Thermoelectric materials synthesized by self-propagating high temperature synthesis process and methods thereof

Abstract

The disclosure relates to thermoelectric materials prepared by self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) process combining with Plasma activated sintering and methods for preparing thereof. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to the new criterion for combustion synthesis and the method for preparing the thermoelectric materials which meet the new criterion.

Claims

1. A method of preparing a thermoelectric material, comprising: 1) weighing powders of reactants according to an appropriate stoichiometric ratio, mixing the powders in an agate mortar, and cold-pressing the powders into a pellet; 2) sealing the pellet in a silica tube under a pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa, initiating a self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) by point-heating a portion of the pellet wherein, once the SHS starts, a wave of exothermic reactions passes through the remaining portion of the pellet, after the SHS and exothermic reactions, cooling down the pellet in air or quenching the pellet in salt water to obtain a cooled-down pellet; and 3) crushing the cooled-down pellet obtained in step 2) into powder, and sintering the powder with plasma activated sintering (PAS) to form a bulk material, wherein the reactants include Bi, Te, and Se powders, the stoichiometric ratio is Bi:Te: Se=2:(3-x):x, where 0<x<3, the cooled-down pellet obtained in step (2) contains Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3-xSe.sub.x, parameters of the PAS include a reaction temperature of 420-480 C. and a reaction pressure of 20 MPa for 5 min, and a final product is a Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3 based thermoelectric material.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

(1) FIG. 1 shows Powder XRD pattern of compounds thermoelectric after SHS for embodiment example 1.

(2) FIG. 2 shows Powder XRD pattern of Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 and MnSi.sub.1.70 pellets after SHS in different region for embodiment example 2.

(3) FIG. 3 shows the ratio of between T.sub.ad and T.sub.mL, for compounds thermoelectrics PbS, PbSe, Mg.sub.2Si, Mg.sub.2Sn, Cu.sub.2Se, Bi.sub.2Se.sub.3, PbTe, Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3 in embodiment example 1 and high temperature intermetallic and refractory in embodiment example 3.

(4) FIG. 4 shows XRD pattern of Cu.sub.2Se after SHS (in step 2) and after SHS-PAS (in step 3) of embodiment example 4

(5) FIG. 5 shows FESEM image of Cu.sub.2Se after SHS (in step 2) of embodiment example 4

(6) FIGS. 6 (a) and (b) show FESEM images of Cu.sub.2Se after SHS-PAS (in step 3) of embodiment example 4.

(7) FIG. 7 shows the temperature dependence of ZT (in step 3) of embodiment example 4.

(8) FIG. 8 shows XRD pattern of the powder in step 2 of embodiment example 5.1 and bulk in step 3 of embodiment example 5.1.

(9) FIG. 9 shows the microstructure of the powder in step 2 of embodiment example 5.1.

(10) FIG. 10 shows XRD pattern of the powder in step 2 of embodiment example 5.2

(11) FIG. 11 shows the XRD pattern of the powder in step 2 of embodiment example 5.3 and bulk in step 3 of embodiment example 5.3.

(12) FIG. 12 shows the temperature dependence of power factor and ZT of bulks obtained in step 3 of embodiment example 5.3.

(13) FIG. 13 shows the XRD pattern of the powder obtained in step 2 of embodiment example 6.

(14) FIG. 14 shows the XRD pattern of the Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 compound in step 2 of embodiment example 7.1 and Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 bulk in step 3 of embodiment example 7.1.

(15) FIG. 15(a) shows FESEM image of Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 after SHS-PAS (in step 3) of embodiment example 7.1. FIG. 15(b) shows enlarged FESEM image of Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 after SHS-PAS.

(16) FIG. 16 shows temperature dependence of ZT for Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 compound (in step 3) of embodiment example 7.1 and the data from the reference.

(17) FIG. 17 shows the XRD pattern of the Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 compound in step 2 of embodiment example 7.2.

(18) FIG. 18 shows the XRD pattern of the Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2Se compound in step 2 of embodiment example 7.3.

(19) FIG. 19 shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS in embodiment example 8.1

(20) FIG. 20 shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS and after SHS-PAS of embodiment example 8.2

(21) FIG. 21 shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS in embodiment example 8.3.

(22) FIG. 22 shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS in embodiment example 8.4.

(23) FIG. 23(a) shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS and after SHS-PAS of embodiment example 8.5. FIG. 23(b) shows SEM image of the powder after SHS (with the magnification5000 and 8000) in embodiment example 8.4. FIG. 23(c) shows the temperature dependence of ZT in comparison with the sample synthesized by melting method in embodiment example 8.4.

(24) FIG. 24(a) shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS and after SHS-PAS of embodiment example 9.1. FIG. 24(b) shows SEM image of the powder after SHS (with the magnification5000 and 10000) in embodiment example 9.1. FIG. 24(c) shows SEM image of the bulks after SHS-PAS (with the magnification 2000 and 10000) in embodiment example 9.1.

(25) FIG. 25(a) shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS and after SHS-PAS of embodiment example 9.2. FIG. 25(b) shows SEM image of the powder after SHS (with the magnification5000 and 10000) in embodiment example 9.2. FIG. 25(c) shows SEM image of the bulks after SHS-PAS (with the magnification 2000 and 10000) in embodiment example 9.2.

(26) FIG. 26(a) shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS and after SHS-PAS of embodiment example 9.3. FIG. 26(b) shows SEM image of the powder after SHS (with the magnification5000 and 10000) in embodiment example 9.3. FIG. 26(c) shows SEM image of the bulks after SHS-PAS (with the magnification 2000 and 10000) in embodiment example 9.3.

(27) FIG. 27(a) shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS and after SHS-PAS of embodiment example 9.4. FIG. 27(b) shows SEM image of the powder after SHS (with the magnification 5000 and 10000) in embodiment example 9.4. FIG. 27(c) shows SEM image of the bulks after SHS-PAS (with the magnification 2000 and 10000) in embodiment example 9.4.

(28) FIG. 28(a) shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS and after SHS-PAS of embodiment example 9.5. FIG. 28(b) shows SEM image of the powder after SHS (with the magnification 5000 and 10000) in embodiment example 9.5. FIG. 28(c) shows SEM image of the bulks after SHS-PAS (with the magnification 2000 and 10000) in embodiment example 9.5. FIG. 28(d) shows the temperature dependence of ZT in comparison with the sample synthesized by other method in embodiment example 9.5.

(29) FIG. 29 shows the XRD pattern of Cu.sub.3SbSe.sub.4 powder after SHS in step 3 of embodiment example 10.1.

(30) FIG. 30 shows the XRD pattern of Cu.sub.3SbSe.sub.4 powder after SHS in step 3 of embodiment example 10.2.

(31) FIG. 31 shows the XRD pattern of Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4 powder after SHS in step 3 of embodiment example 10.3.

(32) FIG. 32 shows the XRD pattern of Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4 powder after SHS in step 3 of embodiment example 10.4.

(33) FIG. 33 shows the XRD pattern of Cu.sub.2CdSnSe.sub.4 powder after SHS in step 3 of embodiment example 10.5.

(34) FIG. 34 shows the XRD pattern of Cu.sub.3SbSe.sub.4 powder after SHS in step 3 of embodiment example 10.6.

(35) FIG. 35 shows the XRD pattern of Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3 powder after SHS in step 2 of embodiment example 11.1.

(36) FIG. 36 shows the XRD pattern of Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3 powder after SHS in step 2 of embodiment example 11.2.

(37) FIG. 37 shows the XRD pattern of Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3 powder after SHS-PAS of embodiment example 11.2.

(38) FIG. 38 shows the temperature dependence of ZT for Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3 in embodiment example 11.2.

(39) FIG. 39 shows the XRD pattern of Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3 powder after SHS in embodiment example 11.3.

(40) FIG. 40(a) shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS and after SHS-PAS of embodiment example 12.1. FIG. 40(b) shows SEM image of the powder after SHS (with the magnification 5000 and 20000) in step 2 of embodiment example 12.1. FIG. 40(c) shows SEM image of the bulks after SHS-PAS (with the magnification 5000 and 20000) in step 3 of embodiment example 12.1.

(41) FIG. 41(a) shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS and after SHS-PAS of embodiment example 12.2. FIG. 41(b) shows SEM image of the powder after SHS (with the magnification 5000 and 20000) in step 2 of embodiment example 12.2. FIG. 41(c) shows SEM image of the bulks after SHS-PAS (with the magnification 5000 and 20000) in step 3 of embodiment example 12.2.

(42) FIG. 42(a) shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS and after SHS-PAS of embodiment example 12.3. FIG. 42(b) shows SEM image of the powder after SHS (with the magnification 5000 and 20000) in step 2 of embodiment example 12.3. FIG. 42(c) shows SEM image of the bulks after SHS-PAS (with the magnification 5000 and 20000) in step 3 of embodiment example 12.3.

(43) FIG. 43(a) shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS and after SHS-PAS of embodiment example 12.4. FIG. 43(b) shows SEM image of the powder after SHS (with the magnification 5000 and 20000) in step 2 of embodiment example 12.4. FIG. 43(c) shows SEM image of the bulks after SHS-PAS (with the magnification 5000 and 20000) in step 3 of embodiment example 12.4.

(44) FIG. 44(a) shows the XRD pattern of powder after SHS and after SHS-PAS of embodiment example 12.5. FIG. 44(b) shows SEM image of the powder after SHS (with the magnification 5000 and 20000) in step 2 of embodiment example 12.5. FIG. 44(c) shows SEM image of the bulks after SHS-PAS (with the magnification 5000 and 20000) in step 3 of embodiment example 12.5.

(45) FIG. 45(a) shows the temperature dependence of ZT for Co.sub.3.5Ni.sub.0.5Sb.sub.12 in step 3 of embodiment example 12.1 compared with the data from reference (in the reference, the sample synthesized by Melt-annealing and PAS. It takes about 240 h)

(46) FIG. 45(b) shows the temperature dependence of ZT for Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.4Te.sub.0.6 in step 3 of embodiment example 12.5 compared with the data from reference. (In the reference, the sample is synthesized by Melt-annealing and PAS. It takes about 168 h)

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(47) For a better understanding of the present disclosure, several embodiments are given to further illustrate the disclosure, but the present disclosure is not limited to the following embodiments

Embodiment Example 1

Embodiment Example 1.1

(48) Based on the new criterion, the detailed synthesis procedure of Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3 is as following.

(49) (1) Elemental Bi, Te powder with high purity were Chosen as starting material.

(50) (2) The adiabatic temperature can be calculated by using molar enthalpy of forming Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3 and the molar heat capacity according to the following formula. The molar enthalpy of forming Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3 at 298K .sub.fH.sub.298K is 78.659 kJ.Math.mol.sup.1
.sub.fH.sub.298K=H.sub.T.sup.0H.sub.298K.sup.0=.sub.298K.sup.T.sup.adC.sub.pdT

(51) Assuming the adiabatic temperature is lower than the melting point of Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3, there is no phase transition during the combustion processing. The above formula can be simplified as below.
.sub.fH.sub.298K=H.sub.T.sup.0H.sub.298K.sup.0=.sub.298K.sup.T.sup.adC.sub.pdT

(52) The molar heat capacity of Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3 in solid state is 107.989+55.22910.sup.3T JK.sup.1 mol.sup.1, solve the equation and then the adiabatic temperature can be obtained as 860 K. Since the calculated adiabatic temperature is 860 K, which is lower than the melting point of Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3. The result obtained is consistent with the assumption. Hence the adiabatic temperature is 860 K.

(53) ${}_f{H}_{298K}^0=-78.659\mathrm{kJ}{\mathrm{mol}}^{-1}=-{}_T^{T_{\mathrm{ad}}}\left(107.989+55.229{10}^{-3}T\right)\mathrm{dT}=-\left[107.989\left(T_{\mathrm{ad}}-298\right)+0.555.229{10}^{-3}\left(T_{\mathrm{ad}}^2-{298}^2\right)\right]$

(54) (3) Since the molten point of Te and Bi is 722.5 K, 544.44 K respectively. The component with lower melting point is Bi. The ratio between the adiabatic temperature and the melting point of the component with lower melting point is 1.58. According to the new criterion for combustion synthesis, self propagating high temperature reaction between Bi and Te can be self sustained.

(55) (4) The SHS synthesis of Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3 can be achieved by the following steps.

(56) a) Stoichiometric amounts of high purity Bi(4N), and Te(4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar and then cold-pressed into a pellet with the dimension of 1518 mm under the pressure 8 MPa holding for 10 min.

(57) b) The pellet obtained in the step a) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by point-heating a small part (usually the bottom) of the sample. Once started, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(58) c) The obtained pellet in the step b) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, Single phase Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3 compounds is obtained.

Embodiment Example 1.2

(59) Based on the new criterion, the detailed synthesis procedure of Cu.sub.2Se is as following.

(60) (1) Elemental Cu, Se powder with high purity were Chosen as starting material.

(61) (2) The adiabatic temperature can be calculated by using molar enthalpy of forming Cu.sub.2Se and the molar heat capacity according to the following formula. The molar enthalpy of forming Cu.sub.2Se at 298K .sub.fH.sub.298K is 66.107 kJmol.sup.1.
.sub.fH.sub.298K=H.sub.T.sup.0H.sub.298K.sup.0=.sub.298K.sup.T.sup.adCdT

(62) Assuming the adiabatic temperature is lower than the temperature of - phase transition of Cu.sub.2Se, there is no phase transition during the combustion processing. The above formula can be simplified as below.
.sub.fH.sub.298K=H.sub.T.sup.0H.sub.298K.sup.0=.sub.298K.sup.T.sup.adC.sub.pdT

(63) The molar specific heat capacity in solid state of a phase Cu.sub.2Se is 58.576+0.077404 T Jmol.sup.1K.sup.1. Substitute the equitation with the heat capacity and molar enthalpy of forming Cu.sub.2Se. And solve the equation. The calculated adiabatic temperature can be obtained as 922.7 K, which is much higher than the temperature of - phase transition of Cu.sub.2Se corresponding to 395 K. it is inconsistent with the hypothesis.

(64) Assuming the adiabatic temperature is higher than the phase transition temperature but is lower than the molten point of Cu.sub.2Se, the formula can be simplified as below.
.sub.fH.sub.298K=H.sub.T.sup.0H.sub.298K.sup.0=.sub.298K.sup.T.sup.adC.sub.pdT+H.sub.tr+.sub.T.sub.tr.sup.T.sup.adC.sub.pdT

(65) The molar specific heat capacity in solid state of phase and phase Cu.sub.2Se are 58.576+0.077404 T Jmol.sup.1K.sup.1, 84.098 Jmol.sup.1K.sup.1, respectively. The molar enthalpy of - phase transition of Cu.sub.2Se is 6.820 KJ.Math.mo1.sup.1. We substitute the equation with the specific heat capacity and molar enthalpy, and solve the equation. The adiabatic temperature can be obtained as 1001.5 K, which is higher than the - phase transition temperature and lower than the molten point of Cu.sub.2Se. It is consistent with the hypothesis. Hence the adiabatic temperature is 1001.5 K.
66107=.sub.298K.sup.395K(58.576+0.077404T)dT+6820+.sub.395K.sup.T.sup.ad84.098 dT

(66) (3) Since the molten point of Cu and Se is 1357 K, 494 K respectively. The component with lower melting point is Se. The ratio between the adiabatic temperature and the melting point of the component with lower melting point is 2.03. According to the new criterion for combustion synthesis, self propagating high temperature reaction between Cu and Se can be self sustained.

Embodiment Example 1.3

(67) Based on the new criterion, the detailed synthesis procedure of PbS is as following.

(68) (1) Elemental Pb, S powder with high purity were Chosen as starting material.

(69) (2) The adiabatic temperature can be calculated by using molar enthalpy of forming PbS and the molar heat capacity according to the following formula. The molar enthalpy of forming PbS at 298K .sub.fH.sub.298K is 98.324 kJmol.sup.1.
.sub.fH.sub.298K=H.sub.T.sup.0H.sub.298K.sup.0=.sub.298K.sup.T.sup.adCdT

(70) Assuming the adiabatic temperature is lower than the molten temperature of PbS, there is no phase transition during the combustion processing. The above formula can be simplified as below.
.sub.fH.sub.298K=H.sub.T.sup.0H.sub.298K.sup.0=.sub.298K.sup.T.sup.adC.sub.pdT

(71) The molar specific heat capacity of PbS in solid state is 46.735+0.009205 T Jmol.sup.1K.sup.1. Substitute the equitation with the heat capacity and molar enthalpy of forming PbS. And solve the equation.
98324=.sub.298K.sup.T.sup.ad(46.435+0.009205 T)dT

(72) The calculated adiabatic temperature can be obtained as 2023 K, which is much higher than the molten point of PbS corresponding to 1392 K. it is inconsistent with the hypothesis.

(73) Assuming the adiabatic temperature is higher than the molten point but is lower than the boiling point of PbS, the formula can be simplified as below.
H.sub.298K=H.sub.298K.sup.0H.sub.T.sup.0.sub.298K.sup.T.sup.mC.sub.pdT+H.sub.m+.sub.T.sub.m.sup.T.sup.adC.sub.pdT

(74) The molar specific heat capacity of PbS in solid state is 46.735+0.009205 T Jmol.sup.1K.sup.1. The molar specific heat capacity of PbS in liquid state is 61.923 Jmol.sup.1K.sup.1. The molar enthalpy between solid state and liquid state is 36.401 KJmol.sup.1. We substitute the equation with the specific heat capacity and molar enthalpy, and solve the equation. The adiabatic temperature can be obtained as 1427 K, which is higher than the molten point (1392 K) and lower than the boiling point (1609 K) of PbS. it is consistent with the hypothesis. Hence the adiabatic temperature is 1427 K.
98324=.sub.298K.sup.1392K(46.435+0.009205 T)dT+36401+.sub.1392K.sup.T.sup.ad61.923 dT

(75) (3) Since the molten point of Pb and S is 600 K, 388 K respectively. The component with lower melting point is S. The ratio between the adiabatic temperature and the melting point of the component with lower melting point is 3.68. According to the new criterion for combustion synthesis, self propagating high temperature reaction between Pb and S can be self sustained.

(76) By using the method above, the ratio between adiabatic temperature and the molten point of lower molten point component of Bi.sub.2Se.sub.3, PbSe, Mg.sub.2Sn and Mg.sub.2Si are calculated as shown in table 1. The ratio between adiabatic temperature and the molten point of lower molten point component of those compounds thermoelectric is larger than unit. Hence, all those compounds thermoelectric can be synthesized by SHS by choosing single elemental as starting materials. However, the adiabatic temperature of all those compounds is dramatically lower than 1800 K. As an example, the well-known and important thermoelectric compounds Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3 and Bi.sub.2Se.sub.3 have their adiabatic temperature well below 1000 K. According to the criterion T.sub.ad1800 K suggested by Merzhanov, the reaction leading to their formation should not have been self-sustaining. Obviously, the criterion fails in the case of compound semiconductors.

(77) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Parameters of SHS for thermoelectric materials. Adiabatic Material Molar enthalpy Specific Heat capacity temperature system Reaction (kJmol.sup.1) (JK.sup.1mol.sup.1) (T.sub.ad/K) T.sub.ad/T.sub.m, L Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3 2Bi + 3Te.fwdarw.Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3 .sub.fH.sup.0.sub.298K: 78.659 107.989 + 55.229 10.sup.3T 860 1.58 Bi.sub.2Se.sub.3 2Bi + 3Se.fwdarw.Bi.sub.2Se.sub.3 .sub.fH.sup.0.sub.298K: 139.955 86.818 + 48.953 10.sup.3T 995 2.01 .sub.mH.sup.0.sub.995K: 85.772 Cu.sub.2Se 2Cu + Se.fwdarw.Cu.sub.2Se .sub.fH.sup.0.sub.298K: 66.107 58.576 + 77.404 10.sup.3T 1001 2.03 .sub.tH.sup.0.sub.395K: 6.820 84.098 PbS Pb + S.fwdarw.PbS .sub.fH.sup.0.sub.298K: 98.324 46.735 + 9.205 10.sup.3T 1427 3.68 .sub.mH.sup.0.sub.1392K: 36.401 61.923 PbSe Pb + Se.fwdarw.PbSe .sub.fH.sup.0.sub.298K: 99.998 47.237 + 10.000 10.sup.3T 1350 2.73 .sub.mH.sup.0.sub.1350K: 49.371 Mg.sub.2Sn 2Mg + Sn.fwdarw.Mg.sub.2Sn .sub.fH.sup.0.sub.298K: 80.000 68.331 + 35.797 10.sup.3T + 1053 2.01 1.919 10.sup.5 T.sup.2 Mg.sub.2Si 2Mg + Si.fwdarw.Mg.sub.2Si .sub.fH.sup.0.sub.298K: 79.496 107.989 + 55.229 10 T 1282 1.39

(78) Based on the success with the combustion synthesis of Cu.sub.2Se, we apply the SHS technique to Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3, Bi.sub.2Se.sub.3, Cu.sub.2Se, PbTe, PbS, PbSe, SnTe, Mg.sub.2Sn and Mg.sub.2Si compounds thermoelectric. In each case, high purity powders are used as a starting material and weighed according to the desired stoichiometry above. The powders are mixed in an agate mortar and are pressed into pellets. Each respective pellet is sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa. The pellets are locally ignited at the bottom by the flame of a torch.

(79) FIG. 1 shows XRD pattern of the powder after SHS in embodiment example 1, which indicate that single phase Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3, Bi.sub.2Se.sub.3, Cu.sub.2Se, PbS, PbSe, Mg.sub.2Sn and Mg.sub.2Si can be obtained after SHS directly. Hence, all compounds which can meet the new criterion specifying that the SHS process will proceed whenever the adiabatic temperature exceeds the melting point of the lower melting point component of the compact can be synthesized by SHS.

Embodiment Example 2

Embodiment Example 2.1

(80) Based on the new criterion, the detailed synthesis procedure of MnSi.sub.1.70 is as following.

(81) (1) Elemental Mn, Si powder with high purity were Chosen as starting material.

(82) (2) The adiabatic temperature can be calculated by using molar enthalpy of forming MnSi.sub.1.70 and the molar heat capacity according to the following formula. The molar enthalpy of forming MnSi.sub.1.70 at 298K .sub.fH.sub.298K is 75.60 kJmol.sup.1.
.sub.fH.sub.298K=H.sub.T.sup.0H.sub.298K.sup.0=.sub.298K.sup.T.sup.ad CdT

(83) Assuming the adiabatic temperature is lower than the molten point of MnSi.sub.1.70 corresponding to 1425 K, there is no phase transition during the combustion processing. The above formula can be simplified as below.
.sub.fH.sub.298K=H.sub.T.sup.0H.sub.298K.sup.0=.sub.298K.sup.T.sup.adC.sub.pdT

(84) The molar specific heat capacity of MnSi.sub.1.70 in solid state is 71.927+4.61510.sup.3T13.06710.sup.5T .sup.2JK.sup.l mol.sup.1. Substitute the equitation with the heat capacity and molar enthalpy of forming MnSi.sub.1.70. And solve the equation. The calculated adiabatic temperature can be obtained as 1314 K, which is lower than the molten point of MnSi.sub.1.70 corresponding to 1425 K. it is consistent with the hypothesis. Hence the adiabatic temperature is 1314 K.

(85) ${}_f{H}_{298K}^0=-75.601\mathrm{kJ}{\mathrm{mol}}^{-1}=-{}_T^{T_{\mathrm{ad}}}\left(71.927+4.615{10}^{-3}T-13.067{10}^5{T}^{-2}\right)\mathrm{dT}=-\left[71.927\left(T_{\mathrm{ad}}-298\right)+0.54.615\left(T_{\mathrm{ad}}^2-{298}^2\right)+13.067{10}^5\left(T_{\mathrm{ad}}^2-1/298\right)\right]$

(86) (3) Since the molten point of Mn and Si is 1519 K, 1687 K respectively. The component with lower melting point is Mn. The ratio between the adiabatic temperature and the molten point of the component with lower molten point is 0.88. According to the new criterion for combustion synthesis, self propagating high temperature reaction between Mn and Si to form MnSi.sub.1.70 cannot be self sustained.

Embodiment Example 2.2

(87) Based on the new criterion, the detailed synthesis procedure of Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 is as following.

(88) (1) Elemental Sb, Te powder with high purity were Chosen as starting material.

(89) (2) The adiabatic temperature can be calculated by using molar enthalpy of forming Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 and the molar heat capacity according to the following formula. The molar enthalpy of forming Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 at 298K .sub.fH.sub.298K is 56.484 kJmol.sup.1.
.sub.fH.sub.298K=H.sub.T.sup.0H.sub.298K.sup.0=.sub.298K.sup.T.sup.adCdT

(90) Assuming the adiabatic temperature is lower than the molten point of Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 corresponding to 890.7 K, there is no phase transition during the combustion processing. The above formula can be simplified as below.
.sub.fH.sub.298K=H.sub.T.sup.0H.sub.298K.sup.0=.sub.298K.sup.T.sup.adC.sub.pdT

(91) The molar specific heat capacity of Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 in solid state is 112.884+53.13710.sup.3 T JK.sup.3 T Jmol.sup.1. Substitute the equitation with the heat capacity and molar enthalpy of forming Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3. And solve the equation. The calculated adiabatic temperature can be obtained as 702 K, which is lower than the molten point of Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 corresponding to 890.7 K. it is consistent with the hypothesis. Hence the adiabatic temperature is 702 K.

(92) ${}_f{H}_{298K}^0=-56.484\mathrm{kJ}{\mathrm{mol}}^{-1}=-{}_T^{T_{\mathrm{ad}}}\left(112.884+53.137{10}^{-3}T\right)\mathrm{dT}=-\left[112.884\left(T_{\mathrm{ad}}-298\right)+0.553.137{10}^{-3}\left(T_{\mathrm{ad}}^2-{298}^2\right)\right]$

(93) (3) Since the molten point of Sb and Te is 903.755 K, 722.5 K respectively. The component with lower molten point is Te. The ratio between the adiabatic temperature and the molten point of the component with lower molten point is 0.98. According to the new criterion for combustion synthesis, self propagating high temperature reaction between Sb and Te to form Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 cannot be self sustained.

(94) Table 2 shows the molar enthalpy of forming Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 and MnSi.sub.1.70 at 298 K, specific heat capacity of Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 and MnSi.sub.1.70, adiabatic temperature T.sub.ad and the ratio between the adiabatic temperature and the molten point of the component with lower molten point. Since the calculated ratio T.sub.ad/T.sub.m,L for both materials is less than the unity, i.e., the heat of reaction is too low to melt the lower melting point component. This impedes the reaction speed and prevents the reaction front to self-propagate.

(95) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Thermodynamic parameters for Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 and MnSi.sub.1.70. Adiabatic Material Molar enthalpy Specific Heat capacity temperature system Reaction (kJmol.sup.1) (JK.sup.1mol.sup.1) (T.sub.ad/K) T.sub.ad/T.sub.m, L Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 2Sb + 3Te.fwdarw.Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 .sub.fH.sup.0.sub.298K: 56.484 112.884 + 53.137 10.sup.3 T 702 0.98 MnSi.sub.1.70 Mn + 1.70Si.fwdarw.MnSi.sub.1.70 .sub.fH.sup.0.sub.298K: 75.601 71.927 + 4.615 10.sup.3 T 13.067 10.sup.5 T.sup.2 1314 0.88

(96) In order to prove that Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 cannot be synthesized by SHS, The experimental as below has been done. The detailed synthesis procedure is as below.

(97) (1) Stoichiometric amounts Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 of high purity single elemental Sb, Te powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar and then cold-pressed into a pellet (4)1518 mm) with the pressure of 8 MPa holding for 10 min.

(98) (2) The pellet obtained in step (1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by point-heating a small part (usually the bottom) of the sample with hand torch. Although the reaction between Sb and Te was ignited at the bottom, the combustion wave cannot be self-propagated and go through the whole pellet.

(99) (3) The different parts of the pellet (specifically the bottom and the top of the pellet) in step (2) were characterized by XRD.

(100) The proof for MnSi.sub.1.70 that cannot be synthesized by SHS is the same as that of Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3. The detailed synthesis procedure is as below.

(101) (1) Stoichiometric amounts MnSi.sub.1.70 of high purity single elemental Mn, Si powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar and then cold-pressed into a pellet.

(102) (2) The pellet was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by point-heating a small part (usually the bottom) of the sample with hand torch. Although the reaction between Mn and Si was ignited at the bottom, the combustion wave cannot be self-propagated and go through the whole pellet.

(103) (3) The different parts of the pellet (specifically the bottom and the top of the pellet) in step (2) were characterized by XRD.

(104) FIG. 2 shows the XRD pattern of bottom part of the top part of the MnSi 1.70 and Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 pellet. MnSi and Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 compounds are observed after ignition by the torch indicating the reaction started. However at the top the pellets of the mixture none of compounds except single elemental Mn, Si, Sb, Te, is observed indicating that the reaction cannot be self-sustained after ignition.

Embodiment Example 3

(105) Assessing available experimental data for high temperature ceramics and intermetallics, such as TiB, ZrB.sub.2, TiB.sub.2, TiSi, ZrSi.sub.2, NiAl, CoAl, ZrC, TiC and MoSi.sub.2, which can be synthesized by SHS and meet the criterion suggested by Merzhanov that the system will not be self-sustaining unless T.sub.ad reaches at least 1800 K. the adiabatic temperature and the ratio between adiabatic temperature and the molten point of the component with lower molten point are calculated as shown in table 3. The data indicate that the adiabatic temperature of all high temperature intermetallics (borides, carbides, silicates) is, indeed, more than 1800 K. Moreover, the ratio between adiabatic temperature and the molten point of the component with lower molten point of those high temperature intermetallics (borides, carbides, silicates) is larger than unit, which can meet the new criterion.

(106) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Thermodynamic parameter for high temperature ceramics and intermetallics High temperature Adiabatic ceramics and temperature intermetallics Reaction (T.sub.ad/K) T.sub.ad/T.sub.mL TiB Ti + B.fwdarw.TiB 3350 2.00599 TiB2 Ti + 2B.fwdarw.TiB.sub.2 3190 1.91018 ZrB2 Zr + 2B.fwdarw.ZrB.sub.2 3310 1.78437 TiC Ti + C.fwdarw.TiC 3210 1.92216 ZrC Zr + C.fwdarw.ZrC 3400 1.83288 TiSi Ti + Si.fwdarw.TiSi 2000 1.1976 NiAl Ni + Al.fwdarw.NiAl 1910 2.04497 CoAl Co + Al.fwdarw.CoAl 1900 2.03426 MoSi2 Mo + 2Si.fwdarw.MoSi.sub.2 1900 1.12626 ZrSi2 Zr + 2Si.fwdarw.ZrSi.sub.2 2063 1.22288

(107) FIG. 3 shows the the ratio between adiabatic temperature and the molten point of the component with lower molten point of the compounds in embodiment example 1 and the high temperature ceramics and intermetallics in embodiment example 3. It is very clear that the ratio between adiabatic temperature and the molten point of the component with lower molten point of those high temperature intermetallics (borides, carbides, silicates) is larger than unit, which can meet the new criterion.

(108) Merzhanov suggested an empirical criterion that the system will not be self-sustaining unless Tad reaches at least 1800 K based on high temperature ceramics and intermetallics. However, the empirical criterion restricted the scope of the material can be synthesized by SHS. In contrast, the adiabatic temperature of thermoelectric semiconductors is dramatically lower than 1800 K. According to the criterion T.sub.ad>1800 K, the reaction leading to their formation should not have been self-sustaining. Moreover, at that high temperature above 1800 K most thermoelectric compounds would decompose due to high volatility of their constituent elements. It seems hopeless for thermoelectric materials to be synthesized by SHS. In this disclosure, SHS was applied to synthesize Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3, Bi.sub.2Se.sub.3, Bi.sub.2S.sub.3, Cu.sub.2Se, PbS, PbSe, SnTe, Mg.sub.2Sn and Mg.sub.2Si compounds thermoelectric for the first time. However, we failed to synthesize Sb.sub.2Te.sub.3 and MnSi.sub.1.70 by SHS. In order to find the new thermodynamics criterion, we examined the ratio formed by the relevant thermodynamic parameters: the adiabatic temperature, T.sub.ad, divided by the melting temperature of the lower melting point component, T.sub.m,L. For the SHS reaction to be self-sustaining, the value of T.sub.ad/T.sub.m,L should be more than 1.

Embodiment Example 4

(109) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance Cu.sub.2Se thermoelectric material with nano pores is as following.

(110) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Cu.sub.2Se of high purity single elemental Cu, Se powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 12 mm under the pressure of 10 MPa.

(111) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by the hot plate with the temperature of 573 K at the bottom of the sample. Once started, turn off the hot plate, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air. Single phase Cu.sub.2Se with nanostructures is obtained.

(112) 3) The obtained pellet Cu.sub.2Se in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 15 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for spark plasma sintering is with the temperature of 973 K with the heating rate 80 K/min and the pressure of 30 MPa holding for 3 min. The densely bulks Cu.sub.2Se with nanostructure is obtained after PAS with the size of 153 mm. the sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(113) FIG. 4 shows the powder XRD pattern of Cu.sub.2Se after SHS and after SHS-PAS. Single phase Cu.sub.2Se is obtained after SHS and after SHS-PAS.

(114) Table 4 shows the actual composition of the powder in step 2) of embodiment example 4 and the bulks in step 3 of embodiment example 4 characterized by EPMA. The molar ratio between Cu and Se is ranged from 2.004:1 to 2.05:1. The actual composition is almost the same as the stoichiometric. This indicates that SHS-PAS technique can control the composition very precisely.

(115) FIG. 5 shows the FESEM image of the fracture surface of the sample after SHS. Nano grains with the size of 20-50 nm distributes homogeneously on the grains in the micro-scale. FIG. 6 shows the FESEM image of the fracture surface of the sample after SHS-PAS. Lots of Nano pore with the size of 10-300 nm is observed.

(116) FIG. 7 show the temperature dependence of ZT for Cu.sub.2Se sample synthesized by SHS-PAS. The maximum ZT about 1.9 is attained at 1000 K, which is much higher than that reported in the reference.

(117) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Nominal composition and actual composition for the powder after SHS and the bulk after SHS-PAS in the embodiment example 4. Actual composition Sample Nominal composition characterized by EPMA Powder after SHS Cu.sub.2Se Cu.sub.2.004Se Bulks after SHS-PAS Cu.sub.2Se CuS.sub.2.05e

Embodiment Example 5

A Method for Ultra-Fast Synthesis of High Thermoelectric Performance Half-Heusler

Embodiment Example 5.1

(118) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance ZrNiSn thermoelectric material is as following.

(119) 1) Stoichiometric amounts ZrNiSn of high purity single elemental Zr(2.5N), Ni(2.5N), Sn(2.8N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 5 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 12 mm under the pressure of 6 MPa holding for 5 min.

(120) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by the hand torch at the bottom of the sample. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air. The whole SHS process takes 2 seconds.

(121) 3) The obtained pellet ZrNiSn in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 15 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for plasma activated sintering is with the temperature of 1163-1173 K with the heating rate 80-100 K/min and the pressure of 30 MPa holding for 5-7 min. The densely bulks ZrNiSn is obtained after PAS with the size of 153 mm. the sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(122) The phase composition of above samples were characterized by XRD. FIG. 8 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 5.1. Single phase ZrNiSn is obtained in seconds after SHS. After PAS, XRD pattern does not change. FIG. 9 shows the microstructure of the sample in step 2) of embodiment example 5.1. FESEM image shows that the sample is well crystallized with some nanostructures.

Embodiment Example 5.2

(123) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance Ti.sub.0.5Zr.sub.0.5NiSn thermoelectric material is as following.

(124) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Ti.sub.0.5Zr.sub.0.5NiSn of high purity single elemental Ti(4N), Zr(2.5N), Ni(2.5N), Sn(2.8N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 5 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 12 mm under the pressure of 6 MPa holding for 5 min. 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by the hand torch at the bottom of the sample. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air. The whole SHS process takes 2 seconds.

(125) The phase compositions of above samples were characterized by XRD. FIG. 10 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) of embodiment example 5.2. Single phase Ti.sub.0.5Zr.sub.0.5NiSn solid solution is obtained in seconds after SHS.

Embodiment Example 5.3

(126) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance ZrNiSn.sub.0.98Sb.sub.0.02 thermoelectric material is as following.

(127) 1) Stoichiometric amounts ZrNiSn.sub.098Sb.sub.0.02 of high purity single elemental Zr(2.5N), Ni(2.5N), Sn(2.8N), Sb(5N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 5 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 12 mm under the pressure of 6 MPa holding for 5 min.

(128) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by the hand torch at the bottom of the sample. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air. The whole SHS process takes 2 seconds.

(129) 3) The obtained pellet ZrNiSn.sub.0.98Sb.sub.0.02 in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 15 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for plasma activated sintering is with the temperature of 1163-1173 K with the heating rate 80-100 K/min and the pressure of 30 MPa holding for 5-7 min. The densely bulks ZrNiSn.sub.0.98Sb.sub.0.02 is obtained after PAS with the size of 153 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(130) The phase, microstructure and thermoelectric properties of above samples were characterized. FIG. 11 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 5.3. Single phase ZrNiSn is obtained in seconds after SHS. After PAS, XRD pattern does not change. FIG. 12 shows the temperature dependence of power factor and ZT for sample in step 3) of embodiment example 5.3, which is comparable with the sample synthesized by induction melting with the same composition. At 873 K, the maximum ZT is 0.42.

Embodiment Example 6

(131) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance BiCuSeO thermoelectric material by SHS is as following.

(132) 1) Stoichiometric amounts BiCuSeO of high purity Bi.sub.2O.sub.3 (4N), Bi (2.5N), Cu (2.5N), Se (2.8N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 10 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 12 mm under the pressure of 6 MPa holding for 5 min.

(133) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by the hand torch at the bottom of the sample. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air. The whole SHS process takes 2 seconds.

(134) The phase compositions of above samples were characterized by XRD. FIG. 13 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) of embodiment example 6. Almost Single phase BiCuSeO with trace of tiny amount Cu1.75Se is obtained after SHS.

Embodiment Example 7

A Method for Ultra-Fast Synthesis of N Type Bi.SUB.2.Te.SUB.3-x.Se.SUB.x .with High Thermoelectric Performance

Embodiment Example 7.1

(135) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance n type Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3-xSe.sub.x thermoelectric material is as following.

(136) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 of high purity single elemental Bi(4N), Te(4N), Se(4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 25 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 16 mm under the pressure of 10 MPa holding for 5 min.

(137) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by hot plate with the temperature of 773 K at the bottom of the sample. Once started, turn off the hot plate, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air. Single phase Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 compounds is obtained after SHS.

(138) 3) The obtained pellet Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 15 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for plasma activated sintering is with the temperature of 753 K with the heating rate 100 K/min and the pressure of 20 MPa holding for 5 min. The densely bulks Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 is obtained after PAS with the size of 152.5 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(139) FIG. 14 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 7.1. Single phase Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 is obtained in seconds after SHS. After PAS, XRD pattern does not change.

(140) FIG. 15 shows the FESEM image of the sample in step 3) of embodiment example 7.1. FESEM image shows typical layer structure is obtained with random distributed grains, indicating no preferential orientation.

(141) FIG. 16 shows the temperature dependence of ZT for Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3. In comparison with the sample with the composition of Bi.sub.1.9Sb.sub.0.1Te.sub.2.55Se.sub.0.45 in the reference (Shanyu Wang, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 2010, 43, 335404) synthesized by Melting spinning combined with Spark plasma sintering. At 426 K, the maximum ZT of sample in step 3 of embodiment 7.1 is 0.95. At the temperature ranged from 300 K to 520 K, the average ZT value is larger than 0.7.

Embodiment Example 7.2

(142) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance n type Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3-xSe.sub.x thermoelectric material is as following.

(143) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 of high purity single elemental Bi(4N), Te(4N), Se(4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 25 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 16 mm under the pressure of 10 MPa holding for 5 min.

(144) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by global explosion at 773 K in the furnace for 3 min. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air. Single phase Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 compounds is obtained after SHS.

(145) FIG. 17 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) of embodiment example 7.2. Single phase Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2.7Se.sub.0.3 is obtained in seconds after global ignition.

Embodiment Example 7.3

(146) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance n type Bi.sub.2Te.sub.3-xSe.sub.x thermoelectric material is as following.

(147) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2Se of high purity single elemental Bi(4N), Te(4N), Se(4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 25 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 16 mm under the pressure of 10 MPa holding for 5 min.

(148) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by hot plate with the temperature of 773 K at the bottom of the sample. Once started, turn off the hot plate, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air. Single phase Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2Se compounds is obtained after SHS.

(149) FIG. 18 shows the XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) of embodiment example 7.3. Single phase Bi.sub.2Te.sub.2Se is obtained in seconds after SHS.

Embodiment Example 8

A New Methods for Ultra-Fast Synthesis of PbS.SUB.1-x.Se.SUB.x .with High Thermoelectric Performance

Embodiment Example 8.1

(150) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance n type PbS.sub.1-xSe.sub.x thermoelectric material is as following.

(151) 1) Stoichiometric amounts PbS.sub.0.22Se.sub.0.8 of high purity single elemental Pb(4N), S(4N), Se(4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 4.5 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 5 MPa holding for 5 min, and then increase the pressure to 8 MPa holding for 10 min.

(152) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample. Once started, move away the hand torches, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(153) 3) The obtained pellet in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder for XRD characterization.

(154) FIG. 19 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 3) of embodiment example 8.1. Single phase PbS.sub.0.2Se.sub.0.8 solid solution is obtained in seconds after SHS.

Embodiment Example 8.2

(155) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance n type PbS.sub.1-xSe.sub.x thermoelectric material is as following.

(156) 1) Stoichiometric amounts PbS.sub.0.42Se.sub.0.6 of high purity single elemental Pb(4N), S(4N), Se(4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 4.5 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 5 MPa holding for 5 min, and then increase the pressure to 8 MPa holding for 10 min.

(157) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample in the air.

(158) Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(159) 3) The obtained pellet in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder for XRD characterization.

(160) FIG. 20 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 8.2. Single phase PbS.sub.0.4Se.sub.0.6 is obtained in seconds after SHS. After PAS, XRD pattern does not change.

Embodiment Example 8.3

(161) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance n type PbS.sub.1-xSe.sub.x thermoelectric material is as following.

(162) 1) Stoichiometric amounts PbS.sub.0.62Se.sub.0.4 of high purity single elemental Pb(4N), S(4N), Se(4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 4.5 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 5 MPa holding for 5 min, and then increase the pressure to 8 MPa holding for 10 min.

(163) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample in the air. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(164) 3) The obtained pellet in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder for XRD measurement.

(165) FIG. 21 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 3) of embodiment example 8.3. Single phase PbS.sub.0.6Se.sub.0.4 is obtained in seconds after SHS.

Embodiment Example 8.4

(166) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance n type PbS.sub.1-xSe.sub.x thermoelectric material is as following.

(167) 1) Stoichiometric amounts PbS.sub.0.82Se.sub.0.2 of high purity single elemental Pb(4N), S(4N), Se(4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 4.5 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 5 MPa holding for 5 min, and then increase the pressure to 8 MPa holding for 10 min.

(168) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample in the air.

(169) Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(170) 3) The obtained pellet in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder for XRD measurement.

(171) FIG. 22 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 3) of embodiment example 8.4. Single phase PbS.sub.0.8Se.sub.0.2 solid solution is obtained in seconds after SHS.

Embodiment Example 8.5

(172) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance n type PbS.sub.1-xSe.sub.x thermoelectric material is as following.

(173) 1) Stoichiometric amounts PbS.sub.1.02 of high purity single elemental Pb(4N), S(4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 4.5 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 5 MPa holding for 5 min, and then increase the pressure to 8 MPa holding for 10 min.

(174) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample in the air. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(175) 3) The obtained pellet in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 15 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for spark plasma sintering is with the temperature of 823 K with the heating rate 100 K/min and the pressure of 35 MPa holding for 7 min. The densely bulks PbS is obtained after PAS with the size of 152.5 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(176) FIG. 23(a) shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 8.5. FIG. 23(b) shows FESEM image of the sample in step 2) of embodiment example 8.5. FIG. 23(c) shows temperature dependence of ZT for the sample synthesized by SHS-PAS and traditional melting method.

(177) As shown in FIG. 23, Single phase PbS is obtained in seconds after SHS. The grain size distributes in very large scales. After PAS, Single phase PbS can be maintained. In comparison with the sample synthesized by traditional method, the average ZT above 600 K is much higher for the sample synthesized by SHS-PAS. At 875 K, the maximum ZT is 0.57, which is one time higher than the sample synthesized by traditional method.

Embodiment Example 9

A New Methods for Ultra-Fast Synthesis of Mg.SUB.2.Si with High Thermoelectric Performance

Embodiment Example 9.1

(178) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance n type Mg.sub.2Si based thermoelectric material is as following.

(179) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Mg.sub.2.04Si.sub.0.996Sb.sub.0.004 of high purity single elemental Mg (4N), Si (4N), Sb (6N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 2.1 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 5 MPa holding for 5 min, and then increase the pressure to 8 MPa holding for 10 min.

(180) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample in the air.

(181) Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(182) 3) The obtained pellet in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 15 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for spark plasma sintering is with the temperature of 1073 K with the heating rate 100 K/min and the pressure of 33 MPa holding for 7 min. The densely bulks Mg.sub.2Si.sub.0.996Sb.sub.0.004 is obtained after PAS with the size of 152.5 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(183) FIG. 24(a) shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 9.1. FIG. 24(b) shows FESEM image of the sample in step 2) of embodiment example 9.1. FIG. 24(c) shows FESEM image of the sample in step 3) of embodiment example 9.1. As shown in FIG. 24, Single phase Mg.sub.2Si is obtained in seconds after SHS. The grain size distributes in very large scales. After PAS, Single phase Mg.sub.2Si can be maintained. The relative density of sample is about 98%. Many cleavage planes (the transgranular fracture) can be seen in the cross section.

Embodiment Example 9.2

(184) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance n type Mg.sub.2Si based thermoelectric material is as following.

(185) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Mg.sub.2.04Si.sub.0.99Sb.sub.0.01 of high purity single elemental Mg (4N), Si (4N), Sb (6N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 2.1 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 5 MPa holding for 5 min, and then increase the pressure to 8 MPa holding for 10 min.

(186) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample in the air. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(187) 3) The obtained pellet in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 15 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for spark plasma sintering is with the temperature of 1073 K with the heating rate 100 K/min and the pressure of 33 MPa holding for 7 min. The densely bulks Mg.sub.2Si.sub.099Sb.sub.0.01 is obtained after PAS with the size of 152.5 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(188) FIG. 25(a) shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 9.2. FIG. 25(b) shows FESEM image of the sample in step 2) of embodiment example 9.2. FIG. 25(c) shows FESEM image of the sample in step 3) of embodiment example 9.2. As shown in FIG. 25, Single phase Mg.sub.2Si is obtained in seconds after SHS. The grain size distributes in very large scales. After PAS, Single phase Mg.sub.2Si can be maintained. The relative density of sample is about 98%. Many cleavage planes (the transgranular fracture) can be seen in the cross section.

Embodiment Example 9.3

(189) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance n type Mg.sub.2Si based thermoelectric material is as following.

(190) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Mg.sub.2.04Si.sub.0.98Sb.sub.0.02 of high purity single elemental Mg (4N), Si (4N), Sb (6N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 2.1 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 5 MPa holding for 5 min, and then increase the pressure to 8 MPa holding for 10 min.

(191) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample in the air. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(192) 3) The obtained pellet in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 15 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for spark plasma sintering is with the temperature of 1073 K with the heating rate 100 K/min and the pressure of 33 MPa holding for 7 min. The densely bulks Mg.sub.2Si.sub.0.98Sb.sub.0.02 is obtained after PAS with the size of 152.5 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(193) FIG. 26(a) shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 9.3. FIG. 26(b) shows FESEM image of the sample in step 2) of embodiment example 9.3. FIG. 26(c) shows FESEM image of the sample in step 3) of embodiment example 9.3. As shown in FIG. 26, Single phase Mg.sub.2Si is obtained in seconds after SHS. The grain size distributes in very large scales. After PAS, Single phase Mg.sub.2Si can be maintained. The relative density of sample is about 98%. Many cleavage planes (the transgranular fracture) can be seen in the cross section.

Embodiment Example 9.4

(194) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance n type Mg.sub.2Si based thermoelectric material is as following.

(195) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Mg.sub.2.04Si.sub.0.975Sb.sub.0.025 of high purity single elemental Mg (4N), Si (4N), Sb (6N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 2.1 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 5 MPa holding for 5 min, and then increase the pressure to 8 MPa holding for 10 min.

(196) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample in the air. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(197) 3) The obtained pellet in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 15 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for spark plasma sintering is with the temperature of 1073 K with the heating rate 100 K/min and the pressure of 33 MPa holding for 7 min. The densely bulks Mg.sub.2Si.sub.0.975Sb.sub.0.025 is obtained after PAS with the size of 152.5 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(198) FIG. 27(a) shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 9.4. FIG. 27(b) shows FESEM image of the sample in step 2) of embodiment example 9.4. FIG. 27(c) shows FESEM image of the sample in step 3) of embodiment example 9.4. As shown in FIG. 27, Single phase Mg.sub.2Si is obtained in seconds after SHS. The grain size distributes in very large scales. After PAS, Single phase Mg.sub.2Si can be maintained. The relative density of sample is about 98%. Many cleavage planes (the transgranular fracture) can be seen in the cross section.

Embodiment Example 9.5

(199) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high performance n type Mg.sub.2Si based thermoelectric material is as following.

(200) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Mg.sub.2.04Si.sub.0.985Sb.sub.0.015 of high purity single elemental Mg (4N), Si (4N), Sb (6N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 2.1 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 5 MPa holding for 5 min, and then increase the pressure to 8 MPa holding for 10 min.

(201) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample in the air.

(202) Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(203) 3) The obtained pellet in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 15 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for spark plasma sintering is with the temperature of 1073 K with the heating rate 100 K/min and the pressure of 33 MPa holding for 7 min. The densely bulks Mg.sub.2Si.sub.0.985Sb.sub.0.015 is obtained after PAS with the size of 152.5 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(204) FIG. 28(a) shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 9.5. FIG. 28(b) shows FESEM image of the sample in step 2) of embodiment example 9.5. FIG. 28(c) shows FESEM image of the sample in step 3) of embodiment example 9.5. FIG. 28(d) shows temperature dependence of ZT for Mg.sub.2Si.sub.0.985Sb.sub.0.015 synthesized by SHS-PAS and traditional method in the reference (J. Y. Jung, K. H. Park, I. H. Kim, Thermoelectric Properties of Sb-doped Mg.sub.2Si Prepared by Solid-State Synthesis. TOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 18, 142006 (2011).). As shown in FIG. 28, Single phase Mg.sub.2Si is obtained in seconds after SHS. The grain size distributes in very large scales. After PAS, Single phase Mg.sub.2Si can be maintained. The relative density of sample is about 98%. Many cleavage planes (the transgranular fracture) can be seen in the cross section. The maximum ZT for the sample synthesized by SHS-PAS is 0.73, which is the best value for Sb doped Mg.sub.2Si.

Embodiment Example 10

A Methods for Ultra-Fast Synthesis of Cu.SUB.a.MSn.SUB.b.Se.SUB.4 .Powder

Embodiment Example 10.1

(205) Here we choose Sb as M, and a is equal to 3. b is equal to 0. The Stoichiometric of the compound is Cu.sub.3SbSe.sub.4.

(206) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of Cu.sub.3SbSe.sub.4 thermoelectric material is as following.

(207) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Cu.sub.3Sb.sub.1.01Se.sub.4 of high purity single elemental Cu (4N), Se (4N), Sb (6N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 5 gram.

(208) 2) And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 10-15 MPa holding for 5 min.

(209) 3) The pellet obtained in step 2) was initiated by putting the sealed quartz tube into the furnace for 30 s which was holding at 573 K. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(210) FIG. 29 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 3) of embodiment example 10.1. Single phase Cu.sub.3SbSe.sub.4 is obtained in 30 seconds after SHS.

Embodiment Example 10.2

(211) Here we choose Sb as M, and a is equal to 3. b is equal to 0. The Stoichiometric of the compound is Cu.sub.3SbSe.sub.4.

(212) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of Cu.sub.3SbSe.sub.4 thermoelectric material is as following.

(213) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Cu.sub.3Sb.sub.1.01Se.sub.4 of high purity single elemental Cu (4N), Se (4N), Sb (6N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 5 gram.

(214) 2) And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 10-15 MPa holding for 5 min.

(215) 3) The pellet obtained in step 2) was initiated by putting the sealed quartz tube into the furnace for 30 s which was holding at 773 K. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(216) FIG. 30 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 3) of embodiment example 10.2. Single phase Cu.sub.3SbSe.sub.4 is obtained in 30 seconds after SHS.

Embodiment Example 10.3

(217) Here we choose Zn as M, and a is equal to 2. b is equal to 1. The Stoichiometric of the compound is Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4.

(218) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4 thermoelectric material is as following.

(219) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4 of high purity single elemental Cu (4N), Se (4N), Zn (4N), Sn (4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 5 gram.

(220) 2) And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 10-15 MPa holding for 5 min.

(221) 3) The pellet obtained in step 2) was initiated by putting the sealed quartz tube into the furnace for 1 min which was holding at 573 K. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(222) FIG. 31 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 3) of embodiment example 10.3. Single phase Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4 is obtained in 60 seconds after SHS.

Embodiment Example 10.4

(223) Here we choose Zn as M, and a is equal to 2. b is equal to 1. The Stoichiometric of the compound is Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4.

(224) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4 thermoelectric material is as following.

(225) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4 of high purity single elemental Cu (4N), Se (4N), Zn (4N), Sn (4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 5 gram.

(226) 2) And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 10-15 MPa holding for 5 min.

(227) 3) The pellet obtained in step 2) was initiated by putting the sealed quartz tube into the furnace for 1 min which was holding at 773 K. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(228) FIG. 32 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 3) of embodiment example 10.4. Single phase Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4 is obtained in 60 seconds after SHS.

Embodiment Example 10.5

(229) Here we choose Cd as M, and a is equal to 2. b is equal to 1. The Stoichiometric of the compound is Cu.sub.2CdSnSe.sub.4.

(230) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of Cu.sub.2CdSnSe.sub.4 thermoelectric material is as following.

(231) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Cu.sub.2ZnSnSe.sub.4 of high purity single elemental Cu (4N), Se (4N), Cd (4N), Sn (4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 5 gram.

(232) 2) And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 10-15 MPa holding for 5 min.

(233) 3) The pellet obtained in step 2) was initiated by putting the sealed quartz tube into the furnace for 1 min which was holding at 573 K. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(234) FIG. 33 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 3) of embodiment example 10.5. Single phase Cu.sub.2CdSnSe.sub.4 is obtained in 60 seconds after SHS.

Embodiment Example 10.6

(235) Here we choose Sb as M, and a is equal to 3. b is equal to 0. The Stoichiometric of the compound is Cu.sub.3SbSe.sub.4.

(236) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of Cu.sub.3SbSe.sub.4 thermoelectric material is as following.

(237) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Cu.sub.3Sb.sub.1.02Se.sub.4 of high purity single elemental Cu (4N), Se (4N), Sb (6N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 5 gram.

(238) 2) And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 10-15 MPa holding for 5 min.

(239) 3) The pellet obtained in step 2) was initiated by putting the sealed quartz tube into the furnace for 30s which was holding at 573 K. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(240) FIG. 34 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 3) of embodiment example 10.6. Single phase Cu.sub.3SbSe.sub.4 is obtained in 30 seconds after SHS.

Embodiment Example 11

A Methods for Ultra-Fast Synthesis of Cu.SUB.2.SnSe.SUB.3 .Powder

Embodiment Example 11.1

(241) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3 thermoelectric material is as following.

(242) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Cu.sub.2.02SnSe.sub.3.03 of high purity single elemental Cu (4N), Se (4N), Sn (4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 5 gram.

(243) 2) And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 10 MPa holding for 5 min. and then the pellet was load into the quartz tube.

(244) 3) The pellet obtained in step 2) was initiated by putting the sample into the furnace for 30 s which was holding at 573 K. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(245) FIG. 35 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 3) of embodiment example 11.1. Single phase Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3 is obtained in 30 seconds after SHS.

Embodiment Example 11.2

(246) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high thermoelectric performance Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3 is as following.

(247) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Cu.sub.2.02SnSe.sub.3.03 of high purity single elemental Cu (4N), Se (4N), Sn (4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 5 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 10 MPa holding for 5 min. and then the pellet was load into the quartz tube.

(248) 2) The pellet obtained in step 2) was initiated by putting the sample into the furnace for 30 s which was holding at 573 K. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(249) 3) The obtained pellet in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 15 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for spark plasma sintering is with the temperature of 803 K with the heating rate 60 K/min and the pressure of 35 MPa holding for 6 min. The densely bulks Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3 is obtained after PAS with the size of 152.5 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(250) FIG. 36 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) of embodiment example 11.2. Single phase Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3 is obtained in 30 seconds after SHS.

(251) FIG. 37 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 3) of embodiment example 11.2. Single phase Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3 can be maintained after PAS.

(252) FIG. 38 shows the temperature dependence of ZT for Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3. The maximum ZT is 0.8.

Embodiment Example 11.3

(253) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of high thermoelectric performance Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3 is as following.

(254) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Cu.sub.2.02SnSe.sub.3.03 of high purity single elemental Cu (4N), Se (4N), Sn (4N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 5 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 10 MPa holding for 5 min. and then the pellet was load into the quartz tube.

(255) 2) The pellet obtained in step 2) was initiated by putting the sample into the furnace for 30 s which was holding at 1273 K. Once the pellet was ignited, move the quartz tube away from the furnace. The combustion wave was self-propagating through the whole pellet. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air.

(256) FIG. 39 shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) of embodiment example 11.3. Single phase Cu.sub.2SnSe.sub.3 is obtained in 30 seconds after SHS.

Embodiment Example 12

A Methods for Ultra-Fast Synthesis of CoSb.SUB.3 .Based Thermoelectric Material

Embodiment Example 12.1

(257) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of CoSb.sub.3 based thermoelectric material is as following.

(258) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Co.sub.3.5Ni.sub.0.5Sb.sub.12 of high purity single elemental Co (4N), Ni (4N), Sb (6N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 4 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 4 MPa holding for 5 min.

(259) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air. Single phase Co.sub.3.5Ni.sub.0.5Sb.sub.12 compounds is obtained after SHS.

(260) 3) The obtained pellet Co.sub.3.5Ni.sub.0.5Sb.sub.12 in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 16 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for spark plasma sintering is with the temperature of 923 K with the heating rate 100 K/min and the pressure of 40 MPa holding for 8 min. The densely bulks Co.sub.3.5Ni.sub.0.5Sb.sub.12 is obtained after PAS with the size of 152.5 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(261) FIG. 40(a) shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 12.1. FIG. 40(b) shows the FESEM image of the sample in step 2) of embodiment example 12.1. FIG. 40(c) shows the FESEM image of the sample in step 3) of embodiment example 12.1. As shown in FIG. 40, Single phase CoSb.sub.3 with trace of tiny amount of Sb is obtained in a very short time after SHS. After PAS, Single phase CoSb.sub.3 is obtained. The pore with the size of 20 nm-100 nm is observed between the grain boundaries. The relative density of the sample is no less than 98%.

Embodiment Example 12.2

(262) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of CoSb.sub.3 based thermoelectric material is as following.

(263) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Co.sub.3.8Fe.sub.0.2Sb.sub.12 of high purity single elemental Co (4N), Fe(4N), Sb (6N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 4 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 4 MPa holding for 5 min.

(264) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air. Single phase Co.sub.3.8Fe.sub.0.2Sb.sub.12 compounds is obtained after SHS.

(265) 3) The obtained pellet Co.sub.3.8Fe.sub.0.2Sb.sub.12 in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 16 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for spark plasma sintering is with the temperature of 923 K with the heating rate 100 K/min and the pressure of 40 MPa holding for 8 min. The densely bulks Co.sub.3.8Fe.sub.0.2Sb.sub.12 is obtained after PAS with the size of 152.5 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(266) FIG. 41(a) shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 12.2. FIG. 41(b) shows the FESEM image of the sample in step 2) of embodiment example 12.2. FIG. 41(c) shows the FESEM image of the sample in step 3) of embodiment example 12.2. As shown in FIG. 41, Single phase CoSb.sub.3 with trace of tiny amount of Sb is obtained in a very short time after SHS. After PAS, Single phase CoSb.sub.3 is obtained. The pore with the size of 20 nm-100 nm is observed between the grain boundaries. The relative density of the sample is no less than 98%.

Embodiment Example 12.3

(267) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of CoSb.sub.3 based thermoelectric material is as following.

(268) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.8Te.sub.0.2 of high purity single elemental Co (4N), Te(6N), Sb (6N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 4 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 4 MPa holding for 5 min.

(269) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air. Single phase Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.8Te.sub.0.2 compounds is obtained after SHS.

(270) 3) The obtained pellet Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.8Te.sub.0.2 in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 16 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for spark plasma sintering is with the temperature of 923 K with the heating rate 100 K/min and the pressure of 40 MPa holding for 8 min. The densely bulks Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.8Te.sub.0.2 is obtained after PAS with the size of 152.5 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(271) FIG. 42(a) shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 12.3. FIG. 42(b) shows the FESEM image of the sample in step 2) of embodiment example 12.3. FIG. 42(c) shows the FESEM image of the sample in step 3) of embodiment example 12.3. As shown in FIG. 42, Single phase CoSb.sub.3 with trace of tiny amount of Sb is obtained in a very short time after SHS. After PAS, Single phase CoSb.sub.3 is obtained. The pore with the size of 20 nm-100 nm is observed between the grain boundaries. The relative density of the sample is no less than 98%.

Embodiment Example 12.4

(272) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of CoSb.sub.3 based thermoelectric material is as following.

(273) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.6Te.sub.0.4 of high purity single elemental Co (4N), Te(6N), Sb (6N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 4 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 4 MPa holding for 5 min.

(274) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air. Single phase Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.6Te.sub.0.4 compounds is obtained after SHS.

(275) 3) The obtained pellet Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.6Te.sub.0.4 in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 16 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for spark plasma sintering is with the temperature of 923 K with the heating rate 100 K/min and the pressure of 40 MPa holding for 8 min. The densely bulks Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.6Te.sub.0.4 is obtained after PAS with the size of 152.5 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(276) FIG. 43(a) shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 12.4. FIG. 43(b) shows the FESEM image of the sample in step 2) of embodiment example 12.4. FIG. 43(c) shows the FESEM image of the sample in step 3) of embodiment example 12.4. As shown in FIG. 43, Single phase CoSb.sub.3 with trace of tiny amount of Sb is obtained in a very short time after SHS. After PAS, Single phase CoSb.sub.3 is obtained. The pore with the size of 20 nm-100 nm is observed between the grain boundaries. The relative density of the sample is no less than 98%.

Embodiment Example 12.5

(277) The detailed procedure of the ultra-fast preparation method of CoSb.sub.3 based thermoelectric material is as following.

(278) 1) Stoichiometric amounts Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.4Te.sub.0.6 of high purity single elemental Co (4N), Te(6N), Sb (6N) powders were weighed and mixed in the agate mortar with the weight about 4 gram. And then the mixed powder was loaded into a stainless steel die and cold-pressed into a pellet with the size of 10 mm under the pressure of 4 MPa holding for 5 min.

(279) 2) The pellet obtained in step 1) was sealed in a silica tube under the pressure of 10.sup.3 Pa and was initiated by hand torch at the bottom of the sample. Once started, move away from the hand torch, a wave of exothermic reactions (combustion wave) passes through the remaining material as the liberated heat of fusion in one section is sufficient to maintain the reaction in the neighboring section of the compact. And then the pellet was cool down to room temperature in the air. Single phase Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.4Te.sub.0.6 compounds is obtained after SHS.

(280) 3) The obtained pellet Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.4Te.sub.0.6 in step 2) was crushed, hand ground into a fine powder, and then the fine powder was loaded into a graphite die with size of 16 mm and was vacuum sintered by PAS. The parameter for spark plasma sintering is with the temperature of 923 K with the heating rate 100 K/min and the pressure of 40 MPa holding for 8 min. The densely bulks Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.4Te.sub.0.6 is obtained after PAS with the size of 152.5 mm. The sample was cut into the right size for measurement and microstructure characterization by diamond saw.

(281) FIG. 44(a) shows XRD pattern for the samples obtained in step 2) and in step 3) of embodiment example 12.5. FIG. 44(b) shows the FESEM image of the sample in step 2) of embodiment example 12.5. FIG. 44(c) shows the FESEM image of the sample in step 3) of embodiment example 12.5. As shown in FIG. 43, Single phase CoSb.sub.3 with trace of tiny amount of Sb is obtained in a very short time after SHS. After PAS, Single phase CoSb.sub.3 is obtained. The pore with the size of 20 nm-100 nm is observed between the grain boundaries. The relative density of the sample is no less than 98%.

(282) FIG. 45a shows the temperature dependence of ZT for Co.sub.3.5Ni.sub.0.5Sb.sub.12 in step 3 of example 12.1 compared with the data from reference (in the reference, the sample synthesized by Melt-annealing and PAS. It takes about 240 h). The maximum ZT for Co.sub.3.5Ni.sub.0.5Sb.sub.12 synthesized by SHS-PAS is 0.68, which is the best result obtained for this composition.

(283) FIG. 45(b) shows the temperature dependence of ZT for Co.sub.4Sb.sub.11.4Te.sub.0.6 in step 3 of example 12.5 compared with the data from reference (In the reference, the sample is synthesized by Melt-annealing and PAS. It takes about 168 h). The maximum ZT for Co.sub.3.5Ni.sub.0.5Sb.sub.12 synthesized by SHS-PAS is 0.98, which is the best result obtained for this composition.