Abstract
A projectile, that can be tracked by optical means, is fitted with a special tracer incorporated into the projectile's trailing edge. The rearward facing special tracer is incorporated into a metal disk which is crimped to the projectile's metal jacket. The special tracer includes micro-prismatic features that reflect light at the incidence angle. Alternatively, the disk incorporates a fluorescent dye that is responsive to a laser emission. External emitted radiation is reflected or re-emitted from the trailing edge of the projectile, allowing for an external electro-optic tracking device to identify the position of the projectile in flight.
Claims
1. An ammunition cartridge configured to be fired from a weapon, the cartridge incorporating a projectile comprising an external elongated metal jacket, a ductile core, and a non-pyrotechnic tracer configured perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the projectile, the exterior of the non-pyrotechnic tracer having a reflective surface and a retroreflective morphology, the tracer crimped in place retained by the elongated metal jacket, forming the aft end of the projectile having retroreflective characteristics.
2. The ammunition cartridge of claim 1, wherein the perpendicular tracer configuration maximizes a light signal return to a detector in specific wavelengths.
3. The ammunition cartridge of claim 2, wherein the perpendicular tracer configuration increases an observable range of the projectile as the retroreflective surface of the tracer returns light in a specific wavelength to the detector.
4. The ammunition cartridge of claim 1, wherein the perpendicular tracer configuration increases an angle of reflectance of the projectile during a flight of the projectile.
5. The ammunition cartridge of claim 1, wherein the perpendicular configuration coincides with a centerline of a fabrication dye for fabricating the projectile.
6. The ammunition cartridge of claim 1, wherein the reflective surface of the tracer is formed from a metal.
7. The ammunition cartridge of claim 6, wherein the reflective surface of the tracer is optimized for reflection in a spectrum associated with a metal chemistry of the reflective surface.
8. The ammunition cartridge of claim 1, wherein the tracer is configured from a thin metal disk, the configuration maximizing the cavity volume within the projectile.
9. The ammunition cartridge of claim 8, wherein the tracer is configured from the thin metal disk with the reflective surface of silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, chrome or a dielectric.
10. The ammunition cartridge of claim 8, wherein the tracer is coated with a reflective chrome finish.
11. The ammunition cartridge of claim 8, wherein the tracer configured from the thin metal disk allows a cavity of the projectile to have a matching ballistic match to ball ammunition.
12. The ammunition cartridge of claim 1, wherein the tracer is crimped without a damage to the retroreflective surface of the tracer.
13. An ammunition projectile comprising: a metal jacket; a ductile core included within the metal jacket; and a non-pyrotechnic tracer configured perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the ammunition projectile, the exterior of the tracer having a reflective surface and a retroreflective morphology, the tracer crimped in place retained by the metal jacket, forming the aft end of the projectile having retroreflective characteristics.
14. The ammunition projectile of claim 13, wherein the perpendicular tracer configuration maximizes a return light signal, in a wavelength, to a detector adjacent to a firing point.
15. The ammunition projectile of claim 14, wherein the perpendicular tracer configuration increases a range the projectile remains visible to the detector.
16. The ammunition projectile of claim 13, wherein the perpendicular tracer configuration coincides with a centerline of a fabrication dye for fabricating the ammunition projectile.
17. The ammunition projectile of claim 13, wherein the tracer is fabricated from a metal with reflective surface of silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, chrome or a dielectric.
18. The ammunition projectile of claim 13, wherein the tracer is fabricated with the retroreflective morphology impressed, embossed, stamped, or etched on a polished metal substrate.
19. The ammunition projectile of claim 13, wherein the tracer is coated with a reflective chrome finish.
20. A method for fabricating a projectile, comprising: combining a metal jacket with a swaged ductile core, forming a metal jacket with a core; shaping a metal plate with a retroreflective surface into a disk; forming a tracer for the projectile with the disk; inserting the tracer into a tool to form a full metal jacketed projectile and to have a perpendicular alignment in which the tracer is aligned perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the ammunition projectile; and crimping the tracer onto an aft end of the metal jacket without a damage to the reflective surface.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0048] FIG. 1A shows the impact location and dispersion for ball ammunition.
[0049] FIG. 1B depicts the impact locations and dispersion for normal energetic tracer projectiles.
[0050] FIG. 1C depicts the impact locations and dispersion for ball/tracer mix.
[0051] FIG. 2A depicts a standard cartridge housing a projectile.
[0052] FIG. 2B depicts a standard cartridge housing a projectile in cross-section.
[0053] FIG. 2C depicts a standard cartridge in a breach firing a projectile, the projectile having exited the cartridge traveling in a barrel where burning, expanding propellant gases (not depicted) propel the projectile.
[0054] FIG. 3A provides a perspective view depicting a projectile tracking device that includes an emitter 18 illuminating a light cone 20 that intersects the ballistic path of a projectile in flight 10.
[0055] FIGS. 3B and 3C provide views that further illustrate a methodology to observe and record the projectile's location with a tracking device that illuminates the projectile's path.
[0056] FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate how an external radiation emission source 18 mounted on the barrel of the weapon emitting light in a cone of illumination 20 intersects with the projectile 10, along the projectile's flight path.
[0057] FIG. 4 depicts an external view of a FMJ projectile incorporating a special tracer.
[0058] FIG. 5A depicts two views of a special tracer that is in a wafer form.
[0059] FIG. 5B depicts a view of a special tracer that is in a wafer form and a magnified view of the surface morphology of the disk.
[0060] FIG. 5C depicts a view of a special tracer that is in a wafer with a non-burning phosphorous composition optimized to re-emit laser light.
[0061] FIG. 6A is a cut-away view of a projectile with a full metal jacket (“FMJ”) and a special tracer.
[0062] FIG. 6B depicts the special tracer, crimped to the projectile's trailing edge forming a fully encapsulating metal jacket.
[0063] FIG. 6C is a detailed, cross-sectional view of the crimped wafer forming the trailing edge of the projectile providing the projectile with a sealed outer metal body.
[0064] FIG. 6D are two perspective views (one in cross-section) of FMJ projectile and a special tracer crimped to the trailing edge.
[0065] FIG. 7 depicts one external perspective view and three cross-sectional perspective views of an FMJ projectile, with differing internal configurations, all incorporating a special tracer in the trailing edge.
[0066] FIG. 8A depicts a perspective and rear view of a projectile with a special tracer and a magnified view of the wafer's outer surface, the outer surface including micro-prismatic facets and morphology formed into a metal.
[0067] FIGS. 8B, 8Ca and 8Cb depict variant external morphology of a special retro-reflective tracer with magnified cut-away side views in 8Ca and 8Cb.
[0068] FIG. 8D depicts side or cross-sectional views of the metal, magnified pyramid morphology with illustrated path of retro-reflected light.
[0069] FIG. 8E shows that the angle of radiation incidence and reflectance are approximately parallel with a micro-prismatic surface.
[0070] FIG. 8F depicts a projectile's attitude in fight and a corresponding micro-prismatic surface, in the special tracer, perpendicular to the flight attitude. The figure further depicts the angle of illumination incidence and reflectance that results from the micro-prismatic surface.
[0071] FIG. 9 depicts a projectile with a special tracer that includes a fluorescent dye in a medium adhering to the disk, the fluorescent dye being able to re-emit light after illumination by a laser pulse.
[0072] FIG. 10 depicts are projectile with a special tracer that incorporates a fluorescent dye in a sub-strata with a protective or ablative coating.
[0073] FIG. 11 is a graph response curve (signal return versus time in milliseconds). Incorporating fluorescent phosphorous materials into a special tracer allow the projectile to re-emit light after excitement by laser.
[0074] FIG. 12A is a depiction of a trackable projectile and that projectile's changing orientation in a flight path.
[0075] FIG. 12B depicts a trajectory plot of a 0.50 caliber projectile. The table on the left of the figure is a 0.50 cal range table and the flight time at different ranges.
[0076] FIG. 12C illustrate light fall and return on a retroreflective disk, in detail with incidental light fall, reflectance to the retroreflective disk and the return of light to the angle of incidence.
[0077] FIG. 12D depicts the exaggerated nutational movement of a projectile exhibiting 6 degrees of freedom (6DOF) orientation changes, in flight, where the changing yaw and pitch orientation of the projectile change the incidence of light fall and return continuously changing while the trackable projectile is in ballistic flight.
[0078] FIG. 12E depicts a projection of movement associated with the aft projection of nutational movement when the projectile is in ballistic flight.
[0079] FIG. 13A depicts detail regarding the necessary alignment of the retroreflective disk perpendicular to the projectile's axis of rotation, in an optically trackable projectile.
[0080] FIG. 13B depicts key features of an optically trackable projectile with a special disk crimped in place by the projectile's metal jacket forming an enclosed aft end of the projectile. The special disk retro-reflective metal surface positioned in the aft of the projectile oriented with retroreflective surface exploded view facing rearwards.
[0081] FIG. 14A Fabrication Process Flow to Fabricate an Optically Trackable Projectile with a Special Tracer disk.
[0082] FIG. 14B Fabrication Process Flow to Fabricate an Optically Trackable Projectile with a Special Tracer disk 34, the core formed housing a penetrator.
[0083] FIG. 15C1 depicts a metal plate (with a retroreflective morphology) and a punch, fabricating a disk with minimal damage to the surface of the Special Tracer disk.
[0084] FIG. 15C2 depicts laser cutting of a metal plate (with a retroreflective morphology) and a laser cut, fabricating a disk with minimal damage to the surface of the Special Tracer disk.
[0085] FIG. 15D depicts a Swaging Tool and Die set, forming a core.
[0086] FIG. 15E depicts a Swaging Tool and Die set, forming a core with an inset, that can hold a penetrator (not depicted).
[0087] FIG. 15F depicts a Tool and Die set with a metal jacket held by a die, inserting a core into a metal jacket, with a tool.
[0088] FIG. 15G depicts the Bullet Assembly Tool and Die, forming a Trackable projectile with a balance mass distribution about the projectile's axis of rotation, and further insertion of the special tracer disk perpendicular to the axis of rotation, the insertion of the special tracer into the projectile utilizing a tool that has a relief feature precluding damaging the special tracer's exterior surface.
[0089] FIGS. 15H and 15I depict fabrication of the optically trackable bullet the crimping action symmetrically forming the crimping tool and die so the tracer crimp secures the special tracer disk positioned perpendicular to projectile's axis of rotation, producing a complete optically trackable projectile, with properly aligned Special Tracer.
[0090] FIG. 16 depicts the different reflectance of metals at certain wavelengths, the special tracer material selected to optimize reflectance in a spectrum corresponding to the emitter.
[0091] FIG. 17A depicts alignment (or misalignment) of the special tracer with the rotation axis where incorrect crimping creates an error in alignment. The alignment error reducing the return light intensity.
[0092] FIG. 17B depicts the increasing incident angles associate with misalignment of the special tracer, the projectile's pitch and yaw and orientation associated with the flight trajectory.
[0093] FIG. 18A depicts the theoretical returning light intensity from a retro-reflector, the reduced strength associated with the reduced light associated with changing projectile orientation (pitch, yaw, and flight orientation), the threshold of a detector's sensitivity and the additional loss associated with a misaligned tracer.
[0094] FIG. 18B depicts adequate returning light from a special tracer, and an inadequate returning light where the return signal is below the detector's capability to sense light, the light return level determined by the incidence angle of light from a special tracer with a retroreflector.
[0095] FIG. 18C depicts a light return image at the position of a detector, identifying poor light imaging, and adequate light imaging.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0096] The preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 1-11 of the drawings. Identical elements in various figures are designated with the same reference numerals.
[0097] FIGS. 1A-1C respectively show a Monte Carlo simulation of 0.308 sierra ball, tracer and ball/tracer bullet mix. Tracer bullets are normally fired with a ball to tracer mix. The mean impact point of bullets with and without burning tracers is significant when firing at longer ranges. The comparative tracer and ball comparisons highlight the ballistic drawbacks associated with use of energetic tracers.
[0098] According to the invention, the trackable projectile or “bullet” 10 is fabricated with a full metal jacket (“FMJ”) 26 and incorporates a special tracer 28. The special tracer is a not energetic but is provided with special characteristics that are incorporated into a thin metal disk 28. During assembly of the projectile, the disk or wafer 28 is crimped 32 to the trailing edge of the projectile's metal jacket 26 and forming a sealed metal jacket surrounding the bullet's internal material or materials 26A. The special tracer in wafer form either reemits or reflects radiation rearward.
[0099] The special tracers 28 are crimped 32 thus forming a trailing edge of the projectile 30. When illuminated by laser light from the vicinity of a weapon, the special tracer 34 light is reflected, allowing for identification and locating of the projectile in flight. FIGS. 6A-6D depict a projectile with a special tracer. The special tracer 28 is crimped by the bullet's exterior metal jacket 26 to form a sealed metal jacket 26A surrounding the bullet's interior metal or components. The special tracer 28 is formed to include micro-prismatic structures 34 in the exterior metal surface as depicted in FIGS. 8A-8D. With reference to FIGS. 3A-3C and 8E viewed in combination, the diagrams illustrate how an external device with an emitter 18 and detector 24 illuminate the projectile's flight path 20, and light 72 reaching the disk 34 is reflected in the direction of the incident radiation by the micro-prismatic structures 68, returning the light 74 at an angle of incidence to the external optical detector 24 co-located with the emitter 18. The array of micro-prismatic structures 68 produce a conical reflectance return 74 allowing for the reflected light to be observed by a detector 24. The cone of reflected light produced by the projectile 10 provides for continued tracking of the projectile, through its ballistic flight path 22 and provides for continued tracking where the rotational variation of spin has induced projectile yaw, precession and nutation.
[0100] A partially completed projectile may be assembled with the special tracer 28, fit the rear of the projectile as depicted in FIG. 6C, and then crimped 32 to the FMJ 26 by crimping or metal forming, thus completing a fully encapsulating metal jacket 26A and retaining the special tracer 28 within the finished projectile 10.
[0101] After completing manufacture of the projectile 10, the projectile is then loaded into a cartridge case 04 that is filled with propellant 08 forming a completed projectile 02 (FIGS. 2B and 2C). The product may benefit from use of a propellant 08 with an optimized stoichiometric balance, as such propellants are known to burn and minimize reside from propellant combustion. Thus, a clean burning propellant in combination with special tracers is useful in precluding the unwanted deposition of carbonaceous residue on a special tracer's surface.
[0102] In a second embodiment the wafer includes a fluorescent material (e.g., a dye) that is responsive and re-emits light when radiated with a laser. The light re-emission 46 returns a light signal to an optical detector or 24 tracking device. When illuminated by a light from the vicinity of a weapon 18, light is re-emitted from the projectile's trailing edge 30 in the direction of the weapon. FIGS. 6A-D depict projectiles with a special tracer. The special tracer 28 is crimped by the bullets exterior metal jacket 28 to form a sealed metal jacket 28A surrounding the bullet's interior metal or components. The special tracer disk 28, 36 includes fluorescent dyes responsive to laser emission that include phosphorous. FIG. 5C depicts a special tracer that exhibits a special light response (reemission) that is crimped to a FMJ projectile 58 that, when excited by laser light, reemits radiation as identified in FIG. 11. A cartridge with this type of special tracer in the trailing edge may incorporate an ablative or protective material 36B that burns or otherwise vaporizes after cartridge ignition.
[0103] In another embodiment, a projectile may include a special tracer 28,28A,28B,30 which is perpendicularly aligned with an axis of rotation of the projectile 10′ to maximize reflectivity through yaw, pitch, and changes in the flight characteristics of the projectile 10′. For example, aligning the retro-reflective special tracer 28A, 30 with the axis of the rotation expands a range of the projectile 10 during which the retro-reflective surface 60 remains visible to the detector 24 or the shooter. That is, as the projectile 10 ascends to or descends from a maximum height during the flight path 22 of the projectile 10, the perpendicular alignment allows the visibility of the retro-reflective surface 60 of the special tracer 28, 28B, 30 up to six (6) degrees of freedom, whereas a non-perpendicular alignment may only allow the visibility of the retroreflective surface up to 2 or 3 degrees of freedom, thereby reducing the visibility of the retro-reflective surface 60 of the projectile 10 in its flight path 22.
[0104] In some example, an ammunition projectile 10′ may include a metal jacket 26, a ductile core 21 included within the metal jacket 26, and a non-pyrotechnic tracer 28A,28B,30 configured perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the ammunition projectile 10′, the exterior of the tracer 28A,28B,30 having a reflective surface and a retroreflective morphology 60, the tracer 28A,28B,30 crimped 32 in place retained by the metal jacket 26, forming the aft end of the projectile 10′ having retroreflective characteristics. The perpendicular tracer configuration may maximize a return light signal, in a wavelength, to a detector 24 adjacent to a firing point, of the ammunition projectile 10′. In some examples, the perpendicular tracer configuration may increase a range the projectile 10′ remains visible to the detector 24. In some examples, the perpendicular configuration may coincide with a centerline of a fabrication dye for fabricating the ammunition projectile 10′. In some examples, the tracer 28A,28B,30 may be fabricated from a metal with a reflective surface of silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, chrome or a dielectric. In some examples, the tracer 28A,28B,30 may be fabricated with the retroreflective morphology 60 impressed, embossed, stamped, or etched on a polished metal substrate. In some examples, the tracer 28A,28B,30 is coated with a reflective chrome finish.
[0105] In some examples, an ammunition cartridge 2 configured to be fired from a weapon 12 may include the perpendicular tracer alignment. For example, the cartridge 2 may incorporate a projectile 10′ including an external elongated metal jacket 26, a ductile core 21, and a non-pyrotechnic tracer 28A,28B,30, configured perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the projectile 10′, the exterior of the non-pyrotechnic tracer 28A,28B,30 having a reflective surface and a retroreflective morphology 60, the tracer crimped in place retained by the elongated metal jacket 26, forming the aft end of the projectile 10′ having retroreflective characteristics 60. The perpendicular tracer configuration may maximize a light signal return to a detector 24 in specific wavelengths. In some examples, the perpendicular tracer configuration may increase an observable range of the projectile 10′ as the retroreflective surface of the tracer 28A,28B,30 returns light in a specific wavelength to the detector 24. In some examples, the perpendicular tracer configuration increases an angle of reflectance of the projectile 10′ during a flight of the projectile 10′. In some examples, the perpendicular configuration may coincide with a centerline of a fabrication dye for fabricating the projectile 10′. In some examples, the reflective surface 60 of the tracer 28A,28B,30 may be formed from a metal. In some examples, the reflective surface 60 of the tracer 28A,28B,30 is optimized for reflection in a spectrum associated with a metal chemistry of the reflective surface 60. In some examples, the tracer 28A,28B,30 is configured from a thin metal disk, the configuration maximizing the cavity volume within the projectile 10′. In some examples, the tracer 28A,28B,30 may be configured from the thin metal disk with the reflective surface of silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, chrome or a dielectric. In some examples, the tracer 28A,28B,30 may be coated with a reflective chrome finish. In some examples, the tracer 28A,28B,30 configured from the thin metal disk allows a cavity of the projectile 10′ to have a matching ballistic match to ball ammunition. In some examples, the tracer 28A,28B,30 is crimped without a damage to the retroreflective surface of the tracer 28A,28B,30.
[0106] FIGS. 12A-19 illustrate various features or aspects of the projectile 10′ having the perpendicular alignment of the special tracer 28A,28B,30 to the axis of rotation of the projectile 10′. FIGS. 12A-D show aspects of example projectiles 10′ in accordance with example embodiments of the present disclosure. The projectile 10′ is similar to the projectile 10 as described with reference to FIGS. 2B-C, 3A-C, 4, 6A-D, 7, 8A, 8F, 9, and 10, except that the projectile 10′ includes a perpendicular alignment of the retro-reflective surface 60 to the axis of rotation of the projectile 10′.
[0107] FIG. 12A depicts the flight path 22 of a 0.50 caliber projectile 20′, illustrating the orientation changes 19B that an optically trackable projectile 10′ encounters based on the changing angle of attack of the projectile 10′. The orientation of the aft projectile shifts a few degrees as any projectile, including a trackable projectile 10′ flies towards a distant target.
[0108] FIG. 12B illustrates a chart showing a relationship 22A between a projectile range in meters (m) and time of flight in seconds (s) of the projectile 10′, and a graph showing a projectile trajectory over distance of the projectile 10′ during the flight path 22 of the projectile 10′.
[0109] FIG. 12C illustrates how the light from the emitter 18 falls on the trackable projectile 10′ with angle of light incidence 70 on a special tracer 28A, housed in the aft end of a trackable projectile 10′. Emitter light falls 72B on a special tracer 28A housed in the aft end of a trackable projectile 10′ creates a reflectance incidental to the angle of light fall 74A.
[0110] FIG. 12D depicts the well-known orientation changes induced on a projectile flying with 6 Degrees of Freedom (6DOF), where the projectile's yaw and pitch changes a projectile's orientation and the changing incidence of light received from an emitter 18. Increasing incidence angles reduce the light reflected from the retroreflective special disk 28A, thus the changing orientation of a projectile in flight 16 varies the light reflected and returned to a detector 24 from a trackable projectile 10′. This variation is accompanied by a drop in signal light return to the detector 24, the drop in light strength directly associated with the widening gap between the emitter 18, the trackable projectile 10′ and the light returning to the detector 24 as the projectile 10′ undergoes ballistic flight 22.
[0111] FIG. 12E illustrates the effect of the yaw and pitch, also known as nutational movement causing a continuous variation in a projectile's orientation while in flight, the movements changing the angular orientation of the projectile's aft end of the projectile, a projection of the oscillation 19A,19B creates a drifting light return signal 76, and changing angle of incidence 70 accompanies by an opening range gap between the emitter 18 and projectile 10′, reduce the intensity of the light returning to a detector 24. The greater the angle of incidence 72A, the less light is returned from a retroreflective surface 74B, since retroreflective efficiency declines as incident angles increases.
[0112] FIG. 13A, depicts an optically trackable projectile 10′ fabricated with a metal with a metal jacket 26A and incorporating a special tracer disk 28A that is crimped to the projectile jacket 26A, forming a complete jacketed projectile 26. This figure also depicts the projectile's axis of rotation 27A, and the special tracer disk's precise perpendicular alignment 82 to the axis of rotation 27A.
[0113] FIG. 13B depicts two exterior views and one cross section view of a completed the optically trackable projectile 10′ with special tracer disk 30,28A, crimped 32 to the trailing edge of the projectile 10′. The disk 28A includes externally facing prismatic features apparent under magnification having a reflective surface 60. In combination, the projectile design allows a detector 24 to track the trackable projectile 10′ with a special tracer 30,28A over the projectile's flight path 22. The perpendicularity geometry 82,27B of the disk, relative to the projectile's axis of rotation 27A, maximizes light signal return to the detector 24 in specific wavelengths.
[0114] The process of fabricating a trackable projectile 10′ is set forth in FIGS. 14A and 14B. The sequenced processes set forth in FIGS. 14A and 14B produce a formed, crimped projectile with a special disk 28A, properly aligned to form a useful Trackable Projectile 10′. The black circles with white numbers refer to details associated with the process sets set forth in FIGS. 15C1, 15C2, 15D, 15E, 15F, 15G and 15H, where FIGS. 15C1 and 15C2 disclose alternative processes to produce a special tracer disk annotated in FIGS. 14A and 14B as 15C. FIG. 14A is a method 1400A for fabricating a trackable projectile 10′ in accordance with the present disclosure. At step 1410A, a metal jacket 26 for the projectile 10′ is combined with a swaged ductile core, forming a metal jacket with a core (as shown in FIG. 15F). At step 1420A, a metal plate with a retroreflective surface 60 is shaped into a disk 28A, formed from a metal plate or metal sheet 40 as described with reference to FIGS. 15C1 and 15C2 (collectively referred to as FIG. 15C). In some examples, the metal plate 40 may be shaped into the disk using a tool (e.g., a tool 42 as described with reference to FIG. 15C1) punching disks with retro-reflective surface 60 without scratching or damaging the retro-reflective surface 60. In some examples, the metal plate 40 may be shaped by a laser cutter (e.g., a laser cutter 45 as described with reference to FIG. 15C2) cutting the metal sheet 40 into disks with the retro-reflective surface 60 without scratching or damaging the retro-reflective surface 60. At step 1430A, a special tracer 28A,28B,30 for the projectile 10′ is formed with the disk. At step 1440A, the special tracer 28A,28B,30 is inserted into position to form a sub assembly of a full metal jacketed projectile 58A as shown in FIG. 15G. The special tracer 28A,28B,30 may be inserted into the position so as to have a perpendicular alignment between the special tracer 28A,28B,30 and the axis of rotation of the projectile. At step 1450A, the special tracer 28A,28B,30 is crimped 32 onto an aft end of the metal jacket 26 without a scratch or damage to the retroreflective surface 60 of the special tracer 28A,28B,30 (as shown in FIGS. 15H and 15I).
[0115] FIG. 14B shows a method 1400B for fabricating a projectile 10′ with a special tracer 28,28B,30 in accordance with the present disclosure. At step 1410B, a metal jacket with a core is formed (as shown in FIG. 15F) by forming a core assembly with a swaged ductile core with a void (as shown in FIG. 15E), and combining a swaged ductile core with a void to fit a penetrator 25. At step 1420B, a metal plate 40 with a retroreflective surface 60 is shaped into a disk as shown in FIG. 15C1 or FIG. 15C2. The metal plate 40 may be shaped into the disk using a tool 42 punching disks, a laser cutter 45, or any other means for shaping the disk without scratching or damaging the retro-reflective surface 60 of the metal plate 40. At step 1430B, a special tracer 28A,28B,30 for the projectile 10′ is formed with the disk. At step 1440B, the special tracer 28A,28B,30 is inserted into position to form a sub assembly of a full metal jacketed projectile 58A as shown in FIG. 15G. At step 1450B, the special tracer 28A,28B,30 is crimped 32 onto an aft end of the metal jacket 26 tool design precluding scratches or damage to the sensitive retroreflective surface 60 on the special tracer 28,28B,30 (as shown in FIGS. 15H and 15I).
[0116] FIG. 15C1 depicts key process steps using a tool 42 punching special disks 28A in a plate 40 with a retro-reflective surface, where the punch has a relief feature 44 that precludes deforming the disk's retroreflective surface. FIG. 15C2 depicts forming special disks 28A by cutting the metal sheet 40 with a laser cutter 45. Typically, the metal plate 40 has a retroreflective morphology and a reflective surface coating on one side. The fabrication process to produces jacketed bullets varies, but typically a ductile core 21 is inserted into a partially fabricated bullet jacket 26B. Some bullets are formed with an added penetrator 23, and the core is formed with an inset to receive the penetrator 23. The base of the ductile core is processed with a flat surface, and the partially formed bullet jacket 26B housing the ductile core 21 receives the special tracer disk 28A, the retroreflective surface protected from damage by a tool relief feature 114B, undergoes insertion into the partially formed jacket cavity 26B. FIGS. 15D and 15E depict a die 110A and tools set 110 forming a ductile projectile core 21,23.
[0117] FIG. 15F depicts a die 112A and core pressing tool 110D creating a void in a ductile core 21. FIG. 15F depicts insertion of the ductile core 21 into a metal jacket 26A, where a die 112A holds the metal jacket 26A while a tool 112B inserts the ductile core into the metal jacket 26A. This process produces a formed, uncrimped projectile 58A.
[0118] FIG. 15G depicts a tool 114A inserting the special disk 28B positioned adjacent to the ductile core 21 in the rear of the metal jacket 26A symmetrically pressing the special tracer disk 28B into position, parallel to the axis of rotation 27B, forming a sub assembly 58A.
[0119] FIG. 15H depicts a Bullet Assembly Tool and Die set 116A, the die 116C and tool 116D in combination holding the projectile sub assembly 58B symmetrically crimping the pressing the special tracer disk 28A into physical contact with the flat preformed ductile core 21 with a tool 27A, the tool and dye combination 116A maintaining a perpendicular relationship between the surface of the inserted special disk 28B and the projectile sub-assembly's 58A axis of spin 27A. The crimp tool 116D has relief features 116E preventing the process from damaging the exterior surface of the special tracer disk 28A.
[0120] FIG. 15I depicts a subsequent final crimp action where a tool 116F crimps the optically trackable projectile 10′ with the special tracer disk 28A retaining a perpendicular orientation 27B of the special disk 28A properly aligned, perpendicular to the projectile's axis of rotation 27A the precise alignment minimizing misalignments and maximizing the return of light to a detector 24.
[0121] FIG. 16 is a graph illustrating the differing reflectance 88 of metals, in different wavelengths 89, the special tracer disk's 28A surface metal selection bearing on the desired frequency of optical tracking, the optimum wavelength selection corresponding to emitter 18 frequency. Thus, the special tracer disk 28A is paired to optimize reflectance and observability in a specific spectrum (89).
[0122] FIG. 17A depicts a misaligned special disk improperly deflects light rearward, change in the incidence angle reducing the light received by the detector (not pictured). FIG. 17B depicts cumulatively increasing deflection of incident light angle 84A, 84B and 84C the deflection associated with changes in projectile trajectory, yaw, pitch and special tracer alignments deflect light.
[0123] FIG. 17A illustrates how misalignment 82A, 84A in regard to perpendicularity of the inset special disk reduces light reflection 76 to a detector 24 as the misalignment reduces the signal strength at the detector 24. Misalignments are principally created by use of improper fabrication techniques and inadequate process controls. FIG. 17B is an illustration of the cumulative misalignment of the light reflectance 84B and 84C in relation to the projectiles changing flight orientation and the additional angular error 84A associated with the misaligned disk, the cumulative errors reducing signal strength at the detector (not shown).
[0124] FIGS. 18A and 18B depicts the return signal strength from an optically trackable projectile, with the theoretical (stationary) return 92, the return with projectile nutational movement 94, the return with trajectory changes (associated with the angle of attack) 96 and the return with a further misaligned special tracer disk (misaligned to the axis of rotation) reducing the signal return outside of the detectors sensitivity 98. FIG. 18C depicts the optical return image observed with misaligned special tracer disks 102 and properly aligned special tracer disks 100.
[0125] There has thus been shown and described a novel trackable ammunition projectile which fulfills all the objects and advantages sought therefor. Many changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications of the subject invention will, however, become apparent to those skilled in the art after considering this specification and the accompanying drawings which disclose the preferred embodiments thereof. All such changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention, which is to be limited only by the claims which follow.
REFERENCE NUMBERS
[0126] 02 Cartridge. [0127] 04 Cartridge Case with primer. [0128] 06 Primer. [0129] 08 Propellant. [0130] 10 Trackable Projectile (or Bullet) with a Special Tracer. [0131] 10′ Trackable Projectile with a perpendicular alignment between the special tracer disk and an axis of rotation of the projectile. [0132] 11 Barrel of a Weapon. [0133] 12 Weapon. [0134] 14 Breach (in a barrel). [0135] 16 Projectile attitude (in a flight path). [0136] 18 Emitter (Laser or LED). [0137] 20 Light Emission Cone (from an emitter near the weapon). [0138] 21 Ductile Bullet Core. [0139] 22 Projectile Flight Path. [0140] 22A Projectile Range and Time of Flight [0141] 22B Projectile Trajectory over distance [0142] 23 Ductile Core with Penetrator Insert. [0143] 24 Detector. [0144] 25 Penetrator. [0145] 26 Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) of a projectile. [0146] 26A Fully encapsulating metal jacket composed of a FMJ and crimped metal tracer disk. [0147] 26B A partially formed metal jacket for a projectile. [0148] 27A Axis (Center) of a projectile rotation [0149] 27B 90° Orientation to Axis of a projectile's rotation. [0150] 28 Special Tracer (prior to crimping). [0151] 28A Special Tracer in the form of a disk, fabricated from a metal, with retroreflective morphology on the outfacing surface. [0152] 28B Special Tracer Wafer with Laser Re-emitting phosphor prior to crimping. [0153] 30 Special Tracer Crimped into the Projectile by the outer metal jacket forming the surface of a projecile's trailing edge. [0154] 32 Crimp of projectile's metal jacket to position Special Tracer Wafer within the projectile. [0155] 34 Special Tracer Wafer of metal with formed with micro-prismatic surface (seen under magnification). [0156] 36A Special Tracer Wafer with a Laser Re-emitting phosphor in a sub-straight crimped into a projectile. [0157] 36B Protective Coating for a Laser Re-emitting phosphor Tracer Wafer fit the rear of a projectile. [0158] 40 Metal plate or metallic tape with prismatic features inset used to produce a special disk (28A). [0159] 42 A punch to produce a special tracer disk from a metal sheet or tape. [0160] 44 An inset or relief feature, configured in punch, to preclude damage to plate surface, when fabricating special disks. [0161] 45 Laser Cut used to produce a disk from a plate. [0162] 46 Light Return form a Special Tracer. [0163] 52 Projectile with a Special Tracer and a conventional metal core. [0164] 54 Projectile with a Special Tracer and a penetrator and core (Type 1). [0165] 56 Projectile with a Special Tracer and a penetrator core (Type 2). [0166] 58 Projectile with a Special Tracer incorporating a re-emitting phosphor responsive to laser illumination. [0167] 58A Projectile Assembly with disk inserted, prior to crimping. [0168] 59 Projectile with a Special Tracer with a micro-prismatic surface. [0169] 59A Formed, uncrimped projectile with inserted disk. [0170] 60 Micro-prismatic Retro-reflective surface morphology. [0171] 62A Top view of a 3 sided micro-prismatic pyramid. [0172] 62B Side view of a 3 sided micro-prismatic pyramid. [0173] 64 An array of 3 sided micro-prismatic pyramids. [0174] 66 A side or cut-away view (with magnification) of the special tracer wafer's micro-prismatic exterior surface. [0175] 68 An alternate design cut-away view (with magnification) of the special tracer wafer's micro-prismatic exterior surface. [0176] 70 Coincident Light Fall and Reflectance Incident Angle. [0177] 72 Incoming light falling onto the special tracer. [0178] 72A Incidental Light Fall on a retro-reflector disk. [0179] 72B Light Fall Angle of Incidence θ.sub.i on a retro-reflector disk. [0180] 74 Reflected light returning to the angle of incidence. [0181] 74A Reflected Return Light from a retro-reflective disk. [0182] 74B Angle of Reflected Light θ.sub.r from a retro-reflective disk. [0183] 76 Rearward conical emission dispersion producing a return reflection over a preponderance of a projectiles trajectory. [0184] 76A Rearward reflection of light associated with a projectile's trajectory, corresponding to the projectile's, in flight, precession and nutation. [0185] 78 Rearward Special Tracer's surface is perpendicular to the projectile's flight position. [0186] 80 Orientation of Projectile, Metal Disk, Light Incidence and Return [0187] 82 True Perpendicular Orientation [0188] 82A Disk Alignment Error θ.sub.pae [0189] 84A Incidence θ.sub.i retro-reflector disk and θ.sub.pae (perpendicular alignment error) the disk relative to the projectile's true axis of projectile rotation. [0190] 84A Return Alignment Error θ.sub.pae return light [0191] 84B Return Alignment Error due to pitch associated with the projectile's nutational movement θ.sub.n [0192] 84C Return Alignment Error due to pitch angle in flight trajectory θ.sub.tp at range [0193] 86 Return Light intensity drop sr<sensitivity of detector. [0194] 88 Reflectance [0195] 89 Wavelength [0196] 90 Return light signal received at a detector (24) [0197] 92 Theoretical signal Return excluding nutational errors (metal disk selection, laser strength, projectile orientation, etc.). [0198] 94 Reduced light signal return including the reduction of light associated with nutational projectile movement. [0199] 96 Further reduced light signal return with misaligned special tracer disk [0200] 98 Undetectable return light [0201] 100 Clear, strong light signals (received by a detector) where special disk is well aligned to the projectile's axis of rotation. [0202] 102 Poor return light signals (received by a detector), with misaligned tracer disk. [0203] 110 Core Swaging Tool and Dye Arrangement [0204] 110A Core Swaging Die [0205] 110B Core Swaging Tool 1 [0206] 110C Core Swaging Tool 2A [0207] 110D Core Swaging Tool 2B [0208] 112 Bullet Assembly Tool and Die [0209] 112A Bullet Die [0210] 112B Core Pressing Tool [0211] 114A Special Tracer Disk Insert Press Tool [0212] 114B Special Tracer Disk Insert Press Tool Relief Feature [0213] 114C Die Special Tracer Disk Insertion [0214] 116C Fixture [0215] 116D Symmetric Crimp Tool [0216] 116E Crimp Relief Feature [0217] 116F Final Crimp Tool
