Transportable self-sterilizing clinical environment

Abstract

System and method to reduce risk of exposure to pathogens using a system comprising transportable clinical chambers, often configured with the exterior dimensions of a shipping container. The transportable chamber can be partially or completely self-contained, and configured for rapid transport and setup. The chamber is typically equipped with suitable automatic airborne sterilizing agent generators, sensors, mechanisms, and automatic air control devices. After suitable safety checks, the system isolates the interior air from external air, and activates an air phase anti-microbial agent generator, filling at least a portion of the chamber with an air-phase anti-pathogen agent. After sterilization, the invention deactivates the generator and then restores the connection to outside sterilized air. In some embodiments, the transportable chamber also comprises an intelligent platform comprising video cameras, and computer vision systems configured to identify humans and medical supplies, read optical tags, and correlate recognized objects with RFID tag data.

Claims

1. A transportable chamber system configured to automatically reduce a risk of pathogen exposure, said system comprising: a transportable chamber with an interior and an exterior, said chamber comprising air impermeable chamber walls, ceiling, and floor, said chamber configured to be occupied by medical personnel as any of a hospital, clinic, operating room, or procedure room; said transportable chamber further comprising at least one computer processor configured to control both a normal non-sterilizing and an air phase sterilization environment of said chamber, computer memory, and at least one sensor; said at least one sensor comprising at least one occupancy sensor; said transportable chamber having air phase sterilization cycle settings configured by said at least one computer processor comprising both a normal non-sterilizing setting and a chamber sterilization setting; said chamber further comprising an air handling unit comprising at least one air intake, supply HEPA filter; supply air sterilizer and computer adjustable supply air damper and said computer adjustable supply air damper controlled by said at least one computer processor; a) in said normal non-sterilizing setting, said air handling unit configured by said at least one computer processor to intake outside air and produce HEPA filtered and sterilized outside air, and blow said sterilized outside air over at least one region of said chamber, and to automatically use at least one computer adjustable exhaust air damper to expel at least some interior air from said chamber; b) in said chamber sterilization setting, said at least one computer processor and at least one occupancy sensor configured to automatically verify that no humans are present in at least a portion of said chamber, and prior to a start of a sterilization cycle when no humans are present, to restrict access to at least a portion of said chamber; said at least one computer processor also configured, during said chamber sterilization setting, to automatically isolate an interior air flow in at least a portion of said chamber from outside air by configuring at least one said computer adjustable exhaust damper and configuring at least one said computer adjustable supply air damper; said at least one computer processor also configured, during said chamber sterilization setting, to automatically activate a chamber-mounted air phase sterilizing agent generator, said generator configured to fill at least a portion of said chamber with air phase sterilizing agents at a time and dose level configured to inactivate at least a substantial majority of pathogens in at least a portion of said chamber; said at least one computer processor also configured to deactivate said generator, and to automatically flush remaining air phase sterilizing agents from at least a portion of said chamber by at least automatically configuring at least said one computer adjustable exhaust damper and at least one said computer adjustable supply air damper to exhaust said remaining air phase sterilizing agents through at least one exhaust port into the outside atmosphere.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein said exterior of said transportable chamber has dimensions of any of a standard 10, 20, or 40-foot-long ISO shipping container or 20 or 40-foot-long high-cube (extra tall) shipping container.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one computer adjustable exhaust air damper, chamber mounted air handling unit, computer adjustable supply air damper, and air phase sterilizing agent generator are either attached to the interior of said transportable chamber, or attached to an exterior side of said transportable chamber so that said chamber, at least one said computer adjustable exhaust air damper, chamber-mounted air handling unit, at least one said computer adjustable supply damper, and air phase sterilizing agent generator can be transported as a unit.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one exhaust port is mounted on an exterior of said transportable chamber; wherein said at least one exhaust port is configured to fold against an exterior of said transportable chamber during transport, and to extend at least 10 feet above the top of said transportable chamber when in use.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one air intake is mounted on an exterior of said transportable chamber.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein an exterior side of said transportable chamber is configured with any of power fixtures, cooling fixtures, water intake fixtures, and liquid waste disposal fixtures.

7. The system of claim 1, further configured with at least one chamber adapter door; said at least one chamber adapter door configured to form a hermetic seal with a complementary chamber adapter door on a complementary transportable chamber, so that persons and equipment may transfer between neighboring transportable chambers without exposure to outside pathogens.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein said air phase sterilizing agent generator is a combination generator and humidifier configured to operate by regulating humidity, and configured to convert an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide into air phase hydrogen peroxide by using any of a misting, nebulizer based, vaporizing based, or aerosol generating type device.

9. The system of claim 1 wherein the interior ceiling of said transportable chamber further comprises a ceiling mounted structural device comprising a laminar air flow system, and said air handling unit is configured to blow said sterilized outside air over at least one region of said chamber using said laminar air flow system.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the interior ceiling of said transportable chamber further comprises a load bearing ceiling mounted structural device configured to accept at least some clinic, operating room, or procedure room fixtures.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein said generator is configured to fill said chamber with air phase sterilizing agents at a time and dose level configured to inactivate said pathogens by a factor of at least a million.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein said chamber is configured with interior walls configured to partition an interior of said chambers into more than one portion.

13. The system of claim 1, wherein said pathogens comprise viruses.

14. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one camera or RFID sensor and processor configured to automatically recognize at least some personnel or materials entering said chamber and record data pertaining to said at least some recognized personnel or materials in a database.

15. A transportable chamber system configured to automatically reduce a risk of pathogen exposure, said system comprising: a transportable chamber with an interior and an exterior, said chamber comprising air impermeable chamber walls, ceiling, and floor, said chamber configured to be occupied by medical personnel as any of a hospital, clinic, operating room, or procedure room; wherein said exterior of said transportable chamber has dimensions of any of a standard 10, 20, or 40-foot-long ISO shipping container or 10, 20, or 40-foot-long high-cube (extra tall) shipping container; said transportable chamber further comprising at least one computer processor configured to control both a normal non-sterilizing and an air phase sterilization environment of said chamber, computer memory, and at least one sensor; said at least one sensor comprising at least one occupancy sensor; said transportable chamber having air phase sterilization cycle settings configured by said at least one computer processor comprising both a normal non-sterilizing setting and a chamber sterilization setting; said chamber further comprising an air handling unit comprising at least one air intake, supply HEPA filter; supply air sterilizer and computer adjustable supply air damper, said computer adjustable supply air damper controlled by said at least one computer processor; a) in said normal non-sterilizing setting, said air handling unit configured by said at least one computer processor to intake outside air and produce HEPA filtered and sterilized outside air, and to blow said sterilized outside air over at least one region of said chamber, and to automatically use at least one computer adjustable exhaust air damper to expel at least some interior air from said chamber; b) in said chamber sterilization setting, said at least one computer processor and at least one occupancy sensor configured to automatically verify that no humans are present in at least a portion of said chamber, and prior to a start of a sterilization cycle when no humans are present, to restrict access to at least a portion of said chamber; said at least one computer processor also configured, during said chamber sterilization setting, to automatically isolate an interior air flow in at least a portion of said chamber from outside air by configuring at least one said computer adjustable exhaust damper and configuring at least one said computer adjustable supply air damper; said at least one computer processor also configured, during said chamber sterilization setting, to automatically activate a chamber-mounted air phase sterilizing agent generator, said generator configured to fill at least a portion of said chamber with air phase sterilizing agents at a time and dose level configured to inactivate at least a substantial majority of pathogens in said chamber; said at least one computer processor also configured to deactivate said generator, and to automatically flush remaining air phase sterilizing agents from at least a portion of said chamber by at least automatically configuring at least said one computer adjustable exhaust damper and at least one said computer adjustable supply air damper to exhaust said remaining air phase sterilizing agents through at least one exhaust port into the outside atmosphere; wherein said at least one computer adjustable exhaust air damper, chamber mounted air handling unit, computer adjustable supply air damper, and air phase sterilizing agent generator are either attached to the interior of said transportable chamber, or attached to an exterior side of said transportable chamber so that said chamber, at least one said computer adjustable exhaust air damper, chamber-mounted air handling unit, at least one said computer adjustable supply damper, and air phase sterilizing agent generator can be transported as a unit.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein said exterior of said transportable chamber further comprises a plurality of sides configured to enable said transportable chamber to be moved by crane and/or configured in a stack of similar sized shipping containers; and wherein said exterior of said transportable chamber is further configured with any of corner castings and forklift pockets; and wherein an exterior of said transportable chamber comprises at least one said air intake and at least one said exhaust port; wherein an exterior of said transportable chamber is configured with any of power fixtures, cooling fixtures, water intake fixtures, and liquid waste disposal fixtures.

17. The system of claim 15, wherein said air phase sterilizing agent generator is a combination generator and humidifier configured to operate by regulating humidity, and configured to convert an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide into air phase hydrogen peroxide by using any of a misting, nebulizer based, vaporizing based, or aerosol generating type device.

18. The system of claim 15, further comprising at least one camera or RFID sensor and processor configured to automatically recognize at least some personnel or materials entering said chamber and record data pertaining to said at least some recognized personnel or materials in a database.

19. A method of reducing a risk of pathogen exposure, said method comprising: using at least one computer processor configured to control both a normal non-sterilizing and an air phase sterilization of a transportable chamber configured to be occupied by medical personnel as any of a hospital, clinic, operating room, or procedure room; said transportable chamber comprising air impermeable chamber walls, ceiling, and floor, an interior, and an exterior; said transportable chamber having air phase sterilization cycle settings configured by said at least one computer processor comprising both a normal non-sterilizing setting and a chamber sterilization setting; a) in said normal non-sterilizing setting, using said at least one computer processor and at least one computer adjustable supply air damper controlled by said at least one computer processor to to obtain interior air by obtaining sterilized outside air, said sterilized outside air obtained by using a chamber-mounted air handing unit comprising at least one air intake, supply air HEPA filter, supply air sterilizer, and said at least one computer adjustable supply air damper, and blow HEPA filtered and sterilized supply air over at least one region of said chamber, and to use at least one computer adjustable exhaust air damper, to expel at least some interior air from said chamber; b) in said chamber sterilization setting, using said at least one computer processor to automatically verify, using at least one occupancy sensor, that no humans are present in at least a portion of said transportable chamber and restricting access to at least said portion of said transportable chamber; using said at least one computer processor to isolate the interior air flow in at least a portion of said chamber from outside air by configuring at least one said at least one computer adjustable exhaust damper and configuring at least one said computer adjustable supply air damper; using said at least one computer processor to activate a chamber-mounted air phase sterilizing agent generator, said generator configured to fill at least a portion of said chamber with air phase sterilizing agents at a time and dose level configured to inactivate at least a substantial majority of pathogens in at least a portion of said chamber; deactivating said generator, and using said at least one computer processor to flush remaining air phase anti-microbial agents from at least a portion of said chamber to the outside air by configuring said at least one computer adjustable exhaust damper and said at least one computer adjustable supply damper.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein: said exterior of said transportable chamber has dimensions of any of a standard 10, 20, or 40-foot-long ISO shipping container or 10, 20, or 40-foot-long high-cube (extra tall) shipping container; said exterior of said transportable chamber further comprises a plurality of sides configured to enable said transportable chamber to be moved by crane and/or configured in a stack of similar sized shipping containers; and using, during said chamber sterilization setting, said at least one computer processor to deactivate said generator.

21. The method of claim 19, further using at least one camera or RFID sensor and processor to automatically recognize at least some personnel or materials entering said chamber and record data pertaining to said at least some recognized personnel or materials in a database.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows an example of an operating/procedure room type chamber configured according to certain embodiments of the invention.

(2) FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the operating/procedure room or chamber configured with an operating table and various types of boom mounted operating room equipment.

(3) FIG. 3 shows how the invention may operate between cycles of sterilization.

(4) FIG. 4 shows how the invention may operate during the initiation of a sterilization cycle.

(5) FIG. 5 how the invention may operate during a normal termination of a sterilization cycle.

(6) FIG. 6 how the invention may operate during an accelerated or emergency purge termination of a sterilization cycle.

(7) FIG. 7A shows a top-down view of a portion of an operating/procedure room type chamber as seen from the perspective of a viewer positioned above the invention's ceiling mounted structural device.

(8) FIG. 7B shows a detail of how the ceiling mounted structural device may be mounted in the ceiling of an operating room.

(9) FIG. 8A shows an alternate view of the laminar array portion of the ceiling mounted structural device, here equipped with some additional perimeter lights and perimeter conduit paths.

(10) FIG. 8B shows a view of the interior of the laminar array portion of the ceiling mounted structural device when all of the perforated panels of its various laminar air flow systems have been removed.

(11) FIG. 9A shows a long axis side view of an individual laminar air flow system module. Here more details of the air supply connection and damper and the LED drivers (used to power the system's Light Emitting Diodes) may be seen.

(12) FIG. 9B shows a view looking up at the face of an individual air flow system module. Here details of the perforated wall structure and LED lighting may be seen.

(13) FIG. 9C shows a short axis side view of an individual laminar air flow system module. This shows a detail of the air supply connection and damper from a different perspective.

(14) FIG. 10 shows an overview of an intelligent platform embodiment of the system. In this embodiment, a plurality of video cameras are mounted along many of the chamber walls, and the output of these video cameras analyzed using a computer vision system.

(15) FIG. 11A shows an example of how the chamber's video cameras and computer vision system can recognize the presence and locations of various humans, such as the patient and various personnel, in the chamber as a function of time.

(16) FIG. 11B shows an example of how, by storing a record of the position and location of various identified and unidentified humans and objects as a function of time, certain operating/procedure room exceptions can be automatically detected and flagged by the system.

(17) FIG. 12A shows a software flow chart showing an embodiment of the intelligent platform embodiment of the invention.

(18) FIG. 12B shows how the system records may be compared to subsequently observed HAI information, and situations that correlate with higher levels of HAI can be used to further refine the system's facility policies (e.g. analysis algorithms) and other types of corrective action.

(19) FIG. 13A shows a floor plan of an embodiment of the invention that is based on a transportable chamber configured, at least on the exterior, to conform to the dimensions of a standard 40-foot-long shipping container.

(20) FIG. 13B shows a 3D cross section of the shipping container embodiment of the invention previously shown in FIG. 13A. In this cross section, the front of the chamber is removed, exposing details of the interior four rooms and the mechanical room.

(21) FIG. 13C shows the front of the embodiment of the invention previously shown above in FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B. This front view more clearly shows each room's exterior doors, and also shows that at least some of the rooms may also have sealed windows as well.

(22) FIG. 14A shows a floor plan that also shows more details of the interior air ducting and air vents that can be used to supply sterile air to at least some of the rooms (which may be created by movable or removable partitions).

(23) FIG. 14B shows a 3D perspective view showing the front exterior of the embodiment of the invention previously shown in FIG. 13A to FIG. 14A.

(24) FIG. 15A shows a cross section of the chamber showing a detail of the distance between the drop ceiling and the true top of the shipping container type transportable chamber.

(25) FIG. 15B shows an alternate embodiment of the shipping container type transportable chamber. In this embodiment, the air intake for the air handling unit is mounted on the roof of the transportable chamber, and the exhaust port to exhaust any remaining air phase sterilizing agents is also mounted on the roof of the transportable chamber as well.

(26) FIG. 15C shows an alternative layout in which the transportable chamber is configured as an operating or medical procedure room.

(27) FIG. 16 shows an example of some of the air handling equipment and other mechanical equipment that will often be disposed in either the transportable chamber's mechanical room, or additionally or alternatively disposed in additional spaces such as the space between the drop ceiling and the top of the transportable chamber.

(28) FIG. 17 shows that in some embodiments, multiple transportable chambers may be configured or stacked together to form a complex comprising a plurality of transportable chambers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(29) Nomenclature:

(30) In this disclosure, the term chamber will often be used as a generic term for the room where the invention's systems and methods are being applied. Although hospital or clinic operating/procedure rooms are often used as specific examples for this type of room, these examples are not intended to be limiting. For example, the invention's systems and methods may also be applied to non-operating room hospital or clinic rooms, such as Intensive Care Units (ICU), NICU, PICU, pharma and medical device assembly areas requiring ascetic/sterile environments, and may be particularly useful where immunocompromised or infectious patients may be treated. The invention may also be useful for mobile clinics, field hospitals, combat support hospitals, and the like.

(31) In this disclosure, the term pathogen will be used to discuss bacteria, fungi, spores, viruses, and other microscopic pathogens, in particular, microscopic and sub-microscopic pathogens associated with Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI), Surgical Site Infections (SSI), virus borne illnesses, and other diseases

(32) In this disclosure, the term HAI will be used as a generic term to discuss infections obtained from these pathogens in a hospital or clinic setting, and SSI are considered to be a subset of HAI. Thus, the term HAI encompasses SSI.

(33) In this disclosure, damper will often be used as a term for a valve or plate used to regulate the flow of air inside of a duct or other type of air handling device. Here unless otherwise specified, assume that the dampers are equipped with solenoids, motors, or other actuator mechanisms that allow the dampers to be opened or shut by a control mechanism, which may be a computerized control mechanism. Note that the term valve and damper are often used as alternate expressions for the same thing.

(34) Use of computer-actuated dampers, sensors, and other computer automated methods: A large percentage of clinic and hospital unfavorable events are caused by human error. Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, many of the devices and methods described herein may be computer-controlled methods, used to reduce such human error related problems. However, unless explicitly claimed, use of computer control methods are not intended to be limiting. For example, in some embodiments, it may be necessary to operate the system in a fallback method under direct human control. In other embodiments, it may be useful to include the option of direct human control over certain equipment to allow for human supervision and interruption of certain sequences when, in the judgment of the human operators, such direct human control is necessary.

(35) In some embodiments, the invention may be a hospital or clinic chamber-based system and method of reducing a risk of HAI. In a preferred embodiment, this will be an automated system and method that is controlled by one or more computer processors. This chamber will typically have a supply air (e.g. a damper-controlled outside air) intake that will take outside air and sterilize it (often by using a HEPA filter and/or UV sterilizer), as well as a damper-controlled air return. In some embodiments, the chamber may distribute this sterilized outside air inside the chamber by using an optional ceiling-mounted structural device (e.g. a load bearing structure, and a laminar air flow system (e.g. laminar array) mounted on the structural device), to blow HEPA filtered and UV (or other method, such as hydroxyl generator methods) sterilized supply air over a defined field in the chamber, thus providing an air curtain that helps protect against airborne pathogens.

(36) Note that although the optional ceiling-mounted structural device performs multiple purposes, such as supporting the laminar array, providing support for hanging medical equipment, and other functions, typically the HEPA filters used to provide HEPA treated air will reside elsewhere, and the HEPA treated air will flow to the laminar array mounted on the ceiling mounted structural device through one or more air ducts, as is shown in FIGS. 3-6.

(37) To sterilize the chamber, the invention will typically verify (often using computer vision and ORICK methods, to be discussed later in this disclosure) that no humans are present the chamber and then restrict access to the chamber. The invention will then typically isolate the interior air flow in the chamber from outside air (e.g. the hospital or clinic's main air supply) by closing at least one air return damper and at least one supply air damper. The invention will then typically activate an air phase anti-pathogen agent generator, configured to fill the chamber with air phase anti-pathogenic agents at a time and dose level configured to kill at least a substantial majority of pathogens in the chamber (often reducing these pathogens to a level of 10.sup.3, 10.sup.4, 10.sup.5, 10.sup.6, 10.sup.7 or more from their initial starting level). Upon completion of this process, the invention will typically deactivate the generator, and set the dampers (e.g. at least opening the return damper and at least one supply damper) and other air flow mechanisms to flush the remaining air phase anti-pathogen agents from the chamber, often using a catalytic converter to deactivate any remaining air phase anti-pathogen agents. In other embodiments, particularly when air duct access to the outside of the building is available, the air phase anti-pathogen agents can be rapidly purged to the outside air. This latter option is particularly useful for emergency purge situations, and/or when a rapid stop of the sterilization process mid-cycle is desired.

(38) Information Platform (ORICK) Systems and Methods:

(39) In this disclosure, the information platform or ORICK embodiment of the invention supplements the chamber previously described in the parent application Ser. No. 15/236,888 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,071,177) with additional sensors and additional computational capability. In particular, the ORICK embodiment of the invention will now typically comprise additional video sensors (e.g. video cameras), additional computer memory, and computer vision capable computer processors. The system may also be configured to receive and process information from operating room equipment and devices, such as surgical bed positions, surgical robot operational parameters, various medical sensors, and the like. In addition to video camera type sensors, other types of sensors, such as RFID detectors, Internet of Things (IoT) wireless gateways (often Wi-Fi transceivers), and various environmental sensors will also be added. The upgraded computer system will often be further equipped with more sophisticated software functionality (to be described), and will often be configured to interface with outside computer systems such as outside medical databases, facilities networks, and the like.

(40) As will be discussed in more detail, the ORICK intelligent platform can be configured to continuously gather data on the movement of personnel and equipment in the chamber on a continual basis, both during cleaning and maintenance cycles, as well as when the chamber is being used as an operating room or (other healthcare chamber) by medical personnel. Additionally, the chamber can be configured to continuously analyze this data versus various algorithms (often called facilities policies), and automatically trigger alerts (e.g. exceptions) when the ORICK system detects potential problems. As will be discussed, this can result in at least three types of benefits. An ORICK equipped chamber can optimize cleaning cycles and methods to achieve higher levels of sterility. Additionally, an ORICK equipped chamber can also monitor the movement of personnel and equipment during medical procedures, and also trigger exceptions when the data, as analyzed versus various algorithms or facility policies, suggests that a potential problem may be occurring. A third benefit is that the same sensors and high capability computing equipment used to perform the previously described functions can also be used for various maintenance and medical informatics applications, as will be described.

(41) The present invention can thus be viewed as being a combination of an ORICK-like intelligent platform, combined with at least a simplified version of the healthcare chamber described below. Here in the first part of the specification, we will first describe various embodiments of the healthcare chamber itself. In the second part of the specification, we will then describe the intelligent platform that integrates with the chamber, and describe how the various components can work together to provide improved healthcare outcomes.

(42) Turning to the chamber component of the invention: In some embodiments, the chamber component of the invention may be a system or method of reducing the risk of HAI (e.g. by reducing the pathogen burden of a room used in patient care). This method relies, in part, on a combination of airborne antipathogenic agents to find and inactivate pathogens on various surfaces and items in the room, and laminar airflow systems configured to use air curtains of sterilized air to help direct pathogens away from patients.

(43) Expressing the chamber component of the invention in methods terminology, the chamber component of the invention may comprise various devices and various steps, all working together as a system. To reduce the pathogen burden of the room or chamber, the invention operates by verifying (often by automatic devices, such as the ORICK computer vision system, to be discussed) that no humans are present in the chamber and then (again often by automatic devices) restricting access to this chamber prior to the commencement of sterilization.

(44) Note that the chamber will preferably comprise air impermeable chamber walls, ceiling, and floor, although in some cases, walls or ceilings with limited porosity may also work so long as the porosity is limited enough as to constrain sterilizing agents inside the chamber, and to constrain the migration of pathogens outside the chamber from migrating through the walls to inside the chamber. The walls of the chamber will typically be made of a material that is easy to clean, and that is not adversely affected by the sterilizing agents. Here materials such as glass and stainless steel, or other material able to withstand degradation by the sterilizing agent may be used.

(45) Chambers intended for human occupancy typically provide air flow by providing a system by which outside air can enter into the chamber, and interior air inside the chamber can return to the outside air. Often this air flow is controlled by appropriate dampers. Here, the invention will typically operate by isolating (often by automatic devices), the interior air flow in the chamber from outside air by closing at least one return damper (typically actuator controlled) and at least one supply air damper (also typically actuator controlled).

(46) For some clinical chambers, such as operating rooms, it is desirable to configure the chamber air supply so that the chamber obtains interior air from sterilized outside air. According to the invention, this sterilized outside air may be distributed inside the chamber using a laminar array (laminar air flow system) mounted or associated with a ceiling mounted structural device. This laminar array portion of the ceiling mounted structural device will typically comprise a load bearing structure, with a laminar air flow system mounted on the structural device. This laminar air flow system may be configured to blow sterile air (typically HEPA filtered and UV (or hydroxyl generator sterilized supply air) over at least a defined field in the chamber, often forming an air curtain around this defined field. For an operating room, this defined field may be the operating table. To control the supply of sterile outside air, in some embodiments this laminar air flow system will be connected to at least one supply air damper (preferably also actuator controlled and often configured for automated operation).

(47) For the sterilization cycle, the invention may operate by closing (often by automatic devices) at least one (actuator controlled) supply air damper, and activating (often by automatic devices) an air phase anti-pathogen agent generator. This generator will typically be configured to fill the chamber with air phase anti-pathogen agents, such as a hydrogen peroxide vapor or mist, and to keep the levels of these agents elevated for a time and dose level configured to kill at least a substantial majority of the chamber's pathogens. The invention may also monitor the environment inside the chamber, and adjust other parameters, such as temperature and humidity, so that the sterilizing agent acts in a consistent and predictable manner.

(48) Following this pathogen reduction cycle, the invention will then typically (often by automatic devices) deactivate (e.g. turn off) the generator, and flush (again often by automatic devices) any remaining air phase anti-pathogen agents from the chamber by, for example, at least opening the (actuator controlled) return damper and opening at least one (actuator controlled) supply damper. Fans may also be activated as appropriate. This acts to flush the air phase antipathogenic agents from the chamber.

(49) When viewed from the operating room standpoint, the net result is to obtain an operating room with an unusually low pathogen burden, and configured, even after the sterilization cycle, to keep the pathogen burden low over at least certain defined fields or regions of the chamber (e.g. over the operating table) by providing laminar flow sources of sterile air that, for example, may provide an air curtain against any airborne pathogens carried by dust particles or droplets entering these regions or fields. Note however, that in some embodiments, it may be useful to sterilize the entire chamber more uniformly, in which case such laminar flow methods need not be used.

(50) FIGS. 1 and 2 show an example of such an operating room type chamber (100) configured according to certain embodiments of the invention. On the ceiling, the invention's ceiling mounted structural device (101) can be mounted. In addition to accommodating an array of laminar air flow devices and other utilities such as lighting, this structural device (101) can support a modular grid system with a load bearing structure configured to accommodate multiple types of ceiling mounted devices with various weights (loads) and dimensional tolerances. This structural device (modular structural grid) (101) may thus support the ceiling (e.g. provide an apparent ceiling to inside observers), the laminar array, medical equipment, as well as access to various hospital or clinic utilities (e.g. power, medical gas, etc.) as desired.

(51) In some embodiments, it may be useful to use a prefabricated structural system, such as a system of powder coated structural steel grids, to form a plurality of internal grids configured to provide underlying support for the array of laminar flow devices, medical equipment, and utilities held by structural device (101), see also FIG. 7B (702).

(52) In some embodiments, which may be particularly useful when the chamber is an operating room and the defined field in the chamber is an operating table, the ceiling mounted structural device may have a generally polygonal shape, such as a rectangular shape, or a more complex shape formed from a plurality of rectangles. This ceiling mounted structural device may be further configured with a plurality of internal grids. In a preferred embodiment, at least some of these grids may be configured to accommodate electrical conduits, preferably larger conduits with diameters of around 2 inches for maximum compatibility with a broad range of additional equipment, such as equipment useful for Operating Room (OR) purposes. At least some of these grids or other grids may be configured to supply structural support for additional equipment, such as for standard operating room utility pendants/booms, surgical lights, and other boom-mounted equipment. This is shown in more detail in FIG. 2. See also FIGS. 7A-8B.

(53) The ceiling mounted structural device (101) will also typically have various mounted laminar air flow systems (102), which will introduce clean HEPA filtered (and often UV sterilized) supply air into the operating room, often through perforations in the overhead lighting fixtures (102a) (perforated panels). This laminar air flow system (102) will often be designed so as to produce a perimeter air curtain (102b) over a defined field of the operating room, such as in the region (130a) where an operating table may be placed. Here the lighting system may incorporate integrated lighting, such as integrated light emitting diode (LED) lighting. This lighting may be disposed in a perimeter (102c) around the perforated panels (102a), or in other locations.

(54) Put alternatively, this laminar air flow system may, in a preferred embodiment, further comprise a plurality of air curtains that produce a plurality of directionally-controlled airstreams (102b). This is often referred to in the alternative as a laminar array. These airstreams are configured to reduce penetration of particles from area outside of the operating table to an area inside the operating table.

(55) As previously discussed, the walls of the chamber (104) will often comprise materials selected to be easy to clean and sterilize, and resistant to any deterioration caused by air-phase anti-pathogen agents such as hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2). These materials can comprise medical grade glass (or glass-like material), stainless steel, or other easy to clean materials that are resistant to deterioration caused by the airborne sterilizing agent(s).

(56) The walls (104) may or may not have illumination or customized backgrounds. In some embodiments, it may even be useful to put computer-controlled display screens behind transparent walls so that the appearance of the operating room can be customized according to the needs at hand. The wall displays may, for example, be configured to a pleasant and reassuring display to show patients upon entry. The wall displays can then be reconfigured during an operation, as desired, to show images containing medical information, thus making it easy for physicians to request additional data in an easy to see format as desired.

(57) In some embodiments, at least the substantial majority (e.g. greater than 50% and often greater than 90%) of the chamber's walls may be covered with materials, such as glass or stainless steel, selected to be resistant to the particular air phase anti-pathogenic agents that are being used.

(58) The system will also comprise an air phase antipathogen agent generator (106), such as a hydrogen peroxide vaporizer/fogger/aerosol generating unit shown here as a particular example. This generator may operate according to methods of Pomeroy (US 2014/0037496), Watling (U.S. Pat. No. 7,186,371), Shannon (U.S. Pat. No. 8,551,399) or other methods. This generator (106) may further comprise a control touchscreen (106a), such as a hydrogen peroxide fogging control touchscreen, and containers of the antipathogen agent (106b), such as modules configured to hold bottles of hydrogen peroxide.

(59) In some embodiments, the generator may operate by converting an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide into air phase hydrogen peroxide by using any of a misting, nebulizer based, vaporizing based, or aerosol generating type process.

(60) Some air-phase antipathogenic agents, such as hydrogen peroxide, require that the room humidity and/or temperature be controlled in order to achieve maximum anti-pathogen effectiveness. Thus, in some embodiments, the air phase anti-pathogen agent generator may be a combination generator and humidifier that also operates by regulating humidity, or alternatively the chamber may contain humidity and/or temperature sensors and regulating equipment that operates independently of the generator.

(61) In some embodiments, the system will also comprise one or more medical grade touch-workstations (108a, 108b) for medical information, medical images, and other digital media. This workstation may optionally be integrated into the glass walls (104) of the chamber for greater sterility and to protect the workstation electronics. Other touch panels may also be provided for other functions, such as controlling other room lighting (111).

(62) In a preferred embodiment, the invention will further comprise at least one computer processor, which will be configured to control many or all of the invention's various steps. In these embodiments, for example, this (at least one) computer processor may be used (often in conjunction with various occupancy sensors). Prior to the start of a sterilization cycle, this computer processor may use the occupancy sensors to first verify that no humans are present in the chamber and then to restrict access to the chamber (e.g. by automatically locking doors) so that outsiders cannot accidentally enter. Various safety overrides can, of course, also be incorporated into the system.

(63) In some embodiments, this at least one computer processor may also be used to isolate interior air flow in the chamber from outside air by closing at least one computer controlled return damper and at least one computer controlled supply air damper (here assume that the chamber is configured to return interior air from inside the chamber to the outside using this at least one computer controlled return air damper). See FIG. 4 for more detail.

(64) In some embodiments, the laminar air flow system may also be connected to at least one computer-controlled supply air damper, and the system's (at least one computer processor) may be used to activate the air phase anti-pathogen agent generator (106).

(65) In these embodiments, at the end of a sterilizing cycle, the system's (at least one) computer processor may also be used to deactivate this anti-pathogen agent generator (106), and to flush any remaining air phase anti-pathogen agents from the chamber by opening the computer controlled return damper and the (at least one) computer controlled supply damper. These steps are shown in more detail in FIGS. 3-6.

(66) In some embodiments, this (at least one) computer processor may be controlled and monitored by using at least one touch panel equipped graphical user interface terminal. This terminal may be mounted either on an interior chamber wall (110) or exterior to the chamber, or in both places.

(67) FIG. 1 shows an example of this type of computer processor control unit (110), which optionally may also be integrated or embedded into or behind the glass walls (104) of the chamber. These control units will often include a master system control-touch panel. This can be used for controlling at least portions of the sterilization process, sterilization safety systems (e.g. door locks, sensors), and the like. This or an alternative control panel may also be used to control other aspects of the chamber's environment, such as lighting, air conditioning, and the like. To prevent accidental misuse, it may be preferable to separate the sterilization control panel from the control panel used to implement more standard aspects of the chamber, such as lighting. The chamber (100) will also typically comprise at least one door (112) or door system. This door system will typically be configured to hermetically seal when shut, and also will be configured with locks, such as computer-controlled locks. For safety purposes, these computer-controlled locks will usually have a manual override. For safety purposes, the door will also usually have one or more windows (112a) so that outside observers can visually confirm the occupancy status of the room. If exterior sterilization control panels are used, it may be desirable to locate these control panels so that anyone using the control panel can look through a window and see what is happening. Alternatively, an outside control panel can also incorporate video displays of the inside of the chamber. Again, the idea is to make sure that no one is present in the chamber before sterilization begins.

(68) In a preferred embodiment, the chamber (100) will be equipped with at least one-way computer operated door locks. Here, using at least one computer processor to restrict access to the chamber can (for example) comprise setting these at least one-way computer door locks to restrict humans outside the chamber from entering into the chamber. For safety reasons, it would be useful to configure the locks so that any humans inadvertently left inside the chamber can manually exit even after sterilization starts. It may also be useful to configure the doors with manual open overrides on the outside as well.

(69) Other methods of ensuring that no humans are present in the chamber (100) during a sterilization cycle can also be used. For example, at least one computer processor can be used to monitor at least one occupancy sensor (see FIG. 4, 400), and preferably a plurality of different occupancy sensors, to reduce the chances of error. These occupancy sensors may include one or more motion sensors, infrared sensors, video cameras, carbon dioxide sensors, sound sensors, and the like.

(70) After the sterilization cycle has commenced, before the chamber/room can be occupied again, residual air phase antipathogenic agents must be removed from the chamber (100). Here there are at least two ways to do this. One way, illustrated by FIG. 5, is to run the air though a built-in catalytic extraction unit that destroys all remaining antipathogen agents. An alternative way, illustrated by FIG. 6, is to exhaust the antipathogen agents into the outside atmosphere. These options can be selected based on available facilities and time available to complete the sterilization cycle. The rapid exhaust option can also be utilized if an emergency purge is required, and thus is sometimes referred to in the alternative as the emergency option.

(71) As shown in more detail in FIG. 5, to remove air phase antipathogen agents after the sterilization cycle, the chamber will also typically comprise a catalytic extraction unit comprising a room air intake, at least one fan, at least one a computer-controlled catalyst damper, and a catalyst (catalytic converter) to deactivate any remaining air-phase antipathogen units. The air intake to this catalytic extraction unit is shown as (114). In some embodiments, this catalytic extraction unit can also be used as an emergency purge loop while in other embodiments (see FIG. 6), during emergency operation, for higher exhaust rates, the catalytic portions may be temporarily bypassed.

(72) In the catalytic removal cycle, as shown in FIG. 5, the system may use at least one computer processor to turn on at least one fan to further flush remaining air phase anti-microbial agents from the chamber. The system may additionally, or alternatively, use at least one computer-controlled catalyst damper and a catalyst (catalytic converter) to deactivate any remaining air-phase anti-microbial agents.

(73) The catalyst will typically act to degrade the air phase anti-microbial agents into harmless molecules. For example, if the air-phase antipathogen agents are hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2), then the catalyst may degrade these agents into harmless molecules such as water (H.sub.2O) and oxygen (O.sub.2).

(74) As previously discussed, in some embodiments, the chamber (100) may be further equipped with at least one anti-microbial agent sensor configured to monitor the levels, concentrations, or amounts of the air-phase anti-microbial agents present in the chamber air. In at least computer control versions of the invention, this at least one anti-microbial agent sensor can further be configured to transmit data to at least one processor used to control the system. In a preferred embodiment, this at least one processor may be configured to set at least one-way computer door locks and door (112) so that the door only allows humans to enter the chamber after the anti-microbial agent sensor(s) report that the air phase anti-microbial agents are at a non-toxic level. During conventional operation when the chamber is not going through a sterilization process, a more conventional air return (115) may be used.

(75) FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of operating room or chamber (100), here configured with an operating table (200) and various boom mounted operating room equipment e.g. (shelves 202, lights 204, monitor 206) mounted on booms that are supported by the ceiling mounted structural device (101).

(76) FIG. 3 shows an embodiment showing how the invention's chamber sterilization equipment may act during normal operation, such as in between sterilization cycles, when the room may be occupied by physicians, patients, and other humans. Note that as previously discussed, the system may contain many computer-connected and controlled air dampers (dampers), fans, and drivers that may, for example, be controlled by at least one computer processor. This at least one computer processor may form part of control unit (110), or may form part of another control unit as desired.

(77) In FIGS. 3-6, the various terms are defined in Table 1 as follows:

(78) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Abbreviation Meaning AO Analog Output (e.g. 0-10 volts) AT Analog Input (e.g. 0-10 volts) BO Binary Output (e.g. 24 volts) BI Binary Input (e.g. 24 volts) BTD-X Bubble Tight Tamper EF-X Exhaust Fan N.O. Normally Open N.O. Normally Closed RF-X Recirculation Fan RHC Reheat Coil RA Return Air RAV Return Air Valve SA Supply Air SAV Supply Air Valve VFD Variable Frequency Drive SA Supply Air AHU Air Handling Unit

(79) In normal operation, most of the system is shut down. Clean HEPA filtered air (300) enters through the supply air valve (SAV) in an open configuration, is optionally heated or reheated, and passes through normally open damper (air valve) BTD-1. (Here the term bubble tight damper or BTD denotes that the damper or air valve, when shut, closes tightly enough that when fluid is applied to test for sealing efficiencies, no bubbles can be found.)

(80) The air passes through various optional HEPA filters and/or UV sterilizers (not shown) and will typically enter the chamber through the various mounted laminar air flow systems (102, 102a) previously shown in FIG. 1, and may form air curtains (102b) as desired. Return air exits the chamber via an air return, such as FIG. 1 (115). This return air is directed outside the chamber via normally open damper (air valve) BTD-2 and through the return air valve (RAV). This process may be assisted by various fans, as desired (not shown). Note that in some simplified embodiments (see FIG. 16), none of this return air may actually be returned to the chamber, but instead may all be expelled from the chamber. In other embodiments, some fraction of this return air may indeed be recycled into the chamber again. Thus, the term return air damper is intended to cover both possibilities. Indeed, the same return air damper, depending on its configuration, can itself be set to recycle a portion of the air, or none of the air.

(81) FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of how the system may operate during a sterilization cycle. As previously discussed, to ensure safety, before moving to this phase of the cycle, the system's computer processor will normally check the status of at least one occupancy sensor (400), and preferably a plurality of occupancy sensors operating by more than one detection modality, before initiating this sterilization cycle. This process may be controlled by suitable touch panel mounted graphical interface terminals mounted either inside the chamber (e.g. on an interior chamber wall, such as 110), or outside the chamber (e.g. 110a), or in both places.

(82) Immediately before the sterilization phase, the computer processor, after verifying that the chamber (100) is empty, will then restrict access to the chamber by, for example, automatically locking door (112).

(83) Often before the sterilization processes commences, the computer processor may monitor and adjust the room air humidity and temperature using appropriate sensors (402, 404), and optionally also monitor and adjust room static pressure as well, to optimize the integrity of the sterilization process.

(84) During the sterilization phase, the computer directs normally open air valve (damper) BTD-1 to shut, and there is no air entering the room through the laminar flow system (102). The air phase anti-microbial agent generator (106) is turned on, flooding the chamber (100) with an air born sterilizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide vapor or mist. Normally open air valve or damper (BTD-2) is also computer directed to be shut, and normally closed dampers BTD-4 and BTD-5 are also directed to remain shut.

(85) So, the sterilizing agent remains trapped in chamber (100), where it will sterilize the room and its various contents. During the sterilization process, in some embodiments, the computer processor may continue to monitor and adjust the room air humidity and temperature using appropriate sensors (402, 404), and optionally also monitor and adjust room static pressure as well, to help further ensure the integrity of the sterilization process. Other sensors may also be used to monitor levels of air-phase anti-microbial agents as well.

(86) FIG. 5 shows how after sterilization, room (chamber) air may be exhausted through a catalytic system in order to remove any remaining sterilizing agent, and to once again make the room suitable for occupancy. The air phase antipathogen agent generator (106) will be turned off, either by the system's computer processor, exhaustion of anti-microbial agents, or other method. The room air, which contains the air-phase antipathogen agent, exits the room through the appropriate return air register (114 or 115). The computer closes normally open air valve (damper) BTD-2, and keeps normally closed air valve (dampers) BTD-5 and BTD-1 closed as well. The computer opens normally closed air valve (damper) BTD-4 and BTD-3, and turns on recirculation fan RF-1. As a result, air, containing the anti-microbial agents (e.g. hydrogen peroxide) passes through catalytic converter (500), where the antipathogen agents are destroyed. The air, now free of any antipathogen agents, reenters room (100) through the laminar air flow systems (102). This recirculation process can continue until the computer (usually assisted by various sensors and timers) determines that the level of remaining anti-microbial agents has now dropped to an acceptable level. Usually, the computer system will keep door (112) automatically locked until this time.

(87) The one drawback of this catalytic recirculation method, however, is that it may take some time to operate. However, this may change over time, as new and improved cleaning agents are developed, alleviating the dwell time period of the current fogger.

(88) Additionally, today's OR environment is full of computer-controlled units that often have fans for cooling. These fans can provoke disruptions in the air currents and the clean air flows of the laminar air flow systems. The invention can provide an optional exhaust manifold to capture this air and re-circulate it thru the invention's clean air system. Further, the recirculation system can embody its own continuously recirculating and air filtration elements to reduce airborne pathogens and bioburden during and in between surgeries. In some embodiments, the operating room equipment and recirculation system can be interconnected to channel such exhaust air and greatly reduce any disruptions.

(89) FIG. 6 shows an alternate Emergency purge/Rapid exhaust process method of quickly removing anti-microbial agents from chamber (100). Here, as before, the system turns off the air phase antipathogen agent generator (106). However, the system bypasses the catalytic converter and recirculation system. Instead, the computer opens normally closed air valve (damper) BTD-5, and activates exhaust fan EF-1. The normally open damper BTD-2 is closed, and the normally closed damper BTD-4 continues to remain closed. Thus, the chamber air, with its anti-microbial agents, may be directed outside the building via EA (600).

(90) During this Emergency purge/Rapid exhaust process, the system directs normally open air valve (damper) BTD-1 to remain open. Thus, clean HEPA filtered supply air (602) passes though the supply air valve (SAV), is optionally heated or reheated as desired, and this clean air, free of anti-microbial agents, enters the room through the laminar air flow systems (102).

(91) An example of a sequence of operations, such as one that might be used by the system's at least one computer processor, and as also discussed in FIGS. 3-6, is shown below:

(92) 1.0 Standard (Surgery/Treatment) Operation:

(93) All operations shall be controlled by an operating room specific controller and shall have full BacNet interface with the facilities Building Automation System (BAS). Each Operating Room (100) will have an Operator's Graphical Interface (OGI, 110, 110a). All set points and adjustments can be made at the OGI or at the facilities BAS.

(94) A. Supply Air Valve (SAV) shall modulate in conjunction with Return Air Valve (RAV) to maintain a constant air flow of 25 Air Changes per Hour (ACH) and maintain the operating room at a positive pressure to surrounding spaces. The operating room shall be maintained at +0.05 in wg. Status of the HVAC system airflow and pressure relationships shall be fully integrated and indicated on the OGI.
B. Operating room space temperature shall be maintained +72F (adjustable) by modulating the flow of heating water to a reheat coil.
C. Operating room space humidity will be maintained at 50% RH (adjustable) by regulating output of a localized humidifier. If humidity control is provided at the base building air handling unit, the OGI shall monitor and report the space humidity condition.
D. General space lighting will be provided by full dimmable LED lighting fully integrated to the OGI. Lighting shall be able to change color to indicate operational status of the operating room.
2.0 Room Sterilization Operation:

(95) All operations shall be controlled by an operating room specific controller (e.g. computer processor) and shall optionally have full BacNet interface with a facilities Building Automation System (BAS). Each Operating Room will have an Operator's Graphical Interface (OGI) (e.g. 110, 110a). All set points and adjustments can be made at the OGI, Hydrogen Peroxide generator (106) or at the facilities BAS. (Note, BACnet is a communications protocol for building automation and control networks, and is now exemplified by ISO standard 16484-5.)

(96) A. Room sterilization operation shall be initiated by a time of day command or from a manual operator's command from the OGI. Manual override of a time of day start will be made at the OGI prior to the start of sterilization sequence of operation.

(97) B. Upon initialization of the sterilization sequence the room (100) shall be confirmed to be unoccupied by at least one local occupancy sensor (400) within the operation room. Upon verification of zero occupancy a countdown timer shall indicated the sterilization cycle is ready to begin. The OGI shall indicate the room is vacant of occupants and ready for sterilization.
C. Following confirmation of the unoccupied room the operating room doors (112) shall close and lock and the OGI shall indicate confirm the status of the doors. This status shall be confirmed by end switches on the door slides as well as the electro lock (door lock). Red LED lighting integral to the space shall be illuminated to indicate the room is not safe for inhabitants. Manual kill switches/Door releases shall be located adjacent to all points of egress within the room. Upon activation of a Kill Switch/Door release the system will require an operator resent at the OGI.
D. Upon confirmation and indication of the operating room doors (112) being closed and locked, the operating room shall be isolated from the main building air handling units by closing bubble tight control dampers (BTD). The SAV and RAV shall close in conjunction with dampers BTD-1 and BTD-2. The heating water valve on the operating room reheat coil shall be closed and the humidifier shall cycle off for the duration of the sterilization sequence. The status off the dampers shall be indicated on the OGI.
E. Upon confirmation of room isolation from the building air handling units, the sequence shall pause for a minimum of 300 seconds (adjustable) to assure the room is air is calm and all directional movement and turbulence has ceased. The status of the operation shall be indicated on the OGI.
F. Following the suspension of air turbulence, the room sterilization system (106) shall activate the hydrogen peroxide generator. The hydrogen peroxide generator shall sterilize the room based upon the onboard control systems. All status changes and actions shall be monitored at the OGI and the building automation system.
G. The hydrogen peroxide agent shall remain in the room until such time the generators onboard controls determine the room saturation has been achieved and the agent is ready to be evacuated.
H. Upon completion of the sterilization and dwell time the bubble tight dampers BTD-1 and BTD-2 isolating the catalytic convertor shall open. Upon confirmation of the dampers being fully open recirculation fan RC-1 shall activate drawing the operating room air and sterilization agent through the catalytic convertor. RC-1 shall run for a minimum of 360 seconds (adjustable) or until the rooms internal sensor indicates no sterilization agent remaining within the operating room. If a catalytic device is not incorporated within the design BTD-4 shall open and an operating room exhaust fan EF-1 shall activate to exhaust the agent. Upon confirmation of EF-1 start, BTD-1 shall open and SAV shall return to its normal operating condition to provide make-up air for the evacuation process. The evacuation process shall continue until the onboard controls on the hydrogen peroxide generator indicate the room is free of the agent.
I. Upon completion of the sterilization process, RC-1 shall deactivate and BTD-3 and BTD-4 shall close. Upon confirmation of closure of BTD-3 and BTD-4, BTD-1 and BTD-2 shall open. Upon confirmation of the open status of BTD-1 and BTD-2, SAV and RAV shall resume standard operation. The heating water reheat coil and humidifier shall be reactivated and shall operate in sequence until the operating room returns to its original adjustable set points. All activity and status shall be controlled and indicated at the OGI.
J. Upon confirmation status of the operating conditions of SAV and RAV, the door interlock shall be released and the red sterilization light shall return to the normal operation conditions. OGI shall indicate the OR is safe for occupancy and is ready for use.

(98) FIG. 7A shows a top down view of a portion of the operating room (100) as seen from the perspective a viewer positioned above the ceiling mounted structural device (101). In the drawing, the observer is looking past the various laminar air flow systems (102) as if they were transparent or semi-transparent. The observer is also looking past various types of boom mounted equipment (e.g. monitors 206, shelves 202, lamps, etc.) and onto the top of an operating table (200) with a patient (700).

(99) In a preferred embodiment, the operating table will be aligned with the orientation of the ceiling mounted structural device (101) and the various laminar air flow systems (102) so as to create an air curtain (FIG. 1, 102b) that sweeps the operating field clear of potentially microbe containing airborne particles.

(100) Note that in some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 7A, the exterior dimensions of the polygonal shape of the ceiling mounted structural device (101) may exceed the exterior dimensions of the operating table (200). In some embodiments, this polygonal shape may be a rectangular polygonal shape (or at least may be composed of a plurality of rectangular polygonal shapes). The various laminar flow devices on the ceiling mounted structural device may be configured to produce a plurality of air curtains that may, for example, extend on all sides of a perimeter of the rectangular polygonal shape.

(101) Ideally the ceiling mounted structural device and its various laminar air flow devices (e.g. laminar array) may be configured so that this air curtain perimeter will exceed the exterior dimensions of the operating table (200). This configuration will help further isolate the operating table (200) and the patient (700) from pathogens borne on airborne particles originating from outside of the operating table.

(102) As shown in FIG. 1, and elsewhere such as FIGS. 7A, and 8A-9C, in some embodiments, this laminar air flow system may be disposed on one or more interior structures within the rectangular shape of the ceiling mounted structural device (101). These laminar air flow systems may introduce an air flow configured to flush airborne particles from the area of the operating table (200) to an area outside of the operating table.

(103) As previously discussed, for ease of construction, and compatibility with different types of equipment, at least some of the internal grids in the ceiling mounted structural device may be configured to accommodate electrical conduits with widths of at least 2 inches. Further, at least some of the internal grids may comprise weigh supporting members, some of which may be further equipped with flanges or other mechanical supports configured to supply structural support for standard operating room boom mounted equipment. See FIG. 7B for more examples.

(104) FIG. 7B shows a detail of how the ceiling mounted structural device (101) may be mounted in the room. Here the ceiling mounted structural device (101) may either be a false ceiling that is mounted to structural support on the real ceiling, or alternatively the ceiling mounted structural device may be suspended using modular support framing (702) or other type framing to various types of building structural supports (not shown). This modular support framing (702) may also be used to provide mechanical support for heavy boom mounted equipment (704) such as (202, 204, 206 etc.). This type of heavy boom mounted equipment is shown in Table 2 below.

(105) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Boom and Lighting mount size (inches), weights & moments Vendor name Mounting plate Soffit Weight/Moment Stryker/Berchtold T 23.5 23.5 25.5 25.5 2000 lbs/8020 ft lbs S 15 15 23 23 1000 lbs/4020 ft lbs Skytron 17.5 17.5 24 24 1028 lbs/5606 ft lbs Maquet 20 20 25.59 round 891-959 lbs/5962 ft lbs Steris TB 28 28 24 24 1987/11341 TL 28 28 24 24 1732/8262 Modular 21 21 23 round 1000 lbs/4010 ft lbs

(106) FIG. 8A shows an alternate view of the laminar array portion mounted on the ceiling mounted structural device (101), here equipped with some additional perimeter lights (800) and perimeter conduit paths. Here assume that all of the mounted laminar air flow systems (102) are equipped with perforated panels (e.g. a perforated panel facing the room) (102a) so that air can flow gently into the room through a series of small openings (perforations). Examples of such perforated panels include the laminar flow diffusers produced by Krueger-HVAC, and other sources.

(107) FIG. 8B shows a view of the plenum which provides air to the laminar array. Essentially, this can also be considered to be a view of a portion of the interior of the ceiling mounted structural device (101) when all of the perforated panels (102a) of the mounted laminar air flow systems have been removed. Each laminar air flow system (102) has its own damper and air supply connection (802). Note that dampers (802) need not be equipped with actuators, and need not be computer operated dampers (although in some embodiments, they may be) since air to the system can be controlled by other dampers, such as damper BTD-1 shown in FIG. 3.

(108) Some details of the LED drivers (804) used to drive the LED lighting system are also shown.

(109) FIG. 9A shows a long axis side view of an individual laminar air flow system module (102). Here more details of the air supply connection and damper (802) and the LED drivers (804) may be seen. In some embodiments, modules such as the Krueger Sterilfo System, Sterilflex system, or alternative systems, may be used.

(110) In some embodiments, the laminar air flow system may also include UV lights configured to provide further UV sterilization to the incoming HEPA filtered air. In some embodiments, UV sterilizing systems such as Steril-Aire UVC emitter system system, produced by Steril-Aire, Inc. may be used.

(111) FIG. 9B shows a view looking up at the face of an individual air flow system module (102). Here details of the perforated wall structure (102a) and LED lighting (102) may be seen.

(112) FIG. 9C shows a short axis side view of an individual laminar air flow system module (102). This shows a detail of the air supply connection and damper (802) from a different perspective.

(113) Further discussion of the intelligent platform (ORICK) embodiment of the present invention.

(114) The operating rooms of today, worldwide, are generally designed and used for a very clean level environment. However, they remain inherently unclean, even dirty, due to the very nature of the operating environment: numerous personnel, including surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, radiologists, and various types of equipment can enter and exit the operating room, and each event represents another way in which sterility can be compromised. In order to maintain the highest feasible levels of sterility, it would be desirable if the operating room was suitably configured so that the movement of humans, materials, and equipment could be automatically monitored and tracked. This way, information containing the movement of OR personnel, equipment and supplies can be stored in a database, and the data analyzed and compared to patient outcomes. Individuals, supplies, and equipment that are found to be correlated with unusual risks of HAI can be assessed, and appropriate corrective action can be initiated. Thus, in some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein can also comprise an information platform. This information platform can, for example, be configured to use real-time video cameras or other type sensors, which may be affixed or embedded in the chamber walls, to continuously collect (and store) data on the locations or status of various personnel, supplies, and equipment inside the operating room. Other types of cameras and scanners, such as hyperspectral cameras, cameras and illuminating systems optimized to image nucleic acids, proteins, or other biomarkers may also be used.

(115) Although, in some embodiments, the ORICK aspects of the invention, described below, can be implemented in a chamber that is not equipped with the previously described automatic sterilization devices and methods, in a preferred embodiment, the ORICK aspects of the invention will be implemented in at least a simplified healthcare chamber (such as FIG. 1, 100), equipped with at least some automatic sterilizing devices and methods.

(116) FIG. 10 shows an overview of an intelligent platform embodiment of the system. In this embodiment, at least one, and typically a plurality of video cameras (1002, 1004, 1006, 1008) may be mounted along many of the chamber walls, and the output of these video cameras analyzed using a computer vision system (1030). Usually, this computer vision system will be configured to at least recognize the presence and locations of humans in the chamber (100), usually as a function of time, with good time resolution. That is, ideally the location of humans and identified equipment in the chamber should be updated at least once a second, and preferably quicker, such as at higher of every 1/10 second, 1/15 second, 1/30 second or faster.

(117) In some embodiments, the simplified chamber (100) equipped with automatic sterilizing devices and methods will also comprise a healthcare chamber system configured to reduce the risk of HAI. This simplified chamber may also comprise at least one computer processor and at least one sensor, but will also comprise computer memory as well. Although certain other aspects of the simplified healthcare chamber may be omitted in some embodiments, in a typical embodiment, this simplified chamber will also be configured to return interior air from the chamber by using at least one return air damper. The chamber (100) will also typically comprise air impermeable chamber walls, ceiling, and floor as before. The chamber will also typically comprise a laminar air flow system configured to blow HEPA filtered and UV (or hydroxyl generator) sterilized supply air over a defined field in the chamber. This laminar air flow system will typically be connected to at least one supply air damper. As before, the chamber will often be configured to obtain interior air by using the laminar air flow system to obtain sterilized outside air and blow HEPA filtered and UV (or hydroxyl generator) sterilized supply air over a defined field in the chamber. Further, the laminar air flow system will typically be connected to at least one supply air damper.

(118) In the ORICK embodiment of the invention, as before, at least one computer processor and at least one sensor are also configured to verify that no humans are present in the chamber, and prior to a start of a sterilization cycle when no humans are present, to restrict access to the chamber. However, in the ORICK embodiment, often this at least one sensor will comprise at least one video camera, and often a plurality of video cameras (e.g. at least one of 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008). Further, in the ORICK embodiment, a more capable computer processor will often be used. This more capable computer processor can any of a computer vision system optimized computer processor (1030) and a standard computer processor (1034). Either may be configured to recognize humans in the chamber. Although, in this disclosure, certain specialized computer processors, such as GPU, will be used as an example of a computer vision system processor (1030), the present techniques may be implemented on any of one or a plurality of different computer processors.

(119) In the simplified chamber (100), as per parent application Ser. No. 15/236,888, often at least one computer processor is also configured to isolate an interior air flow in the chamber from the outside air by closing at least one return damper and at least one supply air damper. Further, at least one computer processor is often also configured to activate an air phase anti-microbial agent generator. This generator is typically configured to fill the chamber with air phase anti-microbial agents at a time and dose level configured to kill at least a substantial majority of pathogens in the chamber. Further, although not required, at least one computer processor is often also configured to deactivate the generator, and to flush remaining air phase anti-microbial agents from the chamber by at least opening the return damper and at least one supply air damper.

(120) In FIG. 10, assume that the intelligent platform (ORICK) embodiment is implemented in the operating room type chamber (100), such as previously discussed in FIGS. 1 and 2. This chamber (100) is further configured with at least one (and usually a plurality of) video cameras (1002, 1004, 1006, 1008, etc.). These video cameras will often be mounted on, or embedded into the walls, ceiling, corners, and even the floor of the chamber (100), and will preferably be positioned so that, at least by combining video feeds from all of the cameras, all areas of the room can be imaged, even when interfering equipment (e.g. operating tables, carts) is present in the room.

(121) Put alternatively, in the ORICK embodiment of the invention, at least one sensor typically comprises a plurality of video cameras affixed or embedded in any of the air impermeable chamber walls, ceiling, and floor. This plurality of video cameras is typically configured to image substantially all of an interior of the chamber (100).

(122) The video cameras may be any combination of wide-angle or narrow-angle cameras. In FIG. 10, the field of view of the video camera (1002) positioned in one upper corner of the operating room, and video camera (1004) positioned above the location of the operating table (not shown), are shown by the dashed lines. In some embodiments, video cameras may also be positioned above tables or cart locations so that equipment and optical codes (e.g. bar codes, QR codes, and the like) may be better observed by the system.

(123) Put alternatively, in some versions of the ORICK embodiment of the invention, any of the computer vision system and at least one computer processor may be configured to recognize a presence of bar codes, QR codes, and other printed information on any of the various recognized humans and/or other objects in the chamber. The system can be also be configured to use these recognized bar codes, QR codes, and other printed information to label, in at least the computer memory (1036), at least some of the recognized humans and other objects in the chamber.

(124) Although the computer vision system may be configured to recognize humans, various human faces, and other objects (such as certain types of equipment, tools and supplies), it would be useful if the system could be configured to distinguish additional information, such as tool identification numbers, manufacturing lot numbers, and the like. Although some of this information may be obtained by configuring the system to recognize optical codes (bar codes, QR codes, lettering), optical methods alone may not always be enough. Thus, in some embodiments, the system's intelligent platform may also comprise one or more wireless identification devices, such as RFID tag detectors, Internet of Things (IoT) wireless gateways (IoT detectors), and the like.

(125) Put alternatively, in at least some embodiments, at least one sensor can further comprise at least one RFID sensor, IoT wireless gateway, or other wireless transceiver such as a Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, or Zigbee transceiver. Here, for conciseness, we will primarily discuss RFID detectors (sensors) and RFID tags as a specific example. However, this example should be considered to encompass detection of at least IoT devices as well.

(126) Generally, any of the computer vision system (1030) and the computer processor (1034) (if separate from the computer vision system) can be configured to correlate detection of RFID signals with any of the recognized humans and other objects in the chamber. These detected RFID signals can be also be used by the one or more processors to label, in at least the computer memory (1036), any of the recognized humans and other objects in the chamber.

(127) Note again that, as previously discussed, IoT devices may also be detected by the system. IoT devices are often configured for wireless communications using Bluetooth or Wi-Fi wireless communications protocols. In addition to serving as an alternative type of identification tag, IoT devices may also be used for environmental sensors, medical equipment sensors, medical equipment control, hospital asset inventory management, usage, and the like. These medical equipment sensors can include surgical table (for pad or positioning), surgical robot, laparoscopic video, c-arm X-ray system images and the like, and the invention may be configured to receive data from such equipment by Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ethernet, or other wired or wireless method.

(128) In some embodiments, the system can be configured so that standard pre-operative procedures can be further augmented with a system displayed surgeon pilot checklist that can help assure the right equipment is available for the planned patient and procedure.

(129) In some embodiments, for example, the invention may also be configured to use data from a surgical table to track how long a patient is in a certain position, as well as pad pressure zones to help detect and potentially warn in advance of potential injury. The invention may also keep track of suitable sensors to monitor tourniquet time, motions of surgical robots (e.g. to track actions and to help monitor when such robots may need cleaning/sterilization), monitor surgical microscopes, and handle other information from medical equipment and sensors as well.

(130) FIG. 10 shows an embodiment where an RFID tag reader (1020) is positioned near the chamber entrance door. This can be configured to read RFID tags (often attached to either humans, equipment, or supplies) entering the room by scanning a field such as (1022). The RFID tag data can then be transmitted (1026) to a suitable processor (e.g. 1030, 1034) for further analysis.

(131) The information from the various video cameras (1024) will often be fed to a computer vision system. As will be discussed in further detail shortly, this can be one or more computer processors (1030) such as a GPU configured to run deep convolution neural network methods (CNN) using the TensorFlow software framework, or other methods. These types of methods are often considered to be a type of artificial intelligence technique. The computer vision system will typically also comprise software configured to recognize various classes of objects, such as humans, different types of surgical tools, different types of surgical supplies, operating room carts, equipment, and the like (e.g. objects 1 . . . n). This object recognition configuration/CNN training software is shown as (1032).

(132) Although computer processor (1030) will often be located on or near chamber (100), computer processor (1030) may be mounted elsewhere in the facility housing chamber (100), or even remotely (e.g. on a remote internet server, such as a cloud server) if desired.

(133) Put alternatively, and as will be discussed in further detail shortly, in some embodiments, the computer vision system (1030) can comprise a trainable neural network that can be configured or reconfigured (1032) to recognize any of humans and a plurality of other objects in the chamber.

(134) In some embodiments, the same computer vision processor (1030) used to implement vision recognition may also be used to perform other functions, up to and including even running the chamber itself. Thus, in some embodiments, the computer vision processor may be used to implement previously discussed computer processor control unit (110). However, in some embodiments it may be desirable to mount the computer vision processor (1030) separately from (110) because processor (1030) will be performing more computationally intensive loads, and thus may be bulkier, or may generate more heat, than a more standard general-purpose processor more commonly used for (110).

(135) In some embodiments, less computationally intensive operations, such as receiving RFID codes, storing and retrieving data from databases, and interfacing with outside computer systems may be performed on more general-purpose processors (e.g. x86, MIPS, ARM, PowerPC, etc. processors (1034). However again, the computational workload may be divided among various permutations and types of computer processors, and thus the designation of certain processors as GPU, general purpose, and the like is not intended to be limiting.

(136) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, the computer vision processor is thus recognizing various objects (humans, surgical tools) from the various video cameras, and passing the locations and identity of the recognized objects to processor (1034). Processor (1034) then associates any recognized objects with RFID codes (or optical codes), and, among other functions, may store the position of the various recognized objects, as a function of time, into database (1036).

(137) Put alternatively, in some embodiments, any of the computer vision system (1030) and the computer processor (1034) may be further configured to record changes in locations (inside the chamber) of the recognized humans and other objects. The system can also be configured to accumulate data, such as statistical data, regarding the locations of these recognized humans and other objects in the chamber.

(138) In some embodiments, as will be discussed in more detail in FIGS. 11A, 11B, 12A, and 12B, the intelligent platform embodiment of the invention may also analyze the incoming data versus various analysis algorithms (also referred to in the alternative as facility policies) to determine when exceptions (e.g. deviations from proper procedures) may have occurred.

(139) FIG. 11A shows an example of how the chamber's video cameras and computer vision system can recognize the presence and locations of various humans, such as the patient and various personnel, in the chamber as a function of time. In some embodiments, the system may be configured to use facial recognition to determine which humans are present. In other embodiments, the system may use RFID tags, optical code recognition, or other methods to attempt to further identify which specific humans are present. When specific humans that are known to the system are found, the human's status (e.g. surgeon, anesthesiologist, nurse, etc.) can then be automatically assigned as well. The system can also be configured to automatically also verify that the specific human has proper authorization to be present. Those humans that the system can recognize as humans, but cannot specifically identify, can still be flagged as unidentified humans. Depending on the exception criteria, the presence of unidentified humans in the chamber during a scheduled operation can also be automatically flagged as an exception. In this case, at the 11:15 AM time point, the computer vision system recognizes that another human has entered the chamber, but this latest human is unidentified. The intelligent platform has thus flagged (and stored in memory) that this latest person is unidentified.

(140) FIG. 11B shows an example of how, by storing a record of the position and location of various identified and unidentified humans and objects as a function of time, certain operating room exceptions can be automatically detected and flagged by the system. This record corresponds to the events shown above in FIG. 11A. Here assume that the system has used an RFID reader or optical recognition method to identify one recognized human as the patient (1102 shown horizontally on an operating table that is not shown), and other recognized humans as the surgeon, anesthesiologist, and two nurses. The times and locations of these humans are also recorded in memory, preferably at least once a second. In this example, at 11:15 AM, the positions of the identified persons are as expected. The surgeon (Dr. X) is located by the head of the operating table, the patient is on the table, the anesthesiologist (Dr. Y) was properly at the anesthesiologist's station, and the two nurses were each at their expected locations (n1 and n2 station).

(141) The system has also detected that at 11:15 AM, surgical tool A (ID #4567) suddenly appears by the nurse's station n1. This might be expected if nurse 1 (Ms. A) has unwrapped the tool from a sterile container, and thus is not unexpected. The system has also detected that at 11:20, the location of tool A is now by the patient, suggesting that surgical tool A is being used (possibly by Surgeon 1) on the patient. This again is to be expected.

(142) Occasionally, however, sales representatives for surgical equipment manufacturers may (possibly without full authorization) enter an operating room in order to demonstrate a new surgical tool to the surgeon. Such practices, if adequately documented and approved, can be acceptable, but if not adequately documented and approved, may be problematic. Here the intelligent platform aspects of the invention can be used to identify such situations.

(143) In this example, the system has detected that an unknown individual (such as the sales representative for a medical device company), has also entered the chamber at 11:15 AM. The system recognizes this new object as a human (1104). But this unknown person is not wearing any type of detectable tag, and face recognition (if implemented) also cannot determine who this person is. The system can identify the object as a human, but cannot determine the human's identity, so automatically lists this person as Unknown.

(144) In this example, further assume that the system's computer vision system is also configured (e.g. trained) to use computer vision recognize at least certain types of surgical tools and supplies. Those surgical tools and supplies that are also identified by suitable RFID tags or optical markings can also be automatically identified. Depending on the amount of information stored on the tag or marking, the system can recognize a tool, and with appropriate tag data, can even identify the ID number of this specific, tool or supply.

(145) In this example, the system has also used computer vision to identify that a surgical tool has entered the chamber at 11:15 AM. However, there is no RFID tag or other type tag. The system thus records that an unknown tool was also first detected in the chamber at 11:15 AM. This is at the same time and location that the unknown person also entered the chamber. If the system is configured with suitable analysis algorithms, the system can automatically determine that the position of this unknown tool generally tracks the same position as the unknown person.

(146) Moreover, the system can be configured to use computer vision to also automatically detect, by tracking the position of the various humans, that between 11:20 and 11:25 AM, this unknown person and the unknown tool then were moved to be by the head of the operating table. This would not commonly be expected by the system. Even more unexpectedly. Surgeon 1 (Dr. X) has surprisingly now moved to the foot of the operating table. The identified tool A is now in the same location as a waste container.

(147) This scenario suggests that an unknown person, without adequate documentation, and using an undocumented tool, may have performed an otherwise undocumented surgical procedure on the patient. The underlying explanation may be innocent enough, perhaps a sales representative was demonstrating a new and more effective surgical tool. But if the patient gets an unexpected post-surgical infection (HAI), then this information may be very important. Indeed, if the hospital policy is not to allow this sort of thing, the system may be configured to automatically, and in real-time, trigger an exception, notice, or alarm here.

(148) Here, a facility policy, such as: if, during an operation, an unidentified person is near a patient on an operating table, and this person is associated with an unidentified tool, then automatically report an exception could be used by the system processors to flag this type of situation.

(149) This type of system can also be used to help improve the sterility of the chamber as well. For example, operating rooms are sometimes heavily booked during the day, with back-to-back operations. As a result, some facilities managers may prefer to set the chamber to only implement a fully automatic sterilization cycle during breaks in the schedule, such as during the evenings. During back-to-back surgeries, these managers may instead use a human clean-up crew to clean up the chamber (operating room) between operations. This allows for efficient scheduling, but creates more opportunities for breaches in sterility.

(150) However, in ORICK configured healthcare chambers, the ORICK system can also be configured to monitor the presence and identities of the various members of the clean-up crew. If the normal crew is present at the normal locations, the system can analyze this according to the system policies and automatically determine that all may be well. However, if the system identifies, between operations, that known clean-up crew members are absent, or unidentified persons are present, or that the locations of the clean-up crew members did not correspond to all of the proper clean-up locations in the chamber, then there may be a problem. There the system can again automatically check the observation data versus the facilities policies, and potentially identify a violation of the chamber (operating room) policies. The system may then indicate that a potential clean-up exception has occurred. The system can transmit a notice of the problem, recommend additional manual cleaning, indicate that the operating room is unavailable, and/or recommend (or even automatically trigger) an additional sterilization cycle as appropriate.

(151) In this situation, the system can use an automated facility policy such as: If, between operations, identified cleaning crew are not observed in those portions of the operating room designated for cleaning, then automatically report an exception.

(152) Here, the general principle is that the system can be configured to automatically recognize and (often specifically identify) the locations over time of various persons and equipment. The system can then automatically compare this information to a database of facility (e.g. operating chamber) specific policies as to what patterns of activity are acceptable, and what patterns of activity may not be acceptable. The system can also be configured to automatically trigger exception notifications and/or other actions when unacceptable patterns of activity are observed.

(153) In some embodiments, it may be useful to further configure the intelligent platform to interface with other computer systems (1040), such as hospital information management systems, BACnet (building automation and control) networks, and the like. The system can, for example, be configured to export data regarding various exceptions to a hospital information management system. The system can also, for example, be configured to receive patient information from outside systems, and display it on chamber screens (108a).

(154) The system can also be configured to automatically correlate patient HAI data (usually obtained from outside medical databases, such as electronic medical records or EMI) with its database of appearance and locations of labeled objects in the operating room (1036). This may help the system develop rules determining which events are statistically associated with higher or lower rates of patient HAI.

(155) In some embodiments, when the chamber must coordinate its operation with other systems, such as airflow, heating, and lighting systems within a larger building, the system may be configured to use BACnet or similar type building network to better coordinate the operations of the chamber with overall building operations.

(156) Thus, in some embodiments, the invention's ORICK system's computer vision system and computer processor may be further configured to perform any of: Display at least portions of the accumulated data, such as statistical data, regarding the locations of these recognized humans and other objects in the chamber on at least one display screen (such as 108a) mounted either on an interior chamber wall, and/or exterior to the chamber. Export at least portions of the accumulated data, such as statistical data, to an outside computer system (1040). Obtain imported data from the outside computer system (1040), and display at least some of this imported data on at least one display screen (such as 108a) mounted either on an interior chamber wall, and/or exterior to the chamber.

(157) FIG. 12A shows a software flow chart showing an embodiment of the intelligent platform embodiment of the invention.

(158) Here data, such as video (1024) and RFID data (1026) is received (1204), and is typically analyzed with a computer vision system using any of processors (1030) and (1034) at step (1202).

(159) The computer vision system can recognize humans using various techniques, some of which are more computationally intensive (often requiring more specialized computer processors such as GPU 1030), and some of which are less computationally intensive (and can be run on standard computer processors such as 1034). The less computationally intensive methods include the methods of Viola and Jones, Rapid Object Detection using a Boosted Cascade of Simple Features, ACCEPTED CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION 2001. Other computationally less intensive methods include the Haar cascade object detection available in the OpenCV computer vision library, and the Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) method, described by Dalal and Triggs in: Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection, Pattern Recognition (CVPR '05), June 2005, San Diego, United States. pp. 886-893, ff10.1109/CVPR.2005.177f.

(160) However, in a preferred computer vision embodiment, more computationally intensive methods based on deep convolution neural network methods (CNN) may be preferable. Although often requiring more specialized computer processors, the CNN methods have the advantage that they can be configured (e.g. trained) to recognize and classify many types of objects (e.g. humans, various types of operating room equipment, and the like). Such CNN methods are embodied in the popular TensorFlow open source software (API), produced by Google LLC.

(161) Such TensorFlow CNN software can run on commercially available computer processors. These processors include various GPU processors, such as the Titan V processor produced by NVidia corporation, Google's tensor processing units (TPU), suitably configured FPGA chips and the like. Other computer processors, such as Intel Xeon processors, Neural Network Processors (NNP), and the like may also be used. Typically, the CNN will be trained or configured to recognize humans and other objects of interest (surgical tools, surgical supplies, operating room equipment) and the like using standard CNN object recognition techniques (1206). In a preferred embodiment, the system will be configured to image and recognize objects several times per second, preferably at video or near video speeds.

(162) As bio-burden visualization systems improve, these camera system sensors will be incorporated into this invention as well, to further identify real time infectious pathogens.

(163) If the system is not seeing any changes in the objects (i.e. no one is present, and the equipment is just sitting there), then the system will often just remain in an idle mode, and keep looking for some sort of change.

(164) However, if the system recognizes that new objects have appeared (1208), in a preferred embodiment, the computer vision system will seek to classify the objects, and also attempt to specifically identify the objects using optical or RFID or IoT data. Here, for example, if the system determines that an object appears proximate an RFID scanner at the same time that an RFID code is detected, the system may associate the RFID code data with the object (1210). Alternatively, if the system detects that the recognized object is also carrying an optical code such as a bar code, QR code, or even alphanumeric code, then these optical codes may also be associated with the object, and stored as a labeled object in the system database (1214). Some objects may be identified and classified, but contain no detectable codes, and will thus be stored in the system database as a recognized but unlabeled object. Facial recognition may also be used as appropriate, but since operating room personnel often wear masks, its utility may be limited. Thus, use of optical or RFID tags may often be preferred.

(165) The system will typically then compare (1216) the computer vision observations against a database of analysis algorithms (1038), such as various chamber facility (e.g. operating room) policies (1218). These policies can include various chamber cleaning and maintenance policies, as well as various chamber operating policies. Examples of chamber cleaning policies can include specifications that humans should be observed at various defined locations in the chamber, or associated with various types of chamber equipment, during a specified manual cleaning or maintenance situation. The policies will, of course, also specify that before and during an automated sterilization cycle, no humans may be in the chamber, and additionally may also specify that certain types of equipment should either be in the chamber, or not be in the chamber. The automated vision system may also be configured to observe various environmental indicators inside of the chamber, such as visual indicators of air flow, temperature, and even chemical environment (e.g. visual indicators of levels of hydrogen peroxide), and confirm that an automated sterilization cycle has been performed according to the facility policies (1218). Here, if the system detects an exception (e.g. non-conformance to the policies/algorithms), the system can trigger exception notifications (1220), and other actions as well. For example, the system, upon observing evidence of improper cleaning or sterilization, may schedule additional sterilization cycles or schedule maintenance. IoT equipped environmental sensors, and other types of IoT devices, may also be detected and recorded as well.

(166) Put alternatively, in some embodiments, the system (ORICK equipped environmental chamber) can further comprise at least one visual or IoT environmental indicator affixed or embedded in any of the air impermeable chamber walls, ceiling, and floor. This at least one visual or IoT environmental indicator will typically be configured to produce an environmental indicator visual signal, or IoT wireless signal, that varies according to a chamber environment, and will also typically be configured to be imaged by at least one of the chamber's video cameras or detected by at least one of the chambers wireless IoT detectors, such as a Bluetooth or Wi-Fi transceiver. In this embodiment, the computer vision system (1030) or computer processor is typically further configured to record changes in this at least one environmental indicator visual signal or IoT signal. In this embodiment, any of the computer vision system and the computer processor are also configured to correlate changes in this at least one environmental indicator visual or IoT signal with changes in the chamber's environment.

(167) Additionally, as previously discussed, the intelligent platform (ORICK) embodiment of the invention may also be configured to monitor conditions inside the chamber while it is being used as an operating room. At any time, the system may also be configured, either automatically, or upon command, to simply store the video camera output in memory as video files as well.

(168) Here, as previously discussed, the facility policies can monitor (1216) for problematic occurrences during an operation, and trigger exception notifications and action (1220) here as well. The system may post notification on a chamber display screen (108a), sound audio warnings. Video recordings from the camera may be preserved in memory for future analysis. Data regarding the exception may be transmitted to outside systems. The system may also schedule additional chamber sterilizing cycles as appropriate.

(169) In some embodiments, it may be useful to configure the system to respond to commands, such as verbal commands, from various personnel (1224). Here standard audio pickups and automated speech recognition devices and methods may be used. These commands may, for example, direct the system to receive data from outside computer systems (1040), (1226), and display this data on various display devices such as device (108a). The system can also be configured to transmit data to outside computer systems as well. These outside computer systems may comprise outside computers running medical databases with electronic medical records (EMI), be connected to computer systems associated with vendors or repair/maintenance systems, governmental regulatory agencies, reimbursement (insurance) agencies, administrative computer systems, accounting computer systems, telemedicine systems (e.g. to allow outside physicians to consult), and the like.

(170) FIG. 12B shows how the system records may be compared to subsequently observed HAI information, and situations that correlate with higher levels of HAI can be used to further refine the system's facility policies, and other types of corrective action.

(171) It will typically take hours, days, or even weeks to detect any hospital-acquired infections (HAI) that occur due to adverse events in the operating room. By that time, the patient will usually often be long removed from the chamber (100). Thus, in order to ensure that the system is operating according to the best possible algorithms (1038) or facility policies (1218), the invention may, in some embodiments, further employ methods to close the loop and correlate observed operating room events with subsequent HAI.

(172) This correlation process can be done with standard statistical correlation methodology, or with more advanced machine learning methods. In either case, subsequently obtained HAI information (1240), which may be obtained from outside computer systems (1040), can be automatically correlated (1242) against the previously obtained database of objects and events (1212, 1214). When significant correlations are found (1244), the system can implement various types of corrective action (1246). Occasionally, this corrective action may include updating the facility (operating room) policies/algorithms (1218, 1038) that the system uses to automatically detect exceptions or adverse events (1216).

(173) These correlations may occasionally find unexpected results. For example, the system may automatically detect that a combination of a particular surgeon and a particular surgical tool is associated with a significantly higher rate of HAI or other adverse events. This may happen, for example, if a particular surgeon is not adequately trained or competent using a particular surgical tool. Similarly, a particular member of the cleaning staff may also be associated with an unusually high rate of HAI. In either case, the system may be configured to detect future occurrences of any such events, and trigger appropriate exception notifications and other events (1220).

(174) Note that although as previously described, the above intelligent platform or ORICK system and methods can be implemented using a simplified version of the chamber, the ORICK system and methods can also be implemented in more full-featured versions of the chamber as well. Thus, for example, in some embodiments, the air phase anti-microbial agent generator may further be a combination generator and humidifier configured to operate by regulating humidity, and configured to convert an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide into air phase hydrogen peroxide by using any of a misting, nebulizer based, vaporizing based, or aerosol generating type device. Further, the chamber may further comprise a ceiling mounted structural device comprising a load bearing structure. In this embodiment, the laminar air flow system may be mounted on this structural device. As previously discussed, often the chamber will be an operating room, and the defined field in the chamber may be an operating table.

(175) Use Examples and Benefits:

(176) Identification and Monitoring of Patient and Operating Room Personnel

(177) As previously discussed, by using RFID, IoT, optical or other automatically readable badges, all patients and personnel in the chamber (e.g. the operating room, or OR) can be monitored. This includes patient identification upon entering the OR and leaving the OR. Surgical team identification upon entering and leaving the chamber, as well as tracking of movements within the OR. The presence of other visitors (observing MD's, observing students, observing or demonstrating equipment manufacturers, etc.) in the OR can also be tracked as well.

(178) By automatically identifying and tracking all chamber personnel, the invention can improve the likelihood of successful outcomes and improve the best practices of operating room procedures.

(179) The system's computer processor can also be configured to immediately match the patient ID with the scheduled procedure, ensuring that the patient is actually the person scheduled. With suitable computer vision, if the system is informed about the specifics of any given operation, the system could also monitor the progress of the operation, and indicate an exception if the observed progress of the operation was not consistent with the preset operation specifics.

(180) In some embodiments, the invention may be configured to import the patient's electronic medical record from another computer system (1040) and display this on the chamber's display screen (108a). With suitable voice recognition hardware (e.g. audio microphones, and speakers 1027) and software, the invention may also be configured to automatically, or with voice command, call up the patient's medical information, (e.g. last MRI or CT Scan), for display, as well as to respond to all other types of voice commands as well. In some embodiments, with suitable software, the computer processor monitoring the audio pickup may be configured to recognize unusual sounds (e.g. alarms, unusual mechanical sounds, and the like), and register these as an exception as well.

(181) Increased Use of RFID and IoT Device Tracking within the OR

(182) As the surgical world more fully embraces RFID and IoT device implementation, the system may also be configured to monitor all suitably tagged surgical instruments and supplies in the chamber. In some embodiments, the system processor may also be configured to communicate the equipment status with outside computer systems (1040) and help ensure the quality and safety of these items.

(183) Pro-Active Air Flow Management.

(184) In some embodiments, the system will be configured to continually track door openings, the number, movement, and type of personnel in the OR. This information can be correlated with HAI information (see FIG. 12B) and used to help determine what combination air flows, door openings, and personnel movement are associated with better or worse HAI outcomes. This information can be used to provide suitable analysis algorithms (1038) and or Facility OR policies (1218) which, when combined with the system observations (1216), can provide real-time alerts to surgical teams and other personnel when high HAI risk conditions are observed.

(185) User Group Examples.

(186) Various different types of chamber user groups could use the system data for a variety of different purposes, including obtaining real-time actionable data, periodic summaries, forming best practices (e.g. facility policies), continuous learning, and further improvement of the system's various image recognition and other algorithms. These groups can include cleaning staff, surgical staff, and even patients (e.g. as a supplement to the patient electronic medical record). The information can also be used for chamber scheduling, re-certification, insurance, best practices analysis, training, equipment vendors, asset management, accounting, hospital planning, and administrative purposes at all levels of administration. In some embodiments, the system may be configured to output this type of data according to various user interfaces, such as dashboards, graphical summaries, tabular data, and the like. Additionally, the massive amounts of digital data from the invention's sensors can be input to various types of external AI engines (such as IBM's Watson system, Google, AWS system, and the like) for further assessments.

(187) Transportable Chamber Embodiments.

(188) As previously discussed, in emergency situations, it is often desirable to deploy the hospital, clinic, or operating room chamber in the form factor of one or more shipping containers (1300), such as the previously discussed standardized intermodal shipping containers. This form factor enables these transportable chambers to be rapidly transported to the desired location using standardized shipping equipment, and to deploy the chambers into an immediately useable (or at least rapidly usable) state with little or no additional on-site setup needed.

(189) FIG. 13A shows a floor plan of an embodiment of the invention that is based on a transportable chamber configured, at least on the exterior, to conform to the dimensions of a standard 40-foot-long intermodal standardized shipping container (1300). In this embodiment, the chamber is divided by removable partitions (1302) into four sterilizable rooms (1304a, 1304b, 1304b, 1304c), each room here shown having an optional independent outside door (1306). These doors can often form an airtight seal to help ensure that when the door is closed, any sterilizing agents remain inside the chamber, and similarly any pathogens cannot pass from inside to outside, or outside to inside. An additional wall, which will often be fixed (non-movable) will typically separate the mechanical room (1308) from the remainder of the transportable chamber.

(190) Put alternatively, FIG. 13A shows that in some embodiments, the transportable chamber may be configured with interior walls (fixed or removable partitions 1302) that may be configured to partition an interior of the transportable chambers into more than one portion (e.g. more than one room). These interior walls are often air-tight so that one room may be independently sterilized from an adjacent room, as well as to ensure that pathogens from one room cannot contaminate other rooms in the transportable chamber.

(191) Some rooms may also have sealed windows (see FIG. 13C 1310). This helps let outside light in, as well as to allow persons inside to view persons outside, and vice versa.

(192) Note that in this embodiment, most of the invention's air handling and sterilizing equipment is often stored in a mechanical room (1308) on the extreme right. In some embodiments, this mechanical room may be accessed (e.g. for service and maintenance) through typical shipping container type swing-out cargo doors (illustrated) (1312), or other type doors as desired.

(193) In this embodiment, the invention can be expressed in methods format as a method of reducing a risk of pathogen exposure. As previously discussed, the method involves verifying that no humans are present in at least a portion of a transportable chamber (such as one of the rooms 1304a . . . 1304d in FIG. 13A) and restricting access to at least a portion of this transportable chamber (e.g. the room or rooms where sterilizing is desired). Note that this transportable chamber will typically comprise air impermeable chamber walls, ceiling, and floor, as well as an interior, and an exterior.

(194) In normal use (e.g. when humans are occupying the unit, or when there is no sterilizing cycle), the (transportable) chamber is normally configured, typically using at least one adjustable return air damper, to expel (to the outside world) at least some interior air from the chamber (or at least a portion of the chamber). The chamber and return (e.g. recycle) at least some (typically a portion) of the interior air from the chamber.

(195) The (transportable chamber) is also normally configured to obtain interior air by obtaining sterilized outside air. This is usually done using a chamber-mounted air handing unit AHU such as shown in FIG. 16. This AHU will typically comprise at least one air intake, supply air HEPA filter, supply air sterilizer (such as a UV sterilizer or other type sterilizer), and adjustable supply air damper. In particular, the chamber-mounted air handling unit is normally configured to obtain outside air and to blow HEPA filtered and sterilized supply air over at least one field in the chamber. Other devices, such as electric coils and humidity control devices, temperature sensors, and humidity sensors to control the temperature and humidity may also be used.

(196) As previously discussed, the sterilization process works by isolating the interior air flow in at least a portion (such as a room) of the chamber from outside air by configuring at least one adjustable return damper and configuring at least one adjustable supply air damper. Usually this shuts off the inflow of outside air, and also shuts off any outflow of air from this portion of the chamber. Then the sterilization process involves activating a (typically chamber-mounted) air phase sterilizing agent generator. This generator is typically configured to fill at least a portion (such as at least one room) of the chamber with air phase sterilizing agents at a time and dose level configured to inactivate at least a substantial majority of pathogens in at least this portion of the chamber.

(197) After this, the sterilization process then generally terminates by deactivating the generator, and flushing the remaining air phase anti-microbial agents from at least that portion of the chamber by configuring at least one adjustable return (or exhaust) damper and at least one adjustable supply damper to generally bring in fresh air, and exhaust any remaining sterilizing agents to the outside world.

(198) FIG. 13B shows a 3D cross section of the shipping container embodiment of the invention previously shown in FIG. 13A. In this cross section, the front of the chamber is removed, exposing details of the interior four rooms and the mechanical room. In some embodiments, it will often be useful to supply at least some of the rooms with sinks (1314) supplied (usually by suitable pumps and water containers in the mechanical room 1312) with sterile water and a drainage system to enable users of the room to wash up. FIG. 13B also shows how each room is typically equipped with a drop ceiling (1316) (usually a sealed, airtight except for any air ducts, drop ceiling) such that there will often be at least a foot clearance or attic (1318) between the top of the drop ceiling (1316) and the actual top of the shipping container type chamber (1320). This overhead attic space between the top of the drop ceiling (1318) and the actual top or roof (1320) of the shipping container is typically used to run air ducting (and optional water connections) and between at least some of the rooms and the air handling unit(s) in the mechanical room (1312). The human figure shows the approximate scale of the room.

(199) In some embodiments, the air phase sterilizing agent generator(s) may also be placed in the mechanical room (1312), and connected to various rooms, as desired, by suitable air ducting run through the attic (1318). In other embodiments (see FIG. 16, 106), one or more air phase sterilizing agent generators may be placed or mounted in those rooms (1304a . . . 1304d) where sterilizing is desired.

(200) Expressing this embodiment of the invention in systems format, in some embodiments, the invention may be a transportable chamber system configured to automatically reduce a risk of pathogen exposure. This system will typically comprise a transportable chamber with an interior and an exterior. The chamber will further typically comprise (with the exception of specific air ducts, and doors) air impermeable chamber walls, floor and ceiling (typically the drop-ceiling will be air-impermeable, and often the container ceiling and roof, with the exception of air inlets, exhaust ports, and doors may also be air impermeable as desired).

(201) As previously discussed, the transportable chamber will typically further comprise at least one computer processor, computer memory, and at least one sensor. The transportable chamber will typically further comprise an air handling unit, which may be a transportable chamber mounted air handling unit, comprising at least one air intake, supply HEPA filter; supply air sterilizer (such as the previously discussed UV air sterilizer) and computer adjustable supply air damper. The air handling unit will typically be configured (e.g. with suitable air ducts and computer adjustable controls) to, in at least some settings, intake outside air (often through the air intake) and produce HEPA filtered and sterilized outside air.

(202) This transportable chamber is chamber configured to normally (e.g. outside of a sterilizing operation) to obtain at least some interior air by using the (often chamber-mounted) air handling unit (and suitable air ducting and fans) to blow this sterilized outside air over at least one field in the chamber;

(203) This transportable chamber is also normally configured (e.g. outside of a sterilizing cycle) to use at least one computer adjustable return air damper (and suitable air ducting and fans), to expel at least some interior air from the chamber, and typically also return (e.g. recycle) at least some interior air to the chamber.

(204) As before, to sterilize, the at least one computer processor and at least one sensor are typically configured to verify that no humans are present in at least a portion (e.g. one or more rooms) of the chamber, and prior to a start of a sterilization cycle when no humans are present, to restrict access to at least a portion of the chamber (this can be by activating warning signs and/or sounds, and alternatively by locking doors to the relevant portion(s) of the chamber.

(205) Also as previously discussed, during the sterilizing cycle, this at least one computer processor is typically also configured to isolate an interior air flow in at least a portion of the chamber from outside air by configuring at least one computer adjustable return damper and configuring at least one computer adjustable supply air damper. These are typically configured to shut down air inflow from the outside air, as well as to stop expelling interior air from at least that portion of the chamber to the outside.

(206) To sterilize some or all of the chamber, this at least one computer processor is typically also configured to activate one or more (typically chamber-mounted) air phase sterilizing agent generator(s). As before, these generators are typically configured to fill at least a portion of the chamber with air phase sterilizing agents at a time and dose level configured to inactivate at least a substantial majority of pathogens in at least that portion of the chamber.

(207) To finish the sterilizing cycle, the least one computer processor also configured to deactivate the generator, and to flush remaining air phase sterilizing agents from at least that portion of the chamber by at least configuring at least one computer adjustable return (exhaust) damper and at least one computer adjustable supply air damper to exhaust any remaining air phase sterilizing agents through at least one exhaust port (see, for example, FIG. 15B).

(208) FIG. 13C shows the front of the embodiment of the invention previously shown above in FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B. As previously discussed, the rooms may be formed by one or more reconfigurable partitions (1302). This front view more clearly shows that in this embodiment, each room has exterior doors (1306), and also shows that at least some of the rooms also have sealed windows as well (1310). The mechanical room (1308), where much of the air handling components of the invention may be placed, is also shown on the far right. In some embodiments, the air intake for the one or more air handing units may be mounted on the sides of the mechanical room, or alternatively the air intake may be mounted on the roof of the chamber, such as shown in FIG. 15B. Through the use of suitable air ducting, the air intakes (and the exhaust port or ports as well), may also be placed in other locations.

(209) As previously discussed, although the transportable chamber embodiment of this invention can be based on any of tents, vehicles, or rapidly assembled components, in a preferred embodiment, the transportable chamber will be configured to conform to standard intermodal shipping containers. Here, for example, the exterior of the transportable chamber may have dimensions of any of a standard 10, 20, or 40-foot-long shipping container (such as an ISO standard shipping container), or a 10, 20 or 40-foot-long high-cube (extra tall) shipping container.

(210) To facilitate shipping, in a preferred embodiment, the exterior of the transportable chamber further comprises a plurality of sides, which can be corrugated sides for extra strength. These sides (which can be made of steel, aluminum, wood, or fiber reinforced polymer), will often work in conjunction with an optional interior frame such as a steel frame. These sides are often configured to enable the transportable chamber to be moved by crane and/or to configured in a stack of similar sized shipping containers for transport by ship or other transport vehicle.

(211) Similarly, in some embodiments, exterior of the transportable chamber may also be further configured with any of corner castings and forklift pockets.

(212) Location of the various air handling mechanisms: In some embodiments, the at least one computer adjustable return air damper, chamber mounted air handling unit, computer adjustable supply air damper, and air phase sterilizing agent generator are either attached to the interior of the transportable chamber (such as in the mechanical room 1308, or in the attic space (1318) between the drop ceiling and the container roof), or attached to an exterior side of the transportable chamber. This enables the transportable chamber, at least one computer adjustable return air damper, chamber-mounted air handling unit, at least one computer adjustable supply damper, and air phase sterilizing agent generator can be transported as a unit. These units can be additionally equipped with suitable air ducts, fans, and other computer-controlled valves as needed. See FIGS. 3-6 and FIG. 16 for further examples and discussion.

(213) In a preferred embodiment, the generator is configured to fill the chamber with air phase sterilizing agents at a time and dose level configured to inactivate pathogens, such as viral or microbial pathogens, by a factor of at least a million.

(214) FIG. 14A shows a floor plan that also shows more details of the interior air ducting and air vents (1400a, 1400b) that can be used to supply sterile air to at least some of the rooms (created by the movable or removable partitions), and then remove this air from the room as well. This interior air ducting can be at least one laminar flow air flow system, or other type of air vent or ducting.

(215) Note that in some embodiments, the interior or drop ceiling of the transportable chamber can further comprises a load bearing ceiling mounted structural device (1402). This ceiling mounted structural device can be configured to accept at least some clinic or operating room fixtures (1404). Note that in some embodiments, the rooms may be made airtight though use of rigid sheet vinyl ceiling coverings, and heat welded seams (1406). Other non-porous solid surface materials may also be used.

(216) FIG. 14A also shows that in some embodiments, ceiling (here the drop-ceiling) can also be configured with this load bearing device (1402). This load bearing device can be configured to accept clinic or operating room fixtures, such as the pictured ceiling mounted exam light (1404).

(217) In other embodiments, as previously discussed, the interior or drop ceiling of the transportable chamber can further comprise a ceiling mounted structural device comprising a laminar air flow system. In this embodiment, the chamber-mounted air handling unit is configured to blow the sterilized outside air over at least one field in the chamber using the laminar air flow system. This later embodiment is particularly useful if is desired to configure at least a portion of the transportable chamber as an operating room, as previously discussed. See FIG. 15C for an example of an operating room configuration.

(218) FIG. 14B shows a 3D perspective view showing the front exterior of the embodiment of the invention previously shown in FIG. 13A to FIG. 14A. Here four exterior doors (1306) and three windows are shown, as well as the mechanical room. Two human figures are provided for scale. Optional ramps or steps (1410) can also be provided to improve access to the various exterior doors. Note that in some embodiments, for greater robustness during transport, at least some of the exterior sides (1412) of the transportable chamber may comprise a corrugated material such as corrugated steel. One possible location for utility hookups is shown as (1414). These will be discussed in more detail shortly.

(219) FIG. 15A shows a cross section of the chamber showing a detail of the attic (1318) space between the drop ceiling (1316) and the true top (1320) of the shipping container type transportable chamber. Note that in some embodiments, it will further useful to equip the base of the transportable chamber with leveling mechanisms (1500), such as leveling plates, to ensure that the floor of the transportable chamber (1502) is properly level.

(220) In some embodiments, the at least one exhaust port (1504) may be mounted on an exterior of the transportable chamber. Since the exhaust port will occasionally be used to release toxic air phase sterilizing agents, for safety, it will often be useful to release these toxic air phase sterilizing agents some distance way from the transportable chamber. This can be done using a chimney type device (1506), or alternatively an extendable air duct may be used to release the air phase sterilizing agents away from the chamber. If a chimney type device is used, the at least one exhaust port can be configured to fold against an exterior of the transportable chamber during transport, and to extend at least 10 feet above the top of the transportable chamber when in use.

(221) Similarly, the at least one air intake (1508) will typically be mounted on an exterior of the transportable chamber, such as on the sides of the chamber or on the roof of the chamber.

(222) FIG. 15B shows an alternate embodiment of the shipping container type transportable chamber. In this embodiment, the air intake (1508) for the air handling unit is mounted on the roof of the transportable chamber, and the exhaust port (1504) to exhaust any remaining air phase sterilizing agents is also mounted on the roof of the transportable chamber as well. In this embodiment, the exhaust port is mounted onto a 10-foot tall chimney (1506) that can be either folded down against the roof of the transportable chamber during transport, raised or lowered, or alternatively mounted and demounted from the exhaust port during transport.

(223) Although, in some embodiments, the transportable chambers may be relatively self-contained, often there will need utility hookups (See FIG. 14B, 1414) to external power sources, and optionally to external water sources (which need not be sterile if the transportable chamber has its own built-in water sterilization units), and also optional liquid waste disposal hookups (for example, to handle used wash water from any built in sinks, or sewage from any built in toilet facilities). To provide such utility hookups, in some embodiments, an exterior side (here the side can include the top and bottom) of the transportable chamber may be configured with any of power fixtures, cooling fixtures, water intake fixtures, and liquid waste disposal fixtures.

(224) FIG. 15C shows an alternative layout in which the transportable chamber is configured as an operating or medical procedure room. Here there are fewer internal partitions. Thus (not counting the mechanical section 1308) there are only three rooms. These are a double sized procedure room (1520), a vestibule room (1522), and a storage room (1524). Note the presence of various internal doors (1526, 1528) that connect the various rooms. These internal doors (which can be considered to be a type of chamber adapter door) can be configured to be air-tight when shut, allowing flexibility as to which rooms are to be sterilized at any given time.

(225) Note that in some embodiments, such chamber adapter doors can be configured to enable airtight seals between different transportable chambers.

(226) FIG. 16 shows an example of some of the air handling equipment and other mechanical equipment that will often be disposed in either the transportable chamber's mechanical room (1308), or additionally or alternatively disposed in additional spaces such as the space between the drop ceiling and the top of the transportable chamber. The diagram shows the flow of air, from the air intake (1508) on the extreme left, to the air handling unit (AHU-1), through various air ducts (dark lines 1600a. 16--b) and through various rooms, such as the previously discussed rooms 1-4 (1304a . . . 130fd). In a preferred embodiment, the system is further equipped with various heating units (such as preheat electrical coil EC-1 and electrical coils RH-1) and cooling units (CU-1) to help maintain the temperature of various rooms (1304a . . . 1304d) within preset units. In some embodiments, air phase sterilizing agent generators (106) will be mounted in (or above in the attic space 1318) those rooms where sterilizing is desired. In other embodiments, the one or more air phase sterilizing agent generators may be mounted in the mechanical room (1308). In another embodiment, the air phase sterilizing agent generators may be portable and may be moved between rooms as desired.

(227) Note that in some embodiments, the internal room air may not recirculate at all. That is, 100% of the incoming room air will come from the HEPA filtered and sterilized outside air, and all of this air will be subsequently expelled, with no air recirculation.

(228) As previously discussed, in some embodiments, the air phase sterilizing agent generator (106) may be a combination generator and humidifier configured to operate by regulating humidity, and configured to convert an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide into air phase hydrogen peroxide by using any of a misting, nebulizer based, vaporizing based, or aerosol generating type device. Other sterilizing agents may also be used.

(229) Often, the sterilization process, as well as general chamber use thereafter, can be facilitated by regulating the temperature and humidity of the chamber. FIG. 16 thus shows additional devices, such as temperature regulating coils, designed to regulate the temperature of at least some portion of the transportable chamber.

(230) More specifically, in FIG. 16: CU-1 is: cooling unit AHU-1 is: air handling unit PS-1 is: pressure sensor 1 TS-1 is temperature sensor 1 SD-1 is: supply damper 1 ED-1 is: exhaust damper 1 (also sometimes called a return damper) RH-1 is: duct electrical coil (RH is also abbreviation for reheat coil)-reheat coil 1 EC-1 is: a pre-heat coil M/E is: mechanical/electrical VFD is: variable frequency drive W is: waste W.C. is: water column EF is: exhaust fan RH is: relative humidity SD is: supply damper $ is: an optional keyed switch (1610) OC is: a sensor, such as an occupancy sensor (400) CFM is: cubic feet per minute S.A. Generator is: sterilizing agent generator

(231) In some embodiments, during normal operation (when not sterilizing), the system may be configured to run the air handling unit (AHU-1) on a continuous basis. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to set the variable frequency drive driven fan to maintain a supply duct pressure of 0.2 W.C. at the duct pressure sensor. The system may also be configured to modulate the cooling unit (CU-1) or modulate pre-heat coil (EC-1) to maintain a temperature of about 55 F. at the duct temperature sensor. It may also be useful to configure the system to modulate the space duct electrical coil RH-1 maintain a space temperature setpoint of about 72 F. Note that if all the reheat RH coils are heating, the duct setpoint can be reset up to the point that one of the duct RH coils are not energized. Typically, the EF-1 exhaust fan will also be set to run continuously. The variable frequency driven fan (VFD) can be set to maintain an exhaust duct pressure of about 0.45 W.C. (water column). Usually the dampers SD-1 (supply damper) and ED-1 (exhaust damper, also often called the return damper) will be in an open position.

(232) Note again that in alternate terminology, the return damper can thus also be termed the exhaust damper. This later form may be more appropriate if the system is configured so that no air is recycled back into the chamber again.

(233) Sterilizing and Purging Cycle:

(234) Sterilization can be done using one or more air phase sterilizing agent generators (106). These may be mounted in the chamber room where sterilization is desired, or alternatively may be located in the mechanical room, or other area as desired. Room mounted sterilizing generators can be powered using suitable power outlets (1612), such as simplex power outlets, or may be otherwise powered by other types of electrical connections as desired.

(235) When it is time to sterilize the room, the system will typically be configured to warn about the sterilizing cycle, confirm with suitable sensors (400) that no humans in the room, and also restrict access to the room as previously discussed. In some embodiments, the system may be further configured to require human authorization to proceed, such as by use of an exterior keyed switch.

(236) Assuming that these criteria are met, the system will be configured to then close the room supply damper (SD-1) and return/exhaust damper (ED-1). Since the AHU-1 is controlling the fan to the duct pressure setpoint, the system may also command the VFD driven fan to respond to the lower airflow demand. The exhaust fan will react similar to the AHU-1 supply fan. At the end of the air phase sterilizing cycle, the room supply dampers SD-1 and return/exhaust damper ED-1 will be opened to purge any remaining air phase sterilizing agents from that portion of the chamber that has just been sterilized. Typically, the system will be configured to wait a prescribed purge time before signaling and/or enabling human access to that portion of the chamber.

(237) FIG. 17 shows that in some embodiments, multiple transportable chambers may be configured or stacked together to form a complex comprising a plurality of transportable chambers.

(238) In addition to the doors leading directly to the exterior, discussed previously, to facilitate assembly of multiple transportable chambers into larger complexes, the transportable chambers may be further configured with at least one chamber adapter door. Unlike the doors to the outside, this at least one chamber adapter door may be configured to form a hermetic seal with a complementary chamber adapter door on a complementary transportable chamber. This enables persons and equipment to transfer between neighboring transportable chambers without exposure to outside pathogens.

(239) Exterior doors: In addition to doors leading directly to the outside, in some embodiments, it may be useful to configure the doors to the outside with an expandable entryway, which may be made of a rigid or flexible air impermeable material. This expandable entryway, which may have an airtight seal with the transportable chamber outside door, may also have its own door leading to the outside. Thus, personnel may enter the transportable chamber by first opening the outside door to the entryway, closing this outside door, optionally changing their clothes or donning protective equipment, and then opening the transportable chamber's outside door. This can help improve sterility in both directions, since there is no direct air pathway between the outside environment and the presumably sterilized interior of the transportable chamber.

(240) Sterilflex is a trademark, and Sterilfo System is a registered trademark, of Lau Industries, Inc., a Delaware Corporation.