System and method for analysing vapour pressure

Abstract

An apparatus for measuring the vapour pressure of a liquid hydrocarbon sample is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a sealed chamber (25) for receiving the sample. The chamber (25) is at least partially defined by a moveable element (26) such that moving the moveable element (26) alters the volume of the chamber (25). The apparatus comprises a displacement sensor (29) configured to measure a displacement of the movable element (26).

Claims

1. An apparatus for measuring the vapour pressure of a liquid hydrocarbon sample, the apparatus comprising a sealed chamber for receiving the sample; wherein the chamber is at least partially defined by a moveable element such that moving the moveable element alters the volume of the chamber; wherein the apparatus comprises a displacement sensor configured to measure a displacement of the movable element, wherein the displacement sensor is a laser displacement sensor, and wherein the apparatus comprises a motor configured to drive the moveable element and a controller configured to receive a signal from the laser displacement sensor and to control the motor in response to the signal.

2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the moveable element is a piston and the chamber is formed by the piston and a receptacle in which the piston is fitted so as to form a seal between the piston and the receptacle.

3. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the apparatus comprises a laser reflector plate coupled to the moveable element and the laser displacement sensor is configured to measure a displacement of the laser reflector plate so as to measure the displacement of the movable element.

4. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises a device for monitoring the temperature of the chamber and a temperature control apparatus to heat or cool the chamber.

5. An apparatus according to claim 4 wherein the device for monitoring the temperature of the chamber is located within the moveable element.

6. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises a pressure sensor to measure the pressure in the chamber, wherein the pressure sensor is located within the moveable element.

7. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises an internal sample stirrer, located within the sealed chamber, to agitate the sample being analysed.

8. An apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the apparatus comprises a magnetic stirrer located inside the sealed chamber and a motor external to the sealed chamber, wherein the motor is configured to drive at least one magnet so as to cause the magnetic stirrer to rotate.

9. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus is contained within an explosion-proof box.

10. A method of measuring the vapour pressure of a liquid hydrocarbon sample, the method comprising: a. feeding the sample into a sealed chamber, wherein the chamber is at least partially defined by a moveable element; b. expanding the chamber by displacing the moveable element by a displacement; and c. measuring the pressure in the chamber; wherein the displacing of the moveable element includes measuring the displacement with a displacement sensor, wherein the displacement sensor is a laser displacement sensor, and in which the moveable element is driven by a motor and a controller receives a signal from the displacement sensor and controls the motor in response to the signal.

11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the moveable element is a piston and the chamber is formed by the piston and a receptacle in which the piston is fitted so as to form a seal between the piston and the receptacle.

12. A method according to claim 10 wherein a laser reflector plate is coupled to the moveable element, and the laser displacement sensor measures a displacement of the laser reflector plate so as to measure the displacement of the movable element.

13. A method according to claim 10, wherein the method comprises monitoring the temperature of the chamber and operating a heater or a cooler to maintain the temperature at a desired value.

14. A method according to claim 12, wherein the temperature is monitored using a device located within the moveable element and the pressure is measured using a pressure sensor located within the moveable element.

15. A method according to claim 10, wherein the method comprises stirring the sample between steps b and c.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings of which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a front view of an apparatus according to a first embodiment of the invention in closed explosion proof boxes;

(3) FIG. 2 is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 with the boxes closed;

(4) FIG. 3 is a front view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 with the boxes open;

(5) FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 1;

(6) FIG. 5 is a cut-away view of an apparatus according to a second embodiment of the invention;

(7) FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of a method according to an embodiment of the invention; and

(8) FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of parameters during a flushing cycle of an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(9) In FIG. 1 a vapour pressure analyser is contained within an explosion-proof box 1. The box 1 is mounted on a stand 2 on which there is mounted a second explosion-proof box 3. The box 3 is mounted above the box 1 with a 40 mm separation between the boxes. On the front of the box 3 there is a touch screen 4. The fronts of boxes 1 and 3 are mounted on hinges 5a,b and 6a,b respectively so that the fronts of the boxes 1 and 3 can pivot through 180 to open the boxes 1 and 3.

(10) In FIG. 2 breathing and draining devices 7 and 8 are mounted on the back of box 1. Communication cable 9 connects boxes 1 and 3 so as to allow power and data transfer between the various electronic devices within the boxes 1 and 3. Boxes 1 and 3 have external enclosure earth bolts 10 and 11 mounted on them to earth the boxes 1 and 3. Earth stud 12 is mounted on frame 2.

(11) In FIGS. 3 and 4 box 1 and box 3 are open. In FIG. 3, box 3 contains power supply units 14 and mains power filter 15. The box 3 also contains terminal blocks 16 for mounting components in connection with each other and cable 9 and electronic cards 17. A USB hub 18 and a fibre optic module 19 are also in box 3. Touch screen 4 is mounted on the lid of box 3 and is linked to computer unit 20, which is mounted on the inside of the lid of box 3. There is a temperature sensor 21, which is a resistance temperature detector (RTD), towards the bottom of box 3.

(12) In FIGS. 3 and 4 box 1 also contains terminal blocks 22 and temperature sensor 23. At the low point of box 1 there is a spill sensor 24. The vapour pressure measurement is carried out in a cell comprising a receptacle 25, into which is fitted a piston 26. Mounted on the receptacle 25 is a Peltier cooler 35. Also in box 1 is a heater controlled by a solid state relay 36. The piston 26 is mounted on a linear actuator in the form of a stepper motor 27. The stepper motor 27 is controlled by a controller 28, which receives input from a laser displacement sensor 29 mounted above, and directed at a laser reflector plate 34 mounted on the piston 26. The laser displacement sensor is arranged so as to direct a beam of light onto the laser reflector plate 34 and the reflected beam is processed through a lens onto a detector in the laser displacement sensor 29, with the displacement of the laser reflector plate 34 being related to the position of the reflected beam on the detector. Flow of the sample to the measurement cell is controlled by using valves 30 and 31 with a bypass loop controlled by using valve 32. A flow sensor 33 monitors and controls flow to the cell and an RTD 37 monitors the temperature of the sample inlet.

(13) In use, a sample is drawn from a pipeline in a chemical plant or refinery down a sampling line branching off the pipeline and enters the device through breathing and draining device 7. Before a measurement is made, the chamber is flushed by driving piston 26 down to its maximum extent into receptacle 25 with bypass valve 32 closed and inlet valve 30 and outlet valve 31 open. The chamber is then rinsed by raising and lowering piston 26 to draw sample into the chamber and expel it again. Following the rinse the piston 26 is raised to draw a sample into the chamber and inlet valve 30 and outlet valve 31 closed to trap the sample in the chamber. The chamber is therefore sealed. The piston 26 is then raised in accordance with the expansions required for the test method. Raising the piston 26 expands the chamber and, because the chamber is sealed, therefore results in a liquid/vapour split of the sample, with the volumetric liquid/vapour ratio being determined by the displacement of the piston 26 during the expansion. During the expansions, the position of the piston 26 is measured with laser displacement sensor 29, which provides feedback to stepper motor 27. In that way the expansion is precisely controlled. Once the desired expansion is reached the device pauses to allow time for equilibrium to be reached in the chamber. After the pause the pressure in the chamber is measured by a pressure measurement device in the piston 26. The length of the pause before equilibrium is reached is determined by monitoring the pressure and temperature in the cell and waiting for stable measurements. If the test method requires further expansions, those are carried out in the same way once an equilibrium measurement has been made following the first expansion. Once all expansions are complete, the vapour pressure is calculated in accordance with the test method, for example using a correlation published in the test method, and the result displayed on the screen 4.

(14) In FIG. 5 a vapour pressure analyser 114 comprises a sealed chamber 116, which is partially defined by a moveable element in the form of piston 115. The chamber 116 is sealed around the piston 115 by O-rings 101 and 102. The sealed chamber 116 has an inlet 104 and an outlet 103. The lower end of the piston 115 comprises a pressure sensor 105, while the upper part of the piston 115 houses an amplifier 100. Mounted on the outside of the sealed chamber 116 are an over temperature switch 106 and a cooler 107. The chamber comprises an internal sample stirrer in the form of magnetic stirrer bar 112. Below the chamber 116 a stirrer motor 111 is mounted. In use, the stirrer motor 111 drives a pair of magnets in a rotational movement. The magnetic field from the pair of magnets acts on the magnetic stirrer bar 112 to cause it to rotate within the chamber 116, thus agitating the sample.

(15) In FIG. 6 a plot 206 of pressure 201 against expansion ratio 205. The plot 206 is obtained by fitting a curve to a series of four pressure measurements taken at four different expansion ratios. The plot 206 can then be used to read off the pressure 202 at an expansion ratio of 0.02:1 207. That pressure may be reported as the TVP. The plot can also be used to read off the expansion ratio 204 at atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia) 203. That ratio may be reported as the GOR. Thus a series of four measurements can be used to predict both TVP and GOR.

(16) In FIG. 7 a flushing cycle is shown plotted against time 302. The temperature 301 and heater power 304 remain approximately constant throughout the cycle. The position of the piston 303 is cycled down and up repeatedly. During the cycle the inlet is closed and the outlet is open as the piston position 303 moves down, so that the chamber is evacuated downstream. While the piston position 303 moves up the outlet is closed and the inlet is open so that flushing fluid is drawn in from upstream. It can be seen that the pressure in the chamber 305 increases markedly as the piston position 303 moves down and the fluid is forced out of the chamber. Because each flush completely empties the chamber on the piston down stroke and because only the flushing fluid required to fill the chamber is drawn in on the piston upstroke, the method is much more efficient in terms of flushing fluid volume that process in which the flushing fluid is flowed through the chamber under pressure.

(17) Whilst the present invention has been described and illustrated with reference to particular embodiments, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the invention lends itself to many different variations not specifically illustrated herein.

(18) Where in the foregoing description, integers or elements are mentioned which have known, obvious or foreseeable equivalents, then such equivalents are herein incorporated as if individually set forth. Reference should be made to the claims for determining the true scope of the present invention, which should be construed so as to encompass any such equivalents. It will also be appreciated by the reader that integers or features of the invention that are described as preferable, advantageous, convenient or the like are optional and do not limit the scope of the independent claims. Moreover, it is to be understood that such optional integers or features, whilst of possible benefit in some embodiments of the invention, may not be desirable, and may therefore be absent, in other embodiments.