PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS

Abstract

This disclosure features niclosamide compounds (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or co-crystals thereof, e.g., niclosamide), having one or more properties that include, but are not limited to: a particular purity (e.g., a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%) and a particular particle size (e.g., a particular particle size distribution and/or a particular particle size range and/or a specific surface area range). In an aspect, the niclosamide compounds described herein (e.g., niclosamide) can form part of compositions, dosage forms (e.g., unit dosage forms), and the like, which are suitable for oral administration. This disclosure also features methods of making and using the same.

Claims

1-83. (canceled)

84. A compound that has the formula: ##STR00005## wherein the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 1.0 m to about 10.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.1 m to about 1.0 m.

85. The compound of claim 84, wherein the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 6.0 m to about 8.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

86. The compound of claim 84, wherein the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 7.0 m to about 7.5 m a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 2.5 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.45 m to about 0.75 m.

87-92. (canceled)

93. The compound of claim 84, wherein the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 2.5 m to about 3.5 m.

94-215. (canceled)

216. The compound of claim 84, wherein the compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%; or a chemical purity of greater than about 99.5%; or a chemical purity of greater than about 99.7%; or a chemical purity of greater than about 99.8%.

217. (canceled)

218. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as claimed in claim 84 and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, wherein the composition is suitable for administration by inhalation.

219. (canceled)

220. (canceled)

221. The compound of claim 84, wherein administration of a single dose of the compound to a subject produces a local concentration of the compound in the GI tract of the subject that is at least about 300 times higher than the concentration of the compound in the plasma compartment of the subject.

222. The compound of claim 84, wherein administration of a single dose of the compound to a subject produces a local concentration of the compound in the colon tissue of the subject that is at least about 300 times higher than the concentration of the compound in the plasma compartment of the subject.

223. The compound of claim 85, wherein the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 2.5 m to about 3.5 m.

224. A solid dosage form comprising a compound that has the formula: ##STR00006## wherein the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m; and at least one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

225. The solid dosage form of claim 224, wherein the solid dosage form is a solid oral dosage form.

226. The solid dosage form of claim 225, wherein the solid oral dosage form is a tablet.

227. The solid dosage form of claim 225, wherein the solid oral dosage form is a pill.

228. The solid dosage form of claim 224, wherein the solid dosage form comprises from about 150 mg to about 600 mg of the compound.

229. The solid dosage form of claim 224, wherein the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 1.0 m to about 10.0 m.

230. The solid dosage form of claim 224, wherein the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.1 m to about 1.0 m.

231. The solid dosage form of claim 224, wherein the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 6.0 m to about 8.0 m; or a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 7.0 m to about 7.5 m.

232. The solid dosage form of claim 229, wherein the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m; or a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.45 m to about 0.75 m.

233. The solid dosage form of claim 229, wherein the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 2.5 m to about 4.0 m; or a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 2.5 m to about 3.5 m.

234. The solid dosage form of claim 231, wherein the solid dosage form is a solid rectal dosage form.

235. The solid dosage form of claim 224, wherein administration of the solid dosage form to a subject produces a local concentration of the compound in the GI tract of the subject that is at least about 300 times higher than the concentration of the compound in the plasma compartment of the subject.

236. The solid dosage form of claim 224, wherein administration of the solid dosage form to a subject produces a local concentration of the compound in the colon tissue of the subject that is at least about 300 times higher than the concentration of the compound in the plasma compartment of the subject.

237. The solid dosage form of claim 224, wherein administration of the solid dosage form to a subject produces a local concentration of the compound in the GI tract of the subject that is about 200 times higher to about 700 times higher than the concentration of the compound in the plasma compartment of the subject.

238. The solid dosage form of claim 224, wherein administration of the solid dosage form to a subject produces a local concentration of the compound in the colon tissue of the subject that is about 200 times higher to about 700 times higher than the concentration of the compound in the plasma compartment of the subject.

239. The compound of claim 84, wherein the compound has less than about 45 ppm of 5-chloro-salicylic acid and less than about 50 ppm of 2-chloro-4 nitro-aniline.

240. The compound of claim 84, wherein administration of a single dose of the compound to a subject produces a local concentration of the compound in the GI tract of the subject that is about 200 times higher to about 700 times than the concentration of the compound in the plasma compartment of the subject.

241. The compound of claim 84, wherein administration of a single dose of the compound to a subject produces a local concentration of the compound in the colon tissue of the subject that is about 200 times higher to about 700 times than the concentration of the compound in the plasma compartment of the subject.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0079] This disclosure features niclosamide compounds (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or cocrystals thereof, e.g., niclosamide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof), having one or more properties that include, but are not limited to: a particular purity (e.g., a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%) and a particular particle size (e.g., a particular particle size distribution and/or a particular particle size range and/or a specific surface area range). In an aspect, the niclosamide compounds described herein (e.g., niclosamide) can form part of compositions, dosage forms (e.g., unit dosage forms), and the like, which are suitable for oral administration. Advantageously and unexpectedly, administration (e.g., oral administration) of niclosamide compounds (e.g., niclosamide) having a reduced particle size as described herein to a subject provides a relatively high colonic exposure in the subject. As such, the niclosamide compounds (e.g., niclosamide) described herein are useful for treating a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) related indications, e.g., inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease). This disclosure also features methods of making and using the niclosamide compounds.

[0080] Niclosamide Compounds

[0081] Chemical Purity

[0082] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compounds (e.g., niclosamide) has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%; e.g., greater than about 99.5%; or greater than about 99.7%; or greater than about 99.8%.

[0083] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compounds (e.g., niclosamide) have less than about 45 ppm of 5-chloro-salicylic acid; e.g., less than about 30 ppm of 5-chloro-salicylic acid.

[0084] In some embodiments, the compound has less than about 50 ppm of 2-chloro-4 nitro-aniline. In certain embodiments, the compound has less than about 10 ppm of 2-chloro-4 nitro-aniline.

[0085] In some embodiments, the compound has less than about 45 ppm of 5-chloro-salicylic acid and less than about 50 ppm of 2-chloro-4 nitro-aniline.

[0086] In some embodiments, the compound has less than about 30 ppm of 5-chloro-salicylic acid and less than about 10 ppm of 2-chloro-4 nitro-aniline.

[0087] In some embodiments, the compound has less than about 0.05% water. In certain embodiments, the compound is substantially free of hydrated niclosamide solid forms. As a non-limiting example, the compound can be anhydrous niclosamide.

[0088] In some embodiments, purification can be carried out according to the following process. Acetone and crude niclosamide are mixed in a vessel and heated to reflux (56 C.) until solids dissolve. The solution is clarified by filtration and transferred to a second vessel, heated to 45 C. to 55 C. to dissolve the solids, cooled to 5 C. to 5 C. and stirred at this temperature for at least 2 hours. The solids are filtered and washed with acetone. Crystallized niclosamide is obtained after vacuum drying of the solids at 70 C. IPC LOD testing is performed on the dry solids with a specification of <1.0%. If the LOD results are >1.0% the drying step may be repeated two additional times. IPC testing is also performed to ensure the level of the starting material 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline is <100 ppm. If the level of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline is >100 ppm, a second crystallization may be performed.

[0089] In some embodiments, purity analysis can be achieved according to the following procedure. Chromatograph: UPLC system consisting pump, diode array; detector, autosampler, auto injector, and column cooler/heater, or equivalent. Column: Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column, 4.650 mm, 2.7 m or equivalent. Column Temperature: 35 C. Mobile phase A: 20 mM ammonium acetate (pH 5.50). Mobile phase B: MeOH:ACN (70:30, v/v). Diluent: MeOH:DMSO (70:30, v/v).

TABLE-US-00001 Time (min.) Solvent A (%) Solvent B (%) 0.0 75 25 1.0 75 25 21.0 30 70

[0090] Flow rate: 1.0 ml/min. Injected volume: 3.00 l. Preparation of standard and sample solutions. Niclosamide Standard Solutions: Concentration of this solution is nominally 0.8 mg/mL. Retention times: 5-Chlorosalicylic acid (2.9 minutes); 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline (7.0 minutes); and Niclosamide (18.8 minutes).

[0091] Particle Size

[0092] In some embodiments, the compound has a reduced particle size (e.g., as achieved by techniques including but not limited to milling).

[0093] In some embodiments, niclosamide compounds having reduced particle size can be prepared by jet milling, e.g., using CMTI equipment NGMP-Mill-A, a 2-inch, pancake micronizer manufactured by Sturtevant; a flexible containment unit was used during the milling process (Mill and Venturi pressure both=50 psi; feed rate 96.0 g/hour).

[0094] In some embodiments of the foregoing, the compound has a particle size range of from about 0.1 m to about 30 m. In certain embodiments, the compound has a particle size range of from about 0.1 m to about 20 m. In certain embodiments, the compound has a particle size range of from about 0.1 m to about 10 m.

[0095] The term particle size distribution of a powder, or granular material, or particles dispersed in fluid, as used within this application, is a list of values or a mathematical function that defines the relative amounts of particles present, sorted according to size. The d(0.1), d(0.5) and d(0.9) values indicate that 10%, 50% and 90% of the particles measured were less than or equal to the size stated. For example, values of d(0.1)=0.6, d(0.5)=3.1 and d(0.9)=7.3 mean that 10% of the particles were less than or equal to 0.6 m, 50% were less than or equal to 3.1 m, and 90% were less than or equal to 7.3 m.

[0096] Particle Size Distribution (PSD) can be determined by laser diffraction technique, e.g., using a MALVERN MASTERSIZER 2000 (standard range between 0.020 and 2000.0 microns), model APA 2000, equipped with Hydro 2000 sm as dispersing unit. A representative procedure includes: approximately 50 mg of Niclosamide is dispersed manually into 25 ml of water; after dispersion the sample was sonicated with external ultrasound for two minutes (Ultrasonic frequency; 37 kHzElmasonic S100 (H)Elma Schmidbauer GmbH, Germany); the following operative conditions/machine parameters are taken into account: Dispersant: Water+3 drops of Tyloxapol 1.5%; Background measurement time: 10 seconds; Number of measurements cycles: 3 (to obtain average value); Stir speed (dispersing unit): 1500 rpm.

[0097] In some embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 1.0 m to about 15.0 m. In certain embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 1.0 m to about 10.0 m. In certain embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 6.0 m to about 8.0 m (e.g., about 7.3 m (e.g., 7.3 m)). In other embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 2.2 m to about 3.2 m.

[0098] In some embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.1 m to about 1.5 m. In certain embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.1 m to about 1.0 m. In certain embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m. In certain embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.45 m to about 0.75 m (e.g., about 0.6 m (e.g., 0.6 m)).

[0099] In some embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 0.5 m to about 6.0 m. In certain embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m. In certain embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 2.0 m. In certain other embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 2.5 m to about 3.5 m (e.g., about 3.1 m (e.g., 3.1 m)).

[0100] The parameter D(0.1) as used herein refers to the mesh size of a single notional sieve allowing 10% of the total of all particles of the sample to pass. Thus D(0.1)=0.1-1.5 m means that the upper limit of the particle size range defining the 10% of smallest particles in the sample is between 0.1 m to 1.5 m. Thus 10% of the total particles have a particle size of not more than D(0.1) meaning in this case that they have a maximum size of 0.1 m to 1.5 m.

[0101] The parameter D(0.5) refers to the mesh size of a single notional sieve allowing 50% of the total of all particles of the sample to pass. Thus D(0.5)=0.5-6.0 m means that the upper limit of the particle size range defining the notional half of the sample containing the smaller particles is between 0.5 m to 6.0 m. Thus, 50% of the total of all particles have a particle size of not more than D(0.5) meaning in this case that they have a maximum size of 0.5 m to 6.0 m.

[0102] The parameter D(0.9) refers to the mesh size of a single notional sieve allowing 90% of the total of all particles of the sample to pass i.e. only 10% of the sample is retained. Thus, D(0.9)=1.0-15.0 m means that the lower limit of the particle size range defining the 10% of largest particles in the sample is between 1.0 m to 15.0 m. Thus 90% of all particles have a particle size of not more than D(0.9) meaning in this case that they have a maximum size of 1.0 m to 15.0 m.

[0103] In some embodiments, the compound has less than about 0.05% water (e.g., as determined by Karl Fisher technique). In certain embodiments, the compound is substantially free of hydrated niclosamide solid forms. As a non-limiting example, the compound can be anhydrous niclosamide.

[0104] In some embodiments, the compound is crystalline.

[0105] In some embodiments, the compound has a specific surface area of from about 5 m.sup.2/g to about 10 m.sup.2/g.

[0106] Non-Limiting Combination

[0107] Non-Limiting Combinations [A]

[0108] In some embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 1.0 m to about 10.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.1 m to about 1.0 m.

[0109] In some embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 6.0 m to about 8.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

[0110] In some embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 7.0 m to about 7.5 m (e.g., about 7.3 m), a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 2.5 m to about 4.0 m (e.g., about 3.1 m), and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.45 m to about 0.75 m (e.g., about 0.6 m).

[0111] In some embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of about 7.3 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of about 3.1 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of about 0.6 m.

[0112] In some embodiments, the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 2.2 m to about 3.2 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

[0113] In some embodiments, the compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%, a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 1.0 m to about 10.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.1 m to about 1.0 m.

[0114] In some embodiments, the compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%, a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 6.0 m to about 8.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

[0115] In some embodiments, the compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%, a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 2.2 m to about 3.2 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

[0116] In some embodiments, the compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%, a particle size range of from about 0.1 m to about 30 m, a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 1.0 m to about 10.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.1 m to about 1.0 m.

[0117] In some embodiments, the compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%, a particle size range of from about 0.1 m to about 30 m, a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 6.0 m to about 8.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

[0118] In some embodiments, the compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%, a particle size range of from about 0.1 m to about 30 m, a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 2.2 m to about 3.2 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

[0119] In certain embodiments of [A], the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 2.5 m to about 3.5 m.

[0120] In certain embodiments of [A], the compound has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 2.0 m.

[0121] In certain embodiments of [A], the compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.5%; or a chemical purity of greater than about 99.7%; or a chemical purity of greater than about 99.8%.

[0122] In certain embodiments of [A], the compound has less than about 45 ppm of 5-chloro-salicylic acid; or less than about 30 ppm of 5-chloro-salicylic acid.

[0123] In certain embodiments of [A], the compound has less than about 50 ppm of 2-chloro-4 nitro-aniline; or less than about 10 ppm of 2-chloro-4 nitro-aniline.

[0124] In certain embodiments of [A], the compound has less than about 45 ppm of 5-chloro-salicylic acid and less than about 50 ppm of 2-chloro-4 nitro-aniline; or less than about 30 ppm of 5-chloro-salicylic acid and less than about 10 ppm of 2-chloro-4 nitro-aniline.

[0125] In certain embodiments of [A], the compound has less than about 0.05% water.

[0126] In certain embodiments of [A], the compound is substantially free of hydrated niclosamide solid forms.

[0127] In certain embodiments of [A], the compound is anhydrous niclosamide.

[0128] In certain embodiments of [A], the compound is crystalline.

[0129] In certain embodiments of [A], the compound has a specific surface area of from about 5 m.sup.2/g to about 10 m.sup.2/g.

[0130] Cocrystals of Niclosamide Compounds

[0131] Overview

[0132] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compounds (e.g., niclosamide) can be in the form of a cocrystal that includes (i) a niclosamide compound (e.g., niclosamide) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers. The term co-crystal as used herein refers to a crystalline material comprised of two or more unique solids at room temperature in a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric ratio, which are held together in the crystal lattice by one or more non-covalent interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds, pi-stacking, guest-host complexation and van der Waals interactions).

[0133] In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more non-covalent interactions is a hydrogen bond. In certain of these embodiments, the chemical entity is the hydrogen bond donor, and one of one or more coformers is the hydrogen bond acceptor. In other embodiments, the chemical entity is the hydrogen bond acceptor, and one of one or more coformers is the hydrogen bond donor.

[0134] The co-crystals described herein can include one or more solvate (e.g., water or an organic solvent containing one or more hydroxyl groups, e.g., a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alcohol or diol, e.g., a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alcohol or diol, e.g., ethanol or propylene glycol) molecules in the crystalline lattice. However, solvates of chemical entities that do not further comprise a coformer (e.g., a solid conformer) are not encompassed by the co-crystal definition set forth in this disclosure.

[0135] In some embodiments, the cocrystal includes more than one coformer. For example, two, three, four, five, or more co formers can be incorporated in a co-crystal with the chemical entity. The ratio of the chemical entity to each of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers may be stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric. As a non-limiting example, 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 ratios of chemical entity:coformer are contemplated.

[0136] The niclosamide compounds (e.g, niclosamide) and each of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers may each be independently specified as a free form, or more specifically, a free acid, free base, or zwitter ion; a salt, or more specifically for example, an inorganic base addition salt such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, aluminum salts or organic base addition salts, or an inorganic acid addition salts such as HBr, HCl, sulfuric, nitric, or phosphoric acid addition salts or an organic acid addition salt such as acetic, proprionic, pyruvic, malanic, succinic, malic, maleic, fumaric, tartaric, citric, benzoic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulforic, stearic or lactic acid addition salt; an anhydrate or hydrate of a free form or salt, or more specifically, for example, a hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, quadrahydrate, pentahydrate; or a solvate of a free form or salt.

[0137] Coformers

[0138] In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers can form one or more hydrogen bonds with the chemical entity in the cocrystal. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers can accept one or more hydrogen bonds from the chemical entity in the cocrystal. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers can form one or more hydrogen bonds with the chemical entity in the cocrystal, and at least one of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers can accept one or more hydrogen bonds from the chemical entity in the cocrystal.

[0139] In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers comprises one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of: ether, thioether, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, aldehyde, ketone, thioketone, nitrate ester, phosphate ester, thiophosphate ester, ester, thioester, sulfate ester, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, amido, primary amine, secondary amine, ammonia, tertiary amino, sp2 amino, thiocyanate, cyanamide, oxime, nitrile, diazo, haloalkyl, nitro, heterocyclic ring, heteroaryl ring, epoxide, peroxide, and hydroxamic acid.

[0140] In certain embodiments, each of the one of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers is independently selected from acetamide, benzamide, (+/)-limonene, 1-(phenylazo)-2-naphthylamine, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-(phospho-s-(1-glycerol)), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-(phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-(phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,5-naphthalene-disulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 1-o-tolylbiguanide, 2-ethyl-1,6-hexanediol, 4-aminobenzoic acid, 4-aminopyridine, 4-aminosalicylic acid, 4-chlorobenzene-sulfonic acid, 4-ethoxyphenyl urea, 7-oxo-dhea, acacia, acacia mucilage, acacia syrup, acesulfame, acesulfame potassium, acetohydroxamic acid, acetone sodium bisulfite, acetylated lanolin alcohols, acetylated monoglycerides, acetylcysteine, acetyltributyl citrate, acrylates copolymer, acrylic acid-isooctyl acrylate copolymer, adenine, adipic acid, alanine, albumin aggregated, albumin colloidal, albumin human, albumins, alginic acid, alkyl ammonium sulfonic acid betaine, alkyl aryl sodium sulfonate, allantoin, allopurineol, allyl alpha-ionone, alpha-terpineol, alpha-tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol acetate, aminobenzoate sodium, amyl acetate, anethole, anhydrous citric acid, anhydrous dextrose, anhydrous lactose, anhydrous tribasic sodium phosphate, anhydrous trisodium citrate, arginine, arlacel, asafetida, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, asparagine, aspartame, aspartic acid, bacteriostatic sodium chloride injection, barium sulfate, benzalkonium chloride, benzenesulfonic acid, benzethonium chloride, benzododecinium bromide, benzoic acid, benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, benzyl chloride, beta-carotene, betanaphthol, betose, bibapcitide, bismuth subcarbonate, bismuth subgallate, boric acid, brocrinat, butyl stearate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylparaben, butyric acid, C-11-1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid, C12-15 alkyl lactate, caffeine, calcobutrol, caldiamide sodium, caloxetate trisodium, calteridol calcium, camphoric acid, capric acid, captan, captisol, carboxypolymethylene, carmine, carnauba wax, carnauba yellow wax, carrageenan, carrageenan calcium, carrageenan salt, carrageenan sodium, ceresin, ceteareth-12, ceteareth-15, ceteareth-30, cetearyl alcohol/ceteareth-20, cetearyl ethylhexanoate, ceteth-10, ceteth-2, ceteth-20, ceteth-23, cetostearyl alcohol, cetrimonium chloride, cetyl alcohol, cetyl esters wax, cetyl palmitate, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cholesterol, chrysin, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, citrate, citric acid, citric acid monohydrate, clemizole, cocamide ether sulfate, cocamine oxide, coco betaine, coco diethanolamide, coco monoethanolamide, coco-caprylate, coco-glycerides, creatine, creatinine, cresol, cupric sulfate, cyclamic acid, cyclomethicone, cyclomethicone 5, cysteine, dalfampridine, decyl methyl sulfoxide, dehydroacetic acid, denatonium benzoate, deoxycholic acid, dextran, dextran 40, dextrates, dextrin, dextrose, dextrose monohydrate, diacetylated monoglycerides, diatrizoic acid, dibasic anhydrous sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, dibasic sodium phosphate dodecahydrate, dibasic sodium phosphate heptahydrate, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, diethyl sebacate, diethylaminoethyl stearamide phosphate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylhexyl phthalate, diisopropyl adipate, diisopropyl dilinoleate, diisopropylbenzothiazyl-2-sulfenamide, dimethicone medical fluid 360, dimethyl isosorbide, dimethyl phthalate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyldioctadecylammonium bentonite, dimethylglycine, dimethylsiloxane/methylvinylsiloxane copolymer, dinoseb-ammonium, dipropylene glycol, disodium cocoamphodiacetate, disodium hydrogen citrate, disodium laureth sulfosuccinate, disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate, disodium oleamido monoethanolamine sulfosuccinate, disodium sulfosalicylate, disofenin, dl-a350 lactic acid, dl-acetyltryptophan, dl-alpha-tocopherol, dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate, dl-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol, dl-distearoylphosphatidylcholine, dl-glutamicacid, dl-tartaric acid, d-mannose, dmdm hydantoin, docosanol, docusate sodium, d-ribose, edetate calcium disodium, edetate disodium, edetate sodium, edetic acid, egg phosphatidyl glycerol, egg phospholipids, entsufon, entsufon sodium, epilactose, epitetracycline hydrochloride, erythorbic acid, erythritol, ethanolamine hydrochloride, ethyl maltol, ethyl oleate, ethyl vanillate, ethyl vanillin, ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, ethylhexyl hydroxystearate, ethylparaben, eucalyptol, eugenol, exametazime, fatty acid esters, fatty acid glycerides, fatty acid pentaerythriol ester, fatty acids, fatty alcohol citrate, fatty alcohols, ferric chloride, ferric oxide, ferrosoferric oxide, ferrous fumarate, ferrous oxide, fluorescein, fructose, fumaric acid, fumaryl diketopiperazine, gadolinium oxide, galactaric acid, galactose, gamma cyclodextrin, genistein, gentisic acid, gentisic acid ethanolamide, gentisic acid ethanolamine, gluceptate sodium, gluconic acid, gluconolactone, glucosamine, glucose, glucuronic acid, glutamic acid, glutamic acid hydrochloride, glutamine, glutaric acid, glutathione, glyceryl caprylate, glyceryl dibehenate, glyceryl distearate, glyceryl isostearate, glyceryl laurate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl oleate, glyceryl palmitate, glyceryl palmitostearate, glyceryl ricinoleate, glyceryl stearate, glyceryl stearate-laureth-23, glyceryl stearate/peg stearate, glyceryl stearate/peg-100 stearate, glyceryl stearate/peg-40 stearate, glyceryl stearate-stearamidoethyl diethylamine, glyceryl trioleate, glycine, glycine hydrochloride, glycol distearate, glycol stearate, glycolic acid, glycyrrhizin, guanidine hydrochloride, hexylresorcinol, hippuric acid, histidine, hyaluronate sodium, hydrocortisone, hydroquinone, hydrous-citric acid, hydroxyethylpiperazine ethane sulfonic acid, hydroxyoctacosanyl hydroxystearate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin, hystrene, illicium anisatum, imidazole, imidurea, indigotindisulfonate sodium, iodoxamic acid, iofetamine hydrochloride, ipriflavone, isoleucine, isopropyl isostearate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl myristate-myristyl alcohol, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, isostearic acid, isostearyl alcohol, lactate, lactitol monohydrate, lactobionic acid, lactose, landalgine, lanolin, lauralkonium chloride, lauramine oxide, laureth sulfate, lauric acid, lauric diethanolamide, lauric myristic diethanolamide, lauroyl sarcosine, lauryl lactate, lauryl sulfate, lecithin, leucine, levomenthol, levulinic acid, lidofenin, 1-sodium lactate, lysine, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, maltitol, maltodextrin, maltol, maltose anhydrous, mandelic acid, mannitol, maprofix, mebrofenin, medium-chain triglycerides, medronate disodium, medronic acid, menthol, metacresol, methionine, methyl salicylate, methyl stearate, methylchloroisothiazolinone, methylisothiazolinone, methylparaben, methylparaben sodium, miripirium chloride, mono and diglyceride, monobasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate, monoglyceride citrate, monoglycerides, monosodium citrate, monosodium glutamate, monostearyl citrate, monothioglycerol, myristic acid, myristyl alcohol, myristyl lactate, niacinamide, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, N-methyl glucamine, octanoic acid, oleth-20, oleyl alcohol, oleyl oleate, orotic acid, oxalic acid, oxidronate disodium, oxyquinoline, palmitamine oxide, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, pentadecalactone, pentaerythritol cocoate, pentasodium pentetate, pentetate calcium trisodium, pentetic acid, phenol, phenonip, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, phenylethyl alcohol, phospholipid, piperazine, piperazine hexahydrate, procaine, product wat, proline, propenyl guaethol, propyl gallate, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, propylene glycol-lecithin, propylene glycol alginate, propylene glycol diacetate, propylene glycol dicaprylate, propylene glycol monolaurate, propylene glycol monopalmitostearate, propylene glycol palmitostearate, propylene glycol ricinoleate, propylene glycol/diazolidinyl urea/methylparaben/propylparben, propylparaben, propylparaben sodium, p-toluenesulfonic acid, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine (4-pyridoxic acid), quercetin, resveratrol, riboflavin, saccharin, saccharin calcium, saccharin sodium, saccharin sodium anhydrous, salicylic acid, saturated fatty acid esters, sebacic acid, serine, sodium 1,2-ethanedisulfonate, sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate, sodium acetate, sodium acetate anhydrous, sodium alginate, sodium alkyl sulfate, sodium aluminium silicate, sodium ascorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bisulfate, sodium bisulfate acetone, sodium bisulfite, sodium bitartrate, sodium borate, sodium borate decahydrate, sodium carbonate, sodium carbonate decahydrate, sodium carbonate monohydrate, sodium carboxymethyl beta-glucan (ds 065-085), sodium caseinate, sodium cellulose, sodium cetostearyl sulfate, sodium chlorate, sodium chloride, sodium chloride injection, sodium cholesteryl sulfate, sodium citrate, sodium citrate hydrous, sodium cocoyl sarcosinate, sodium cyclamate, sodium desoxycholate, sodium dithionite, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium ethylparaben, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, sodium gluconate, sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, sodium iodide, sodium lactate, sodium laureth-2 sulfate, sodium laureth-3 sulfate, sodium laureth-5 sulfate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium nitrate, sodium oleate, sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate dihydrate, sodium phosphite, sodium polyacrylate, sodium polyacrylate (2500000 MW), sodium polymetaphosphate, sodium propionate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium pyrrolidone carboxylate, sodium starch glycolate, sodium starch glycolate type a corn, sodium starch glycolate type a potato, type B potato sodium starch glycolate, sodium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, sodium succinate hexahydrate, sodium sulfate, sodium sulfate anhydrous, sodium sulfate decahydrate, sodium sulfite, sodium sulfosuccinated undecyclenic monoalkylolamide, sodium tartrate, sodium thioglycolate, sodium thiomalate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium thiosulfate anhydrous, sodium trimetaphosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium xylenesulfonate, sorbic acid, sorbitan, sorbitan isostearate, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan tristearate, sorbitol, squalane, stannous 2-ethylhexanoate, stearalkonium chloride, stearalkonium hectorite/propylene carbonate, stearamidoethyl diethylamine, stearates, stearic acid, stearic diethanolamide, stearoxytrimethylsilane, stearyl alcohol, succinic acid, sucralose, sucrose, sucrose distearate, sucrose laurate, sucrose palmitate, sucrose polyesters, sucrose stearate, sucrose syrup, sulfacetamide sodium, sulfobutylether beta-cyclodextrin, tagatose, tartaric acid, tegacid, tert-butylhydroquinone, tetrofosmin, theophylline, thimerosal, threonine, thymol, tocopherol, tocophersolan, tragacanth, triacetin, tribasic sodium phosphate, tribasic sodium phosphate monohydrate, tribehenin, tricaprylin, triceteareth-4 phosphate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, triethyl citrate, trihydroxystearin, trilaneth-4 phosphate, trilaureth-4 phosphate, trimyristin, tris, trisodium citrate dihydrate, trisodium hedta, tristearin, trolamine, tromantadine, tromethamine, tryptophan, tyloxapol, tyrosine, undecylenic acid, urea, urethane, ursodiol, valine, vanillin, versetamide, viscarin, vitamin E, vitamin E acetate, vitamin K5, xylitol, and zinc sulfate. See also U.S. Pat. No. 7,927,613, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Other pharmaceutically acceptable coformers include those delineated in the Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) and/or the US FDA Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) lists.

[0141] In certain embodiments, at least one of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers is selected from the group consisting of caffeine, urea, p-aminobenzoic acid, theophylline, benzyl benzoate, and nicotinamide. In other embodiments, the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers is other than those selected from the group consisting of caffeine, urea, p-aminobenzoic acid, theophylline, benzyl benzoate, and nicotinamide. In other embodiments, the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers is other than those selected from the group consisting of acetamide, benzamide, 2-aminothiazole, and isoniazide. In still other embodiments, the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers is an amino acid (e.g., proline, e.g., D-proline or L-proline, or racemic proline). In another embodiment, the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers is a 5-10 (e.g., 5-9, 5-6, or 5) membered heteroaryl, e.g., a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl, e.g., imidazole.

[0142] In certain embodiments, at least one of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers is a second API. In certain of these embodiments, the second API is independently selected from ()-amlodipine, ()-halofenate, (R)-salbutamol, (R)-salbutamol, (R,R)-formoterol, (S)-doxazosin, (S)-fluoxetine, (S)-oxybutynin, 1,2-naphthoquinone, 17-methyltestosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 195mPt-cisplatin, 1-naphthyl salicylate, 1-naphthylamine-4-, 1-theobromineacetic, 1-hydroxycholecalciferol, 2,4,6-tribromo-m-cresol, 2,6-diamino-2-butyloxy-3,5-azopyridine, 2-[[[(1r)-2-(1h-imidazol-4-yl)-1-methylethyl]imino]phenylmethyl]-phenol, 21-acetoxypregnenolone, 2-amino-4-picoline, 2-aminothiazole, 2-ethoxybenzoic acid, 2-naphthol, 2-naphthyl benzoate, 2-naphthyl lactate, 2-naphthyl salicylate, 2-p-sulfanilylanilinoethanol, 2-thiouracil, 3,3,5,5-tetra-bromophenolphthalein, 3-amino-4-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-Bromo-D-camphor, 3-Hydroxycamphor, 3-O-Lauroylpyridoxol Diacetate, 3-pentadecylcatechol, 3-quinuclidinol, 4,4-oxydi-2-butanol, 4,4-sulfinyldianiline, 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid, 4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, 4-chloro-m-cresol, 4-hexylresorcinol, 4-salicyloylmorpholine, 5-nitro-2-propoxyacetanilide, 5-aminolevulinic acid, 5-azacitidine, 5-bromosalicyl-hydroxamic acid, 5F-DF-203, 5-FU, 5-HT3 antagonists, 6-azauridine, 6-mercaptopurine, 8-hydroxyquinoline, 9-aminocamptothecin, A-151892, A-5021, abacavir, abaperidone, abarelix, abciximab, abecarnil, abetimus, abiraterone, ABLC, ABT-751, AC-5216, acadesine, acamprosate, acamprosate, acarbose, acebrophylline, acebutolol, acecainide, acecarbromal, aceclofenac, acedapsone, acediasulfone, acefylline, aceglutamide, aceglutamide, acemetacin, acenocoumarol, aceponate, acetal, acetamidoeugenol, acetaminophen, acetaminosalol, acetanilide, acetarsone, acetazolamide, acetiamine, acetohexamide, acetohydroxamic acid, acetophenazine, acetophenide, acetophenone, acetosulfone, acetoxolone, acetrizoat, acetyl, acetylcarnitine, acetylcholine, acetylcholine, acetylcysteine, acetylleucine, acetylpheneturide, acetylsalicylate, acetylsalicylic acid, aciclovir, acifran, acipimox, acitazanolast, acitretin, aclarubicin, aclatonium, aconitine, Acranil, acriflavine, acrisorcin, acrivastine, acrivastine, actagardine derivative, actarit, ACTH, acyclovir, adapalene, ADCON-L, adefovir, adefovir dipivoxil, adenoscan, adenosine triphosphate, ADEPT, adinazolam, adiphenine, ADL-10-0101, adrafinil, adrenalone, adrenochrome, adrogolide, AEOL-10150, aesthinol, AET, AF-2259, afloqualone, AG-041R, AG-2037, AGN-194310, agomelatine, ahistan, AHL-157, AIT-034, AIT-202, AJ-9677, AJG-049, ajmaline, akzo desogestrel, alacepril, alapivoxil, albaconazole, albendazole, albuterol, albutoin, alclofenac, alclometasone, alcuronium, aldioxa, aldol, aldosterone, alendronate, alendronic acid, alexidine, alfacalcidol, alfadolone, alfaxalone, alfentanil, alfimeprase, alfuzosin, alfuzosin, algestone, algestone, algin, alglucerase, alibendol, aliskiren, alitertinoin, alizapride, alkannin, alkofanone, allantoin, allobarbital, allopurinol, allyl isothiocyanate, allylestrenol, almagate, alminoprofen, almitrine, almotriptan, aloe-emodin, aloin, alosetron, alovudine, aloxiprin, alpha-, alpha-1 protease, alphaprodine, alpidem, alpiropride, alprazolam, alprenolol, alsactide, ALT-711, Althiazid, altinicline, altretamine, aluminium chloride hexahydrate, aluminon, aluminum acetate solution, aluminum chlorate, aluminum hydroxychloride, aluminum potassium sulfate, aluminum sodium sulfate, alusulf, alverine, alvimopan, alvocidib, ALX-0646, AM-24, AM-36, AM-477, amantadine, amantanium, ambazon, ambenonium, ambrisentan, ambroxol, ambucaine, ambuphylline, ambusid, ambutonium bromide, amcinonide, AMD-3100, amdinocillin, amdinocillin pivoxil, amdoxovir, amelubant, americaine, amezinium, amfenac, amidephrine, amidinomycin, amifostine, amiglumide, amikacin, amiloride, aminacrine, amineptine, aminitrozole, amino acid preparations, aminocaproic acid, aminoglutethimide, aminoguanidine, aminohippurate, aminometradine, aminopentamide, aminophylline, aminopromazine, aminopyrine, aminoquinuride, aminorex, amiodarone, amiodipine, amiphenazole, amiprilose, amisulpride, amitriptyline, amitriptyline+ketamine, amitriptylinoxide, amlexanox, ammoniacum, ammoniated mercuric chloride, ammonium benzoate, ammonium mandelate, ammonium salicylate, ammonium valerate, amobarbital, amocarzine, amodiaquin, amorolfine, amoscanat, amosulalol, amotriphene, amoxapine, amoxicillin, amoxicillin+potassium clavulan, AMPAlex, amphetamine, amphetaminil, amphotericin B, ampicillin, ampiroxicam, ampligen, amprenavir, amrinose, amrubicin, amsacrine, amtolmetin guacil, amylocaine, AN-152, anabolic steroids, anagestone, anagrelide, anastrozole, anazolene, ancitabine, ancrod, andolast, androisoxazole, androstenediol, anecortave, anethole, anethole trithione, angiogenix, angiotensin, anhydrovinblastine, anidulafungin, anilerdine, aniracetam, anisindione, anisomycin, anisotropine, anistreplase, antazoline, anthiolimine, anthralin, anthramycin, anthrarobin, anthrax inhibitor, antiangiogenic, anticort, antidepressants, anti-invasins, antimony potassium tartrate, antimony sodium thioglycollate, antimony thioglycollamide, antiprogestin, antipyrine, antipyrine salicylate, antithrombin III, anxiolytics, AP-521, AP-5280, apalcillin, apaziquone, apazone, apocodeine, apomine, apomorphine, apraclonidine, aprepitant, aprindine, aprobarbital, apronalide, aprotinin, aptiganel, AQ4N, aquavan, AR-116081, AR-A2, arachidonic acid, aranidipine, arbekacin, arbidol, arbutamine, arcitumomab, ardeparin, arecoline, argatroban, arginine, Ariflo, aripiprazole, arofylline, arotinolol, arsacetin, arsenic trioxide, arsphenamine, arteether, arteflene, artemether, artemisinin, artemotil, artesunate, arzoxifene, AS-3201, ASA, ascaridole, ascorbic acid, asenapine, asimadoline, asocarboxazid, asoprisnil, asoxime, aspartic acid, aspidin, aspidinol, aspirin, aspirin dipyridamole, aspoxicillin, AST-120, astemizole, asulacrine, AT-1015, atamestane, atazanavir, atenolol, atenolol+chlorthalidone, atenolol+nifedipine, atevirdine, atipamezole, atiprimod dimaleate, ATL-146e, atomoxetine, atorvastatin, atosiban, atovaquone, atovaquone+proguanil, atracurium, atrasentan, atrial natriuretic, atrolactamide, atropine, augmentin, auranofin, aurothioglucose, avasimibe, avobenzone, AWD-12-281, azacitidine, azacyclonol, azanidazole, azapropazone, azaserine, azasertron, azatadine, azathipprine, AZD-4282, AZD-6140, azelaic acid, azelastine, azelnidipine, azidamfenicol, azidocillin, azimilide, azintamide, azithromycin, azlocillin, azosemide, aztreonam, azulene, bacampicillin, bacitracin, baclofen, baicalein, balofloxacin, balsalazide, bambuterol, bamethan, bamifylline, bamipine, barbital, barnidipine, BAS-118, basic alumina, baslilximab, batimastat, batroxobin, Bay-41-2272, Bay-41-8543, BAY-43-9006, BAY-57-1293, bazedoxifen, BBR-3464, BBR-3576, BBR-3610, BCH-1868, bebeerine, beclamide, beclometasone, befloxatone, befunolol, bemegride, benactyzine, benazepril, bencyclane, bendazac, bendroflumethiazide, benetonide, benexate, benfluorex, benfotiamine, benfurodil, benidipine, benorylate, benoxaprofen, benoxinate, benperidol, benproperine, benserazide, bentazepam, bentiromide, bentoquatam, benzafibrate, benzalkonium, benzarone, benzathine, benzbromarone, benzethonium, benzetimide, benzilonium, benziodarone, benznidazole, benzocaine, benzoctamine, benzonatate, benzoxonium chloride, benzoyl peroxide, benzoylpas, benzphetamine, benzpiperylon, benzquinamide, benzthiazide, benztropine, benzydamine, benzyl benzoate, benzylhydrochloro-thiazide, benzylmorphine, bephenium, bepotastine, bepridil, beraprost, berberine, bergapten, bermoprofen, besipirdine, betahistine, betaine, betamethasone, betamipron, betasine, betaxolol, betazole, bethanechol, bethanidine, betoxycaine, bevantolol, bevonium, bexarotene, bezitramide, BG-9928, BIA-2-024, BIA-2-093, BIA-3-202, bialamicol, biapenem, bibenzonium, bibrocathol, bicalutamide, bicifadine, bicisate, bicyclic, bidisomide, bietamiverine, bietanautine, bietaserpine, bifermelane, bifluranol, bifonazole, bimatoprost, bimoclomol, bimosiamose, binifibrate, binodenoson, biomed-101, biotin, biperiden, biriperone, birlcodar, bisacodyl, bisantrene, bisbentiamine, bisdequalinium, bismuth, bismuth, bismuth, bismuth aluminate, bismuth ethyl, bismuth sodium, bismuth sodium triglycollamate, bismuth subcarbonate, bismuth subgallate, bismuth subnitrate, bismuth subsalicylate, bisoprolol, bisoprolol+HCTZ, bisoprolol+trichloromethiazide, bisoxatin, bithionol, bitolterol, bitoscanat, BL-3875, bleomycin, blonanserin, BMS-184476, BMS-387032, BN-82451, BNP-7787, BO-653, bolandiol, bolasterone, boldenone, bopindolol, bornyl chloride, bornyl salicylate, bortezomib, bosentan, bradycor, brain natriuretic, brallobarbital, brasofensine, brequinar, bretylium, brilliant green, brimonidine, brinzolamide, brivudin, brodimoprim, bromazepam, bromfenac, bromhexine bromide, bromindione, bromisovalum, bromocriptine, bromo-diphenhydramine, bromoform, bromopride, bromo-salicychloranilide, bromperidol, brompheniramine, broparoestrol, bropirimine, brostallicin, brotizolam, brovincamine, broxyquinoline, brozuridine, brucine, bucetin, bucillamine, bucindolol, bucladesine, buclizine, buclosamide, bucolome, bucricaine, bucumolol, budesonide, budesonide+formoterol, budipine, budralazine, bufeniode, bufetolol, bufexamac, buflomedil, buformin, bufuralol, bumadizon, bumetanide, bunaftine, bunamiodyl sodium, bunazosin, bunitrolol, bupivacaine, bupranolol, buprenorphine, bupropion, buramate, buserelin, buspirone, busulfan, busulfan, butabarbital, butacaine, butacetin, butalamine, butalbital, butallylonal, butamben, butamirate, butanilicaine, butaperazine, butaverine, butazolamide, butedronic acid, butenafine, butethal, butethamate, butethamine, buthalital, buthiazide, butibufen, butidrine, butobendine, butoconazole, butoctamide, butofilolol, butorphanol, butoxycaine, butriptyline, butropium, butylthiolaurate, butyrate propio, buzepide, BVT-5182, BXT-51072, C-1311, cabergoline, cabergoline, cacodylic acid, cactinomycin, cadexomer iodine, cadmium salicylate, cadralazine, cafaminol, caffeine, calcifediol, calcipotriene, calcipotriol, calcipotriol+beclometasone, calcitriol, calcium 3-aurothio-2-propanol-1-sulfonate, calcium acetylsalicylate, calcium bromolactobionate, calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium hopantothenate, calcium iodobehenate, calcium iodosterate, calcium lactate, calcium levulinate, calcium mesoxalate, calcium N-carbamoylaspartate, calcium polycarbophil, calcium propionate, calcium succinate, caldaret, calusterone, camazepam, camostat, camphor, camphorate, camphotamide, camptothecin, candesartan, candesartan cilexetil, candoxatril, canertinib, canrenone, cantharidin, cantuzumab mertansine, capecitabine, capobenic acid, capravirine, capromab, capsaicin cream, captodiamine, captopril, captopril+HCTZ, capuride, carabersat, caramiphen, carazolol, carbachol, carbamazepine, carbamide peroxide, carbarsone, carbaryl, carbazochrome, carbendazim, carbenicillin, carbenoxolone, carbetapentane, carbicarb, carbidopa, carbidopa+levodopa-1, carbimazole, carbinoxamine, carbocloral, carbocysteine, carbon tetrachloride, carbonate gel, carboplatin, carboprost, carboprost, carboquone, carbromal, carbubarb, carbutamide, carbuterol, carfimate, carglumic acid, cargutocin, carindacillin, cariporide, cariporide, carisoprodol, carmofur, carmoxirole, carmustine, carnitine, caroverine, caroxazone, carphenazine, carpipramine, carprofen, carsalam, carteolol, carticaine, carubicin, carumonam, carvacrol, carvedilol, carvone, cascarillin, caspofungin, catechin, cathepsin K inhibitors, cathepsin S inhibitors, CC-401, CCI-779, CCR5 antagonists, CDC-394, CDC-801, CEE-03-310, cefactor, cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefalexin pivoxil, cefamandole, cefatrizine, cefazedone, cefazolin, cefbuperazone, cefcapene pivoxil, cefclidin, cefdinir, cefditoren pivoxil, cefepime, cefetamet, cefetamet pivoxil, cefixime, cefmenoxime, cefmetazole, cefminox, cefodizime, cefonicid, cefoperazone, cefoperazone+sulbactam, ceforanide, cefoselis, cefotazime, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefotiam hexetil, cefoxitin, cefozopran, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpirome, cefpodoxime, cefprozil, cefroxadine, cefsulodin, ceftazidime, cefteram, ceftezole, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, cefuzonam, celecoxib, celgosivir, celiprolol, cellulose ethyl, CEP-1347, CEP-701, cephacetrile, cephaeline, cephalexin, cephaloglycin, cephaloridine, cephalosporin C, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephradine, cerivastatin, ceronapril, certoparin, ceruletide, cerviprost, cetalkonium, cetamolol, cethexonium, cethromycin, cetiedil, cetirizine, cetirizine, cetirizine+pseudoephedrine, cetotiamine, cetoxime, cetraxate, cetrimonium, cetrorelix, cetyldimethylethyl-ammonium, cetylpyridinium, cevimeline, CG-1521, chaulmoogric acid, chenodiol, CHF-3381, chlophedianol, chloracizine, chloral, chlorambucil, chloramine-B, chloramine-T, chloramino-chloramphenicol, chlorazanil, chlorbenzoxamine, chlorbetamide, chlorcyclizine, chlordantoin, chlorguanide, chlorhexadol, chlorhexidine, chloriazepoxide, chlorisondamine, chlormadinone, chlormerodrin, chlormezanone, chlormidazole, chlornaphazine, chloroazodin, chlorophyll, chloroprednisone, chloroprocaine, chloropyramine, chloroquine, chlorothen, chlorothiazide, chlorotrianisene, chloroxine, chloroxylenol, chlorozotocin, chlorphenamine, chlorphenesin, chlorpheniramine, chlorphenoxamide, chlorphenoxamine, chlorphentermine, chlorproethazine, chlorproguanil, chlorproguanil+dapsone, chlorpromazine, chlorpropamide, chlorprothixene, chlorquinaldol, chlortetracycline, chlorthalidone, chlorthenoxazine(e), chlorzoxazone, cholic acid, choline, choline theophyllinate, choline-L-alfoscerate, chromocarb, chromonar, chrysoidine, CHS-828, CI-1031, CI-1040, cibenzoline, ciclesonide, cicletanine, ciclonicate, ciclopirox, ciclosidomine, ciclosporin A, cidofovir, cifenline, cilansetron, cilastatin, cilazapril, cilengitide, cilnidipine, cilomilast, cilostazol, cimetidine, cimetropium, cinacalcet, cinchonidine, cinchonine, cinchophen, cinepazet, cinepazide, cinepazide, cinitapride, cinmetacin, cinnamedrine, cinnarizine, cinolazepam, cinoxacin, cinoxate, cinromide, cioteronel, cipamfylline, cipralisant, ciprofibrate, ciprofloxacin, ciprofloxacin+ciramadol, cisapride, cisatracurium, cisplatin, citalopram, citicoline, Citiolone, citrate, citric acid, citrulline, cizolirtine, CJ-13610, CKD-602, cladribine, clanobutin, clarithromycin, clavulan, clavulanate disodium, clavulanic acid, clebopride, clemastine, clemizol, clenbuterol, clentiazem, clevidipine, clevudine, clidanac, clidinium, clinafloxacin, clindamycin, clindamycin, clindamycin+tretinoin, clinofibrate, clinprost, clobazam, clobenfurol, clobenoside, clobenzepam, clobenzorex, clobenztropine, clobetasol, clobetasone, clobutinol, clocapramine, clocinizine, cloconazole, clocortolone, clodronate, clodronic acid, clofarabine, clofazimine, clofenamide, clofibrat, clofibric acid, cloflucarban, clofoctol, cloforex, clomacran, clomestrone, clometacin, clomethiazole, clometocillin, clomiphene, clomipramine, clomocycline, clonazepam, clonidine, clonitazene, clonitrate, clonixin, clopamid, clopenthixol, cloperastine, clopidogrel, clopirac, cloprednol, cloranolol, clorazepic acid, clorexolone, cloricromene, clorindione, clorprenaline, clortermine, clospirazine, clostebol, clothiapine, clotiazepam, clotrimazole, clotrimazole+betamethasone, cloxacillin, cloxazolam, cloxotestosterone, cloxyquin, clozapine, CMI-392, CMT-3, CNI-1493, CNS-5161, cobamamide, cocaethylene, cocaine, codeine, cofactor, colchicine, colesevelam, colestilan, colestipol, colforsin daropate, colfosceril, collagraft, colocynthin, colpormon, coluracetam, combretastatin A-4 prodrug, compound B, conivaptin conjugate, connettivina, convallatoxin, coparaffinate, corticorelin ovine, corticosterone, cortisone, cortivazol, cosyntropin, cotarnine, cotinine, co-trimazine, coumetarol, CP-248, CP-461, CPC-211, CPI-1189, CRA-0450, creatinol-O-phosphate, CRL-5861, crobenetine, croconazole, cromoglicic acid, cromolyn, cropropamide, crotamiton, crotethamide, crystacide, CS-502, CS-758, CS-834, CT-052923, CT-32228, cupric citrate, cuproxoline, CVT-2584, CX-659S, cyacetacide, cyamemazine, cyanidin, CYC400, cyclacillin, cyclandelate, cyclazocine, cyclexanone, cyclexedrine, cyclidrol, cyclin D1 inhibitors, cyclizine, cyclobarbital, cyclobendazole, cyclobenzaprine, cyclobutyrol, cyclocumarol, cyclodrine, cyclofenil, cycloguanil, cyclomethycaine, cycloniumelodide, cyclopentamine, cyclopenthiazide, cyclopentobarbital, cyclopentolate, cyclophosphamide, cyclopiroxalamine, cycloserine, cyclothiazide, cyclovalone, cymarin, cymserine, cynarin(e), cyp26 inhibitors, cyproheptadine, cyproterone, cysteamine, cystic fibrosis ther, cytarabine, D-24851, D-4418, DA-5018, DA-6034, DA-7867, DA-7911, DA-8159, dacarbazine, daclizumab, dactinomycin, dalbavancin, dalfopristin, dalfopristin+quinupristin, dalteparin, daltroban, danaparoid, danazol, danthron, dantrolene, dapiprazole, dapivirine, dapoxetine, dapsone, daptomycin, darbepoetin alfa, darifenacin, daunorubicin, DAX<SciClone, DB-67, D-camphocarboxylic, DCF-987, DDT, deaminooxytocin, deanol, debrisoquin, decamethonium, decimemide, decitabine, declopramide, deferiprone, deferoxamine, deflazacort, defosfamide, degarelix, dehydroascorbic acid, dehydroemetine, dehyrdocholic acid, delapri+manidipine, delapril, delavirdine, delmadinone, delmopinol, delorazepam, delucemine, demanyl, demecarium, demeclocycline, demecolcine, demegestone, demexiptilline, denaverine, dendrimers, denileukin diftitox, denopamine, denopterin, deoxycholic acid, deoxycorticosterone, deoxydihydro-streptomycin, deoxyepinephrine, depreotide, depsipeptide, deptropine, dequalinium, dersalazine, deserpidine, desferrioxamine, desflurane, desipramine, deslanoside, desloratadine, deslorelin, desmopressin, desogestrel, desogestrel+estradiol, desogestrel+ethinylestrad (1), desomorphine, desonide, desoximetasone, detaxtran, devacade, dexamethasone, dexanabinol, dexecadotril, dexefaroxan, dexetimide, dexibuprofen, dexketoprofen, dexloxiglumide, dexmedetomidine, dexmethylphenidate, dexpanthenol, dexrazoxane, dextran-1, dextranomer, dextroamphetamine, dextromethorphan, dextromoramide, dextropropoxyphene, dezocine, DF-1012, DFA-IV, D-fenchone, D-glucuronolactone, Diab II, diacerein, diampromide, diamthazole, diathymosulfone, diatrizoate, diazepam, diaziquone, diazoxide, dibekacin, dibenzepin, dibromopropamidine, dibucaine, dichloralphenazone, dichloramine T, dichlorisone, dichlorobenzyl alcohol, dichlorohydrin, dichlorophen, dichlorophenarsine, dichlorphenamide, diclofenac, diclofenac+HA, dicloxacillin, dicoumarol, dicumarol, dicyclomine, didanosine, dideoxyadenosine, didox, dienestrol, dienogest, dienogest+estradiol, diethadione, diethazine, diethylamide, diethylbromo-acetamide, diethylcarbamazine, diethylpropion, diethylstilbestrol, difemerine, difenamizole, difenoxin, difenpiramide, diflomotecan, diflorasone, difloxacin, diflucortolone, diflunisal, difluprednate, digitalin, digitoxin, digoxin, dihexyverine, dihydralazine, dihydrocodeine, dihydrocodeinone enol, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, dihydromorphine, dihydrostreptomycin, dihydrotachysterol, dihydroxyaluminum, diisopromine, diisopropyl paraoxon, diisopropylamine, dilazep, dilevalol, diloxanide, diltiazem, dimecrotic acid, dimefline, dimeglumine, dimemorfan, dimenhydrinate, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimercaprol, dimetacrine, dimethadione, dimethazan, dimethindene, dimethisoquin, dimethisterone, dimethocaine, dimethoxanate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylthiambutene, dimetofrine, dimorpholamine, dinoprostone, diosmectite, diosmin, dioxadrol, dioxaphetyl, dioxethedrine, dioxybenzone, diphemanil, diphenadione, diphencyprone, diphenhydramine, diphenidol, diphenoxylate, diphenylpyraline, diphetarsone, diphtheria & tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed, dipipanone, dipivefrin, dipyridamole, dipyridamole, dipyrocetyl, dipyrone, diquafosol, dirithromycin, disodium pamidronate, disofenin, disopyramide, distigmine, disulfamide, disulfiram, ditazol, dithiazanine, dithranol, ditiocarb, dixanthogen, dixyrazine, DJ-927, DK-507k, DL-Lactic Acid, DMDC, DMXAA, DNA Stealth, dobesilate, dobutamine, docarpamine, docetaxel, docosahexaenoic acid, docosanol, docusate, dofetilide, dolasetron mesilate, domiodol, domiphen, domitroban, domperidone, donepezil, donitriptan, dopamine, dopexamine, doramapimod, doranidazole, doripenem, dorzolamide, dorzolamide+timolol, dosmalfate, dosulepine, dotarizine, dothiepin, doxacurium, doxapram, doxazosin, doxefazepam, doxenitoin, doxepin, doxercalciferol, doxifluridine, doxofylline, doxorubicin, doxycycline, doxylamine, DPC-817, DPI-3290, DQ-113, drofenine, droloxifene, drometrizole, dromostanolone, dronabinol, dronedarone, droperidol, droprenilamine, dropropizine, drospirenone, drotaverine, drotebanol, droxicam, droxidopa, droxidopa, DU-125530, duloxetine, duramycin, durapatite, dutasteride, DW-1141, DW-286a, DW-471, DX-9065a, DY-9760e, dyclonine, dydrogesterone, dymanthine, dyphyllin, E-1010, E-2101, E2F antagonists, E-3620, E-5564, E-5842, E-6259, EAA-90, ebastine, eberconazole, ebrotidine, ebselen, eburnamonine, ecabapide, ecabet, ecadotril, ecgonidine, ecgonine, echothiophate, econazole, ecopipam, ecraprost, ectylurea, ED-71, edaravone, edatrexate, edetate calcium disodium, edetate disodium, edetate sodium, edetate trisodium, edonentan, edotreotide, edoxudine, edrecolomab, edrophonium, efalith, efaproxiral, efavirenz, efletirizine, eflornithine, efloxate, eflucimibe, efonidipine, EGIS-7229, eglumegad, egualen, elarofiban, elcatonin, elcosapentaenoic acid, eledoisin, eletriptan, elgodipine, ellagic acid, elliptinium, eltoprazine, elvucitabine, elzasonan, embelin, embramine, emedastine, emepronium, emetine, emitefur, EMM-210525, emodin, emorfazone, EMR-62203, emtricitabine, emylcamate, enalapril, enalaprilat, enallylpropymal, encainide, enciprazine, endralazine, enfenamic acid, enflurane, enilconazole, eniluracil, ENMD-0995, enocitabine, enol-3-IPA, enoxacin, enoxaparin, enoximone, enoxolone, enprostil, enrasentan, entacapone, entecavir, enviomycin, eoinephrine, epalrestat, epavir, EPC-K1, eperisone, epervudine, ephedrine, epicillin, epimestrol, epinastine, epirizole, epirubicin, epitiostanol, eplerenone, eplivanserin, epoprostenol, epostane, eprazinone, epristeride, eprosartan, eprozinol, eptapirone, eptaplatin, eptastigmine, eptazocine, eptifibatide, equilenin, equilin, ERA-923, erdosteine, ergocornine, ergocorninine, ergoloid mesylates, ergonovine, ergosterol, ergotamine, eritadenine, erlotinib, ertapenem, erythrityl tetranitrate, erythrocentaurin, erythromycin acistrate, erythromycin erythrophleine, erythromycin estolate, erythromycin glucoheptonate, erythromycin lactobionate, erythromycin propionate, erythromycin stearate, erythromycin stinoprate, esaprazole, escitalopram, esculin, eseridine, esmolol, esomeprazole, estazolam, ester, estradiol, estradiol, estramustine, estriol, estrogen, estrone, eszopiclone, etafedrine, etafenone, etamiphyllin, etanercept, etanidazole, etaqualone, eterobarb, ethacridine, ethacrynic acid, ethadion, ethambutol, ethamivan, ethamsylate, ethanolamine, ethaverine, ethchlorvynol, ethenzamide, ethiazide, ethinamate, ethinyl estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, ethionamide, ethisterone, ethoheptazine, ethopropazine, ethosuximide, ethotoin, ethoxzolamide, ethybenztropine, ethyl alcohol, ethyl biscoumacetate, ethyl chloride, ethyl dibunate, ethyl ether, ethyl icosapentate, ethyl loflazepate, ethyl loflazepate, ethylamine, ethylene, ethylestrenol, ethylidene, ethylmethyl-thiambutene, ethylmorphine, ethylnorepinephrine, ethynodiol, ethynylcytidine, etidocaine, etidronate, etidronic acid, etifelmin, etifoxine, etilefrin, etilevodopa, etiprednol, etiroxate, etizolam, etodolac, etodroxizine, etofenamate, etofibrate, etofylline, etofylline clofibrate, etofylline nicotinate, etoglucid, etomidate, etomidoline, etonitazene, etonogestrel, etoperidone, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, etoricoxib, etoxadrol, etozolin, etretinate, etryptamine, etymemazine, eucatropine, eugenol, EUK-134, EUK-189, evans blue, everolimus, exalamide, exametazime, exatecan, exemestane, exifone, exisulind, Exosurf, ezetimibe, Factor IX, Factor VIII, Factor XIII, fadolmidine, fadrozole, falecalcitriol, famciclovir, famotidine, fampridine, fandofloxacin, fantofarone, faropenem, faropenem daloxate, fasidotril, fasudil, fazadinium bromide, febarbamate, febuprol, febuxostat, fedotozine, felbamate, felbinac, felodipine, felypressin, femoxetine, fenbenicillin, fenbufen, fenbutrazate, fencamfamine, fencamine, fenclozic acid, fendiline, fendosal, fenethylline, fenfluramine, fenipentol, fenofibrate, fenoldopam, fenoprofen, fenoterol, fenoverine, fenoxazoline, fenoxedil, fenozolone, fenpentadiol, fenpiprane, fenpiverinium, fenproporex, fenquizone, fenretinide, fenspiride, fentanyl, fentiazac, fenticlor, fenticonazole, fentonium bromide, fepradinol, feprazone, ferric sodium edetate, ferrioxamine B, ferrocholinate, ferrous gluconate, ferumoxytol, fesoterodine, fexofenadine, fibrostat, fidarestat, fiduxosin, finasteride, finrozole, fipexide, FK-960, flavopiridol, flavoxate, flecainide, fleroxacin, flesinoxan, flibanserin, floctafenine, flomoxef, flopropione, florantyrone, flosequinan, floxacillin, floxuridine, fluacizine, fluanisone, fluarizine, fluasterone, fluazacort, flucloronide, flucloxacillin, fluconazole, flucytosine, fludarabine, fludeoxyglucose F18, fludiazepam, fludrocortisone, flufenamic acid, fluindione, flumazenil, flumecinol, flumequine, flumethasone, flumethiazide, flunisolide, flunitrazepam, flunoxaprofen, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinolone SAL, fluocinonide, fluocortin butyl, fluocortolone, fluorescein, fluoresone, fluorometholone, fluorosalan, fluorouracil, fluoxetine, fluoxymesterone, flupentixol, fluperolone, fluphenazine, flupirtine, fluprednidene acetate, fluprednisolone, fluproquazone, flurandrenolide, flurazepam, flurbiprofen, flurithromycin, flurogestone, flurothyl, fluroxen, fluspirilene, flutamide, flutazolam, fluticasone, flutoprazepam, flutrimazole, flutropium bromide, fluvastatin, fluvoxamine, folic acid, folinic acid, fomepizole, fominoben, fomivirsen, fomocaine, fonazine, fondaparinux, formebolone, formestane, formocortal, formoterol, fosamprenavir, foscarnet, fosfestrol, fosfluconazole, fosfomycin, fosfomycin, fosfosal, fosinopril, fosphenytoin, fotemustine, fropenem, frovatriptan, fructose, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, FTC, FTY-720, fudosteine, fulvestrant, fumagiline, fumagillin, furaltadone, furazabol, furazolidone, furazolium chloride, furonazide, furosemide, fursultiamine, furtrethonium, fusidic acid, G1, YM BioSciences, G25, GABA-A Alpha5, gabapentin, gabexate, gaboxadol, gadobenat, gadobutrol, gadodiamide, gadolinium, gadopentetic acid, gadoteridol, gadoversetamide, gadoxetic acid, galantamine, galanthamine, galarubicin, gallamine triethiodide, gallic acid, gallium maltolate, gallium nitrate, gallopamil, ganaxolone, ganciclovir, ganirelix, ganstigmine, gantofiban, garenoxacin, garnocestim, gatifloxacin, gefarnate, gefitinib, gemcabene, gemcitabine, gemeprost, gemfibrozil, gemifloxacin, gentamicin, gentian violet, gentiopicrin, gentisic acid, gepefrine, gepirone, gestodene, gestodene+ethinylest, gestonorone caproate, gestrinone, gimatecan, giractide, gitoxin, GL-406349, Glafenine, glatiramer, Glibornuride, gliclazide, glimepiride, glipizide, gliquidone, glisolamide, glisoxepid, globulin (human), glucametacin, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glucosamine, glucosulfone, glufosfamide, glutamic acid, glutaraldehyde, glutethimide, glyburide, glybuthiazol(e), glybuzole, glycerol, glycerophosphate, glycocyamine, glycol salicylate, glyconiazide, glycopyrrolate, glyhexamide, glymidine, glypinamide, GMDP, gold sodium, goserelin, GPI-1485, GPI-5693, graftskin, granisetron, grepafloxacin, griseofulvin, guaiacol, guaiapate, guaiazulene, guaifenesin, guaimesal, gualacolsulfonate, guamecycline, guanabenz, guanadrel, guanethidine, guanfacine, guanoxabenz, guanoxan, gugulipid, gusperimus, GW-280430A, GW-320659, GYKI-16084, hachimycin, halazepam, halcinonide, halobetasol, halofantrine, halometasone, haloperidol, halopredone, haloprogin, halopropane, halothane, haloxazolam, harkoseride, HE-2000, healos, hematoporphyrin, hepronicate, heptabarbital, heptaminol, hetacillin, hetastarch, hexacetonide, hexachlorophene, hexadimethrine, hexafluorenium, hexamethonium, hexamidine, hexapropymate, hexedine, hexestrol, hexestrol Bis(-diethylaminoethyl ether), hexethal, hexetidine, hexobarbital, hexobendine, hexocyclium methyl sulfate, hexoprenaline, hextend, hexylcaine, HF-0299, HGP-2, HGP-6A, hidrosmin, histamine, Histapyrrodine, histrelin, HM-101, HMN-214, homatropine, homocamfin, homochlorcyclizine, hopantenic acid, HP-228, huperzine A, hyaluronan, hycanthone, hydnocarpic acid, hydralazine, hydrastine, hydrastinine, hydrochlorothiazide, hydrocodone, hydrocortamate, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone, hydroflumethiazide, hydromorphone, hydroquinidine, hydroquinine, hydroquinone, hydroxid, hydroxocobalamin, hydroxyamphetamine, hydroxychloroquine, hydroxydione, hydroxyethyl ether, hydroxynaphthoate, hydroxypethidine, hydroxyphenamate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxystilbamidine, hydroxytetracaine, hydroxyzine, Hylan G-F 20, hymecromone, hyoscyamine, hypericin, IACFT, ibandronic acid, ibopamine, ibopamine, Ibritumomab, ibrolipim, ibudilast, Ibufenac, ibuprofen, ibuprofen piconol, ibuproxam, ibutilide, ICA-17043, icodextrin, idarubicin, Idazoxan, IdB-1016, idebenone, IDN-5109, idoxifen, idraparinux, idrocilamide, ifenprodil, ifosfamide, iguratimod, ilaprazole, ilomastat, iloperidone, iloprost trometamol, ILX23-7553, imatinib, imidapril, imidazole salicylate, imipenem, imipramine, imipramine N-Oxide, imiquimod, imolamine, implitapide, improsulfan, inactivated, inaperisone, incadronate, incadronic acid, indalpine, indanazoline, indapamide, indecainid, indeloxazine, indeloxazine, indenolol, indinavir, indiplon, indisetron, indisulam, indobufen, indocyanine green, indometacin, indoprofen, indoramin, induclem, infliximab, inhibitor, inhibitors, inosine pranobex, inositol, inositol niacinate, inverse agonist Mer, iobenguane, iobenzamic acid, iobitridol, iocarmic acid, iocetamic acid, iodamide, iodide, iodine, iodipamide, iodixanol, iodoalphionic acid, iodochlorhydroxyquin, iodoform, iodopyracet, iodopyrrole, iodoquinol, iodosubgallate, iofetamine 1231, ioglycamic acid, iohexol, iomeglamic acid, iomeprol, iopamidol, iopanoic acid, iopentol, iophendylate, iophenoxic acid, iopromide, iopronic acid, iopydol, iopydone, iothalamic acid, iotrolan, ioversol, ioxaglic acid, ioxilan, IP-751, ipidacrine, IPL-576092, ipodate, iponiazid, ipratpopium, ipratropium, ipratropium bromide, iprazochrome, ipriflavone, iprindole, iproclozid, ipsapiron, irbesartan, IRFI-042, IRFI-165, iridomyrmecin, irindalone, irinotecan, irofulven, iron sorbitex, irsogladine, IS-741, isaglitazone, ISAtx-247, isbogrel, isepamicin, isoaminile, isobutyl p-aminobenzoate, isoconazole, isoetharine, isofloxythepin, isoflurane, isoflurophate, isoladol, isomethadone, isometheptene, isoniazid, isonixin, isopromethazine, isopropamide iodide, isopropyl alcohol, isopropyl unoprostone, isoproterenol, isosorbide, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, isothipendyl, isotretinoin, isovaleryl, isoxepac, isoxicam, isoxsuprine, isradipine, israpafant, ISV-403, itasetron, ITF-282, itopride, itraconazole, itramin, itriglumide, iturelix, ivabradine, ixabepilone, J-104132, J-107088, J-113397, Janex-1, josamycin, JTV-519, K-777, kainic acid, kalimate, kallidin, KB-130015, KCB-328, kebuzone, ketamine, ketanserin, ketazolam, kethoxal, ketobemidone, ketoconazole, ketoprofen, ketorolac, ketorolac, ketotifen, khellin, kinetin, KNI-272, KP-103, KP-157, KP-544, KRN-5500, KT-136, KUL-7211, KW-2170, KW-6002, KW-7158, L-365260, L-5-hydroxy-tryptophan, L-745337, L-758298, L-826141, labetalol, lacidipine, lactic acid, lactitol, lactulose, lafutidine, lamifiban, lamivudine, lamotrigine, landiolol, lanicemine, laniquidar, lanoconazole, lanoteplase, lanreotide, lansoprazole, lanthanum carbonate, lapatinib, laquinimod, lasofoxifene, latamoxef, latanoprost, lauroguadine, laurolinium acetate, lawsone, LAX-111, lazabemide, LB-30057, L-cysteine, lefetamine, leflunomide, leflunomide, leiopyrrole, lenampicillin, lentinan, lepirudin, lercanidipine, lerisetron, lesopitron, leteprinim, letosteine, letrozole, leucocyanidin, leuprolide, leuprolide acetate, leuprorelin, levallorphan, levaminsole, levcromakalim, levetiracetam, levobetaxolol, levobunolol, levobupivacaine, levocabastine, levocetirizine, levodopa, levodropropizine, levofloxacin, levomethadyl acetate, levomoprolol, levonorgestrel, levophacetoperane, levopropoxyphene, levorphanol, levosimendan, levosulpride, levothyroxine, levovirin, lexidronam, lexipafant, LF-15-0195, LF-16-0687, LGD-1550, LH, LH-RH, liarozote, licofelone, licostinel, lidadronate, lidamidine, lidocaine, lidofenin, lidoflazine, limaprost, lincomycin, lindan, linezolid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, liothyronine, lipase, lipo-dexamethasone, lipo-flurbiprofen, Lipogel HA, LiquiVent, liranaftate, lisinopril, lisofyllin, lisuride, lithium, lithium citrate, lixivaptan, LJP-1082, LLUAlpha, LMP-160, LMP-420, loanzapine, lobaplatin, lobeline, lobenzarit, lodoxamide, lofentanil, lofepramine, lofexidine, loflucarban, lomefloxacin, lomerizine, lomifylline, lomustine, lonafarnib, lonapalene, lonazolac, lonidamine, loperamide, loperamide oxide, loprazolam, loprinone, loracarbef, lorajmine, loratadine, lorazepam, lorcainide, lormetazepam, lornoxicam, losartan, loteprednol, lotrafiban, lovastatin, loxapine, loxiglumide, loxoprofen, Lu-35-138, lubeluzole, lubiprostone, lucanthone, lucanthone, lumefantrine, lumiracoxib, lurtotecan, lutetium texaphyrin, LV-216, LX-104, LY-156735, LY-293111, LY-293558, LY-355703, lyapolate, lymecycline, lynestrenol, lypressin, lysine acetylsalicylate, lysine salicylate, lysophospholipids, M-40403, mabuprofen, mabuterol, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, MADU, mafenide, mafosfamide, magaldrate, magenta I, magnesium, magnesium carbonate, magnesium chloride, magnesium citrate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium lactate, magnesium salicylate, malathion, malotilate, mandelic acid, mandelic acid isoamyl, mangafodipir, manidipine, mannomustine, mannose-6-phosphate, maprotilline, maribavir, marimastat, maxacalcitol, mazindol, mazipredone, MC-5723, MCC-478, MCI-154, m-cresyl acetate, MDAM, MDI-101, MDI-403, MDL-100907, mebendazole, mebeverine, mebhydroline, mebrofenin, mebutamate, mecamylamine, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide, mecillinam, meclizine, meclocycline, meclofenamate, meclofenamic acid, meclofenoxate, mecloqualone, mecysteine, medazepam, medifoxamine, medrogestone, medronic acid, medroxyprogesterone, medrysone, mefenamic acid, mefenorex, mefexamide, mefloquine, mefruside, megestrol, meglumin, meglutol, melagatran, melanocortin-4 agonist, melarsoprol, melengestrol, melevodopa, melinamide, melitracen, meloxicam, melperone, melphalan, meluadrine, memantine, MEN-10700, MEN-10755, menadiol, menadione, menadoxime, menbutone, menogaril, MENT, menthol, menthyl valerate, meobentine, meparfynol, mepartricin, mepazine, mepenzolate bromide, meperidine, mephenesin, mephenoxalone, mephentermine, mephenytoin, mephobarbital, mepindolol, mepitiostane, mepivacaine, mepixanox, meprednisone, meprobamate, meproscillarin, meptazinol, mequitazine, meralein, meralluride, merbromin, mercaptomerin, mercumallylic acid, mercuric oleate, mercuric oxycyanide, merimepodib, meropenem, mersalyl, mertiatide, mesalamine, mesalazine, mesna, mesoridazine, mestanolone, mesterolone, mestranol, mesulfen, metaclazepam, metampicillin, metapramine, metaproterenol, metaraminol, metazocine, metergoline, metformin, methacholine, methacycline, methadone, methafurylene, methamphetamine, methandriol, methandrostenolone, methantheline, methapyrilene, methaqualone, metharbital, methazolamide, methdilazine, methenamine, methenolone, methestrol, methetoin, methicillin, methimazole, methiodal, methionic acid, methionine, methisazone, methitural, methixene, methocarbamol, methohexital, methotrexate, methotrimeprazine, methoxamine, methoxsalen, methoxycinnamate, methoxyflurane, methoxyphenamine, methoxypromazine, methscopolamine, methsuximide, methyclothiazide, methyl blue, methyl nicotinate, methyl propyl ether, methyl salicylate, methyl tert-butyl ether, methylbenzethonium chloride, methylbromide, methylcobalamin, methyldopa, methylene blue, methylergonovine, methylhexaneamide, methylphenidate, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone, methylthiouracil, methyltrienolone, methyprylon, methysergide, metiazinic acid, metipranolol, metoclopramide, metocurine iodide, metofenazate, metolazone, metopimazine, metopon, metoprolol, metralindole, metrizamide, metrizoic acid, metron s, metyrapone, metyrosine, mexazolam, mexenone, mexiletine, mezlocillin, MFH-244, mianserin, mibefradil, miboplatin, micafungin, miconazole, micronomicin, midaxifyline, midazolam, midecamycin, midecamycin acetate, midesteine, midodrine, midostaurin, mifepristone, miglitol, miglustat, mildronate, milnacipran, miloxacin, milrinone, miltefosine, minaprine, minocycline, minodronic acid, minoxidil, miokamycin, mirtazapine, misoprostol, mitemcinal, mitiglinide, mitobronitol, mitoguazone, mitolactol, mitomycin, mitotane, mitoxantrone, mitoxantrone, MIV-210, mivacurium, mivazerol, mizolastine, mizoribine, MKC-733, MLN-519, MLN-576, moclobemide, modafinil, moexipril, mofarotene, mofebutazone, mofegiline, mofetil, mofezolac, MOL-6131, molindone, molsidomine, mometasone, monatepil, monobenzone, monoethanolamine, monolaurin, monoterpene diols, montelukast, monteplase, moperone, mopidamol, moprolol, moracizine, morazone, moricizine, moroxydine, morphazinamide, morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, mosapramine, mosapride, motexafin, motretinide, moveltipril, moxalactam, moxastine, moxaverine, moxestrol, moxifloxacin, moxisylyte, moxonidine, M-PGA, MPI-5010, MPI-5020, MPL, MRS-1754, MS-209, MS-275, MS-325, MS-377, mupirocin, muscarin, muzolimine, MX-1013, mycophenolate, mycophenolic acid, myrophine, N-(hydroxymethyl)-nicotinamide, N,N,N,N-tetraethylphthalamide, N-[4-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]naphthalene-2-carboxamide, N2-formyl-sulfisomidine, N4-sulfanilylsulfanilamide, N4--D-glucosylsulfanilamide, nabilone, nabumetone, N-acetylcysteine, N-acetylmethionine, nadifloxacin, nadolol, nadoxolol, nafamostat, nafarelin, nafcillin, nafronyl, naftidofuryl, naftifine, naftopidil, nalbuphine, nalidixic acid, nalmefene, nalorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, NAMI, naminidil, nandrolone, napadisilate, naphazoline, naphthalene, naproxen, naproxen betainate, naratriptan, narceine, narcobarbital, natamycin, nateglinide, N-butyldeoxy-nojirimycin, N-butylscopolammonium Bromide, NC-503, NC-531, NCX-1000, NCX-4016, NCX-456, NCX-950, n-docosanol, NE-100, nealbarbital, nebivolol, nebostinel, nebracetam, nedaplatin, nedocromil, nefazodone, nefiracetam, nefopam, negamycin, nelfinavir, nemonapride, neostigmine, nepadutant, neramexane, neridronic acid, neriifolin, N-ethylamphetamine, neticonazole, netilmicin, nevirapine, NGD-98-2, nialamide, niaprazine, nicametate, nicaraven, nicardipine, nicergoline, niceritrol, niclosamide, nicoclonate, nicofuranose, nicomol, nicomorphine, nicorandil, nicotinamide, nicotine, nicotinic acid, nicotinic acid benzyl ester, nicotinyl alcohol, nifedipine, nifekalant, nifenalol, niflumic acid, nifuratel, nifurfoline, nifuroxazide, nifuroxime, nifurpirinol, nifurprazine, nifurtimox, nifurtoinol, nifurzide, NIK-254, nikethamide, nilutamide, nilvadipine, nimesulide, nimetazepam, nimodipine, nimorazole, nimustine, ninopterin, NIP-142, NIP-531, niperotidine, nipradilol, niridazole, nisoldipine, nitazoxanide, nitisinone, nitracrine, nitrazepam, nitrendipine, nitroflurbiprofen, nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone, nitroglycerin, nitromersol, nitronaproxen, nitroxazepine, nitroxoline, nizatidine, nizofenone, NM-3, NM-702, N-methylephedrine, N-methylepinephrine, N-methylglucamine, NN-414, NNC-05-1869, nobel, nogalamycin, nolatrexed, nolomirole, nolpitantium, nomegestrol, nomifensine, noprylsulfamide, norbolethone, nordazepam, nordefrin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, norelgestromin, norepinephrine, norethandrolone, norethindrone, norethynodrel, norfenefrine, norfloxacin, norgesterone, norgestimate, norgestrel, norgestrienone, norlevorphanol, normethadone, normethandrone, normorphine, norphenazone, norpipanone, norpseudoephedrine, nortriptyline, norvinisterone, noscapine, novembichin, novobiocin, noxiptillin, noxythiolin, NS-1209, NS-1231, NS-126, NS-220, NS-2330, NS5A inhibitors, NS-7, NS-8, NSC-330507, NSC-619534, NSC-697726, N-sulfanilyl-3,4-xylamide, NU-6027 nucleosides, NV-07, NVP-SRA880, NW-1029, NXY-059, Nylidrin, NZ-314, NZ-419, obidoxime chloride, OC-108, ocinaplon, octabenzone, octacaine, octamoxin, octaverine, octenidine, octodrine, octopamine, octotiamine, octreotide, octyl, ofloxacin, oleandrin, oleic acid, olmesartan-medoxomil, o-lodohippurate, olopatadine, olpadronic acid, olsalazine, oltipraz, OM-294DP, omacor, omapatrilat, omeprazole, omiloxetine, omoconazole, onapristone, ondansetron, ONO-3403, ONO-4128, ONO-8815 Ly, ONT-093, OPC-14523, OPC-31260, OPC-51803, OPC-6535, opiniazide, opioid analgesics, opipramol, orazamide, orazipone, Org-12962, Org-24448, oritavancin, orlistat, ormeloxifene, ornidazole, ornipressin, ornithine, ornoprostil, orotic acid, orphenadrine, orthocaine, osalmid, osanetant, osaterone, oseltamivir, OSI-7836, OSI-7904, ospemifene, otilonium bromide, ouabain, oxaceprol, oxacillin, oxaflozane, oxaliplatin, oxalyt-C, oxamarin, oxametacine, oxamniquine, oxandrolone, oxantel, oxapropanium, oxaprozin, oxatomide, oxazepam, oxazolam, oxcarbazepine, oxeladin, oxendolone, oxethazaine, oxetoron, oxiconazole, oxidronic acid, oxiniacic acid, oxiracetam, oxitropium, oxolamin, oxolinix acid, oxophenarsine, oxprenolol, oxybenzone, oxybutynin, oxycinchophen, oxycodone, oxygent, oxymesterone, oxymetazoline, oxymetholone, oxymethurea, oxymorphone, oxypendyl, oxypertine, oxyphenbutazone, oxyphencyclimine, oxyphenisatin, oxyphenonium, oxypinocamphone, oxypurinol, oxytedrine, oxytetracycline, ozagrel, p-(benzylsulfonamido)-benzoic acid, P-100, P-1202, P32/98, PA-824, PACAP 38, pactitaxel, PADRE, pagoclone, PAI inhibs, palindore, palivizumab, palonosetron, pamabrom, pamaquine, pamicogral, pamidronate, p-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminohippuric acid, p-amino-propiophenone, p-aminosalicylic acid, panavir, pancuronium, panipenem, pantethine, pantoprazole, pantothenic acid, papain, papaverine, paracetamol, paraflutizide, paraldehyde, paramethadione, paramethasone, paranyline, parathyroid hormone, parecoxib, parethoxycaine, pargyline, paricalcitol, paromomycin, paroxetine, paroxypropione, parsalmide, patrin-2, pazinaclone, pazufloxacin, p-bromoacetanilide, PC-NSAIDs, PD-0166285, pecilocin, pefloxacin, pegvisomant, pelletierine, pemetrexed, pemirolast, pemoline, pempidine, PEN-203, penamecillin, penbutolol, penciclovir, penethamate, penfluridol, penicillamine, penicillin G, penicillin G Procaine, penicillin N, penicillin O, penicillin V, penimepicycline, penntuss, pentaerythritol, pentaerythritol, pentaerythritol chloral, pentagastrin, pentagestrone, pentalyte, pentam thonium, pentamidine, pentazocine, pentetate, pentetic acid, pentetreotide, penthienate, pentifyllin, pentigetide, pentisomide, pentobarbital, pentolinium, pentorex, pentosan, pentostatin, pentoxifylline, pentoxyl, pentrinitrol, pentylenetetrazole, peplomycin, peptide, peptide, perazine, perfiromycin, perflubron, perfosfamide, pergolide, perhexiline, pericyazine, perifosine, perillyl alcohol, perimethazine, perindopril, periodyl, perisoxal, perlapine, permanganate, permethrin, perospirone, perphenazine, petroleum benzin, PH-10, phanquinone, pharmacor, pharmaprojects no. 6362, pharmaprojects no. 4994, pharmaprojects no. 5325, pharmaprojects no. 5972, pharmaprojects no. 6446, pharmaprojects no. 6590, pharmaprojects no. 6656, pharmaprojects no. 6691, pharmaprojects no. 6743, pharmaprojects no. 6748, phenacaine, phenacemide, phenacetin, phenadoxone, phenallymal, phenamet, phenamide, phenazocine, phenazopyridine, phenbutamide, phencyclidine, phendimetrazine, phenelzine, phenesterine, phenetharbital, phenethicillin, pheneturide, phenformin, phenglutarimide, phenindamine, phenindione, pheniprazine, pheniramine, phenmetrazine, phenobarbital, phenobutiodil, phenocoll, phenoctide, phenolphthalein, phenolphthalol, phenolsulfonphthalein, phenol-tetrachlorophthalein, phenoperidine, phenosulfazole, phenoxybenzamine, phenoxypropazine, phenprobamate, phenprocoumon, phenserine, phensuximide, phentermine, phentetiothalein, phentolamine, phenyl acetylsalicylate, phenyl aminosalicylate, phenyl salicylate, phenylbutazone, phenylephrine, phenylethanolamine, phenylmercury, phenylmethylbarbituric acid, phenylpropanolamine, phenylpropyl-methylamine, phenyltoloxamine, phenyramidol, phenytoin, phethenylate, phloroglucinol, pholcodine, pholedrine, phoramide, phosphate, phosphate, phosphocreatine, phosphocysteamine, phosphorylcholine, phthalylsulfathiazole, phthalysulfacetamide, p-hydroxyephedrine, phylloquinone, physostigmine, phytic acid, PI-88, piberaline, piboserod, picilorex, picloxydine, picoperine, picosulfate, picotamide, picumast, pidotimod, pifarnine, piketoprofen, pildralazine, pilocarpine, piloplex, pilsicainide, pimeclone, pimecrolimus, pimefylline, pimilprost, piminodine, pimobendan, pimozide, pinacidil, pinaverium, pinazepam, pindolol, pioglitazone, pipacycline, pipamazine, pipamperone, pipazethate, pipebuzone, pipecurium, pipecuronium, pipemidic acid, pipenzolate bromide, piperacetazine, piperacillin, piperazine adipate, piperidione, piperidolate, piperilate, piperine analogues, piperocaine, piperonal, piperoxan, piperylone, pipobroman, piposulfan, pipotiazine, pipoxolan, pipradrol, piprozolin, piracetam, pirarubicin, pirazolac, pirbuterol, pirenoxine, pirenzepine, piretanide, pirfenidone, piribedil, piridocaine, pirifibrate, piritramide, piritrexim, pirlindole, pirmenol, piroctone, piroheptine, piromidic acid, piroxicam, piroxicam betadex, piroxicam cinnamate, pirozadil, pirprofen, pitavastatin, pivagabine, pivaloyloxymethyl, pivalylbenzhydrazine, pivampicillin, pivampicillin/pivmecillinam, pivcefalexin, pivmecillinam, pixantrone, pizotifen, pizotyline, PKI-166, p-lactophenetide, plafibride, plasminogen activator, plasmocid, platonin, plaunotol, PLD-118, PLD-147, pleconaril, plicamycin, p-methyldiphenhydramine, PMS-601, Pneumococcal, PNU-288034, podophyllotoxin, polaprezine, poldine methylsulfate, policresulen, polidexide, polidocanol, poliovirus vaccine, poly-ADPRT inhibitors, polyestradiol, polyphenon E, polythiazide, porfimer, posaconazole, posatirelin, potassium, potassium, potassium, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium p-aminobenzoate, povidone, povidone-iodine, PP-117, PR-2699, PR-608, practolol, prajmaline, pralidoxime, pralnacasan, pramipexole, pramiracetam, pramiverin, pramlintide, pramoxine, pranidipine, pranlukast, pranoprofen, prasterone, pratosartan, pravastatin, prazepam, praziquantel, prazosin, prednicarbate, prednimustine, prednisolone, prednisolone 21-diethylaminoacetate, prednisolone farnesil, prednisolone sodium, prednisone, prednival, prednylidene, pregabalin, pregnan-3-ol-20-one, premarin+trimegestone, prenalterol, prenoxdiazine, prenylamine, prezatide, pridinol, prifinium, prilocaine, primaquine, primidone, prinomastat, PRO-2000, probenecid, probucol, procainamide, procaine, procarbazine, procaterol, prochlorperazine, procodazol, procyclidine, procymate, prodipine, proflavine, progabide, progesterone, proglumetacin, proglumide, proheptazine, prolactin, prolintane, prolonium, promazine, promedol, promegestone, promestriene, promethazine, pronethalol, propacetamol, propafenone, propagermanium, propallylonal, propamidine, propane-1,2-diol, propanidid, propantheline, proparacaine, propatyl, propenidazole, propentofylline, propicillin, propiomazine, propionic acid, propionyl 1-carnitine, propipocaine, propiram, propiverine, propizepine, propofol, propoxycaine, propoxyphene, propranolol, propylhexedrine, propyliodone, propylthiouracil, propyphenazone, proquazone, proscillaridin, prostacyclin, prostaglandin E1, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2a, prosultiamine, protein C, protheobromine, prothipendyl, protiofate, protionamide, protizinic acid, protoanemonin, protoklol, protoporphyrin IX, protriptyline, pro-urokinase, proxazole, proxetil, proxibarbal, proxigermanium, proxyphylline, prozapine, prucalopride, prulifloxacin, pseudococaine, pseudoephedrine, pseudoephedrine, pseudoephedrine+triprolidine, psilocybin, PSK-3841, p-sulfanilyl-benzylamine, PT-141, pteropterin, puromycin, PX-12, pyrantel, pyrazinamide, pyridinol carbamate, pyridostigmine, pyridoxal 5-phosphate, pyridoxine, pyrilamine, pyrimethamine, pyrinoline, pyrisuccideanol, pyrithione, pyrithyldione, pyritinol, pyrocatechol, pyrogallol, pyronaridine, pyrophosphate, pyrovalerone, pyroxylin, pyrrobutamine, pyrrocaine, pyrrolntrin, pyrvinium pamoate, quazepam, quercetin, quetiapine, quinacillin, quinacrine, quinagolide, quinapril, quinaprilat, quinapyramine, quinbolone, quinestradiol, quinestrol, quinethazone, quinfamide, quinidine, quinine, quinocide, quinupramine, quinupristin, R-107500, R-667, rabeprazole, racecadotril, racemethorphan, raloxifene, raltitrexed, ramatroban, ramifenazone, ramipril, ramosetron, Ramot project No. 1097, ranimustine, ranitidine, ranitidine bismuth, ranolazine, ranpirnase, rapacuronium, rasagiline, raubasine, ravuconazole, raxofelast, razoxane, RC-529, rebamipide, rebimastat, reboxetime, remacemide, remifentanil, reminetant, remoxipride, renzapride, repaglinide, repertaxin L-lysine salt, repinotan, repirinast, reposal, reproterol, rescimetol, rescinnamine, reserpiline, reserpine, resibufogenin, resiquimod, resorcinol, reteplase, retigabine, retinoic acid, revimid, R-flurbiprofen, rho (D) immune, rho-kinase inhibitors, ribavirin, riboflavin, ribostamycin, ricinoleic acid, ridogrel, rifabutin, rifalazil, rifametane, rifamide, rifampicin+trimethoprim, rifampin, rifamycin SV, rifapentine, rifaximin, rifaximine cream, rilmazafone, rilmenidine, riluzole, rimantadine, rimazolium, rimexolone, rimiterol, rimonabant, riodoxol, rioprostil, risedronate, risedronic acid, risperidone, ritanserin, ritipenem, ritodrine, ritonavir, rituximab, rivastigmine, rizatriptan, RJR-2403, RNA Stealth, Ro-0094889, Ro-61-1790, rociverine, rocuronium, rofecoxib, roflumilast, rokitamycin, rolipram, rolitetracycline, romurtide, ronifibrate, ropinirole, ropivacaine, roquinimex, rosaprostol, rosaramicin, rose bengal, rosiglitazone, rosoxacin, rostaporfin, rosuvastatin, rotigotine, rotraxate, roxarsone, roxatidine, roxifiban, roxindol, roxithromycin, RPR-109881A, RPR-130401, R-roscovitine, RS-0406, RSR-13, rubijervine, rubitecan, ruboxistaurin, rufinamide, rufloxacin, rupatadine, rutin, RWJ-54428, 5-0139, 5-15535, 5-18886, 5-34730, 5-3578, S-36496, S-36527, 5-5751, 5-8510, 5-8921, sabcomeline, sabeluzole, S-adenosylmethionine, safinamide, salacetamide, salazosulfadimidine, salbutamol, salicin, salicyl alcohol, salicylamide, salicylamide 0-acetic acid, salicylanilide, salicylic acid, salicylsilfuric acid, salinazid, salmeterol, salsalate, salverine, samarium .sup.153Sm, sampatrilat, sancycline, saperconazole, sapropterin, saquinavir, saralasin, saredutant, saredutant, sarizotan, sarizotan, sarpogrelate, sarpogrelate, satigrel, satigrel, satraplatin, satraplatin, satumomab, satumomab, SB-237376, SB-237376, SB-238039, SB-238039, SB-277011, SB-277011, scarlet red, SCH-00013, SCH-00013, Sch-23863, Sch-23863, Sch-57790, Sch-63390, scillarenin, scopolamine, scopolamine, scopolamine N-oxide, SCS technology, secalciferol, secnidazole, secobarbital, selegiline, selenomethionine, sematilide, semotiadil, seocalcitol, sepimostat, seratrodast, sertaconazole, sertaconazole, sertindole, sertindole, sertraline, sertraline, sestamibi, setastine, setastine, sevelamer, sevelamer, sevoflurane, sevoflurane, SG-210, sibutramine, siccanin, sildenafil, silodosin, silprostone, silver lactate, silver picrate, silver sulfadiazine, simetride, simfibrate, simvastatin, sincalide, sintropium bromide, sisomicin, sitafloxacin, sitamaquine, sitaxsentan, sivelestat, SJA-6017, SL-65-1498, SLV-306, SLV-308, Sm153 lexidronam, S-methylmethionine, SMP-300, SN-38, SNAP-7941, SOA-132, soblidotin, sobrerol, sobuzoxane, sodium arsanilate, sodium arsphenamine, sodium chloride, sodium dibunate, sodium folate, sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate, sodium hyaluronate, sodium iodomethamate, sodium nitrite, sodium nitroprusside, sodium oxybate, sodium phenol-sulfonate, sodium phenylbutyrate, sodium phosphate, sodium prasterone sulfate, sodium propionate, sodium salicylate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, sofalcone, solasulfone, solifenacin, sorbinicate, sorbitol, sorivudine, sotalol, soterenol, sozoiodolic acid, spaglumic acid, sparfloxacin, sparteine, SPA-S-843, spasmolytol, SPD-754, spectinomycin, SPI-339, spiperone, spirapril, spirogermanium, spironolactone, SR-121463, SR-144190, SR-146131, SR-271425, SR-27897, SR-31747, SR-58611, SS732, SS-750, SSR-149415, SSR-180575, SSR-181507, SSR-591813, SST-101, SSY-726, ST-200, stachyfilin, stallimycin, stampidine, stannous, stannsoporfin, stanolone, stanozolol, staph aureus ther, STAT4 inhibitors, stavudine, stenbolone, stepronim, stibocaptate, stibophen, stilbamidine, stiripentol, streptodornase, streptomycin, streptonicozid, streptonigrin, streptozocin, strontium ranelate, strontium-89 chloride, succimer, succinimide, succinylcholine, succinylcholine, succinylsulfathiazole, succisulfone, suclofenide, sucralfate, sufentanil, sulbactam, sulbactam+ampicillin, sulbenicillin, sulbentine, sulbutiamine, sulconazole, suleptanate, sulesomab, sulfabenzamide, sulfacetamide, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfachrysoidine, sulfacytine, sulfadiazine, sulfadicramide, sulfadimethoxine, sulfadoxine, sulfaethidole, sulfaguanidine, sulfaguanole, sulfalene, sulfaloxic acid, sulfamerazine, sulfameter, sulfamethazine, sulfamethizole, sulfamethomidine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyrazine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfametrole, sulfamidochrysoidine, sulfamoxole, sulfanilamide, sulfanilic acid, sulfanilylurea, sulfaperine, sulfaphenazole, sulfaproxyline, sulfapyrazine, sulfapyridine, sulfarside, sulfarsphenamine, sulfasalazine, sulfasomizole, sulfasymazine, sulfathiazole, sulfathiourea, sulfinalol, sulfinpyrazone, sulfiram, sulfisomidine, sulfisoxazole, sulfobromophthalein, sulfonethylmethane, sulfoniazide, sulfonic acid, sulfonmethane, sulforidazine, sulfoxone, sulindac, sulisatin, sulisobenzone, sulmarin, sulmazole, suloctidil, sulphan blue, sulpiride, sultamicillin, sulthiame, sultopride, sultosilic acid, sumanirole, sumatriptan, SUN-N8075, suplatast, suprofen, suramin, surfactant TA, suriclone, suxibuzone, SYM-1010, SYM-2081, SYM-2207, symclosene, Syn-1253, Syn-2190, Syn-2869, synephrine, syrosingopine, T-1095, T-1249, T-3912, T-588, T-67, T-82, TA-2005, TA-2005, TA-993, tabimorelin, tacalcitol, tacedinaline, tacrine, tacrolimus, tadalafil, tafenoquine, tafluposide, TAK-375, TAK-427, TAK-559, taka-diastase, talampanel, talampicillin, talaporfin, talastine, talbutal, talinolol, talipexole, talnetant, talniflumate, taltirelin, tamoxifen, tamsulosin, tandospirone, tannoform, taprostene, tariquidar, TAS-103, tasosartan, taurocholic acid, taurolidine, tazanolast, tazarotene, tazobactam, tazobactam+piperacillin, TBC-3711, TCH-346, tebipenem, teboroxime, tecadenoson, tecastemizole, Technetium .sup.99Tc, teclothiazide, teclozan, tedisamil, teflurane, tegafur, tegafur+uracil, tegaserod, teicoplanin, telbivudine, telenzepine, telithromycin, telmesteine, telmisartan, telomerase inhibs, temazepam, temiverine, temocapril, temocillin, temoporfin, temozolomide, tenatoprazole, tenecteplase, tenidap, teniposide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenonitrozole, tenoxicam, tenuazonic acid, teprenone, terazosin, terbinafine, terbutaline, terconazole, terfenadine, terguride, terlipressin, terodiline, terofenamate, terpin, tertalolol, tert-pentyl alcohol, tesaglitazar, tesmilifene, testolactone, testosterone, tetrabamate, tetrabarbital, tetrabenazine, tetracaine, tetrachloroethylene, tetracine, tetracycline, tetrahydrozoline, tetrandrine, tetrantoin, tetrazepam, tetrofosmin, tetroxoprim, Tevenel, tezacitabine, tezosentan, thalidomide, thenaldine, thenyldiamine, theobromine, theofibrate, theophylline, thiabendazole, thiacetazone, thiacymserine, thialbarbital, thiamine, thiamiprine, thiamphenicol, thiamylal, thiazesim, thiazinamium, thiazolinobutazone, thiazolsulfone, thibenzazoline, thiemalat, thiethylperazine, thimerfonate, thimerosal, thiobarbital, thiobutabarbital, thiocarbamizine, thiocarbarsone, thiocolchicine, thiocresol, thioctic acid, thioglycerol, thioguanine, thioimrag, thiopental, thiophosphoramide, thiopropazate, thioproperazine, thioridazine, thiosulfate, thiothixene, thiovir, thiphenamil, thiram, thonzylamine, thozalinone, thromboplastin, thurfyl nicotinate, thymectacin, thymol, thymopentin, thymyl N-isoamylcarbamate, thyropropic acid, thyroxine, tiadenol, tiagabine, tiamenidine, tianeptine, tiapride, tiaprofenic acid, tiaramide, tiazofurin, tibezonium, tibolone, ticarcillin, ticlopidine, ticrynafen, tiemonium, tigecycline, tigemonam, tigloidine, tilidine, tilisolol, tilmacoxib, tiludronic acid, timentin, timepidium, timiperone, timolol, timonacic, tin ethyl etiopurpurin, tinazoline, tinidazole, tinoridine, tiocarlide, tioclomarol, tioconazole, tiopronin, tiotropium, tioxolone, tipepidine, tipifarnib, tipranavir, tiquizium, tirapazamine, tiratricol, tirilazad, tirofiban, tiropramide, titanium sulfate, tiuxetan, tixocortol, tizanidine, TLK-199, TLK-286, TNF- analogue, TNP-470, TO-186, tobramycin, tocainide, tocamphyl, tocladesine, tocoretinate, todralazine, tofenacin, tofimilast, tofisopam, tolazamid, tolazolin, tolbutamide, tolcapone, tolciclate, tolcyclamide, tolevamer, tolfenamic acid, tolindate, toliprolol, tolmetin, tolnaftate, tolonidine, tolonium, toloxatone, tolperisone, tolpropamine, tolrestat, tolserine, tolterodine, tolvaptan, tolycaine, topiramate, topoisomerase, topotecan, torasemide, torcetapib, torcitabine, toremifene, torsemide, tositumomab, tosulfloxacin, tramadol, tramazoline, trandolapril, tranexamic acid, tranilast, trans-retinoic acid, tranylcypromine, trapidil, trastuzumab, travoprost, traxanox, traxoprodil, trazodone, tremacamra, trenbolone, trengestone, treosulfan, trepibutone, treprostinol, tretinoin, tretoquinol, TRH, TRI-50b, triacetin, triamcinolone, triamcinolone, triamcinolone, triamcinolone acetonide, triamterene, triapine, triaziquone, triazolam, tribenoside, tribromophenate, trichlorfon, trichlormethiazide, trichlormethine, trichloroethylene, triclobisonium, triclocarban, triclofenol piperazine, triclofos, triclosan, tricromyl, tridihexethyl iodide, trientine, triethanolamine, triethylenemelamine, trifluoperazine, trifluperidol, triflupromazine, trifluridine, triflusal, triflutate, trihexyphenidyl, trimazosin, trimebutine, trimecaine, trimeprazine, trimetazidine, trimethadione, trimethaphan, trimethobenzamide, trimethoprim, trimetozine, trimetrexate, trimipramine, trimoprostil, triolstane, trioxsalen, tripamide, triparanol, tripelennamine, triprolidine, triptorelin, tritiozine, tritoqualine, TRK-530, TRK-820, troclosene, trofosfamide, troglitazone, troleandomycin, trolnitrate, tromantadine, trometamol, trometamol, tromethamine, tromethamine, tropacine, tropesin, tropicamide, tropine, tropisetron, trospectomycin, trospium, trovafloxacin, troxacitabine, troxerutin, troxipide, trypan red, tryparsamide, tryptophan, TSH, TSN-09, TU-2100, tuaminoheptane, tubercidin, tubocurarine chloride, tulobuterol, TV-3326, TY-11223, TY-12533, TYB-3215, tybamate, tyloxapol, tymazoline, tyramine, tyropanoate, ubenimex, ufenamate, undecylenic acid, unoprostone, UR-8880, uracil mustard, uralyt-U, urapidil, urea, uredepa, urethan, uridine 5-triphosphate, urinastatin, ursodeoxycholic acid, ursodiol, ushercell, uzarin, vaccine, Diphtheria Vaccine, Polyvalent Vaccine, valacyclovir, valdecoxib, valdetamide, valethamate, valganciclovir, valnoctamide, valomaciclovir, valproate, valproic acid, valpromide, valrocemide, valrubicin, valsartan, valspodar, vardenafil, varespladib, varicella virus, vatanidipine, VEA, vecuronium, velnacrine, venlafaxine, veralipride, verapamil, verteporfin, vesnarinone, vetrabutine, VF-233, VI-0134, vidarabine, vigabatrin, vilazodone, viloxazine, viminol, vinbarbital, vinblastine, vinburnine, vincamine, vinconate, vincristine, vindesine, vinflunine, vinorelbine, vinpocetine, vinyl ether, vinylbital, viquidil, viridin, visnadine, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D2, vitamin D3, vitamin K5, prenatal vitamins, VLA-4 antagonists, VNP-4010M, voglibose, voriconazole, vorozole, VUF-K-8788, warfarin, WF-10, WMC-79, wound healing matrix, WP-170, xaliproden, xamoterol, xanomeline, xanthinol niacinate, xemilofiban, xenbucin, xibenolol, xibornol, ximelagatran, ximoprofen, xipamide, xorphanol, XR-5118, XR-5944, xylometazoline, xylose, YH-1885, YM-511, YM-598, yohimbine, YT-146, Z-321, Z-335, zafirlukast, zalcitabine, zaldaride, zaleplon, zaltoprofen, zanamivir, zanapezil, zatebradine, ZD-0473, ZD-0947, ZD-6126, ZD-9331, zebularine, zelandopam, zenarestat, ziconotide, zidovudine, zileuton, zimeldine, zinc acetate, zinc acexamate, zinc ibuprofenate, zinc p-phenolsulfonate, zinc salicylate, zinostatin, zinostatin stimalamer, zipeprol, ziprasidone, zofenopril, zofenpril+HCTZ, zoledronic acid, zolimidine, zolmitriptan, zolpidem, zomepirac, zonampanel, zoniporide, zonisamide, zopiclone, zopolrestat, zorubicin, zosuquidar, zotepine, ZP-123, Z-tamoxifen, zuclopenthixol, 1-antitrypsin, -bisabolol, -chloralose, -ethylbenzyl alcohol, -glucose-1-phosphate, -phenylbutyramide, -santonin, -terpineol, -tocopherol, -alethine, -benzalbutyramide, -carotene, -eucaine, -propiolactone, -sitosterol, -aminobutyric acid, -hydroxybutyrate, -linolenic acid, S-aminolevulinic acid, F-acetamidocaproic, and F-aminocaproic acid. See also U.S. Pat. No. 7,927,613, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Other pharmaceutically acceptable coformers include those delineated in the Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) and/or the US FDA Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) lists.

[0143] In some of these embodiments, at least one of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers can be a compound having any one of formulas (I), (XVIII)-(XXV), and XXVII, (e.g., formula XXIV or XXV) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,292,951 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; or any one of the compounds delineated above. In certain of these embodiments, at least one of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers can be a niclosamide analogue having any one of formulas (I), (XVIII)-(XXV), and XXVII (e.g., formula XXIV or XXV; or XXVI) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,292,951 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; or any one of the compounds specifically delineated above.

[0144] In some embodiments, the coformer can be any one or more additional therapeutic agents as described herein.

[0145] In some embodiments, the co-former is selected from the group consisting of: a sphingosine 1-phosphate (SiP) receptor modulator; a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent; a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent; a receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) inhibitor; an EP4 modulator; a toll-like receptor (e.g., TLR4, TLR9) modulator; a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor; a lanthionine synthetase C-like 2 (LANCL2) modulator; a phosphatidylcholine; an integrin (e.g., a4 Integrin) modulator; a Smad7 modulator; a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) modulator; a tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2) inhibitor; a tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitor; and a TEC kinase inhibitor.

[0146] In certain embodiments, the co-former is a sphingosine 1-phosphate (SiP) receptor modulator.

[0147] In certain embodiments, the co-former is etrasimod or ozanimod.

[0148] In certain embodiments, the co-former is a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. As a non-limiting example, the co-former can be beclomethasone 17 or budesonide.

[0149] In certain embodiments, the co-former is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent such as 5-ASA.

[0150] In certain embodiments, the co-former is a receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) inhibitor such as GSK2982772.

[0151] In certain embodiments, the co-former is an EP4 modulator such as KAG-308.

[0152] In certain embodiments, the co-former is a toll-like receptor (e.g., TLR4, TLR9) modulator. In certain of these embodiments, the co-former is a TLR4 modulator such as JKB-122. In certain embodiments, the co-former is a TLR9 modulator such as cobitolimod.

[0153] In certain embodiments, the co-former is a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor. In certain of these embodiments, the co-former is selected from the group consisting of TD-1473, tofacitinib, upadacitinib, filgotinib, PF-06651600, and PF-06700841.

[0154] In certain embodiments, the co-former is a lanthionine synthetase C-like 2 (LANCL2) modulator such as BT-11.

[0155] In certain embodiments, the co-former is a phosphatidylcholine such as LT-02.

[0156] In certain embodiments, the co-former is an integrin modulator. In certin of these embodiments, the co-former is an 4 Integrin modulator such as AJM-300 (carotegrast).

[0157] In certain embodiments, the co-former is a Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide such as mongersen.

[0158] In certain embodiments, the co-former is a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) modulator such as apremilast.

[0159] In certain embodiments, the co-former is a tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2) inhibitor such as GS-4875.

[0160] In certain embodiments, the co-former is a tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitor.

[0161] In certain of these embodiments, the co-former is BMS-986165, PF-06700841, or PF-06826647.

[0162] In certain embodiments, the co-former is a TEC kinase inhibitor such as PF-06651600.

[0163] Non-Limiting Combinations

[0164] In some embodiments, the cocrystal includes (i) niclosamide; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of niclosamide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or hydrate of niclosamide of a niclosamide analog.

[0165] In some embodiments, the cocrystal includes (i) niclosamide; and (ii) a second API.

[0166] In some embodiments, the cocrystal includes (i) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of niclosamide; and (ii) a second API.

[0167] In some embodiments, the cocrystal includes (i) niclosamide; and (ii) a second API.

[0168] In some embodiments, the cocrystal includes (i) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of niclosamide; and (ii) an amino acid (e.g., proline, e.g., D-proline, or L-proline, or racemic proline).

[0169] In some embodiments, the cocrystal includes (i) niclosamide; and (ii) an amino acid (e.g., proline, e.g., D-proline, or L-proline, or racemic proline).

[0170] In some embodiments, the cocrystal includes (i) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of niclosamide; and (ii) a 5-10 (e.g., 5-9, 5-6, or 5) membered heteroaryl, e.g., a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl, e.g., imidazole.

[0171] In some embodiments, the cocrystal includes (i) niclosamide; and (ii) a 5-10 (e.g., 5-9, 5-6, or 5) membered heteroaryl, e.g., a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl, e.g., imidazole.

[0172] For examples, see Sanphui, P. Cryst. Growth Des. 2012, 12, 4588; Imramovsky, A. Crystals 2012, 2, 349-361; and Grifasi, F. Cryst. Growth Des. 2015, 15, 4588.

[0173] Niclosamide Compound of the Co-Crystal

[0174] In some embodiments, the chemical purity of the niclosamide compound can be as defined anywhere herein.

[0175] Particle Size of the Co-Crystal

[0176] In some embodiments, the co-crystal can have a reduced particle size as defined anywhere herein for the niclosamide compounds.

[0177] In some embodiments, co-crystals having reduced particle size can be prepared by jet milling, e.g., using CMTI equipment NGMP-Mill-A, a 2-inch, pancake micronizer manufactured by Sturtevant.

[0178] Particle Size Distribution (PSD) can be determined by laser diffraction technique, e.g., using a MALVERN MASTERSIZER 2000 (standard range between 0.020 and 2000.0 microns), model APA 2000, equipped with Hydro 2000 sm as dispersing unit.

[0179] In some embodiments, the co-crystal has a reduced particle size range.

[0180] In some embodiments, co-crystal has a particle size range of from about 0.1 m to about 30 m. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size range of from about 0.1 m to about 20 m. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size range of from about 0.1 m to about 10 m.

[0181] In some embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 1.0 m to about 15.0 m. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 1.0 m to about 10.0 m. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 6.0 m to about 8.0 m. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 2.2 m to about 3.2 m.

[0182] In some embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.1 m to about 1.5 m. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.1 m to about 1.0 m. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

[0183] In some embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 0.5 m to about 6.0 m. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 2.0 m. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 2.5 m to about 3.5 m.

[0184] In some embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 1.0 m to about 10.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.1 m to about 1.0 m.

[0185] In some embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 6.0 m to about 8.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

[0186] In some embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 2.2 m to about 3.2 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

[0187] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%; and the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 1.0 m to about 10.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.1 m to about 1.0 m.

[0188] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%; and the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 6.0 m to about 8.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

[0189] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%; and the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 2.2 m to about 3.2 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

[0190] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%; and the co-crystal has a particle size range of from about 0.1 m to about 30 m, a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 1.0 m to about 10.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.1 m to about 1.0 m.

[0191] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%; and the co-crystal has a particle size range of from about 0.1 m to about 30 m, a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 6.0 m to about 8.0 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

[0192] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compound has a chemical purity of greater than about 99.0%; and the co-crystal has a particle size range of from about 0.1 m to about 30 m, a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 2.2 m to about 3.2 m, a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 4.0 m, and a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 0.3 m to about 0.9 m.

[0193] In certain of the foregoing embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 2.5 m to about 3.5 m.

[0194] In certain other of the foregoing embodiments, the co-crystal has a particle size distribution D(0.5) of from about 1.0 m to about 2.0 m.

[0195] Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration

[0196] General

[0197] A niclosamide compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof, e.g., a compound, such as niclosamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof) is administered to a subject in need thereof by any route which makes the compound bioavailable (e.g., locally bioavailable). In certain embodiments, the route is oral administration.

[0198] In some embodiments, a niclosamide compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof; e.g., a compound, such as niclosamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof) is administered as a pharmaceutical composition that includes the chemical entity and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and optionally one or more other therapeutic agents as described herein.

[0199] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compounds can be administered in combination with one or more conventional pharmaceutical excipients. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) such as d--tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, surfactants used in pharmaceutical dosage forms such as Tweens, poloxamers or other similar polymeric delivery matrices, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, tris, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium-chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, and wool fat. Cyclodextrins such as -, , and -cyclodextrin, or chemically modified derivatives such as hydroxyalkylcyclodextrins, including 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl-o-cyclodextrins, or other solubilized derivatives can also be used to enhance delivery of compounds described herein. Dosage forms or compositions containing a chemical entity as described herein in the range of 0.005% to 100% with the balance made up from non-toxic excipient may be prepared. The contemplated compositions may contain 0.001%-100% of a chemical entity provided herein, in one embodiment 0.1-95%, in another embodiment 75-85%, in a further embodiment 20-80%. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 22.sup.nd Edition (Pharmaceutical Press, London, U K. 2012).

[0200] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compounds described herein or a pharmaceutical composition thereof can be administered to subject in need thereof by any accepted route of administration. Acceptable routes of administration include, but are not limited to, buccal, cutaneous, endocervical, endosinusial, endotracheal, enteral, epidural, interstitial, intra-abdominal, intra-arterial, intrabronchial, intrabursal, intracerebral, intracisternal, intracoronary, intradermal, intraductal, intraduodenal, intradural, intraepidermal, intraesophageal, intragastric, intragingival, intraileal, intralymphatic, intramedullary, intrameningeal, intramuscular, intraovarian, intraperitoneal, intraprostatic, intrapulmonary, intrasinal, intraspinal, intrasynovial, intratesticular, intrathecal, intratubular, intratumor, intrauterine, intravascular, intravenous, nasal, nasogastric, oral, parenteral, percutaneous, peridural, rectal, respiratory (inhalation), subcutaneous, sublingual, submucosal, topical, transdermal, transmucosal, transtracheal, ureteral, urethral and vaginal.

[0201] Local Administration

[0202] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compounds described herein or a pharmaceutical composition thereof are suitable for local administration, e.g., local administration by way of administering the niclosamide compounds or composition thereof at a particular treatment site, (e.g., the digestive tract, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, e.g., colon) so as to provide local administration of the chemical entity to the area in need of treatment (e.g., oral cavity; GI tract, e.g., the colon; eye; skin; or joint). In certain embodiments, relatively low systemic exposure of the niclosamide compounds occurs during said local administration. Examples of such compositions include, e.g., oral administration.

[0203] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compounds described herein or a pharmaceutical composition thereof are suitable for local administration to the GI tract, e.g., colon. In certain embodiments, upon administration, the local concentration of the niclosamide compounds in the GI tract is higher (e.g., from about 2 times higher to about 1,000 times higher; from about 2 times higher to about 900 times higher; from about 2 times higher to about 800 times higher; from about 2 times higher to about 700 times higher; from about 2 times higher to about 500 times higher; from about 2 times higher to about 400 times higher; from about 2 times higher to about 300 times higher; from about 2 times higher to about 200 times higher; from about 2 times higher to about 100 times higher; from about 2 times higher to about 50 times higher, from about 5 times higher to about 1,000 times higher; from about 5 times higher to about 900 times higher; from about 5 times higher to about 800 times higher; from about 2 times higher to about 700 times higher; from about 5 times higher to about 500 times higher; from about 5 times higher to about 400 times higher; from about 5 times higher to about 300 times higher; from about 5 times higher to about 200 times higher; from about 5 times higher to about 100 times higher; from about 5 times higher to about 50 times higher; from about 5 times higher to about 25 times higher; from about 5 times higher to about 15 times higher; e.g., about 1,000 times higher, about 900 times higher, about 800 times higher, about 700 times higher, about 600 times higher, about 500 times higher, about 400 times higher, about 300 times higher, about 200 times higher, about 100 times higher, about 50 times higher, about 25 time higher, about 20 times higher, about 15 times higher, about 10 times higher, about 5 times higher) than the concentration of the chemical entity in the plasma compartment. In certain of these embodiments, the chemical entity in the plasma compartment is subject to first pass metabolism.

[0204] In some embodiments, the niclosamide compounds described herein or a pharmaceutical composition thereof are suitable for local administration to one or more specific locations within the digestive or GI tract, e.g., colon. For example, at least some of the niclosamide compound is present in the upper GI tract (e.g., stomach); or at least some of the niclosamide compound is present in the lower GI tract (e.g., the large intestine, e.g., the colon, e.g., the ascending colon and/or transverse colon and/or distal colon; or the small bowel). As a further example, at least some of the niclosamide compound is present in the ascending colon and/or the transverse colon and/or the distal colon and/or the small bowel and/or the stomach. Methods of said local administration can include, without limitation, oral administration.

[0205] In one aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising a niclosamide compound or co-crystal as described anywhere herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, wherein the composition is suitable for oral administration.

[0206] In some embodiments, administration of a single dose of the composition to a subject produces a local concentration of the niclosamide compound in the GI tract (e.g., colon) of the subject that is higher than the concentration of the compound in the plasma compartment of the subject.

[0207] In some embodiments, administration of a single dose of the composition to a subject produces a local concentration of the niclosamide compound in the GI tract (e.g., colon) of the subject that is at least about 200 times higher than the concentration of the compound in the plasma compartment of the subject.

[0208] In some embodiments, administration of a single dose of the composition to a subject produces a local concentration of the niclosamide compound in the GI tract (e.g., colon) of the subject that is at least about 300 times higher than the concentration of the compound in the plasma compartment of the subject.

[0209] In some embodiments, administration of a single dose of the composition to a subject produces a local concentration of the niclosamide compound in the GI tract (e.g., colon) of the subject that is at least about 500 times higher than the concentration of the compound in the plasma compartment of the subject.

[0210] In some embodiments, administration of a single dose of the composition to a subject produces a local concentration of the niclosamide compound in the GI tract (e.g., colon) of the subject that is at least about 700 times higher than the concentration of the compound in the plasma compartment of the subject.

[0211] In some embodiments, the local concentration of the niclosamide compound in the GI tract (e.g., colon) of the subject is higher than a local concentration produced by oral administration of a single dose of a second composition comprising a second niclosamide compound, wherein the second niclosamide compound has a higher particle size than the niclosamide compound.

[0212] In some embodiments, the local concentration of the niclosamide compound in the GI tract (e.g., colon) of the subject is at least about 100 times higher than a local concentration produced by oral administration of a single dose of a second composition comprising a second niclosamide compound, wherein the second niclosamide compound has a higher particle size than the niclosamide compound.

[0213] In some embodiments, the local concentration of the niclosamide compound in the GI tract (e.g., colon) of the subject is at least about 100 times higher than a local concentration produced by oral administration of a single dose of a second composition comprising a second niclosamide compound, wherein the second niclosamide compound has a higher particle size than the niclosamide compound.

[0214] In some embodiments, the second niclosamide compound has a particle size distribution D(0.9) of from about 25.0 m to about 65.0 m.

[0215] In some embodiments, the second niclosamide compound has a particle size distribution D(0.1) of from about 4.0 m to about 10.0 m.

[0216] In another aspect, provided herein is a dosage form (e.g., a unit dosage form) comprising a composition as described anywhere herein, wherein the dosage form is suitable for oral administration.

[0217] In some embodiments, the dosage form further comprises one or more components that chemically and/or structurally predispose the dosage form for delivery of the compound to the ascending colon.

[0218] In some embodiments, the dosage form further comprises one or more components that chemically and/or structurally predispose the dosage form for delivery of the compound to the transverse colon.

[0219] In some embodiments, the dosage form further comprises one or more components that chemically and/or structurally predispose the dosage form for delivery of the compound to the distal colon.

[0220] In some embodiments, the dosage form further comprises one or more components that chemically and/or structurally predispose the dosage form for delivery of the compound to the small bowel.

[0221] Other embodiments include those delineated in any one or more of claims 168-178 and/or 179-183.

[0222] Oral Delivery

[0223] In other embodiments, the chemical entities described herein or a pharmaceutical composition thereof are suitable for local delivery to the digestive or GI tract by way of oral administration (e.g., solid or liquid dosage forms.).

[0224] Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the chemical entity is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or: a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

[0225] In one embodiment, the compositions will take the form of a unit dosage form such as a pill or tablet and thus the composition may contain, along with a chemical entity provided herein, a diluent such as lactose, sucrose, dicalcium phosphate, or the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or the like; and a binder such as starch, gum acacia, polyvinylpyrrolidine, gelatin, cellulose, cellulose derivatives or the like. In another solid dosage form, a powder, marume, solution or suspension (e.g., in propylene carbonate, vegetable oils, PEG's, poloxamer 124 or triglycerides) is encapsulated in a capsule (gelatin or cellulose base capsule). Unit dosage forms in which one or more chemical entities provided herein or additional active agents are physically separated are also contemplated; e.g., capsules with granules (or tablets in a capsule) of each drug; two-layer tablets; two-compartment gel caps, etc. Enteric coated or delayed release oral dosage forms are also contemplated.

[0226] Other physiologically acceptable compounds include wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents or preservatives that are particularly useful for preventing the growth or action of microorganisms. Various preservatives are well known and include, for example, phenol and ascorbic acid.

[0227] In certain embodiments the excipients are sterile and generally free of undesirable matter. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional, well-known sterilization techniques. For various oral dosage form excipients such as tablets and capsules sterility is not required. The USP/NF standard is usually sufficient.

[0228] In certain embodiments, solid oral dosage forms can further include one or more components that chemically and/or structurally predispose the composition for delivery of the chemical entity to the stomach or the lower GI; e.g., the ascending colon and/or transverse colon and/or distal colon and/or small bowel. Exemplary formulation techniques are described in, e.g., Filipski, K. J., et al., Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2013, 13, 776-802, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0229] Examples include upper-GI targeting techniques, e.g., Accordion Pill (Intec Pharma), floating capsules, and materials capable of adhering to mucosal walls.

[0230] Other examples include lower-GI targeting techniques. For targeting various regions in the intestinal tract, several enteric/pH-responsive coatings and excipients are available. These materials are typically polymers that are designed to dissolve or erode at specific pH ranges, selected based upon the GI region of desired drug release. These materials also function to protect acid labile drugs from gastric fluid or limit exposure in cases where the active ingredient may be irritating to the upper GI (e.g., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate series, Coateric (polyvinyl acetate phthalate), cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, Eudragit series (methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymers), and Marcoat). Other techniques include dosage forms that respond to local flora in the GI tract, Pressure-controlled colon delivery capsule, and Pulsincap.

[0231] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the chemical entities described herein, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. In certain embodiments, the liquid dosage form is a mouthwash. In certain embodiments, such liquid oral dosage forms are useful for local and topical administration to the digestive or GI tract, e.g., digestive tract, e.g., oral cavity.

[0232] Other Forms of Delivery

[0233] In some embodiments, the chemical entities described herein or a pharmaceutical composition thereof are suitable for local and topical administration to the eye (e.g., eye drops). Ocular compositions can include, without limitation, one or more of any of the following: viscogens (e.g., Carboxymethylcellulose, Glycerin, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Polyethylene glycol); Stabilizers (e.g., Pluronic (triblock copolymers), Cyclodextrins); Preservatives (e.g., Benzalkonium chloride, ETDA, SofZia (boric acid, propylene glycol, sorbitol, and zine chloride; Alcon Laboratories, Inc.), Purite (stabilized oxychloro complex; Allergan, Inc.)).

[0234] In some embodiments, the chemical entities described herein or a pharmaceutical composition thereof are suitable for local and topical administration to skin (e.g., ointments and creams). Ointments are semisolid preparations that are typically based on petrolatum or other petroleum derivatives. Creams containing the selected active agent are typically viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions, often either oil-in-water or water-in-oil. Cream bases are typically water-washable, and contain an oil phase, an emulsifier and an aqueous phase. The oil phase, also sometimes called the internal phase, is generally comprised of petrolatum and a fatty alcohol such as cetyl or stearyl alcohol; the aqueous phase usually, although not necessarily, exceeds the oil phase in volume, and generally contains a humectant. The emulsifier in a cream formulation is generally a nonionic, anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactant. As with other carriers or vehicles, an ointment base should be inert, stable, nonirritating and non-sensitizing.

[0235] Dosages

[0236] The dosages may be varied depending on the requirement of the patient, the severity of the condition being treating and the particular compound being employed. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation can be determined by one skilled in the medical arts. The total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions throughout the day or by means providing continuous delivery.

[0237] In some embodiments, a niclosamide compound is administered is administered at a dosage of from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 200 mg/Kg (e.g., from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 150 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 100 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 50 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 10 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 5 mg/Kg; from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 200 mg/Kg; from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 150 mg/Kg; from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 100 mg/Kg; from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 50 mg/Kg; from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 10 mg/Kg; from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 5 mg/Kg).

[0238] In certain embodiments, the niclosamide compound is administered at a dosage of from about 15 mg/Kg to about 100 mg/Kg (e.g., from about 15 mg/Kg to about 90 mg/Kg, from about 20 mg/Kg to about 100 mg/Kg; from about 20 mg/Kg to about 90 mg/Kg; from about 20 mg/Kg to about 80 mg/Kg; from about 30 mg/Kg to about 90 mg/Kg; from about 30 mg/Kg to about 80 mg/Kg; from about 35 mg/Kg to about 75 mg/Kg; from about 10 mg/Kg to about 50 mg/Kg; from about 15 mg/Kg to about 45 mg/Kg; e.g., about 35 mg/Kg or about 75 mg/Kg). In other embodiments, the chemical entity is administered at a dosage of from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 10 mg/Kg (e.g., from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 5 mg/Kg; from about 1 mg/Kg to about 10 mg/Kg; from about 1 mg/Kg to about 5 mg/Kg).

[0239] In some embodiments, formulations include from about 0.5 mg to about 2500 mg (e.g., from about 0.5 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 750 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 600 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 500 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 400 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 300 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 200 mg; e.g., from about 5 mg to about 2500 mg, from about 5 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 5 mg to about 1000 mg; from about 5 mg to about 750 mg; from about 5 mg to about 600 mg; from about 5 mg to about 500 mg; from about 5 mg to about 400 mg; from about 5 mg to about 300 mg; from about 5 mg to about 200 mg; e.g., from about 50 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 50 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 50 mg to about 750 mg, from about 50 mg to about 600 mg, from about 50 mg to about 500 mg, from about 50 mg to about 400 mg, from about 50 mg to about 300 mg, from about 50 mg to about 200 mg; e.g., from about 100 mg to about 2500 mg, from about 100 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 750 mg, from about 100 mg to about 700 mg, from about 100 mg to about 600 mg, from about 100 mg to about 500 mg, from about 100 mg to about 400 mg, from about 100 mg to about 300 mg, from about 100 mg to about 200 mg; e.g., from about 150 mg to about 2500 mg, from about 150 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 150 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 150 mg to about 750 mg, from about 150 mg to about 700 mg, from about 150 mg to about 600 mg, from about 150 mg to about 500 mg, from about 150 mg to about 400 mg, from about 150 mg to about 300 mg, from about 150 mg to about 200 mg; e.g., from about 150 mg to about 500 mg; e.g., from about 300 mg to about 2500 mg, from about 300 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 300 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 300 mg to about 750 mg, from about 300 mg to about 700 mg, from about 300 mg to about 600 mg; e.g., from about 400 mg to about 2500 mg, from about 400 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 400 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 400 mg to about 750 mg, from about 400 mg to about 700 mg, from about 400 mg to about 600 from about 400 mg to about 500 mg; e.g., 150 mg or 450 mg) of the niclosamide compound.

[0240] In certain embodiments, formulations include from about 50 mg to about 250 mg (e.g., from about 100 mg to about 200; e.g., about 150 mg) of the niclosamide compound.

[0241] In certain embodiments, enema formulations include from about 350 mg to about 550 mg (e.g., from about 400 mg to about 500; e.g., about 450 mg) of the niclosamide compound.

[0242] The foregoing dosages can be administered on a daily basis (e.g., as a single dose per day; or as two or more divided doses per day; or a two or more doses; e.g., two doses per day) or non-daily basis (e.g., every other day, every two days, every three days, once weekly, twice weeks, once every two weeks, once a month). In certain embodiments, dosages can be administered for about 1 week, about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 5 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 7 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 3 months, about 6 months, about 1 year, or beyond. For example, dosages (e.g., about 2.5 mg/mL or about 7.5 mg/mL) of the chemical entity in liquid carrier can be administered twice a day on a daily basis for about 6 weeks. In certain of these embodiments, the chemical entity is niclosamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or hydrate and/or cocrystal thereof. For example, about 2.5 mg/mL or about 7.5 mg/mL of niclosamide in liquid carrier can be administered twice a day on a daily basis for about 6 weeks. Representative liquid carriers include, e.g., those previously described in conjunction with component (ii).

[0243] Methods of Treatment

[0244] In some embodiments, methods for inducing cell death of one or more T cells (e.g., in the digestive and/or gastrointestinal tract (GI), skin, eyes, or joints), of a subject are provided. The methods include contacting the one or more T cells with an effective amount of a niclosamide compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof; e.g., a compound, such as niclosamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof) as defined anywhere herein. In certain embodiments, the methods consist essentially or consist of the contacting step described above in this paragraph.

[0245] In some embodiments, methods for treating a subject having a condition associated with unregulated (abnormal, elevated) recruitment and/or retention of one or more T cells (e.g., at the digestive and/or gastrointestinal tract (GI), e.g., colon, e.g., skin, eyes, or joints) of the subject are provided. The methods include contacting the one or more T cells with an effective amount of a niclosamide compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof, e.g., a compound, such as niclosamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof) as defined anywhere herein. In certain embodiments, the methods consist essentially of or consist of the contacting step described above in this paragraph.

[0246] In some embodiments, methods for treating a subject having a condition associated with unregulated (abnormal, elevated) activation of one or more T cells (e.g., in the digestive and/or gastrointestinal tract (GI), e.g., colon) of the subject are provided. The methods include contacting the one or more activated T cells with an effective amount of a cocrystal comprising (i) niclosamide compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., a compound, such as niclosamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt); and (ii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable coformers as defined anywhere herein. In certain embodiments, the methods consist essentially of or consist of the contacting step described above in this paragraph.

[0247] In some embodiments, inducing cell death of the one or more T cells includes one or more of the following pathways: Programmed cell death, Necroptosis, Apoptosis, Necrosis, Pyroptosis, Ferroptosis, Anoikis, Mitotic cathastrophe, Paraptosis, Pyronecrosis, Entosis, Netosis, Parthanatos, Autophagic cell death, RGD: regulated cell death, Non-apoptotic programmed cell-death, Caspase-independent programmed cell-death inducing necrosis or apoptosis of the one or more T cells, e.g., necrosis or apoptosis of the one or more T cells. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount sufficient to induce cell death of at least one of the one or more T cells (e.g., by any one or more of the pathways described above, e.g., necrosis or apoptosis of the one or more T cells).

[0248] In some embodiments, the one or more T cells include one or more activated T cells, e.g., one or more activated T cells is independently selected from the group consisting of:

[0249] CD45+CD3+TCR+CD62L;

[0250] CD45+CD3+TCR+CD62LCCR7;

[0251] CD45+CD3+TCR+CD62LCD69+;

[0252] CD45+CD3+TCR+CD62LCD69+PD1+;

[0253] CD45+CD3+TCR+CD62LCTLA4+;

[0254] CD45+CD3+TCR+CD62LPD1++CTLA4+;

[0255] CD45+CD3+TCR+CD62L;

[0256] CD45+CD3+TCR+CD62LCCR7;

[0257] CD45+CD3+TCR+CD62LCD69+;

[0258] CD45+CD3+TCR+CD62LCD69+PD1+;

[0259] CD45+CD3+CD62LTCR+CTLA4+; and

[0260] CD45+CD3+TCR+CD62LPD1++CTLA4+.

[0261] In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount sufficient to induce cell death of at least one of the one or more activated T cells (e.g., by any one or more of the pathways described above, e.g., necrosis or apoptosis of the one or more activated T cells).

[0262] In some embodiments, the one or more T cells are present within the intestinal epithelium and/or within the lamina propria and/or within the Peyer's patches (PP) and/or within the GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue) and/or within the intestinal mucosa and/or within the intestinal submucosa and/or within the intestinal muscular layer and/or within the intestinal serosa.

[0263] In some embodiments, the one or more T cells comprise one or more gut tropic T cells. In certain embodiments, each of the one or more gut tropic T cells independently expresses one or more gut-homing receptors selected from the group consisting of:

[0264] (CD3+CCR9+;

[0265] CD3+4+ or CD3+7+;

[0266] CD3+4+7+;

[0267] CD3+1+;

[0268] CD3+4+1+;

[0269] CD3+LFA1;

[0270] CD3+CCR4+; and

[0271] CD3+CCR10+.

[0272] In some embodiments, methods for treating a condition (or one or more symptoms thereof) characterized by an abnormal inflammatory response in a subject in need thereof are provided (e.g., an autoimmune disorder, e.g., colitis, e.g., autoimmune colitis, e.g., an inflammatory bowel disease; e.g., Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis). The methods include administering to the subject an effective amount of a chemical entity (e.g., niclosamide compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof; e.g., a compound, such as niclosamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof)) as defined anywhere herein. In certain embodiments, the methods consist essentially of or consist of the administering step described above in this paragraph.

[0273] In some embodiments, methods for treating a condition (or one or more symptoms thereof) characterized by an abnormal inflammatory response in a subject in need thereof are provided (e.g., an autoimmune disorder, e.g., colitis, e.g., autoimmune colitis, e.g., an inflammatory bowel disease; e.g., Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis). The methods include topically and locally administering to the subject an effective amount of a chemical entity (e.g., niclosamide compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof, e.g., a compound, such as niclosamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof) as defined anywhere herein. In certain embodiments, the methods consist essentially of or consist of the administering step described above in this paragraph.

[0274] In some embodiments, methods for treating colitis, e.g., autoimmune colitis, e.g., an inflammatory bowel disease; e.g., Crohn's disease or ulcerative (or one or more symptoms thereof) in a subject are provided. The methods include administering to the subject an effective amount of a chemical entity (e.g., a niclosamide compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof; e.g., a compound, such as niclosamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof) as defined anywhere herein. In certain embodiments, the methods consist essentially of or consist of the administering step described above in this paragraph.

[0275] In some embodiments, methods for treating a condition (or one or more symptoms thereof) selected from the group consisting of celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, mucositis, uveitis, collagenous colitis, lymphocytic colitis, microscopic colitis, radiation enteritis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, psoriasis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, acute graft vs. host disease and chronic graft vs. host disease in a subject are provided. The methods include administering to the subject an effective amount of a chemical entity (e.g., a niclosamide compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof; e.g., a compound, such as niclosamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof) as defined anywhere herein. In certain embodiments, the methods consist essentially of or consist of the administering step described above in this paragraph.

[0276] In some embodiments, the condition is colitis, e.g., autoimmune colitis. For example, the autoimmune colitis can be an inflammatory bowel disease. The inflammatory bowel disease can be Crohn's disease. The inflammatory bowel disease can be ulcerative colitis. The colitis (e.g., autoimmune colitis) can be iatrogenic autoimmune colitis, e.g., colitis induced by one or more chemotherapeutic agents, colitis induced by treatment with adoptive cell therapy, colitis associated by one or more alloimmune diseases (such as graft-vs-host disease, e.g., acute graft vs. host disease and chronic graft vs. host disease). In other embodiments, the iatrogenic autoimmune colitis can result from Clostridium difficile infection, which is amond the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea and colitis in the industrialized world and typically occurs in subjects taking broad spectrum antibiotics. The colitis can be collagenous colitis, lymphocytic colitis, or microscopic colitis.

[0277] In certain of these embodiments, the condition is an autoimmune disease. In certain embodiments, the condition is autoimmune colitis, e.g., an inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis). In certain embodiments, the condition is Crohn's disease, autoimmune colitis, iatrogenic autoimmune colitis, ulcerative colitis, colitis induced by one or more chemotherapeutic agents, colitis induced by treatment with adoptive cell therapy, colitis associated by one or more alloimmune diseases (such as graft-vs-host disease, e.g., acute graft vs. host disease and chronic graft vs. host disease), radiation enteritis, collagenous colitis, lymphocytic colitis, microscopic colitis, and radiation enteritis.

[0278] In certain of these embodiments, the condition is alloimmune disease (such as graft-vs-host disease, e.g., acute graft vs. host disease and chronic graft vs. host disease), celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, psoriasis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, uveitis, and mucositis (e.g., oral mucositis, esophageal mucositis or intestinal mucositis).

[0279] In certain embodiments, the condition is autoimmune colitis.

[0280] In certain of these embodiments, the autoimmune colitis is induced by one or more chemotherapeutic agents, e.g., a chemotherapeutic immunomodulator, e.g., an immune checkpoint inhibitor. In certain of these embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor targets an immune checkpoint receptor selected from the group consisting of CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-1-PD-L1, PD-1-PD-L2, interleukin-2 (IL-2), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), IL-10, transforming growth factor- (TGF), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin 3 (TIM3 or HAVCR2), Galectin 9-TIM3, Phosphatidylserine-TIM3, lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (LAG3), MHC class II-LAG3, 4-1BB-4-1BB ligand, OX40-OX40 ligand, GITR, GITR ligand-GITR, CD27, CD70-CD27, TNFRSF25, TNFRSF25-TL1A, CD40L, CD40-CD40 ligand, HVEM-LIGHT-LTA, HVEM, HVEM-BTLA, HVEM-CD160, HVEM-LIGHT, HVEM-BTLA-CD160, CD80, CD80-PDL-1, PDL2-CD80, CD244, CD48-CD244, CD244, ICOS, ICOS-ICOS ligand, B7-H3, B7-H4, VISTA, TMIGD2, HHLA2-TMIGD2, Butyrophilins, including BTNL2, Siglec family, TIGIT and PVR family members, KIRs, ILTs and LIRs, NKG2D and NKG2A, MICA and MICB, CD244, CD28, CD86-CD28, CD86-CTLA, CD80-CD28, CD39, CD73 Adenosine-CD39-CD73, CXCR4-CXCL12, Phosphatidylserine, TIM3, Phosphatidylserine-TIM3, SIRPA-CD47, VEGF, Neuropilin, CD160, CD30, and CD155; e.g., CTLA-4 or PD1 or PD-L1). See, e.g., Postow, M. J. Cin. Oncol. 2015, 33, 1.

[0281] In certain of these embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of: Urelumab, PF-05082566, MEDI6469, TRX518, Varlilumab, CP-870893, Pembrolizumab (PD1), Nivolumab (PD1), Atezolizumab (formerly MPDL3280A) (PDL1), MEDI4736 (PD-L1), Avelumab (PD-L1), PDR001 (PD1), BMS-986016, MGA271, Lirilumab, IPH2201, Emactuzumab, INCB024360, Galunisertib, Ulocuplumab, BKT140, Bavituximab, CC-90002, Bevacizumab, and MNRP1685A, and MGA271.

[0282] In certain of these embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor targets CTLA-4, e.g., an antibody, e.g., ipilimumab or tremelimumab.

[0283] In certain of these embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor targets PD1 or PD-L1, e.g., nivolumab, lambroizumab, or BMS-936559.

[0284] In certain embodiments, the condition is mucositis, also known as stomatitits, which can occur as a result of chemotherapy or radiation therapy, either alone or in combination as well as damage caused by exposure to radiation outside of the context of radiation therapy. Chemotherapeutic agents which may induce mucositis when used alone or in combination include, but are not limited to, platinum, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, azathioprine, mercaptopurine, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, etoposide and teniposide, paclitaxel, docetaxel, irinotecan, topotecan, amsacrine, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, methotrexate, gemcitabine, taxane, leucovorin, mitomycin C, tegafur-uracil, idarubicin, fludarabine, mitoxantrone, ifosfamide and doxorubicin. Additional agents include inhibitors of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), including but not limited to rapamycin, everolimus, temsirolimus and deforolimus.

[0285] In certain embodiments, the condition is uveitis, which is inflammation of the uvea (e.g., anterior uveitis, e.g., iridocyclitis or iritis; intermediate uveitis (also known as pars planitis); posterior uveitis; or chorioretinitis, e.g., pan-uveitis).

[0286] This disclosure contemplates both monotherapy regimens as well as combination therapy regimens.

[0287] In some embodiments, monotherapy includes administering (e.g., topically and locally) to a subject an effective amount of a chemical entity (e.g., a niclosamide compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof; e.g., a compound, such as niclosamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or cocrystal thereof)) as defined anywhere herein, but excludes the administration of other therapeutic agents (e.g., the active compounds, e.g., peptides, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,148,328, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0288] In some embodiments, the methods described herein can further include administering a second therapeutic agent or regimen.

[0289] In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is administered to the subject prior to contacting with or administering the chemical entity (e.g., about one hour prior, or about 6 hours prior, or about 12 hours prior, or about 24 hours prior, or about 48 hours prior, or about 1 week prior, or about 1 month prior).

[0290] In other embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is administered to the subject at about the same time as contacting with or administering the chemical entity. By way of example, the second therapeutic agent or regimen and the chemical entity are provided to the subject simultaneously in the same dosage form. As another example, the second therapeutic agent or regimen and the chemical entity are provided to the subject concurrently in separate dosage forms.

[0291] In still other embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is administered to the subject after contacting with or administering the chemical entity (e.g., about one hour after, or about 6 hours after, or about 12 hours after, or about 24 hours after, or about 48 hours after, or about 1 week after, or about 1 month after).

[0292] In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic immunomodulator, e.g., an immune checkpoint inhibitor, which can be as defined anywhere herein. In other embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is one or more anti-inflammatory agents or immunomodulator acting locally in the GI tract. In other embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is 5-ASA (and associated delivery systems), anti-SMAD7 antisense, orally formulated anti-TNFs, anti-integrins, sulfasalazine, balsalazide, steroids, azathioprine, and methotrexate. In further embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is radiation or surgery.

[0293] In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is platinum, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, azathioprine, mercaptopurine, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, etoposide and teniposide, paclitaxel, docetaxel, irinotecan, topotecan, amsacrine, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, methotrexate, gemcitabine, taxane, leucovorin, mitomycin C, tegafur-uracil, idarubicin, fludarabine, mitoxantrone, ifosfamide and doxorubicin. Additional agents include inhibitors of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), including but not limited to rapamycin, everolimus, temsirolimus and deforolimus.

[0294] Combination Therapy

[0295] In some embodiments, the methods and compositions described herein are suitable for use in combination therapy with various other therapeutic regimens (e.g., chemotherapy and/or radiation). In certain embodiments, the chemical entities and methods described herein can be used to treat side effects produced by such therapeutic regimens, e.g., inflammatory bowel diseases induced by chemotherapeutic immunomodulators, e.g., checkpoint inhibitors, which in some cases can be prohibitively severe.

[0296] In some embodiments, the methods and compositions described herein are suitable for use in combination therapy with one or more additional therapeutic agents.

[0297] In certain embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered to the subject prior to contacting with or administering the chemical entity (e.g., about one hour prior, or about 6 hours prior, or about 12 hours prior, or about 24 hours prior, or about 48 hours prior, or about 1 week prior, or about 1 month prior).

[0298] In other embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered to the subject at about the same time as contacting with or administering the chemical entity. By way of example, the second therapeutic agent or regimen and the chemical entity are provided to the subject simultaneously in the same dosage form. As another example, the second therapeutic agent or regimen and the chemical entity are provided to the subject concurrently in separate dosage forms.

[0299] In still other embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered to the subject after contacting with or administering the chemical entity (e.g., about one hour after, or about 6 hours after, or about 12 hours after, or about 24 hours after, or about 48 hours after, or about 1 week after, or about 1 month after).

[0300] As another example, the one or more therapeutic agents can be: budenoside; epidermal growth factor; corticosteroids; cyclosporine; sulfasalazine; aminosalicylates; 6-mercaptopurine; azathioprine; metronidazole; lipoxygenase inhibitors; mesalamine; olsalazine; balsalazide; antioxidants; thromboxane inhibitors; IL-1 receptor antagonists; anti-IL-1 monoclonal antibodies; anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies (e.g., anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies and anti-IL-6 antibodies); growth factors; elastase inhibitors; pyridinyl-imidazole compounds; TNF antagonists as described herein; IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and/or TGF.beta. cytokines or agonists thereof (e.g., agonist antibodies); IL-11; glucuronide- or dextran-conjugated prodrugs of prednisolone, dexamethasone or budesonide; ICAM-1 antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (ISIS 2302; Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); soluble complement receptor 1 (TP10; T Cell Sciences, Inc.); slow-release mesalazine; methotrexate; antagonists of platelet activating factor (PAF); ciprofloxacin; and/or lignocaine.

[0301] In some embodiments, the methods and compositions described herein are suitable for use in combination therapy with one or more additional therapeutic agents for treating or preventing inflammatory bowel disease (IBS) (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis). Non-limiting examples of the additional therapeutic agents include: sphingosine 1-phosphate (SiP) receptor modulators (e.g., etrasimod or ozanimod); steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (e.g, beclomethasone 17 or budesonide); non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., 5-ASA); receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) inhibitors (e.g., GSK2982772); EP4 modulators (e.g., KAG-308); toll-like receptor (e.g., TLR4, TLR9) modulators (e.g., JKB-122, cobitolimod); Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (e.g., TD-1473, tofacitinib, upadacitinib, filgotinib, PF-06651600, and PF-06700841); lanthionine synthetase C-like 2 (LANCL2) modulators (e.g., BT-11); phosphatidylcholine (e.g., LT-02); integrin (e.g., 4 Integrin) modulators (e.g, AJM-300 (carotegrast)); Smad7 modulators (e.g., mongersen); phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) modulators (e.g., apremilast); tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2) inhibitors (e.g., GS-4875); tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitors (e.g., BMS-986165, PF-06700841, and PF-06826647); and TEC kinase inhibitors (e.g., PF-06651600).

[0302] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Non-limiting examples include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; e.g., ibuprofen and naproxen), corticosteroids (e.g, prednisone), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs; e.g., methotrexate (Trexall, Otrexup, Rasuvo, Rheumatrex), leflunomide (Arava), hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), PF-06650833, iguratimod, tofacitinib (Xeljanz), ABBV-599, evobrutinib, and sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)), and biologics (e.g., abatacept (Orencia), adalimumab (Humira), anakinra (Kineret), certolizumab (Cimzia), etanercept (Enbrel), golimumab (Simponi), infliximab (Remicade), rituximab (Rituxan), tocilizumab (Actemra), vobarilizumab, sarilumab (Kevzara), secukinumab, ABP 501, CHS-0214, ABC-3373, and tocilizumab (ACTEMRA)).

[0303] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating lupus. Non-limiting examples include steroids, topical immunomodulators (e.g., tacrolimus ointment (Protopic) and pimecrolimus cream (Elidel)), thalidomide (Thalomid), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; e.g., ibuprofen and naproxen), antimalarial drugs (e.g., Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)), corticosteroids (e.g, prednisone) and immunomodulators (e.g., evobrutinib, iberdomide, voclosporin, cenerimod, azathioprine (Imuran), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar, Endoxan), and cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune, Gengraf), and mycophenolate mofetil) baricitinb, iguratimod, filogotinib, GS-9876, rapamycin, and PF-06650833), and biologics (e.g., belimumab (Benlysta), anifrolumab, prezalumab, MEDI0700, obinutuzumab, vobarilizumab, lulizumab, atacicept, PF-06823859, and lupizor, rituximab, BT063, BI655064, B1IIB059, aldesleukin (Proleukin), dapirolizumab, edratide, IFN--kinoid, OMS721, RC18, RSLV-132, theralizumab, XmAb5871, and ustekinumab (Stelara)). For example, non-limiting treatments for systemic lupus erythematosus include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; e.g., ibuprofen and naproxen), antimalarial drugs (e.g., Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)), corticosteroids (e.g, prednisone) and immunomodulators (e.g., iberdomide, voclosporin, azathioprine (Imuran), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar, Endoxan), and cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune, Gengraf), and mycophenolate mofetil, baricitinb, filogotinib, and PF-06650833), and biologics (e.g., belimumab (Benlysta), anifrolumab, prezalumab, MEDIO700, vobarilizumab, lulizumab, atacicept, PF-06823859, lupizor, rituximab, BT063, BI655064, BIIB059, aldesleukin (Proleukin), dapirolizumab, edratide, IFN--kinoid, RC18, RSLV-132, theralizumab, XmAb5871, and ustekinumab (Stelara)). As another example, non-limiting examples of treatments for cutaneous lupus include steroids, immunomodulators (e.g., tacrolimus ointment (Protopic) and pimecrolimus cream (Elidel)), GS-9876, filogotinib, and thalidomide (Thalomid). Agents and regimens for treating drug-induced and/or neonatal lupus can also be administered.

[0304] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating IBDs. Non-limiting examples include 6-mercaptopurine, AbGn-168H, ABX464, ABT-494, adalimumab, AJM300, alicaforsen, AMG139, anrukinzumab, apremilast, ATR-107 (PF0530900), autologous CD34-selected peripheral blood stem cells transplant, azathioprine, bertilimumab, BI 655066, BMS-936557, certolizumab pegol (Cimzia), cobitolimod, corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone, Methylprednisolone, prednisone), CP-690,550, CT-P13, cyclosporine, DIMS0150, E6007, E6011, etrasimod, etrolizumab, fecal microbial transplantation, figlotinib, fingolimod, firategrast (SB-683699) (formerly T-0047), GED0301, GLPG0634, GLPG0974, guselkumab, golimumab, GSK1399686, HMPL-004 (Andrographis paniculata extract), IMU-838, infliximab, Interleukin 2 (IL-2), Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, laquinimod, masitinib (AB1010), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP 9) inhibitors (e.g., GS-5745), MEDI2070, mesalamine, methotrexate, mirikizumab (LY3074828), natalizumab, NNC 0142-0000-0002, NNC0114-0006, ozanimod, peficitinib (JNJ-54781532), PF-00547659, PF-04236921, PF-06687234, QAX576, RHB-104, rifaximin, risankizumab, RPC1063, SB012, SHP647, sulfasalazine, TD-1473, thalidomide, tildrakizumab (MK 3222), TJ301, TNF-Kinoid, tofacitinib, tralokinumab, TRK-170, upadacitinib, ustekinumab, UTTR1147A, V565, vatelizumab, VB-201, vedolizumab, and vidofludimus.

[0305] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating irritable bowel syndrome. Non-limiting examples include alosetron, bile acid sequesterants (e.g., cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam), chloride channel activators (e.g., lubiprostone), coated peppermint oil capsules, desipramine, dicyclomine, ebastine, eluxadoline, farnesoid X receptor agonist (e.g., obeticholic acid), fecal microbiota transplantation, fluoxetine, gabapentin, guanylate cyclase-C agonists (e.g., linaclotide, plecanatide), ibodutant, imipramine, JCM-16021, loperamide, lubiprostone, nortriptyline, ondansetron, opioids, paroxetine, pinaverium, polyethylene glycol, pregabalin, probiotics, ramosetron, rifaximin, and tanpanor.

[0306] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating scleroderma. Non-limiting examples include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; e.g., ibuprofen and naproxen), corticosteroids (e.g, prednisone), immunomodulators (e.g., azathioprine, methotrexate (Trexall, Otrexup, Rasuvo, Rheumatrex), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar, Endoxan), and cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune, Gengraf), antithymocyte globulin, mycophenolate mofetil, intravenous immunoglobulin, rituximab, sirolimus, and alefacept), calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine), alpha blockers, serotonin receptor antagonists, angiotensin II receptor inhibitors, statins, local nitrates, iloprost, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil), bosentan, tetracycline antibiotics, endothelin receptor antagonists, prostanoids, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib).

[0307] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating Crohn's Disease (CD). Non-limiting examples include adalimumab, autologous CD34-selected peripheral blood stem cells transplant, 6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine, certolizumab pegol (Cimzia), corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), etrolizumab, E6011, fecal microbial transplantation, figlotinib, guselkumab, infliximab, IL-2, JAK inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP 9) inhibitors (e.g., GS-5745), MEDI2070, mesalamine, methotrexate, natalizumab, ozanimod, RHB-104, rifaximin, risankizumab, SHP647, sulfasalazine, thalidomide, upadacitinib, V565, and vedolizumab.

[0308] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating UC. Non-limiting examples include AbGn-168H, ABT-494, ABX464, apremilast, PF-00547659, PF-06687234, 6-mercaptopurine, adalimumab, azathioprine, bertilimumab, brazikumab (MEDI2070), cobitolimod, certolizumab pegol (Cimzia), CP-690,550, corticosteroids (e.g., multimax budesonide, Methylprednisolone), cyclosporine, E6007, etrasimod, etrolizumab, fecal microbial transplantation, figlotinib, guselkumab, golimumab, IL-2, IMU-838, infliximab, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) inhibitors (e.g., GS-5745), mesalamine, mesalamine, mirikizumab (LY3074828), RPC1063, risankizumab (BI 6555066), SHP647, sulfasalazine, TD-1473, TJ301, tildrakizumab (MK 3222), tofacitinib, tofacitinib, ustekinumab, UTTR1147A, and vedolizumab.

[0309] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating autoimmune colitis. Non-limiting examples include corticosteroids (e.g., budesonide, prednisone, prednisolone, Beclometasone dipropionate), diphenoxylate/atropine, infliximab, loperamide, mesalamine, TIP60 inhibitors (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0202848), and vedolizumab.

[0310] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating iatrogenic autoimmune colitis. Non-limiting examples include corticosteroids (e.g., budesonide, prednisone, prednisolone, Beclometasone dipropionate), diphenoxylate/atropine, infliximab, loperamide, TIP60 inhibitors (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0202848), and vedolizumab.

[0311] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating colitis induced by one or more chemotherapeutics agents. Non-limiting examples include corticosteroids (e.g., budesonide, prednisone, prednisolone, beclometasone dipropionate), diphenoxylate/atropine, infliximab, loperamide, mesalamine, TIP60 inhibitors (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0202848), and vedolizumab.

[0312] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating colitis induced by treatment with adoptive cell therapy. Non-limiting examples include corticosteroids (e.g., budesonide, prednisone, prednisolone, beclometasone dipropionate), diphenoxylate/atropine, infliximab, loperamide, TIP60 inhibitors (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0202848), and vedolizumab.

[0313] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating colitis associated with one or more alloimmune diseases. Non-limiting examples include corticosteroids (e.g., budesonide, prednisone, prednisolone, beclometasone dipropionate), sulfasalazine, and eicopentaenoic acid.

[0314] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating radaiation enteritis. Non-limiting examples include teduglutide, amifostine, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (e.g., benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, and trandolapril), probiotics, selenium supplementation, statins (e.g., atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, and pitavastatin), sucralfate, and vitamin E.

[0315] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating collagenous colitis. Non-limiting examples include 6-mercaptopurine, azathaioprine, bismuth subsalicate, Boswellia serrata extract, cholestyramine, colestipol, corticosteroids (e.g., budesonide, prednisone, prednisolone, beclometasone dipropionate), loperamide, mesalamine, methotrexate, probiotics, and sulfasalazine.

[0316] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating lyphocytic colitis. Non-limiting examples include 6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine, bismuth subsalicylate, cholestyramine, colestipol, corticosteroids (e.g., budesonide, prednisone, prednisolone, beclometasone dipropionate), loperamide, mesalamine, methotrexate, and sulfasalazine.

[0317] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating microscopic colitis. Non-limiting examples include 6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine, bismuth subsalicylate, Boswellia serrata extract, cholestyramine, colestipol, corticosteroids (e.g., budesonide, prednisone, prednisolone, beclometasone dipropionate), fecal microbial transplantation, loperamide, mesalamine, methotrexate, probiotics, and sulfasalazine.

[0318] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating alloimmune disease. Non-limiting examples include intrauterine platelet transfusions, intravenous immunoglobin, maternal steroids, abatacept, alemtuzumab, alpha1-antitrypsin, AMG592, antithymocyte globulin, barcitinib, basiliximab, bortezomib, brentuximab, cannabidiol, corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisone, prednisone), cyclosporine, dacilzumab, defribrotide, denileukin diftitox, glasdegib, ibrutinib, IL-2, infliximab, itacitinib, LBH589, maraviroc, mycophenolate mofetil, natalizumab, neihulizumab, pentostatin, pevonedistat, photobiomodulation, photopheresis, ruxolitinib, sirolimus, sonidegib, tacrolimus, tocilizumab, and vismodegib.

[0319] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating multiple sclerosis (MS). Non-limiting examples include alemtuzumab (Lemtrada), ALKS 8700, amiloride, ATX-MS-1467, azathioprine, baclofen (Lioresal), beta interferons (e.g., IFN--1a, IFN--1b), cladribine, corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisolone), daclizumab, dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera), fingolimod (Gilenya), fluoxetine, glatiramer acetate (Copaxone), hydroxychloroquine, ibudilast, idebenone, laquinimod, lipoic acid, losartan, masitinib, MD1003 (biotin), mitoxantrone, montelukast, natalizumab (Tysabri), NeuroVax, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, pioglitazone, and RPC1063.

[0320] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating graft-vs-host disease. Non-limiting examples include abatacept, alemtuzumab, alpha1-antitrypsin, AMG592, antithymocyte globulin, barcitinib, basiliximab, bortezomib, brentuximab, cannabidiol, corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisone, prednisone), cyclosporine, dacilzumab, defribrotide, denileukin diftitox, glasdegib, ibrutinib, IL-2, imatinib, infliximab, itacitinib, LBH589, maraviroc, mycophenolate mofetil, natalizumab, neihulizumab, pentostatin, pevonedistat, photobiomodulation, photopheresis, ruxolitinib, sirolimus, sonidegib, tacrolimus, tocilizumab, and vismodegib.

[0321] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating acute graft-vs-host disease. Non-limiting examples include alemtuzumab, alpha-1 antitrypsin, antithymocyte globulin, basiliximab, brentuximab, corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisone, prednisone), cyclosporine, dacilzumab, defribrotide, denileukin diftitox, ibrutinib, infliximab, itacitinib, LBH589, mycophenolate mofetil, natalizumab, neihulizumab, pentostatin, photopheresis, ruxolitinib, sirolimus, tacrolimus, and tocilizumab.

[0322] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating chronic graft vs. host disease. Non-limiting examples include abatacept, alemtuzumab, AMG592, antithymocyte globulin, basiliximab, bortezomib, corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisone, prednisone), cyclosporine, dacilzumab, denileukin diftitox, glasdegib, ibrutinib, IL-2, imatinib, infliximab, mycophenolate mofetil, pentostatin, photobiomodulation, photopheresis, ruxolitinib, sirolimus, sonidegib, tacrolimus, tocilizumab, and vismodegib.

[0323] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating celiac disease. Non-limiting examples include AMG 714, AMY01, Aspergillus niger prolyl endoprotease, BL-7010, CALY-002, GBR 830, Hu-Mik-Beta-1, IMGX003, KumaMax, Larazotide Acetate, Nexvan2, pancrelipase, TIMP-GLIA, vedolizumab, and ZED1227.

[0324] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating psoriasis. Non-limiting examples include topical corticosteroids, topical crisaborole/AN2728, topical SNA-120, topical SAN021, topical tapinarof, topical tocafinib, topical IDP-118, topical M518101, topical calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate (e.g., MC2-01 cream and Taclonex), topical -3073, topical LEO 90100 (Enstilar), topical betamethasone dipropriate (Sernivo), halobetasol propionate (Ultravate), vitamin D analogues (e.g., calcipotriene (Dovonex) and calcitriol (Vectical)), anthralin (e.g., Dritho-scalp and Dritho-crme), topical retinoids (e.g., tazarotene (e.g., Tazorac and Avage)), calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus (Prograf) and pimecrolimus (Elidel)), salicylic acid, coal tar, moisturizers, phototherapy (e.g., exposure to sunlight, UVB phototherapy, narrow band UVB phototherapy, Goeckerman therapy, psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy, and excimer laser), retinoids (e.g., acitretin (Soriatane)), methotrexate (Trexall, Otrexup, Rasuvo, Rheumatrex), Apo805K1, baricitinib, FP187, KD025, prurisol, VTP-43742, XP23829, ZPL-389, CF101 (piclidenoson), LAS41008, VPD-737 (serlopitant), upadacitinib (ABT-494), aprmilast, tofacitibin, cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune, Gengraf), biologics (e.g., etanercept (Enbrel), entanercept-szzs (Elrezi), infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira), adalimumab-adbm (Cyltezo), ustekinumab (Stelara), golimumab (Simponi), apremilast (Otezla), secukinumab (Cosentyx), certolixumab pegol, secukinumab, tildrakizumab-asmn, infliximab-dyyb, abatacept, ixekizumab (Taltz), ABP 710, BCD-057, BI695501, bimekizumab (UCB4940), CHS-1420, GP2017, guselkumab (CNTO 1959), HD203, M923, MSB11022, Mirikizumab (LY3074828), PF-06410293, PF-06438179, risankizumab (B1I655066), SB2, SB4, SB5, siliq (brodalumab), namilumab (MT203, tildrakizumab (MK-3222), and ixekizumab (Taltz)), thioguanine, and hydroxyurea (e.g., Droxia and Hydrea).

[0325] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Non-limiting examples include phototherapy (e.g., exposure to sunlight, UVB phototherapy, narrow band UVB phototherapy, Goeckerman therapy, psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy, and excimer laser), extracorporeal photopheresis, radiation therapy (e.g., spot radiation and total skin body electron beam therapy), stem cell transplant, corticosteroids, imiquimod, bexarotene gel, topical bis-chloroethyl-nitrourea, mechlorethamine gel, vorinostat (Zolinza), romidepsin (Istodax), pralatrexate (Folotyn) biologics (e.g., alemtuzumab (Campath), brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35), mogamulizumab, and IPH4102).

[0326] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating uveitis. Non-limiting examples include corticosteroids (e.g., intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspensions), antibiotics, antivirals (e.g., acyclovir), dexamethasone, immunomodulators (e.g., tacrolimus, leflunomide, cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar, Endoxan), and cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune, Gengraf), chlorambucil, azathioprine, methotrexate, and mycophenolate mofetil), biologics (e.g., infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira), etanercept (Enbrel), golimumab (Simponi), certolizumab (Cimzia), rituximab (Rituxan), abatacept (Orencia), basiliximab (Simulect), anakinra (Kineret), canakinumab (Ilaris), gevokixumab (XOMA052), tocilizumab (Actemra), alemtuzumab (Campath), efalizumab (Raptiva), LFG316, sirolimus (Santen), abatacept, sarilumab (Kevzara), and daclizumab (Zenapax)), cytotoxic drugs, surgical implant (e.g., fluocinolone insert), and vitrectomy.

[0327] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from an agent/regimen for treating mucositis. Non-limiting examples include AG013, SGX942 (dusquetide), amifostine (Ethyol), cryotherapy, cepacol lonzenges, capsaicin lozenges, mucoadhesives (e.g., MuGard) oral diphenhydramine (e.g., Benadry elixir), oral bioadherents (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone-sodium hyaluronate gel (Gelclair)), oral lubricants (e.g., Oral Balance), caphosol, Chamomilla recutita mouthwash, edible grape plant exosome, antiseptic mouthwash (e.g., chlorhexidine gluconate (e.g., Peridex or Periogard), topical pain relievers (e.g., lidocaine, benzocaine, dyclonine hydrochloride, xylocaine (e.g., viscous xylocaine 2%), and Ulcerease (0.6% phenol)), corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), pain killers (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, and opioids), GC4419, palifermin (keratinocyte growth factor; Kepivance), ATL-104, clonidine lauriad, IZN-6N4, SGX942, rebamipide, nepidermin, soluble -1,3/1,6 glucan, P276, LP-0004-09, CR-3294, ALD-518, IZN-6N4, quercetin, granules comprising Vaccinium myrtillus extract, Macleaya cordata alkaloids and Echinacea angustifolia extract (e.g., SAMITAL), and gastrointestinal cocktail (an acid reducer such aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide (e.g., Maalox), an antifungal (e.g., nystatin), and an analgesic (e.g., hurricane liquid)). For example, non-limiting examples of treatments for oral mucositis include AG013, amifostine (Ethyol), cryotherapy, cepacol lonzenges, mucoadhesives (e.g., MuGard) oral diphenhydramine (e.g., Benadry elixir), oral bioadherents (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone-sodium hyaluronate gel (Gelclair)), oral lubricants (e.g., Oral Balance), caphosol, Chamomilla recutita mouthwash, edible grape plant exosome, antiseptic mouthwash (e.g., chlorhexidine gluconate (e.g., Peridex or Periogard), topical pain relievers (e.g., lidocaine, benzocaine, dyclonine hydrochloride, xylocaine (e.g., viscous xylocaine 2%), and Ulcerease (0.6% phenol)), corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), pain killers (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, and opioids), GC4419, palifermin (keratinocyte growth factor; Kepivance), ATL-104, clonidine lauriad, IZN-6N4, SGX942, rebamipide, nepidermin, soluble -1,3/1,6 glucan, P276, LP-0004-09, CR-3294, ALD-518, IZN-6N4, quercetin, and gastrointestinal cocktail (an acid reducer such aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide (e.g., Maalox), an antifungal (e.g., nystatin), and an analgesic (e.g., hurricane liquid)). As another example, non-limiting examples of treatments for esophageal mucositis include xylocaine (e.g., gel viscous Xylocaine 2%). As another example, treatments for intestinal mucositis, treatments to modify intestinal mucositis, and treatments for intestinal mucositis signs and symptoms include gastrointestinal cocktail (an acid reducer such aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide (e.g., Maalox), an antifungal (e.g., nystatin), and an analgesic (e.g., hurricane liquid)).

[0328] In certain embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is a chemotherapeutic immunomodulator, e.g., an immune checkpoint inhibitor, which can be as defined anywhere herein. In other embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is one or more anti-inflammatory agents or immunomodulator acting locally in the GI tract. In other embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is 5-ASA (and associated delivery systems), anti-SMAD7 antisense, orally formulated anti-TNFs, anti-integrins, sulfasalazine, balsalazide, steroids, azathioprine, and methotrexate. In further embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is radiation or surgery.

[0329] In certain embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is platinum, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, azathioprine, mercaptopurine, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, etoposide and teniposide, paclitaxel, docetaxel, irinotecan, topotecan, amsacrine, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, methotrexate, gemcitabine, taxane, leucovorin, mitomycin C, tegafur-uracil, idarubicin, fludarabine, mitoxantrone, ifosfamide and doxorubicin. Additional agents include inhibitors of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), including but not limited to rapamycin, everolimus, temsirolimus and deforolimus.

[0330] In certain embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents can be selected from those delineated above (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,927,613, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0331] In certain embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents can be selected from the compounds that are disclosed generically, sub generically and specifically in any one or more of WO 2004/006906; WO 2006/120178; US 2009/0062396; WO 2012/143377; WO 2012/068274; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,132,546; 7,989,498; and 8,263,857; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0332] In certain embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agent can be an anthelminthic agent selected from nitazoxanide, closantel, pyrviniurn pamoate, and sainonycin. See, e.g., Senkowski, W., et al., Mol Cancer Ther. 2015, 14, 1504.

[0333] In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of such treatment (e.g., by way of biopsy, endoscopy, or other conventional method known in the art).

[0334] In some embodiments, the chemical entities, methods, and compositions described herein can be administered to certain treatment-resistant patient populations, e.g., one that is nonresponsive or resistant to treatment with an anti-TNFalpha therapy (e.g., Humira, Enbrel, Remicade, Cimzia, Simponi, Enbrel, xanthine derivatives, e.g., pentoxifylline and Bupropion; (R)-DOI, TCB-2, LSD and LA-SS-Az). In certain embodiments, the patient is undergoing and/or has undergone treatment with an anti-TNFalpha therapy (e.g., Humira, Enbrel, Remicade, Cimzia, Simponi, Enbrel, xanthine derivatives, e.g., pentoxifylline and Bupropion; (R)-DOI, TCB-2, LSD and LA-SS-Az).

[0335] To further illustrate this invention, the following examples are included. The examples should not, of course, be construed as specifically limiting the invention. Variations of these examples within the scope of the claims are within the purview of one skilled in the art and are considered to fall within the scope of the invention as described, and claimed herein. The reader will recognize that the skilled artisan, armed with the present disclosure, and skill in the art is able to prepare and use the invention without exhaustive examples.

EXAMPLES

Example 1. Effect of Particle Size on Colonic Exposure Levels

[0336] The experiments were performed (1) niclosamide API that was non-milled with particle size distribution D (0.9) of approximately 30 micrometers and (2) jet-milled (micronized, referred to below as milled) niclosamide with a reduced particle size of approximately 5 micrometers. These preparations of niclosamide were formulated into a suspension. Rabbits were treated with a single dose of these niclosamide suspensions at the dose levels specified. Following dosing, blood samples and rectal mucosa samples were obtained at indicated time points.

[0337] Summary of the Results:

[0338] Rectal administration of non-milled niclosamide (7.5 mg) results in mean colon tissue niclosamide concentration of 22.55 ng/ml (stdev 14.49) compared to a plasma concentration of 3.93 ng/ml (stdev 1.37) 1 hour following dosing. This difference means that the colon tissue concentration of niclosamide is more than 5-times the plasma concentration at 1 hr.

[0339] Rectal administration of milled niclosamide (7.5 mg) results in mean colon tissue niclosamide concentration of 5030 ng/ml (stdev 367) at 1 hour following dosing compared to a plasma concentration of nicolosamide of 6.576 (stdev 4.50) at 1 hour, the time point at which the maximum plasma concentration of niclosamide was measured in this experiment. This difference means that the colon tissue concentration of niclosamide is more than 750-times greater than the maximum measured plasma concentration.

[0340] Rectal administration of milled niclosamide (22.5 mg) results in mean colon tissue niclosamide concentration of 6090 ng/ml (stdev 2828) compared to a plasma concentration of nicolosamide of 20.24 (stdev 21.00) at 1 hour which is the time point at which the maximum plasma concentration of niclosamide was measured in this experiment. This difference means that the colon tissue concentration of niclosamide is more than 300-times greater then the maximum measured plasma concentration.

[0341] Rectal administration of milled niclosamide (7.5 mg) results in mean colon tissue niclosamide concentration of 5030 ng/ml (stdev 367) compared to unmilled niclosamide that results in a mean rectal concentration of 22.55 ng/ml (stdev 14.49) at 1 hour following dosing. This difference means that the colon tissue concentration of niclosamide formulated with milled material is more than 200-times greater than the colon tissue concentration of niclosamide formulated with unmilled material.

[0342] A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.