Natural Coloring Agent Composition

Abstract

The present application relates to a natural coloring agent composition including a fermented plant product, wherein the composition includes nitrite in a concentration of 700 ppm or more and includes free sugar in a concentration of 1,000 ppm or less, and the free sugar includes lactose. The natural coloring agent composition may be prepared from natural raw materials to contain nitrite in a high concentration without inoculation of reducing bacteria, and may have an excellent color development effect when applied to meat products in place of synthetic nitrite.

Claims

1: A natural coloring agent composition comprising a fermented plant product, wherein the composition comprises nitrite in a concentration of 700 ppm or more and free sugar in a concentration of 1,000 ppm or less, and the free sugar comprises lactose.

2: The natural coloring agent composition of claim 1, wherein the plant is at least one selected from the group consisting of spinach, lettuce, Chinese cabbage, head lettuce, cabbage, young radish, sesame leaf, chicory, radish leaf, radish, crown daisy, kale, leaf mustard, leek, water parsley, and red beet.

3: The natural coloring agent composition of claim 2, wherein the plant comprises nitrate in a concentration of 3,000 ppm or more.

4: The natural coloring agent composition of claim 1, wherein the nitrite is produced by nitrate reductase in the plant.

5: The natural coloring agent composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises at least 8 amino acids selected from the group consisting of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, and arginine in a concentration of 500 ppm or more.

6: The natural coloring agent composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises at least one nucleic acid-based compound selected from the group consisting of hypoxanthine, guanosine, xanthine, inosine, xanthosine, and IMP.2Na.Math.7.5H.sub.2O.

7: The natural coloring agent composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises acetic acid in a concentration of 1,000 ppm or more.

8: The natural coloring agent composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises -aminobutyric acid (GABA) in a concentration of 25 mg/L or more.

9: The natural coloring agent composition of claim 1, wherein the composition does not comprise reducing bacteria that have nitrate-reducing activity.

10: The natural coloring agent composition of claim 1, wherein the nitrite is included in a concentration of 5,000 ppm or more.

11: The natural coloring agent composition of claim 1, wherein the natural coloring agent composition is in a powder form and comprises nitrate in a concentration of 100,000 ppm or more.

12: A composition for manufacturing a meat product, comprising the natural coloring agent composition of claim 1, wherein the natural coloring agent composition is included in an amount of 5 wt % or less.

13: A meat product comprising the natural coloring agent composition of claim 1 and meat, wherein the meat product comprises residual nitrite ion (NO.sub.2.sup.) of 70 ppm or less.

14: A method of developing a color of meat, comprising mixing the natural coloring agent composition of claim 1 with a meat raw material.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING

[0043] FIGURE shows images captured by observing appearances of model meat products (Preparation Example 1 and Preparation Example 2) made by mixing meat with a coloring agent composition prepared by fermenting spinach without inoculation of reducing bacteria, model meat products (Comparative Preparation Examples 2 and 3) to which synthetic nitrite was added, and a model meat product (Comparative Preparation Example 1) to which nitrite was not added.

MODE FOR INVENTION

[0044] Hereinafter, the present application will be described in detail by Examples.

[0045] However, the following Examples specifically illustrate the present application, and the description of the present application is not limited by the following Examples.

Example 1

[0046] In the present application, a novel natural nitrite-containing fermented solution including a large amount of natural nitrite by activating nitrate reductase contained in a plant was prepared.

[0047] Preparation of Fermented Spinach

[0048] Korean spinach (3,000 ppm or more of nitrate) was washed in running water to remove soil and foreign substances and then squeezed by using a conventional juicer for greens to thereby obtain a spinach extract.

[0049] The spinach extract was fermented at a temperature of 20 C. to 40 C. in a 2 L fermenter (Marado-PDA, BIOCNS Co., South Korea), the initial pH was set in a range of 8.5 to 9.0, a 0.03 M Na.sub.2CO.sub.3NaHCO.sub.3 buffer solution was used, the fermentation was performed under a condition of impeller 200 rpm, and a change in pH and changes in concentrations of nitrate and nitrite over time were measured (Table 1).

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 Extract hour hour hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours hours pH 6.09 8.99 8.77 8.65 8.04 7.34 7.19 7.02 6.83 6.74 6.70 6.60 6.54 Nitrate (ppm) 3.273 3.259 3.012 3.454 3.346 2.545 1.761 1.014 438 51 0 0 0 Nitrite (ppm) 0 0 0 0 297 933 1.556 2.082 2.602 2.874 2.948 2.897 2.899 Conversion 0% 0% 0% 0% 9% 29% 48% 64% 79% 88% 90% 89% 89% rate (%)

[0050] As a result, it was confirmed that the pH gradually decreased as the reaction progressed, but a buffering effect attributed to the buffer solution was sufficiently shown, and the conversion rate increased to about 90% at about 7 hours into the reaction, indicating a significantly excellent conversion effect.

[0051] [1-2] Drying of Fermented Product

[0052] Preparation of Fermented Spinach Concentrate

[0053] An inactivation process was performed to remove the activity of the nitrate reductase in the fermented spinach prepared through the process of Example 1-1. After the fermented spinach was heated to a high temperature of 60 C. or more to inactivate the enzyme, 5% diatomaceous earth was added by using a filter press (JUNGDO 1000, JUNGDO Co., South Korea) and subjected to filtration using a 15 cc filter cloth for a first filtration, followed by a second filtration using a 5 m MF filter to additionally remove residual diatomaceous earth and fine substances. Next, pasteurization was performed at a temperature of 95-100 C. for 1 minute and 30 seconds by using a UHT pasteurizer. Even after the inactivation, filtration, and pasteurization processes, nitrite losses were not significant. In addition, as concentration using a centrifugal thin-film concentrator was performed in a method with the least loss of nitrite, a concentrate of a nitrite-containing composition of the present application was prepared (Table 2).

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Nitrite (ppm) Concentration concentration (27.5 Brix) 34,728

[0054] Preparation of Fermented Spinach Powder

[0055] Powders of the spinach extract were prepared through spray-drying and freeze-drying methods by different spraying methods for the concentrate, and the concentrations of nitrite contained therein were measured and compared. In the case of spray drying, the solid content was adjusted to a level of 35-38 Brix by mixing maltodextrin with the concentrate. Ratios of the spinach concentrate to the maltodextrin were respectively set to 85:15, 88:12, and 90:10, followed by spray drying (in let temperature: 180 C., out let temperature: 90 C., sample injection speed: 10 mL/min). In the case of freeze-drying, the concentrate was pre-frozen in a deep freezer at 70 C. without adding an excipient thereto and then was subjected to using a freeze-dryer. As conditions for the freeze-drying, drying was performed for 72 hours with a vacuum degree of 20 kPa and with the temperature inside the chamber slowly raised from 40 C. to 30 C. The concentrations of nitrite included in the spray-dried powders (SD powders) in the above three ratios and the freeze-dried powder (FD powder) were measured and are shown in Table 3.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Composition Nitrite (ppm) SD powder (85:15) 67,806 SD powder (88:12) 72,659 SD powder (90:10) 80,780 FD powder (100) 104,917

Example 2

[0056] Manufacture of Meat Products Using Nitrite-Containing Composition and Confirmation of Color Development

[0057] [2-1] Preparation of Model Meat Products

[0058] Using the fermented spinach powder prepared through Example 1, model meat products were manufactured by mixing pork hind leg meat with pork fat in proportions shown in Table 4. Preparation Examples 1 and 2 were prepared by adding the fermented spinach powder of Example 1 in concentrations of 20 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively, Comparative Preparation Example 1 was prepared without adding nitrite (negative control), and Comparative Preparation Examples 2 and 3 were prepared by adding synthetic nitrite in concentrations of 20 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively (positive controls). The fermented spinach powder was added to the meat products of Preparation Examples 1 and 2 in amounts of 0.03% and 0.149%, respectively, based on 100,000 ppm.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Comparative Comparative Comparative Preparation Preparation Preparation Preparation Preparation Example 2 Example 3 Example 1 Example 2 Raw material Example 1 (20 ppm) (100 ppm) (20 ppm) (100 ppm) Pork 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 Pork fat 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 Purified water 16.70 16.70 16.70 16.60 16.50 Soy protein isolate 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Refined salt 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Phosphate 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Synthetic nitrite 0.002 0.01 Fermented spinach 0.030 0.149 powder Total 100 100 100 100 100

[0059] [2-2] Measurement of Chromaticities of Nitrite-Added Meat Products

[0060] For the model meat products of Preparation Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Preparation Examples 1 to 3, the appearances were observed and the chromaticities were measured. The meat products were pulverized with a blender and then put in a Petri dish, followed by performing measurement three times to measure Hunter L, a, and b values. For the surface color, a chromameter (CR-400, Minolta Co., Japan) calibrated with a standard white plate (L=97.40, a=0.49, b=1.96) was used. Based on the measured L, a, and b values, color difference (E) values were calculated and analyzed for comparison (Table 5). *E is the color difference from Comparative Preparation Example 1 (negative control), and **E is the color difference from Comparative Preparation Example (positive control) of the same nitrite concentration.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Treatment group L a b *E **E Comparative Preparation Example 1 68.43 4.36 10.04 Comparative Preparation Example 2 67.46 6.36 8.49 2.71 (20 ppm) Preparation Example 1 (20 ppm) 67.85 7.69 8.26 3.81 1.40 Comparative Preparation Example 3 68.34 7.84 8.25 3.91 (100 ppm) Preparation Example 2 (100 ppm) 67.69 6.82 8.18 3.17 1.21

[0061] As a result of observing the appearances of the model meat products, the reddish color was barely observed in the negative control, Comparative Preparation Example 1, in which nitrite was not added, whereas the reddish color was observed in Preparation Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Preparation Examples 2 and 3 even with naked eyes, compared to Comparative Preparation Example 1 (FIGURE). As a result of measuring the chromaticities, the difference in brightness between the meat products of Preparation Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Preparation Examples was not large, and in the case of redness, except for Comparative Preparation Example 1 in which nitrite was not added, similar patterns were observed in Preparation Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Preparation Examples 2 and 3. Even in the case of the color difference E value, there was a big difference from the negative control, Comparative Preparation Example 1, whereas there was no significant difference in color difference values between the positive controls and Preparation Examples 1 and 2.

[0062] Based on the above results, it was confirmed that although the fermented spinach powder prepared without using reducing bacteria was added to the meat products, the meat products had a color development effect at a level similar to that of meat products to which synthetic nitrite was added.

[0063] [2-3] Measurement of Residual Nitrite Ions

[0064] The amounts of residual nitrite ions in the model meat products of Preparation Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Preparation Examples 1 to 3 were measured by using the diazotization method. 0.5 N sodium hydroxide, 12% zinc sulfate, pH 9.0 ammonium acetate, and distilled water were added to 10 g of each sample, followed by homogenization, heating, and filtration processes to prepare a test solution. A sulfanilamide solution, a N-(1-nphthyl)ethylenediamine solution, and distilled water were added to the prepared test solution and reacted for 20 minutes. A spectrophotometer was used to measure, at a wavelength of 540 nm, the absorbance which was then substituted into a calibration curve to calculate the amount (g) of nitrite ion included in 20 mL of the test solution. Based on this, the concentrations of nitrite ions were calculated and are shown in Table 6. It is expected that the fermented spinach powder may be used in a minimum amount such that a color development effect may be sufficiently exhibited, and at the same time, residual nitrite may be minimized.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Comparative Comparative Comparative Preparation Preparation Preparation Preparation Preparation Example 2 Example 3 Example 1 Example 2 Example 1 (20 ppm) (100 ppm) (20 ppm) (100 ppm) Nitrite ion 0 4.0 35.0 8.0 27.0 (ppm)

Example 3

[0065] Analysis of Components in Nitrite-Containing Composition According to the Present Application

[0066] It was confirmed whether any component other than nitrite was included in the fermented spinach prepared through Example 1. A sample (hereinafter, fermented spinach) prepared by squeezing spinach and performing fermentation through pH control in Example 1-1, a sample (hereinafter, fermented spinach concentrate) subjected to inactivation and concentration processes as in Example 1-2, and a powder sample (hereinafter, fermented spinach powder) prepared through a freeze-drying process as in Example 1-2 were used, and a fermented plant (hereinafter, fermented reducing bacteria or fermented product prepared by inoculating reducing bacteria) prepared by a technique of the related art by inoculating nitrite reducing bacteria was used as a control. The conventional fermented plant was prepared by mixing dried celery powder with purified water and then inoculating reducing bacteria (Staphylococcus camosus) to perform fermentation.

[0067] [3-1] Analysis of Amino Acids

[0068] The types and amounts of amino acids contained in the fermented spinach, fermented spinach concentrate, and fermented spinach powder of the present application and the fermented reducing bacteria prepared through the technique of the related art were measured (Table 7).

[0069] Specifically, 9.9 mL of distilled water was added to 0.1 mL of each sample solution, thoroughly mixed, and then centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, 4 C.), and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.25 m syringe filter. Amino acids of the filtrate were analyzed using an amino acid analyzer (high-speed amino acid analyzer, L-8900, Hitachi Co., Japan) under the following analysis conditions. A column used was 2622SC-PH ion exchange column (4.660 mm, Hitachi, Co., Japan). The mobile phase was in a gradient mode, and pump 1 pumped sodium acetate buffers (MCI buffer PH1, PH4, RG) at a column temperature of 57 C. and a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min, and pump 2 pumped ninhydrin solutions (R1, R2) at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. The injection volume was 10 L, and a detector used was a dual-channel detector with channel 1: UV-570 nm and channel 2: UV-440 nm.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Fermented Fermented Fermented Fermented spinach spinach reducing (ppm) spinach concentrate powder bacteria Aspartic acid 27.03 68.85 402.99 31.70 Threonine 38.17 ND ND 47.54 Serine 39.52 Trace 393.96 75.88 Glutamic acid 179.20 893.71 3,893.06 145.56 Glycine 30.93 159.99 492.11 ND Cysteine ND ND ND ND Alanine 62.52 535.07 1,693.99 18.85 Valine 109.11 891.48 2,710.17 32.81 Methionine 28.99 Trace 374.73 ND Isoleucine 47.83 593.67 1,322.64 ND Leucine 100.64 1,243.50 2,487.55 ND Tyrosine 50.69 Trace 1,366.18 ND Phenylalanine 134.44 2,362.49 3,318.69 74.82 Lysine 59.82 370.57 1,077.16 ND Histidine ND ND ND ND Arginine 12.73 ND ND ND

[0070] As a result, it was found that a total of 14 amino acids were produced and included in the samples such as the fermented spinach prepared in Example 1 of the present application, and some amino acids among them were modified during the concentration and drying processes or converted to other types of compounds during the metabolic process, resulting in some differences in the fermented spinach concentrate and the fermented spinach powder. Threonine was present in the control, fermented reducing bacteria, prepared with the technique of the related art by inoculating reducing bacteria, whereas threonine was not present in the samples such as the fermented spinach prepared through Example 1. In addition, glycine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, lysine, and arginine were not detected in the fermented reducing bacteria, whereas all of the amino acids were detected in the fermented spinach of the present application, and all amino acids except for arginine were also detected in the fermented spinach concentrate and the fermented spinach powder. It was confirmed that the samples such as the fermented spinach included a large amount of amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid in addition to glycine, wherein glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid are known as amino acids for umami, and thus, the nitrite-containing composition of the present application including such amino acids, when applied to meat or the like, may have positive effects not only in terms of color development but also in terms of taste.

[0071] [3-2] Analysis of Nucleic Acid-Based Compounds

[0072] The types and amounts of nucleic acid-based compounds contained in the fermented spinach, fermented spinach concentrate, and fermented spinach powder of the present application and the fermented reducing bacteria prepared through the technique of the related art were measured (Table 8).

[0073] Specifically, 200 L of each sample solution in the filtered liquid state was obtained through centrifugation and injected into high-speed liquid chromatography (HPLC) device (HPLC, Waters, Milford, MA, U.S.A./Pump: Waters 510, Injector: Waters 712 WISP) to analyze the nucleic acid-based compounds. A UV detector (254 nm, Waters, Milford, MA, U.S.A.) and -Bondapack column (3.9300 mm) were used, and the analysis temperature of the column was 30 C. A 1% triethylamine solution adjusted to pH 6.5 using phosphoric acid was used as a mobile phase solution, and the speed was 1 mL/min.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 IMP.2 (ppm) Adenine Hypoxanthine AMP.2 Na Guanosine Xanthine Inosine Xanthosine Na7.5H.sub.2O Fermented ND Trace ND Trace 35.54 0.47 0.53 7.67 spinach Fermented ND 377.0 ND 45.0 577.0 115.0 ND ND spinach concentrate Fermented ND 984.0 ND 85.0 1,387.0 176.0 ND ND spinach powder Fermented 2.26 ND 11.8 ND ND ND ND ND reducing bacteria

[0074] As a result, adenine and AMP.2Na were detected in the fermented reducing bacteria prepared by inoculating reducing bacteria, but not detected in the fermented spinach, the fermented spinach concentrate, or the fermented spinach powder. In addition, it was confirmed that nucleic acid-based compound such as hypoxanthine, guanosine, xanthine, inosine, xanthosine, and IMP.2Na.Math.7.5H.sub.2O, which were not detected in the fermented reducing bacteria, were produced and present in the fermented spinach, the fermented spinach concentrate, or the fermented spinach powder. It was confirmed that some compounds were included only in the fermented spinach and were removed during the concentration and drying processes, but hypoxanthine, guanosine, xanthine, and inosine increased in concentration.

[0075] [3-3] Analysis of Organic Acids

[0076] The types and amounts of organic acids contained in the fermented spinach, fermented spinach concentrate, and fermented spinach powder of the present application and the fermented reducing bacteria prepared through the technique of the related art were measured (Table 9).

[0077] Specifically, 9.9 mL of distilled water was added to 0.1 mL of each sample solution, thoroughly mixed, and then centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, 4 C.), and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.25 m syringe filter. Thermo Scientific Dionex ICS-3000 system was used to measure the types and amounts of organic acids contained in each sample solution, and the analysis was performed under the following conditions. A column used was aminex HPX-87H ion exclusion column (7.8300 mm; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, U.S.A.). The mobile phase was in a gradient mode, and a solution of 0.005N sulfuric acid and acetonitrile (95:5, v/v) was flowed at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min at a temperature of 33 C. and injected in an amount of 25 L. A detector used was a Conductivity Detector.

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Citric Malic Succinic Lactic Acetic acid acid acid acid acid Fermented ND ND 125.7 ND 1,027.1 spinach Fermented Trace Trace 723.1 Trace 12,402.9 spinach concentrate Fermented 2,360.4 1,966.9 5,349.2 1,203.4 45,393.7 spinach powder Fermented 87.0 1,274.2 29.2 149.3 243.7 reducing bacteria

[0078] As a result, adenine and AMP.2Na were detected in the fermented reducing bacteria prepared by inoculating reducing bacteria, but not detected in the fermented spinach, the fermented spinach concentrate, or the fermented spinach powder. In addition, it was confirmed that nucleic acid-based compounds such as hypoxanthine, guanosine, xanthine, inosine, xanthosine, and IMP.2Na.Math.7.5H.sub.2O, which were not detected in the fermented reducing bacteria, were produced and present in the fermented spinach, the fermented spinach concentrate, or the fermented spinach powder. It was confirmed that some compounds were included only in the fermented spinach and were removed during the concentration and drying processes, but hypoxanthine, guanosine, xanthine, and inosine increased in concentration.

[0079] [3-4] Analysis of Free Sugars

[0080] The types and amounts of free sugars contained in the fermented spinach, fermented spinach concentrate, and fermented spinach powder of the present application and the fermented reducing bacteria prepared through the technique of the related art were measured (Table 10).

[0081] Specifically, 9.9 mL of distilled water was added to 0.1 mL of each sample solution, thoroughly mixed, and then centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, 4 C.), and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.25 m syringe filter. Dionex ICS-5000 system was used to measure the types and amounts of free sugars contained in each sample solution, and the following analysis was performed. Columns used were CarboPac PA1 guard column (Dionex, 504 mm) and CarboPac PA1 analytical column (Dionex, 2504 mm) maintained at 30 C. A mobile phase A solution used was 400 mM NaOH, and a mobile phase B solution used was pure water. In a gradient mode, 0 min, 95% B, 5 min, 0% B, 30 min, 10% B, 30.1 min, 95% B, and 40 min, 95% B were flowed at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and injected in an amount of 5 L. A detector used was ECD.

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Trehalose Fructose Glucose Sucrose Lactose Fermented 12.45 27.63 ND ND Trace spinach Fermented ND ND ND ND 230.5 spinach concentrate Fermented ND ND ND ND 793.6 spinach powder Fermented ND 1,370.9 1,868.9 2,756.4 ND reducing bacteria

[0082] As a result, trehalose and lactose, which were not detected in the fermented reducing bacteria, were present in the fermented spinach, and in particular, lactose was included even in the fermented spinach concentrate and the fermented spinach powder, which had been subjected to the filtration and drying processes. In addition, as a result of the fermentation using the reducing bacteria, glucose and sucrose were present in extremely large amounts, but were not detected at all in the fermented spinach.

[0083] The fermented product prepared by inoculating reducing bacteria contains a large amount of reducing sugars as described above, and thus, may cause browning and negatively affect the appearance when applied to products to be pasteurized at high temperatures. In contrast, the nitrite-containing composition of the present application has an excellent color development effect attributed to nitrite and has an effect of minimizing browning because a small amount of reducing sugars is included, and thus, when applied to meat products, may have an excellent synergistic effect in terms of improvement of the appearance quality.

[0084] [3-5] Analysis of -Aminobutyric Acids (GABA)

[0085] The amounts of -aminobutyric acids (GABA) contained in the fermented spinach, fermented spinach concentrate, and fermented spinach powder of the present application and the fermented reducing bacteria prepared through the technique of the related art were measured (Table 11).

[0086] Specifically, Water's AccQ Fluor reagent kit was used for derivatization for analysis. A reaction reagent was prepared by dissolving 1 mL of acetonitrile (vial 2B) in 6-aminoquinolyl-n-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (vial 2A). 70 L of a borate buffer solution (vial 1) was added to 10 L of a standard solution and extract, vortexed, and then left at room temperature for 1 minute. After 20 L of the reaction reagent was added and vortexed, the mixture was reacted in a water bath at 55 C. for 10 minutes. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and analyzed using HPLC (Waters 2690 system). A column used was Mightysil RP-18 GP column (4.6250 mm, 5 m, Kanto Chemical, Tokyo, Japan), a mobile phase A was obtained by diluting 200 mL of AccQ-Tag Eluent A concentrate in 2 L of HPLC water, and a mobile phase B used was AccQ-Tag Eluent B. Solvent composition was analyzed by gradient elution with an initial A:B maintained at 90:10, followed by 70:30 (0.6 mL/min) by 30 minutes, 0:100 (0.8 mL/min) by 31 minutes, 0:100 (0.8 mL/min) by 38 minutes, 90:10 (0.6 mL/min) by 39 minutes, and 90:10 (0.6 mL/min) by 50 minutes. The sample injection amount was 10 L, and a detector used was a fluorescence detector (474, Waters) with Ex. 250 nm and Em. 395 nm for analysis.

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Fermented Fermented Fermented Fermented spinach spinach reducing spinach concentrate powder bacteria GABA 54.0 940.0 2,150.0 10.0 (mg/L)

[0087] As a result, it was confirmed that the fermented spinach contained at least 5 times higher concentration of GABA than the fermented product prepared using reducing bacteria, and the fermented spinach concentrate and the fermented spinach powder contained even larger amounts of GABA.

[0088] In the above, although representative embodiments of the present application have been exemplarily described, the scope of the present application is not limited to specific embodiments as described above, and those skilled in the art will be able to make appropriate changes within the scope described in the claims of the present application.