6a and 6b show how this procedure could be transferred advantageously to an electrical tubular heating element, whose tubular metal sheath forms the return line. The connecting wire or connecting pin 157 from FIGS. 5a to 5c is replaced by a connecting wire or connecting pin 167 with a blind hole, whose cross section is adapted to the cross section of the bar 168, the bar 168 is inserted with electrical heating element 164 arranged thereon into the blind hole and the end-side electrical contact between the connecting wire or connecting pin 167 and electrical heating element 164 is manufactured.
[0093] FIGS. 7a and 7b and also 8a and 8b show that the openings formed in the electrical heating element can also disconnect this element, like for the electrical heating element 174, in which the tube has a continuously opened side wall in the direction of extent, or separate it, like for the electrical heating element 184 assembled from segments 184a and 184b. The embodiment according to FIGS. 7a, 7b can also be realized by rolling up a (flat) band section-shaped heating element blank.
[0094] In the embodiment that is shown in FIGS. 8a and 8b, in contrast, the resistive wire, which forms the electrical heating element 184, is penetrated along its length from one connection-side end face to the opposite connection-side end face by an opening that has, in addition to a central, circular cross-sectional area arranged coaxial to the resistive wire with smaller diameter than the diameter of the resistive wire, two opposing, circular ring sector-shaped cross-sectional areas, which separate the tube remaining after the formation of the central cross-sectional area along the length into the two half-shell-shaped segments 184a, 184b. This makes the insertion of electrically insulating material especially easy and leads to further desired increase in resistance. For contacting or pre-configuration of an assembly, e.g., an electrical weld contact to the narrow sides of a connecting pin with rectangular cross section, as shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b can be manufactured.
[0095] While the electrical heating element 174 pushed on a bar 178 still forms a stable arrangement, for the configuration of an assembly, the segments 184a and 184b are held by manufacturing a mechanically supportive contact to the not-shown connecting wire or connecting pin.
[0096] FIGS. 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11 and 12 show electrical heating elements 114, 124, 134, 144, in which a local adaptation of the resistance is realized—partially as an addition—such that a contoured surface 110, 120, 130, 140 is formed in the resistive wire, which forms the electrical heating element. For the electrical heating element 114 shown in FIGS. 9a and 9b, two grooves 118 are milled in order to form the contoured surface 110, whereby a local increase in resistance is created.
[0097] For the electrical heating element 124 shown in FIGS. 10a and 10b, a tapering 128 is formed, in order to form the contoured surface 120. On the contoured surface 120, a tube 126 is pressed. If a good electrically conductive material, e.g., copper, is selected for the tube 126, a local reduction of the resistance can be achieved in this way.
[0098] For the electrical heating element 134 shown in FIG. 11, the output adaptation is achieved by cut-outs in the resistive wire, which can be formed, e.g., with laser cutting, especially fine laser cutting, punching or water-jet cutting, especially fine water jet cutting, in order to form the contoured surface 130.
[0099] For the electrical heating element 144 according to FIG. 12, a helical line 148 is formed with a laser in the surface of the resistive wire, in order to form the contoured surface 140.
[0100] The electrical tubular heating element 50 shown in FIG. 13 with tubular metal sheath 51, electrically insulating material 52, electrical heating element 54 with opening 56 and connecting wires or connecting pins 55, 57 with openings 55a, 57a penetrating the connecting pin 55, 57 differs from the electrical tubular heating element 40 shown in FIGS. 4a and 4b not only in that it is designed for a two-sided electrical connection and consequently does not use the tubular metal sheath 51 as a return line, but instead primarily in that the electrical heating element 54 with opening 56 penetrating it along its length has a contoured peripheral surface, which is here realized such that a corrugated-tube-like construction was given to the resistive wire. Through this measure, an electrical heating element can compensate for length changes during temperature cycling in a considerably better way than is the case for elongated electrical heating elements.
[0101] Two additional embodiments of electrical tubular heating elements 60, 70 will now be shown with reference to FIGS. 14a, 14b, 14c, 15a and 15b.
[0102] FIG. 14a shows an exploded view (in which, however, the electrically insulating material 62 is not shown) of an electrical tubular heating element 60 and FIG. 15a shows a longitudinal section through this electrical tubular heating element 60. The construction of the electrical tubular heating element 60 with tubular metal sheath 61, electrically insulating material 62, electrical heating element 64 with opening 66 and connecting wires or connecting pins 65, 67 with openings 65a, 67a penetrating the connecting pins 65, 67 is essentially identical to that of the electrical tubular heating element 50 from FIG. 13 with the difference that here the electrical heating element 64 is a tubular resistive wire that is preferably self-supporting, i.e., it does not deform under its own weight. This embodiment shows, in particular, that an assembly made from connecting wires or connecting pins 65, 67 and electrical heating element 64 can then also be preconfigured and inserted into the interior of the tubular metal sheath 61, if it is decided not to use a bar made from electrically insulating material, as was explained above, for example, in connection with FIGS. 5a and 5b.
[0103] FIGS. 14b and 14c each show variants of connecting wires or connecting pins 75, 77, which can be used as alternatives to the connecting wires or connecting pins 65, 67. FIG. 15b shows an electrical tubular heating element 70 with such connecting pins 75, 77. Otherwise, the construction of the electrical tubular heating element 70 with tubular metal sheath 71, electrically insulating material 72, electrical heating element 74 with opening 76 and connecting wires or connecting pins 75, 77 is essentially identical to that of the electrical tubular heating element 60 from FIG. 15a.
[0104] FIG. 16a shows an exploded view (in which, however, the electrically insulating material 82 is not shown) of an electrical tubular heating element 80 and FIG. 16b shows a longitudinal section through this electrical tubular heating element 80. The construction of the electrical tubular heating element 80 with tubular metal sheath 81, electrically insulating material 82, electrical heating element 84 with opening 86 and connecting wires or connecting pins 85, 87 with opening 87a penetrating the connecting pin 85, 87 is similar to that of the electrical tubular heating element 60 from FIGS. 14a and 15a.
[0105] One very important difference, however, consists in that here the electrical heating element 84 is a tubular resistive wire that is preferably self-supporting, i.e., does not deform under its own weight, in which a helical-line-shaped groove 88 was also cut. In addition to a local modification of resistance, in this way a possibility for compensating length changes due to temperature cycling is prepared that can be realized more easily especially for small designs than the embodiment according to FIG. 13. As shown schematically in FIG. 16f, the helical-line-shaped groove 88 penetrating the tube wall is cut only in one tubular resistive wire, for example, with a laser 89.
[0106] Also in this embodiment it is possible that, as shown in FIG. 16e, an assembly made from connecting wires or connecting pins 85, 87 and electrical heating element 84 is preconfigured and can be inserted into the interior of the tubular metal sheath 81, even if connecting pins 85, 87 and electrical heating element 84 are not supposed to be soldered or welded, but instead the electrical contact is supposed to be realized through a press-fit contact.
[0107] FIG. 16c shows a variant of a connecting wire or connecting pin 95, which can be used as alternatives to the connecting wires or connecting pins 85, 87. The connecting pin 95 is distinguished in that its opening 95a is supported from the inside by cross-shaped reinforcement ribs 99. This can make a significant contribution in preventing an undesired deformation of a contact area, especially for small designs, if a press-fit contact is supposed to be formed.
[0108] FIG. 16d shows an electrical tubular heating element 90 with tubular metal with such connecting pins 95, 97. Otherwise, the construction of the electrical tubular heating element 90 with tubular metal sheath 91, electrically insulating material 92, electrical heating element 94 with opening 96 and connecting wires or connecting pins 95, 97 is essentially identical to that of the electrical tubular heating element 80 from FIG. 16b.
[0109] FIGS. 17a to 17g show again the plurality of designed degrees of freedom with respect to shape and arrangement of tubular metal sheath 211, 221, 231, 241, 251, 261, 271 and an opening along the length, which cannot be seen in the cross-sectional views of FIGS. 17a to 17e, because it is filled with electrically insulating material 212, 222, 232, 242, 252, 262, 272, and electrical heating element (214, 224, 234, 244, 254, 264, 274), which offers the construction principle according to the invention.
[0110] First, it can be seen that the cross section of the tubular metal sheath 211, 221, 231, 241, 251, 261, 271 can be selected to be, for example, round, rectangular, square, or rectangular with rounded corners, obviously oval or elliptical cross sections can also be chosen just as well.
[0111] Second, it can be seen that according to the cross section of the opening penetrating the resistive wire along its length, by which the electrical heating element 214, 224, 234, 244, 254, 264, 274 is formed, in addition to tubular electrical heating elements 214, also segment-like electrical heating elements 224, 234, electrical heating elements with a separated tube wall 242, 252 or even with overlapping electrical heating elements 264, 274 can be formed.
[0112] Third, this group of figures shows that the shown electrical heating elements with openings can each be obtained by rolling up, bending, or folding, in particular, (flat) band section-like or plate-shaped heating element blanks, that is, by global shaping processes.
[0113] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
LIST OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS
[0114] 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 Electrical tubular heating element [0115] 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91 Tubular metal sheath [0116] 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 82, 92 Electrically insulating material [0117] 13, 43 Base [0118] 14, 24, 34, 44, 54, 64, 74, 84, 94, 114, 124, 134, 144, 154, 164, 174, 184 Electrical heating element [0119] 15, 25, 27, 35, 37, 45, 55, 57, 65, 67, 75, 77, 85, 87, 95, 97, 155, 157, 165, 167 Connecting wire or connecting pin [0120] 16, 26, 36, 46, 56, 66, 76, 86, 96 Opening [0121] 28 Additional opening [0122] 34a, 34b Half shell [0123] 47, 55a, 57a, 65a, 67a Opening [0124] 77a, 118 Groove [0125] 88, 98 Helical-line-shaped groove [0126] 89 Laser [0127] 99 Cross-shaped reinforcement ribs [0128] 110, 120, 130, 140 Contoured peripheral surface [0129] 126 Ring [0130] 128 Slot [0131] 138 Recess [0132] 148 Helical line [0133] 150, 160 Assembly [0134] 158, 168, 178, 188 Bar made from electrically insulating material [0135] 184a, 184b Segment [0136] 211, 221, 231, 241, 251, 261, 271 Tubular metal sheath [0137] 212, 222, 223, 242, 252, 262, 272 Electrically insulating material [0138] 214, 224, 234, 244, 254, 264, 274 Electrical heating element
