Torches and methods of using them

Abstract

Certain embodiments described herein are directed to a torch that includes a lanthanide or actinide material. In some embodiments, the torch can include one or more other materials in combination with the lanthanide or actinide material. In some embodiments, the torch can comprise cerium, terbium or thorium. In other embodiments, the torch can comprise a lanthanide or actinide material comprising a melting point higher than the melting point of quartz.

Claims

1. A method of reducing degradation of a torch configured to sustain an atomization source, the method comprising providing a torch comprising a hollow cylindrical outer tube comprising an entrance end within a first section of the hollow cylindrical outer tube and an exit end within a second section of the hollow cylindrical outer tube, wherein the first section comprises a non-lanthanide or a non-actinide material, and wherein the first section and the second section are coupled to each other through at least one material, in which the exit end of the outer tube comprises an effective length and an effective amount of a lanthanide or actinide material to prevent degradation of the exit end of the torch, and wherein the at least one material coupling the first section and the second section is different than the non-refractory material of the first section and the at least one lanthanide or actinide material of the exit end of the second section.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising configuring the lanthanide or actinide material of the exit end to be present at the effective length in a longitudinal direction of the torch and along an internal surface of the hollow cylindrical outer tube of the torch.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising configuring the lanthanide or actinide material of the exit end to be coated onto an inner surface of the hollow cylindrical outer tube of the torch.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising configuring the lanthanide material of the exit end as cerium or terbium, the actinide material of the exit end as thorium, or the lanthanide or actinide material of the exit end as any lanthanide or actinide that has a working temperature greater than 750 degrees Celsius or greater than 1300 degrees Celsius.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising configuring the torch with a hollow cylindrical inner tube comprising an entrance end and an exit end, in which the exit end of the hollow cylindrical inner tube comprises an effective amount and an effective length of a lanthanide material or an actinide material.

6. The method of claim 1, comprising configuring the entire second section of the hollow cylindrical outer tube to comprise the lanthanide or the actinide material.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising configuring the hollow cylindrical outer tube with an opening within the second section comprising the lanthanide or actinide material.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising configuring the opening with an optically transparent material.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising configuring the hollow cylindrical outer tube to comprise a substantially constant diameter along a longitudinal dimension of the hollow cylindrical outer tube.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising coupling the first section and the second section to each other with an adhesive or cement.

11. The method of claim 1, further comprising coupling the first section and the second section through a frit or a ground glass joint.

12. A method of reducing degradation of a torch configured to sustain an atomization source, the method comprising providing a torch comprising a hollow cylindrical outer tube comprising an entrance end and an exit end coupled to each other through at least one material, wherein the torch further comprises a hollow cylindrical inner tube within the hollow cylindrical outer tube, in which the hollow cylindrical inner tube comprises an entrance end and an exit end, in which the entrance end of the hollow cylindrical inner tube comprises a non-lanthanide or non-actinide material and the exit end of the hollow cylindrical inner tube comprises a lanthanide or actinide material, and in which the exit end of the hollow cylindrical outer tube comprises an effective amount and an effective length of a lanthanide or actinide material to prevent degradation of the exit end of the outer tube.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising configuring the lanthanide or actinide material of the exit end of the hollow cylindrical outer tube to be present at the effective length in a longitudinal direction of the torch and along an internal surface of the outer tube of the torch.

14. The method of claim 12, further comprising configuring the lanthanide or actinide material of the exit end of the hollow cylindrical outer tube to be coated onto an inner surface of the hollow cylindrical outer tube of the torch.

15. The method of claim 12, further comprising configuring the lanthanide material of the exit end of the hollow cylindrical outer tube as cerium or terbium, the actinide material as thorium, or configuring the lanthanide or actinide material of exit end of the hollow cylindrical outer tube as any lanthanide or actinide material that has a working temperature greater than 750 degrees Celsius or greater than 1300 degrees Celsius.

16. The method of claim 12, in which the exit end of the hollow cylindrical inner tube comprises an effective amount of a cerium.

17. The method of claim 12, comprising configuring the entire exit end of the hollow cylindrical outer tube to comprise the lanthanide or the actinide material.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising configuring the hollow cylindrical outer tube with an opening within the exit end comprising the lanthanide or actinide material.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising configuring the opening with an optically transparent material.

20. The method of claim 12, further comprising configuring the hollow cylindrical outer tube to comprise a substantially constant diameter along a longitudinal dimension of the hollow cylindrical outer tube.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) Certain embodiments are described with reference to the accompanying figures in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is an illustration of a torch, in accordance with certain examples;

(3) FIG. 2 is an illustration of a torch comprising a terminal portion comprising a lanthanide material or an actinide material, in accordance with certain examples;

(4) FIG. 3 is an illustration of a torch comprising an outer tube and an inner tube, in accordance with certain examples;

(5) FIG. 4 is a side view of a Fassel torch, in accordance with certain examples;

(6) FIG. 5 is an illustration of a system comprising a torch and a helical induction coil, in accordance with certain examples;

(7) FIG. 6 is an illustration of a system comprising a torch and a flat plate electrode in accordance with certain examples;

(8) FIG. 7 is an illustration of a system mass spectrometry system, in accordance with certain examples;

(9) FIG. 8 is an illustration of an optical emission spectrometer, in accordance with certain examples;

(10) FIG. 9 is an illustration of an atomic absorption spectrometer, in accordance with certain examples;

(11) FIG. 10 is a photograph of a plasma torch showing devitrification of an exit end of the outer tube of the torch, in accordance with certain examples; and

(12) FIG. 11 is an illustration of a torch showing illustrative dimensions, in accordance with certain examples.

(13) It will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that certain dimensions or features of the torches may have been enlarged, distorted or shown in an otherwise unconventional or non-proportional manner to provide a more user friendly version of the figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(14) Certain embodiments are described below with reference to singular and plural terms in order to provide a user friendly description of the technology disclosed herein. These terms are used for convenience purposes only and are not intended to limit the torches, methods and systems described herein.

(15) In certain examples, the torches described herein can include one or more glass materials coupled to one or more other glass materials or non-glass materials which may have a higher melting point that the base glass material. Illustrative glass materials are commercially available from numerous sources including, but not limited to, Precision Electronics Glass (Vineland, N.J.) and may include, for example, quartz glasses or other suitable glasses. Certain components or areas of the torches may include lanthanide or actinide materials. Where lanthanide or actinide materials are present, the materials may be present in a substantially pure form and can be mixed with other materials in a desired amount, e.g., may be present in a major amount by weight (greater than 50% by weight based on the weight of the component including the lanthanide or actinide material) or may be present in a minor amount by weight (less than 50% by weight based on the weight of the component including the lanthanide or actinide material). In some instances, the lanthanide or actinide material may be present without any other species, e.g., a torch tip may consist essentially of a lanthanide material or an actinide material. Where lanthanide or actinide materials are present, they may be present with other materials to facilitate coating or deposition of the lanthanide or actinide materials onto a desired surface or region of the torches. In other configurations, a generally solid body of a lanthanide or actinide material can be coupled to other suitable components, e.g., a hollow quarts tube to provide a torch assembly that comprises a solid tip of the lanthanide or actinide material. In some configurations, the lanthanide or actinide material may be doped into quartz or other glasses in a minor amount, e.g., about 1-5% by weight based on the weight of the quartz or glass. If desired, only certain portions of the torch may comprise lanthanide or actinide doped regions, e.g., the torch tip or exit end of the torch may be doped with a lanthanide or actinide such as, for example, cerium, terbium or thorium.

(16) Certain examples of the torches described herein can permit lower gas flows due to the higher temperature tolerances of the torches. By using lower gas flows, e.g., lower cooling gas flows, the atomization sources may operate at even higher temperatures, which can provide enhanced atomization and/or ionization efficiencies and improved detection limits. In some embodiments, the torches described herein may permit a flow rate reduction of 10%, 25%, 50% or more compared to conventional flow rates used with quartz torches.

(17) In certain embodiments, a side view of an illustration of a body of a torch is shown in FIG. 1. The torch generally includes a body or outer tube 100 that comprises a quartz or glass material. The torch is generally configured to sustain an atomization source using a gas such as argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, acetylene or combinations of them or other suitable gases. In some examples the atomization source can be a plasma, a flame, an arc or other suitable atomization sources. In one embodiment, the atomization source can be an inductively coupled plasma which can be sustained using an induction coil, flat plate electrodes or other suitable induction devices as described herein. Referring again to FIG. 1, the outer tube 100 comprises an entrance end 112 and an exit end 114. Gas is provided to the torch through the entrance end 112 and exits the torch 114 at the exit end with the gas flowing generally in the direction of arrow 120. The gas may enter the torch through one or more side ports (not shown) or through a port generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the outer tube 100. For ease of description, the outer tube 100 can be divided into a first section 130 and a second section 140. The first section 130 is generally the section of the torch where sample desolvation occurs, and the section 140 of the torch is the section that is subjected to high temperatures from the atomization source. The section 140 may become devitrified, degrade or otherwise render the torch unsuitable for further use.

(18) In some embodiments, at least an effective amount of the section 140 can include a lanthanide or actinide material. The terms “lanthanide material” and “actinide material” refers to those elements commonly known as lanthanide or actinides, respectively, that may be present alone or in combination with other metals or non-metals. In certain embodiments, the lanthanide material may comprise cerium, terbium or other lanthanides. Where an actinide is present, the actinide material may comprise thorium, protactinium, uranium or a radioactive actinide that can decay to a stable form. The lanthanide or actinide material may be present in an effective region or area of the torch to permit analysis of organics, e.g., kerosene, gasoline, jet fuel or other petroleum based materials.

(19) In some embodiments, the lanthanide or actinide material may be a material that is effective to be exposed to a temperature of 600° C. or more without substantial degradation. While not wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, quartz generally degrades at about 570° C. If desired, the section 140 may have more than one type of lanthanide or actinide material, e.g., a first segment may include one type of material and a second segment may include a different type of material or different materials may be coated or layered into the inner surfaces of the section 140.

(20) In some embodiments, the lanthanide or actinide material may be coated onto an inner surface of the tube 100 in an effective length and/or effective thickness to prevent degradation of the materials comprising the outer portion of the torch section 140, e.g., to prevent degradation of any quartz present in the outer tube 140. While the exact length of the lanthanide or actinide material may vary, in some embodiments, the material may extend about 15 mm to about 40 mm into the body of the torch from the exit end, e.g., about 15-27 mm or 26 mm into the body of the torch from the exit end 114 of the torch. In other embodiments, the lanthanide or actinide material may extend about 15 mm to about 30 mm into the body of the torch from the exit end 114 of the torch. In some instances, the lanthanide or actinide material may extend from the exit end into the torch body about the same length as a slot present in the torch body. In certain embodiments, the illustrative dimensions provided herein for the lanthanide or actinide material may also be used where the material present is a material comprising a melting point higher than the melting point of quartz.

(21) In certain examples, the particular thickness of the lanthanide or actinide material coating on the section 140 of the tube 100 may vary and the coating is not necessarily the same thickness along the longitudinal axis direction of the tube 100. The section 140 may experience higher temperatures at regions adjacent to the desolvation region 130 and lower temperatures at regions adjacent to the exit end 114 of the tube 100. The thickness adjacent to the end 114 may be less than the thickness present near the desolvation region 130 to account for the differences in temperature at different regions of the tube 100. While the exact longitudinal length of the desolvation region may vary, in certain embodiments, it may be about 11-15 from one end of the desolvation region to the other. In certain examples, a lanthanide or actinide material, or a material comprising a melting point higher than a melting point of quartz, may be present from where the desolvation region ends to the exit end 114.

(22) In certain embodiments, the section 140 of the tube 100 may substantially comprise a lanthanide or actinide material. For example, the section 140 can include a solid body of a lanthanide or actinide material that can be coupled to the section 130, which itself may be a lanthanide or actinide material or a non-lanthanide or non-actinide material. In some embodiments, the lanthanide or actinide material section can be coupled to the desolvation region section through an adhesive, a frit, a ground glass joint, can be fused to the desolvation region section or is otherwise coupled to the desolvation region section to provide a substantially fluid tight seal so gas does not leak out at the joint.

(23) In some embodiments, substantially all of the outer tube can comprise a lanthanide or actinide material, e.g., a solid body of cerium, terbium, thorium or combinations thereof. In some instances, it may be desirable to include one or more optically transparent windows in the tube to permit viewing of the atomization source. Referring to FIG. 2, a torch comprising an outer tube 200 that comprises a generally solid body of a lanthanide or actinide material with an entrance end 212 and an exit end 214. The tube 200 can include an optically transparent window 220 to permit viewing of atomization source. For example, it may be desirable to view the atomization source to permit adjustment of the gas flows and or adjust the position of the torch within the induction device, if present. In some embodiments, the systems described herein can include one or more safety mechanisms that automatically shut off the power to the induction device or components thereof, e.g., a generator, and/or shut off the gas flows if the atomization source extinguishes. In such instances, an optically transparent window can permit optical monitoring of the atomization source to ensure it still remains present in the torch. In some instances, more than a single optically transparent window can be present if desired.

(24) In certain examples, the exact dimensions of the optically transparent window can vary from torch to torch and system to system. In some embodiments, the optically transparent window is large enough to permit viewing of the atomization source with the unaided human eye from a distance of about 3-5 feet. In other embodiments, the optically transparent window may comprise dimensions of about 9 mm to about 18 mm, for example, about 12 mm to about 18 mm. The exact shape of the optically transparent window can vary from rectangular, elliptical, circular or other geometric shapes can be present. The term “window” is used generally, and in certain instances the window may take the form of a circular hole that has been drilled radially into the torch. The drilled hole can be sealed with an optically transparent material to provide a substantially fluid tight seal. In certain embodiments, the optically transparent window may comprise quartz or other generally transparent materials that can withstand temperatures of around 500-550° C. or higher. In some embodiments, an optical element such as, for example, a lens, mirror, fiber optic device or the like can be optically coupled to the hole or window to collect or receive light (or a signal) provided by the atomization source.

(25) In certain embodiments, the torches described herein can also include an inner tube positioned in an outer tube. In some embodiments, the atomization source can be sustained at a terminal portion of the inner tube, and a cooling gas may be provided to cool the tubes of the torch. Referring to FIG. 3, a torch 300 comprises an outer tube 310 and an inner tube 320 within the outer tube 310. As described herein, one or more lanthanide or actinide materials may be present on an exit end of the outer tube 320 to prevent degradation of the exit end. If desired, some or all of the inner tube 320 may also include one or more lanthanide or actinide materials, e.g., at an exit end of the inner tube or substantially all of the inner tube may comprise a lanthanide or actinide material. Where a lanthanide or actinide material is present in the inner tube, it may be the same or may be different than the lanthanide or actinide material present in the outer tube. Where the inner tube comprises a generally solid lanthanide or actinide material body, an optically transparent window can be present on the inner tube and the outer tube. If desired, at least some degree of the optically transparent windows of the inner and outer tubes can be aligned so the atomization source in the torch can be viewed by a user.

(26) In certain embodiments, the torches described herein can be used to sustain a plasma. Referring to FIG. 4, a simplified illustration of a torch 400 is shown. The torch 400 comprises an outer tube 410 comprising a fluid inlet 412 at an entrance end, and an inner tube 420 comprising a fluid inlet 422 at an entrance end. The torch 400 can receive a nebulizer 430 or other sample introduction device. In operation, a plasma gas can be introduced through the fluid inlet 412, an intermediate gas can be introduced through the fluid inlet 422, and a nebulizer gas and sample can be introduced using the nebulizer 430. One or more types of induction devices, e.g., a helical induction coil, flat plate electrodes or other suitable devices can be used to sustain the plasma adjacent to the exit end of the nebulizer 430 and the exit end of the inner tube 420. The area or region of the outer tube 410 where the plasma is sustained may comprise one or more lanthanide or actinide materials as described herein. The area of the outer tube 410 that surrounds the inner tube 420 may comprise a non-lanthanide or non-actinide material, e.g., quartz, or may comprise a lanthanide or actinide material and an optically transparent window as described herein. In some embodiments, the segments of the outer tube 410 may be fused, adhered to each other, coupled to each other through a frit, a ground glass joint or intermediate material or otherwise joined to each other to provide a substantially fluid tight seal. In some embodiments, the outer tube 410 may comprise a generally solid quartz tube with a coating of lanthanide or actinide material, e.g., a cerium, terbium or thorium coating, on the inner surfaces where the plasma is sustained. The exact length of the coating may vary, but in certain instances, the coating may extend from an exit end of the outer tube 410 to the area immediately underlying the exit end of the inner tube 420. The exact thickness of the coating may also vary but the coating is desirably not so thick as to interfere with the gas flows through the torch 400.

(27) In certain embodiments, the torches described herein can be present in a system configured to detect one or more species that have been atomized and/or ionized by the atomization source. In some embodiments, the system comprises a torch comprising a hollow cylindrical outer tube comprising an entrance end and an exit end, in which the exit end of the outer tube comprises a lanthanide or actinide material present in an effective length and/or an effective amount to prevent degradation of the exit end of the torch. In certain embodiments, the system can also include an induction device comprising an aperture configured to receive the torch and provide radio frequency energy to the torch to sustain the atomization source in the torch.

(28) In some examples, the induction device may be a helical coil as shown in FIG. 5. The system 500 comprises a torch comprising an outer tube 510, an inner tube 520, a nebulizer 530 and a helical induction coil 550. The system 500 can be used to sustain a plasma 560 using the gas flows shown generally by the arrows in FIG. 5. The region 512 of the outer tube 510 may comprise a lanthanide or actinide material coating or may comprise a generally solid body of lanthanide or actinide material, e.g., a solid body of cerium, terbium or thorium. The helical induction coil 550 may be electrically coupled to a radio frequency energy source to provide radio frequency energy to the torch to sustain a plasma 560 within the torch. In some embodiments, optical emission from excited, atomized or ionized species in the plasma can be detected using a suitable detector. If desired, species in the plasma can be provided to a different instrument or device as described herein.

(29) In some embodiments, the induction device may comprise one or more plate electrodes. For example and referring to FIG. 6, a system 600 comprises an outer tube 610, an inner tube 620, a nebulizer 630 and a plate electrode 642. An optional second plate electrode 644 is shown as being present, and, if desired, three or more plate electrodes may also be present. The outer tube 610 can be positioned within apertures of the plate electrodes 642, 644 as shown in FIG. 6. The system 600 can be used to sustain a plasma 660 using the gas flows shown by the arrows in FIG. 6. The region 650 of the outer tube 610 may comprise a lanthanide or actinide material coating or may comprise a generally solid body of lanthanide or actinide material, e.g., a solid body of cerium, terbium or thorium. The plate electrode(s) may be electrically coupled to a radio frequency energy source to provide radio frequency energy to the torch to sustain a plasma 660 within the torch. In some embodiments, optical emission from excited, atomized or ionized species in the plasma can be detected using a suitable detector. If desired, species in the plasma can be provided to a different instrument or device as described herein.

(30) In certain embodiments, the torches described herein can be used in a system configured to perform mass spectrometry (MS). For example and referring to FIG. 7, MS device 700 includes a sample introduction device 710, an atomization device 720 which can comprise one or more of the torches described herein, a mass analyzer 730, a detection device 740, a processing device 750 and a display 760. The sample introduction device 710, the atomization device 720, the mass analyzer 730 and the detection device 740 may be operated at reduced pressures using one or more vacuum pumps. In certain examples, however, only the mass analyzer 730 and the detection device 740 may be operated at reduced pressures. The sample introduction device 710 may include an inlet system configured to provide sample to the atomization device 720. The inlet system may include one or more batch inlets, direct probe inlets and/or chromatographic inlets. The sample introduction device 710 may be an injector, a nebulizer or other suitable devices that may deliver solid, liquid or gaseous samples to the atomization device 720. The atomization device 720 may comprise any one of or more of the torches described herein that include a lanthanide or actinide material in some part of the torch, e.g., at an exit end of an outer tube of the torch. The mass analyzer 730 may take numerous forms depending generally on the sample nature, desired resolution, etc. and exemplary mass analyzers are discussed further below. The detection device 740 may be any suitable detection device that may be used with existing mass spectrometers, e.g., electron multipliers, Faraday cups, coated photographic plates, scintillation detectors, etc., and other suitable devices that will be selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. The processing device 750 typically includes a microprocessor and/or computer and suitable software for analysis of samples introduced into MS device 700. One or more databases may be accessed by the processing device 750 for determination of the chemical identity of species introduced into MS device 700. Other suitable additional devices known in the art may also be used with the MS device 700 including, but not limited to, autosamplers, such as AS-90plus and AS-93plus autosamplers commercially available from PerkinElmer Health Sciences, Inc.

(31) In certain embodiments, the torches described herein can be used in optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Referring to FIG. 8, OES device 800 includes a sample introduction device 810, an atomization device 820 comprising one of the torches described herein, and a detection device 830. The sample introduction device 810 may vary depending on the nature of the sample. In certain examples, the sample introduction device 810 may be a nebulizer that is configured to aerosolize liquid sample for introduction into the atomization device 820. In other examples, the sample introduction device 810 may be an injector configured to receive sample that may be directly injected or introduced into the atomization device 820. Other suitable devices and methods for introducing samples will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. The detection device 830 may take numerous forms and may be any suitable device that may detect optical emissions, such as optical emission 825. For example, the detection device 830 may include suitable optics, such as lenses, mirrors, prisms, windows, band-pass filters, etc. The detection device 830 may also include gratings, such as echelle gratings, to provide a multi-channel OES device. Gratings such as echelle gratings may allow for simultaneous detection of multiple emission wavelengths. The gratings may be positioned within a monochromator or other suitable device for selection of one or more particular wavelengths to monitor. In certain examples, the detection device 830 may include a charge coupled device (CCD). In other examples, the OES device may be configured to implement Fourier transforms to provide simultaneous detection of multiple emission wavelengths. The detection device may be configured to monitor emission wavelengths over a large wavelength range including, but not limited to, ultraviolet, visible, near and far infrared, etc. The OES device 800 may further include suitable electronics such as a microprocessor and/or computer and suitable circuitry to provide a desired signal and/or for data acquisition. Suitable additional devices and circuitry are known in the art and may be found, for example, on commercially available OES devices such as Optima 2100DV series and Optima 5000 DV series OES devices commercially available from PerkinElmer Health Sciences, Inc. The optional amplifier 840 may be operative to increase a signal 835, e.g., amplify the signal from detected photons, and provides the signal to display 850, which may be a readout, computer, etc. In examples where the signal 835 is sufficiently large for display or detection, the amplifier 840 may be omitted. In certain examples, the amplifier 840 is a photomultiplier tube configured to receive signals from the detection device 830. Other suitable devices for amplifying signals, however, will be selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. It will also be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to retrofit existing OES devices with the atomization devices disclosed here and to design new OES devices using the atomization devices disclosed here. The OES devices may further include autosamplers, such as AS90 and AS93 autosamplers commercially available from PerkinElmer Health Sciences, Inc. or similar devices available from other suppliers.

(32) In certain examples, the torches described herein can be used in an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Referring to FIG. 9, a single beam AAS 900 comprises a power source 910, a lamp 920, a sample introduction device 925, an atomization device 930 comprising one of the torches described herein, a detection device 940, an optional amplifier 950 and a display 960. The power source 910 may be configured to supply power to the lamp 920, which provides one or more wavelengths of light 922 for absorption by atoms and ions. Suitable lamps include, but are not limited to mercury lamps, cathode ray lamps, lasers, etc. The lamp may be pulsed using suitable choppers or pulsed power supplies, or in examples where a laser is implemented, the laser may be pulsed with a selected frequency, e.g. 5, 10, or 20 times/second. The exact configuration of the lamp 920 may vary. For example, the lamp 920 may provide light axially along the torch body of the atomization device 930 or may provide light radially along the atomization device 930. The example shown in FIG. 9 is configured for axial supply of light from the lamp 920. As discussed above, there may be signal-to-noise advantages using axial viewing of signals. The atomization device 930 may be any of the atomization devices discussed herein or other suitable atomization devices including a boost device that may be readily selected or designed by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. As sample is atomized and/or ionized in the atomization device 930, the incident light 922 from the lamp 20 may excite atoms. That is, some percentage of the light 922 that is supplied by the lamp 920 may be absorbed by the atoms and ions in the torch of atomization device 930. The segment of the torch that includes the lanthanide or actinide material may include one or more optical windows, if desired, to permit receipt and/or transmission of light from the lamp 920. The remaining percentage of the light 935 may be transmitted to the detection device 940. The detection device 940 may provide one or more suitable wavelengths using, for example, prisms, lenses, gratings and other suitable devices such as those discussed above in reference to the OES devices, for example. The signal may be provided to the optional amplifier 950 for increasing the signal provided to the display 960. To account for the amount of absorption by sample in the atomization device 930, a blank, such as water, may be introduced prior to sample introduction to provide a 100% transmittance reference value. The amount of light transmitted once sample is introduced into atomization chamber may be measured, and the amount of light transmitted with sample may be divided by the reference value to obtain the transmittance. The negative log.sub.10 of the transmittance is equal to the absorbance. AS device 900 may further include suitable electronics such as a microprocessor and/or computer and suitable circuitry to provide a desired signal and/or for data acquisition. Suitable additional devices and circuitry may be found, for example, on commercially available AS devices such as AAnalyst series spectrometers commercially available from PerkinElmer Health Sciences, Inc. It will also be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to retrofit existing AS devices with the atomization devices disclosed here and to design new AS devices using the atomization devices disclosed here. The AS devices may further include autosamplers known in the art, such as AS-90A, AS-90plus and AS-93plus autosamplers commercially available from PerkinElmer, Inc. In certain embodiments, a double beam AAS device, instead of a single beam AAS device, comprising one of the torches described herein may be used to measure atomic absorption of species.

(33) In certain embodiments, a method of reducing degradation of a torch can include providing a torch comprising a hollow cylindrical outer tube comprising an entrance end and an exit end, in which the exit end comprises an effective amount of a lanthanide or actinide material. In some examples, the lanthanide or actinide material can be configured to be present at an effective length in a longitudinal direction of the torch and along an internal surface of the outer tube of the torch. In other examples, the lanthanide or actinide material can be configured to be coated onto the inner surface of the outer tube of the torch. In some embodiments, the lanthanide or actinide material can be configured to be at least one of cerium, terbium or thorium or lanthanide or actinides that have working temperature greater than 750 degrees Celsius or greater than 1300 degrees Celsius. In certain examples, the torch can be configured with a hollow cylindrical inner tube comprising an entrance end and an exit end, in which the exit end of the inner tube comprises an effective amount or an effective length or both of a lanthanide or actinide material.

(34) In some examples, a method of reducing degradation of a torch configured to sustain an atomization source can include providing a torch comprising a hollow cylindrical outer tube comprising an entrance end and an exit end and a hollow cylindrical inner tube within the hollow cylindrical outer tube, in which the hollow cylindrical inner tube comprises an entrance end and an exit end and in which the exit end of the outer tube comprises an effective amount, an effective length or both of a lanthanide or actinide material. In certain embodiments, the method can include configuring the lanthanide or actinide material to be present at an effective length in a longitudinal direction of the torch and along an internal surface of the outer tube of the torch. In some examples, the method can include configuring the lanthanide or actinide material to be coated onto the inner surface of the outer tube of the torch. In certain embodiments, the method can include configuring the lanthanide or actinide material to be at least one of cerium, thorium, terbium or combinations thereof of lanthanide or actinide materials that have working temperature greater than 750 degrees Celsius or greater than 1300 degrees Celsius. In additional examples, the method can include configuring the torch with a hollow cylindrical inner tube comprising an entrance end and an exit end, in which the exit end of the inner tube comprises an effective amount, an effective length or both of a lanthanide or actinide material.

(35) Certain specific examples are described below to illustrate further some of the novel aspects of the technology described herein.

Example 1

(36) A photograph of a conventional plasma torch comprising a quartz outer tube is shown in FIG. 10. An exit end 1010 of the torch is shown as being degraded from exposure to the high plasma temperatures, which can result in devitrification of the exit end. Where lower cooling gas flows are used the devitrification issues can occur at faster rates. By using a lanthanide or actinide material coating, e.g., cerium, terbium or thorium coating, on the surfaces shown as devitrified in FIG. 10, the torch lifetime can be greatly increased. Alternatively, the devitrified area can be replaced with a lanthanide or actinide material solid body to repair the torch and permit use of the new torch comprising the lanthanide or actinide material.

Example 2

(37) An illustration of a torch is shown in FIG. 11. The overall length L of the torch is about 120 mm A tip 1110, e.g., a cerium, terbium or thorium tip, is present from the end of the torch at a length of about 26 mm A ground glass joint 1130 is present between a quartz body 1120 and the tip 1110 and spans about 10 mm on the torch with about 2 mm of overlap with the tip 1110. If desired, the ground glass joint can be polished or otherwise rendered substantially optically transparent to permit better visualization of the plasma in the torch.

(38) When introducing elements of the examples disclosed herein, the articles “a,” “an,” “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including” and “having” are intended to be open-ended and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. It will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that various components of the examples can be interchanged or substituted with various components in other examples.

(39) Although certain aspects, examples and embodiments have been described above, it will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that additions, substitutions, modifications, and alterations of the disclosed illustrative aspects, examples and embodiments are possible.