Method for reducing the viscosity of viscosified fluids for applications in natural gas and oil fields

Abstract

A method to reduce the viscosity of viscosified treatment fluids is disclosed herein. The method includes a water soluble polymer as viscosifying agent, preferably a synthetic water soluble polymer, optionally a crosslinker for the water soluble polymer, a breaker system containing an organic peroxide, mixing the viscosified treatment fluid and the breaker composition and allowing the viscosified treatment fluid and the breaker composition to interact whereby the viscosity of the viscosified treatment is reduced. The application of the process in the production of oil and gas is also discussed.

Claims

1. A method of reducing the viscosity of a viscosified treatment fluid comprising the steps of: (i) providing a viscosified treatment fluid containing a water soluble polymeric gelling agent wherein the viscosified treatment fluid is prepared using natural occurring brines selected from the group consisting of formation water, produced water, and/or flow back from a well after a stimulation process, and mixtures thereof, wherein the natural occurring brine has a total organic carbon (TOC) in the range of 310-5000 mg/l, a total dissolved solids (TDS) salt of at least 10,000 ppm, said total dissolved solids (TDS) salt includes Fe(II) salt, the water soluble polymeric gelling agent comprising (I) structural units of formula (I) ##STR00006## wherein R1, R2 and R3 independently are hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl, (II) up to 95% by weight structural units of formula (II) ##STR00007## wherein R4 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl, R5 is hydrogen, a cation of an alkaline metal, of an earth alkaline metal, of ammonia and/or of an organic amine, A is a covalent CS bond or a two-valent organic bridging group, (V) up to 20% by weight structural units of formula (V) ##STR00008## wherein R17 is hydrogen or, C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl, and R18 and R19 are independently of one another hydrogen, a cation of an alkaline metal, of an earth alkaline metal, of ammonia and/or of an organic amine, B is a covalent CP bond or a two-valent organic bridging group, with the proviso that the percentage of the structural units of formulae (I), (II), and (V) refer to the total mass of the copolymer and the percentage of the structural units of formulae (I), (II), and (V) amounts to 100%, (ii) providing a breaker composition consisting of a non-oxidizing peroxide selected from the group consisting of: (1) percarbonates including t-amyl-2-ethyl hexyl percarbonate, t-butyl-2-ethyl hexyl percarbonate, (2) peroxyl dicarbonates including diisopropyl peroxydi carbonate, di sec-butyl peroxydicarbonat, di t-butyl peroxydicarbonate, di n-butyl peroxydicarbonate, di (2-ethylhexyl) peroxyperdicarbonate, di (4-t-butyl)cyclohexyl peroxydicarbonate, dicetyl peroxydicarbonate, (3) diacyl peroxide including diisobutyryl peroxide, dilauroyl peroxide, didecanoyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, (4) dialkyl peroxides including di t-butylperoxide, dicumylperoxide, cumyl-t-butyl peroxide, 2,5-di methyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-amylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, (5) hydroperoxides including cumyl hydoperoxide, i-propylcumyl hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, t-amyl hydroperoxide, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl hydroperoxide, and (6) esters of peracids including esters from peracetic acid, perpivalic acid, perbutanoic acid, perdecanoic acid, perheptanoic acid, per(2-ethylhexanoic) acid, perbenzoic acid with t-butanol, t-amyl alcohol, 2-ethyl hexanol, and does not oxidize iodide to iodine, (iii) mixing said viscosified treatment fluid and said breaker composition and injecting the mixture of viscosified treatment fluid and breaker composition into a natural gas or oil reservoir, (iv) allowing said viscosified treatment fluid and said breaker composition to interact whereby the viscosity of the viscosified treatment is reduced.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the water soluble polymeric gelling agent is selected from the group consisting of polymers containing: (i) 10 to 90% by weight of structural formula I (ii) 0 to 80% by weight of structural formula II (v) 0 to 20% by weight of structural formula V referred to the total mass of the polymer.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein a quantity of the non-oxidizing peroxide as breaker ranges from 0.001 to 5% by weight, referred to a total mass of aqueous polymer solution.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the viscosified treatment fluid further comprises a multivalent metal ion or multivalent metal ion complex comprising an ion selected from group IIIA, IVB, VB, VIB, IIVB and/or VIIIB of the periodic table of elements.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the multivalent metal ion or multivalent metal ion complexes comprises zirconium, aluminium, titanium, boron, chromium and/or iron.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the viscosified treatment fluid is injected as hydraulic fracturing fluid.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the viscosified treatment fluid is injected at a temperature below 90 C.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a graph of data from the examples.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(2) Water Soluble Polymer

(3) According to the instant invention, the water soluble polymer is a gelling polymer acting as viscosifying agent. The water soluble gelling polymer used in the invention may be a natural based polymer or a synthetic polymer.

(4) Natural based polymers according to this invention are macromolecules that are obtained from natural sources. They can be processed only physically but also be modified by chemical reaction.

(5) Typically natural based polymers are polysaccharides or modified polysaccharides, for example starch or its derivatives, galactomannan gums, glucomannan gums, cellulosic derivatives, preferably carboxymethyl cellulose; cellulose ether, preferably hydroxyethyl cellulose; guar gums or its derivatives, preferably hydroxyalkyl guar, carboxyalkyl guar, and carboxyalkyl hydroxyalkyl guar or hydrophobically modified guar alginates, carrageenans, tragacanth gums, glucan gums and xanthan gums.

(6) The natural based polymer can also be modified by grafted synthetic polymer chains.

(7) Synthetic based polymers according to this invention are water soluble synthetic polymers acting as viscosifying agent, in particular such synthetic polymer material are synthetic polyacrylamide based polymers, copolymers or terpolymers.

(8) Preferably, the synthetic polymer used in the instant invention is a synthetic polymer comprising:

(9) (I) at least structural units of formula (I)

(10) ##STR00001## wherein R1, R2 and R3 independently are hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl,
(II) from 0 to 95% by weight structural units of formula (II)

(11) ##STR00002## wherein R4 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl, R5 is hydrogen, a cation of an alkaline metal, of an earth alkaline metal, of ammonia and/or of an organic amine, A is a covalent CS bond or a two-valent organic bridging group,
(III) from 0 to 95% by weight structural units of formula (III)

(12) ##STR00003## wherein R6 and R7 are independently of one another hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl, COOR.sub.9 or CH.sub.2COOR.sub.9, with R.sub.9 being hydrogen, a cation of an alkaline metal, of an earth alkaline metal, of ammonia and/or of an organic amine, R8 is hydrogen, a cation of an alkaline metal, of an earth alkaline metal, of ammonia and/or of an organic amine, or is C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl, a group C.sub.nH.sub.2nOH with n being an integer between 2 and 6, preferably 2, or is a group C.sub.oH.sub.2oNR10R11, with o being an integer between 2 and 6, preferably 2, and R10 and R11 are independently of one another hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl, preferably hydrogen,
(IV) from 0 to 95% by weight structural units of formula (IV)

(13) ##STR00004## wherein R12 and R13 are independently of one another hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl, COOR16 or CH.sub.2COOR16, with R16 being hydrogen, a cation of an alkaline metal, of an earth alkaline metal, of ammonia and/or of an organic amine, R14 is hydrogen or, C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl, and R15 is COH, COC.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl or R14 and R15 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocyclic group with 4 to 6 ring atoms, preferably a pyridine ring, a pyrrolidone ring or a caprolactame ring,
(V) from 0 to 20% by weight structural units of formula (V)

(14) ##STR00005## wherein R17 is hydrogen or, C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl, and R18 and R19 are independently of one another hydrogen, a cation of an alkaline metal, of an earth alkaline metal, of ammonia and/or of an organic amine, B is a covalent CP bond or a two-valent organic bridging group,
with the proviso that the percentage of the structural units of formulae (I) to (V) refer to the total mass of the copolymer and the percentage of the structural units of formulae (I) to (V) amounts to 100%.

(15) The polymer used in the instant invention may further contain crosslinking monomers, which are monomers with more than one ethylenically unsaturated group. Different compound classes can be used, such as bis-am ides, e.g. methylene-bis-acrylamide, bis-, tris- or tetraether derived from two-, three- or fourvalent alcohols and from ethylenically unsaturated halides e.g. trimethylolpropane diallylether, pentaerithriol-triallylether and tetrallyloxyethane, or esters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids with multivalent alcohol, e.g. di-, tri-, or tetraacrylates derived from ethyleneglycol, from trimethylolpropanol or from pentaerythrite, or di-, tri-, or polyamines which are substituted at the nitrogen atom with ethylenically unsaturated residues, such as N,N-diallyl-ethylenediamine or triallylamine.

(16) Crosslinker monomers, if present, typically are used in amounts between 0.01 and 5% by weight, preferably between 0.05 and 1% by weight, referring to the total amount of monomers used.

(17) The C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl groups being present may be straight-chain or branched. Examples of alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl or n-hexyl. Ethyl and especially methyl are preferred.

(18) The group A may be a CS-covalent bond or a two-valent organic group. Examples thereof are C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkylene groups or COC.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkylene groups. The alkylene groups may be straight-chain or branched. Examples of A groups are C.sub.pH.sub.2p groups or CONHC.sub.pH.sub.2p groups, with p being an integer between 1 and 6. CONHC(CH.sub.3).sub.2CH.sub.2 or a CS-covalent bond is a preferred group A.

(19) The group B may be a CP-covalent bond or a two-valent organic group. Examples thereof are C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkylene groups. These groups may be straight-chain or branched. Examples of alkylene groups are C.sub.qH.sub.2q groups, with q being an integer between 1 and 6. Methylene or a CP-covalent bond is a preferred group A.

(20) The structural units of formula (I) are derived from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid amide selected from the group of acrylamide, methacrylamide and/or their NC.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl derivatives or N,NC.sub.1-C.sub.6-dialkyl derivatives.

(21) Preferred polymers used in the instant invention further contain structural units of formula (II) to (V) which are derived from an ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid and/or its alkaline metal salts and/or their ammonium salts, from ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or its alkaline metal salts and/or their ammonium salts, from N-vinylamides, and/or an ethylenically unsaturated phosphonic acid and/or its alkaline metal salts and/or their ammonium salts, optionally together with further copolymerisable monomers.

(22) Other preferred copolymers used in the instant invention are those, wherein B is a CP covalent bond or a C.sub.qH.sub.2q group with q being an integer between 1 and 6, preferably 1, and/or wherein A is a CS covalent bond or a CONHC.sub.pH.sub.2p group with p being an integer between 1 and 6, preferably between 2 and 4, B being most preferably a group CONHC(CH.sub.3).sub.2CH.sub.2.

(23) Also preferably applied are copolymers with structural units of the formula (II) derived from vinylsulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, 2-methacrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, styrene sulfonic acid and/or their alkaline metal salts and/or their ammonium salts. Especially preferred are structural units of the formula (II) derived from 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and/or from 2-methacrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and/or from their alkaline metal salts and/or from their ammonium salts.

(24) Further preferably applied monomers which are optionally used in the manufacture of the copolymers are chosen from ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or their derivatives of the formula (III), preferably chosen from the group of alkylesters from ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, oxyalkylesters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or esters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids with N-dialkylalkanolamines.

(25) The ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids of the formula (III) are preferably acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid and/or crotonic acid as well as their alkaline metal salts and/or their ammonium salts. The alkylesters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids are preferably alkylesters of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid and/or crotonic acid. Especially preferred are alkylesters with 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

(26) The oxyalkylesters of an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids of the formula (III) are preferably 2-hydroxyethylester of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid and/or crotonic acid.

(27) The ester of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid of the formula (III) with N-dialkylalkanolamine is preferably N,N-dimethylethanolamine methacrylate, its salt or quaternary ammonium product.

(28) Further preferably applied copolymers with structural units of the formula (IV) are derived from N-vinylamides.

(29) The N-vinylamide is preferably N-vinylformamide, N-vinylacetamide, N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide, or N-vinylamide comprising cyclic N-vinylamide groups, preferably derived from N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylcaprolactame or N-vinylpyridine.

(30) Preferably applied are copolymers with structural units of the formula (V) are derived from vinylphosphonic acid and/or its alkaline metal salts and/or its ammonium salts, and/or allylphosphonic acid and/or its alkaline metal salts and/or its ammonium salts.

(31) Preferred copolymers used in the instant invention are those, wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.10, R.sub.11, R.sub.14, and R.sub.17 are independently of one another hydrogen or methyl or wherein R.sub.5, R.sub.9, R.sub.16, R.sub.18 and R.sub.19 are independently of one another hydrogen or a cation of an alkali metal, of an earth alkaline metal, of ammonia or of an organic amine.

(32) Still other preferred copolymers used in the instant invention are those, wherein R.sub.6 and R.sub.12 is hydrogen and R.sub.7 and R.sub.13 is hydrogen or methyl, or wherein R.sub.6 is COOR.sub.9 and R.sub.7 is hydrogen or wherein R.sub.6 is hydrogen and R.sub.7 is CH.sub.2COOR.sub.9 or wherein R.sub.12 is hydrogen and R.sub.13 is hydrogen or methyl, or wherein R.sub.12 is COOR.sub.16 and R.sub.13 is hydrogen or wherein R.sub.12 is hydrogen and R.sub.13 is CH.sub.2COOR.sub.16.

(33) The copolymer used in the instant invention may be linear or branched or crosslinked either by covalent or ionic crosslinking.

(34) The polymers can be synthesized by various technologies, e.g. by inverse emulsion polymeriziation, gel polymerizaiton or precipitation polymerization.

(35) A viscosified treatment fluid is prepared by dissolving a solid polymer or by diluting a polymer solution or by inverting a water-in-oil polymer emulsion using water or an aqueous solution.

(36) The aqueous solution may contain salts such as NaCl, KCl, CaCl.sub.2, MgCl.sub.2, NH.sub.4Cl, NaBr, KBr, sodium formate, sodium acetate, and others.

(37) The aqueous solution may further contain water miscible solvent as alcohols, e.g. methanol, ethanol, n- and i-propanol, glycol.

(38) The aqueous polymer solution may further contain additives that are necessary for the treatment. Those additives may include surfactants, biocides and/or corrosion inhibitors.

(39) The concentration of the polymer is typically from 0.01 to 10% by weight, preferred from 0.05 to 5% by weight and most preferred from 0.2 to 2% by weight, referred to the aqueous polymer solution.

(40) To increase the viscosity of the treatment fluid, the polymers may also be ionically crosslinked by multivalent metal ions or metal complexes selected from group IIIA, IVB, VB, VIB, IIVB and/or VIIIB of the periodic table of elements, preferably selected form the ions and/or complexes of zirconium, aluminium, titanium, boron, chromium and/or iron. Especially preferred are the ions and/or complexes of zirconium and titanium.

(41) Typically water soluble salts of the multivalent metal ions are used. Suitable anions are e.g. halides, especially chloride, sulfate, lactate, citrate or gluconate. Also suitable are complexes of the multivalent metal ions with organic N- and O-compound, e.g. alcohols, di- and triols, mono-, di- and tri-carboxylic acids, mono-, di- and triamines and/or hydroxyalkylamines.

(42) The quantity of transition metal compound for crosslinking the polymers ranges 0.1 to 50% by weight, preferred from 0.5 to 30%, more preferred from 1 to 20% by weight, referred to the total mass of polymer.

(43) The transition metal compounds, e.g. the salts and/or complexes of transition metal cation, are dissolved and/or diluted in water or in a water miscible solvent, and then added to the polymer solution under stirring to ensure a homogenous distribution of transition metal cation in the solution. The crosslinking of the polymer chains can be retarded or speeded up by adaptation of the stirring speed, pH value and/or adjusting the temperature.

(44) The viscosity of the viscosified fluids or of the crosslinked hydrogels prior to braking typically may range from about 5 mPas to several 1000 mPas.

(45) Water

(46) The water for preparing the polymer solution and the treatment fluid according to this invention can be fresh water, e.g. river water, or natural occurring brines like formation water, produced water and/or flow back from a well after a stimulation process and mixtures thereof.

(47) The water for preparing the polymer solution and the treatment fluid may contain salts comprising mono-, di-, or trivalent cations and or anions, non-limiting examples are lithium, sodium, potassium, strontium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, barium, boron, aluminium, iron, fluoride, chloride, bromide, sulphate, carbonate, acetate, formate. TDS (total dissolved solids) may range from 50 ppm e.g. for fresh water to 330 000 ppm for high saline brines. Preferably, the water used for preparing the viscosified treatment fluid contains at least 100 ppm TDS salts, preferred at least 1000 ppm, more preferred 10000 ppm.

(48) The water for preparing the polymer solution and the treatment fluid may further contain organic residues from oil and/or gas, especially formation water, produced water and flow back. These organic residues may be completely dissolved or be present as a fine dispersion. Before adding further organic compounds as additives the water may contain from 0 to 5000 mg/l total organic carbon (TOC), preferred from 1 to 1000 mg/l, preferably least 1 mg/l of TOC, more preferred at least 3 mg/l, more preferred at least 10 mg/l. A typical upper limit for the TOC is 500 mg/l, however, higher TOC of up to 5000 mg/l are possible.

(49) Breaker Composition

(50) According to the instant invention, the breaker composition contains at least one non-oxidizing peroxide, preferably said non-oxidizing peroxide being an organic peroxide, most preferably selected from the group of peroxy dicarbonates, diacyl peroxides, dialkyl peroxides, alkylhydroperoxides and/or ester of peracids.

(51) The non-oxidizing peroxides within the meaning of the instant invention are peroxides that don't oxidize iodide to jodine.

(52) Thus, suitable organic peroxides of the method of this invention are preferably selected from the group of organic peroxy dicarbonates, diacyl peroxides, dialkyl peroxides, alkylhydroperoxides and/or ester of peracids.

(53) Preferred organic percarbonates are t-amyl-2-ethyl hexyl percarbonate, t-butyl-2-ethyl hexyl percarbonate.

(54) Preferred organic peroxy dicarbonates are diisopropyl peroxydi carbonate, di sec-butyl peroxydicarbonat, di t-butyl peroxydicarbonate, di n-butyl peroxydicarbonate, di (2-ethylhexyl) peroxyperdicarbonate, di (4-t-butyl)cyclohexyl peroxydicarbonate, dicetyl peroxydicarbonate

(55) Preferred diacyl peroxide are diisobutyryl peroxide, dilauroyl peroxide, didecanoyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide.

(56) Preferred dialkyl peroxides are di t-butylperoxide, dicumylperoxide, cumyl-t-butyl peroxide, 2,5-di methyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-amylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane,

(57) Preferred hydroperoxides are cumyl hydoperoxide, i-propylcumyl hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, t-amyl hydroperoxide, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl hydroperoxide,

(58) Preferred esters or peracids are esters from peracetic acid, perpivalic acid, perbutanoic acid, perdecanoic acid, perheptanoic acid, per(2-ethylhexanoic) acid, perbenzoic acid with t-butanol, t-amyl alcohol, 2-ethyl hexanol,

(59) The non-oxidizing peroxide can be added directly to the aqueous polymer solution or be applied as a solution in a water miscible as well as in a water immiscible organic solvent.

(60) The quantity of the non-oxidizing peroxide, in particular the organic peroxide, as breaker ranges from 0.001 to 5% by weight, preferred from 0.01 to 1%, referred to the total mass of aqueous polymer solution.

(61) The organic peroxides are commercially available from various companies, e.g. from Akzo Nobel, Pergan, or United Initiators.

(62) In a preferred embodiment, the non-oxidizing peroxide, in particular the organic peroxide, more preferably the organic peroxide selected from the group of organic peroxy dicarbonates, diacyl peroxides, dialkyl peroxides, alkylhydroperoxides and/or ester of peracids, is the only breaker material or compound being present in the breaker composition.

(63) Mixing of Viscosified Treatment Fluid and Breaker Composition

(64) Typically the treatment fluid can be prepared by adding breaker and if wanted the crosslinker or their solutions to the solution of the gelling agent, such as synthetic polymer material, under stirring to ensure a substantially homogeneous distribution of all ingredients within the treatment fluid. If necessary further additives can be present or can be added e.g. pH buffer material or other substances to adjust the pH value. The so prepared treatment fluid is then pumped into the formation.

(65) The sequence of the addition of the crosslinker solution, the breaker composition or its solution, and, if necessary, further solutions of additives to the polymer solution can be varied. It is also possible to add them all simultaneously, e.g. continuously during pumping of the polymer solution into the formation.

(66) It is preferred to add first the breaker or their solutions, respectively, to the aqueous polymer solution and then add the crosslinker solution and/or solutions of additives if necessary directly before introducing the treatment fluid into the formation.

(67) For some applications the breaker can be added to the polymer solution or the polymer gel when the solution or the gel have already been introduced into the formation and, if required, have already stayed there for a given time.

(68) After some time of close contact of the gelling agent, such as the polymer, and the breaker system the polymer is degraded and the viscosity of the treatment fluid is reduced. The reduction of the viscosity is dependent on the conditions in the formation, e.g. temperature, pH, concentrations of polymer, breaker and of the time. It may depend on the application what degree of reduction of the viscosity is required.

(69) A reduction of the viscosity of the treatment fluid by means of the breaker system is considered to be achieved (within the meaning of the instant invention) when within 2 hour a viscosity of less than 90% compared to the original viscosity is obtained, the viscosities determined under the exact experimental conditions. Thus, the interaction of viscosified treatment fluid and breaker composition causes a reduction of the viscosity of at least 10% within 120 minutes (determined as described before, such as exact experimental conditions).

(70) The treatment fluid according to the invention is preferably injected into the formation at a temperature below 90 C., more preferred below 75 C.

(71) Test Methods

(72) The following testing methods are used: Viscosity: The viscosity was determined using either a Brookfield RS3+ SST rheometer or a Fann 35 rheometer or a Chandler 5550 HPHT rheometer. The Brookflied R/S plusrheometer is a coaxial cylinder rotational viscometer equipped with a CC40 cell. 60 ml of the sample were poured into the viscometer cup and characterized at 100 s.sup.1 and 25 or 30 C. The Fann 35 rheometer is a Couette type coaxial cylinder rotational viscometer, equipped with R1 rotor sleeve, B1 bob and F1 torsion spring. 120 ml of the sample were poured into the viscometer cup and characterized at 100 rpm and room temperature. The Chandler 5550 HTHP rheometer is a concentric cylinder viscometer using a spring F440, rotor R1 and bob B5. 52 ml of the sample were placed into the viscometer cup and characterized at the conditions described in the examples.

(73) Non-oxidizing peroxide means a peroxide that does not oxidize iodide to jodine in accordance with the test method and conditions provided in Example 12

(74) Abbreviations

(75) HLB HLB-value means the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of a surfactant and is a measure of the degree to which it is hydrophilic or lipophilic, determined by calculating values for the different regions of the molecule. There are different methods to calculate the HLB-value. The most common results in a ranking of the surfactants between 0 and 20 with 0 corresponds to a completely lipophilic/hydrophobic molecule, and a value of 20 corresponds to a completely hydrophilic/lipophobic molecule. Typically the suppliers specifies the HLB-value of the surfactant. TDS TDS means total dissolved solids. The concentration is typically given in g/kg or mg/kg=ppm or in %. TOC TOC means total organic carbon. The concentration is typically given in mg/l.

(76) The following examples illustrate the invention without limiting it.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Preparation of a Polymer Via Inverse Emulsion Polymerization

(77) 37 g sorbitan monooleate were dissolved in 160 g C.sub.11-C.sub.16 isoparaffin. 100 g water in a beaker were cooled to 5 C., then 50 g 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and 10 g vinylphosphonic acid were added. The pH was adjusted to 7.1 with aqueous ammonia solution. Subsequently 223 g acryl amide solution (60 weight % in water) were added.

(78) Under vigorous stirring the aqueous monomer solution was added to the isoparaffin mixture. The emulsion was then purged for 45 min with nitrogen.

(79) The polymerization was started by addition of 0.5 g azoisobutyronitrile in 12 g isoparaffin and heated to 50 C. To complete the reaction the temperature was increased to 80 C. and maintained at this temperature for 2 h. The polymer emulsion was cooled to room temperature. As product, a viscous fluid was obtained.

Example 2: Preparation of a Polymer Via Gel Polymerization

(80) 400 ml deionized water and 9.2 ml 25 weight-% aqueous ammonia solution were placed in a reaction vessel. 70 g acryl amide and 30 g acrylic acid were added under stirring. The solution was purged with nitrogen and heated to 50 C. The polymerization was started by addition of 5 ml of a 20% by weight aqueous solution of ammonium persulfate. To complete the reaction the temperature was increased to 80 C. and maintained at this temperature for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature a highly viscous gel was obtained.

Example 3

(81) 800 ml of tab water and 8 g of isotridecanethoxylate (6 EO) surfactant were mixed in a Waring blender. 14 g of the polymer emulsion of example 1 were added and mixed for 4 min. The viscosity of the polymer solution prior to breaking was determined using a Fann 35 rheometer at 100 rpm and 30 C. The starting viscosity was 142 mPas.

(82) To 200 g of the prepared polymer solution the breaker was added, the quantities given in table 1. The sample was put into a sealed glass flask and heated to 82 C. without stirring for 4 h. Then the bottles were allowed to cool to room temperature and the viscosity of the broken fluid was determined using the same conditions as described above. The results are given in table 1.

(83) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Quantity, Viscosity, Example breaker [gram] [mPas] 3a 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(2- 0.15 68 ethylhexanoyl peroxy) hexane 3b, comparative sodium persulfate 0.15 <5 3c, comparative 2,2-azobis(isobutyronitrile) 0.15 86

(84) It is obvious that sodium persulfate is the most active breaker in a polymer solution using water free from salt and organic impurities coming from oil or gas. It is further obvious that the organic hydroperoxide is slightly more active compared to an aliphatic azo compound.

Example 4

(85) Original formation water from the Permian Basin containing about 4.2% sodium, 0.1% potassium, 0.1% strontium, 0.5% calcium, 0.1% magnesium, 7.2% chloride, 0.1% bromide, 0.1% sulphate, others 0.2%, the total dissolved solids (TDS) being 12.5%, % given as weight percent referred to quantity of the formation water, is used in this example. The total organic carbon content (TOC) is 310 mg/l.

(86) 800 ml of this formation water and 8 g of a non-ionic surfactant with a HLB of about 13 were mixed in a Waring blender. 22 g of the polymer emulsion of example 1 were added and mixed for 10 min. The viscosity of the linear gel prior to breaking was determined using a Brookfield rheometer at 100 s.sup.1 and 30 C. The starting viscosity was 76 mPas.

(87) To 200 g of the so prepared polymer solution the breaker was added, the quantities given in table 2. The sample was put into a sealed glass flask and heated to 82 C. without stirring for 2 h. Then the bottles were allowed to cool to room temperature and the viscosity of the broken fluid was determined using the same conditions as described above. The results are given in table 2.

(88) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Quantity, Viscosity, Example Breaker [gram] [mPas] 4a, sodium persulfate 0.4 >1000* comparative 4b 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(2- 0.4 50 ethylhexanoyl peroxy) hexane 4c Dibenzoyl peroxide 0.6 62 4d Dicumyl peroxide 0.6 56 4e Cumyl hydroperoxide 0.6 47 4f t-Butyl peroxyisobutyrate 1.2 (50% 25 solution) 4g t-Butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate 0.6 44 *viscosity too high to be determined properly by the Brookfield rheometer

(89) The results clearly show that the most common oxidative breaker sodium persulfate completely fails to degrade the polymer and to reduce the viscosity of the polymer solution in an original formation water containing organic residues. In contrast, the persulfate oxidizes Fe(II) to Fe(III) that acts as crosslinking ion. Instead of a thin liquid a very strong hydrogel with extremely high viscosity is formed.

(90) In contrast the persulfate, organic peroxides show a high efficiency to reduce the viscosity of the polymer solution even at very moderate reaction conditions. Furthermore it is obvious that the organic peroxides show a high efficiency whether they were added to the polymer solution as a solution or in substance as powder.

Example 5

(91) 4.1 g of the polymer gel of example 2 were diluted with 200 ml tab water and thoroughly mixed. The viscosity of the polymer solution was 89 m Pas, determined using the Brookfield rheometer at 25 C. and 100 s.sup.1.

(92) Then breaker or breaker system was added, the quantities given in table 3.

(93) The polymer solution was placed in bottles, sealed and put into a water bath at 82 C. without stirring. After 1.5 h the bottles were allowed to cool to room temperature and the viscosity of the broken fluid was determined using the same conditions as for the starting polymer solution.

(94) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Quantity, Viscosity, Example Breaker [gram] [mPas] 5a 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(2- 0.6 47 ethylhexanoyl peroxy) hexane

Example 6

(95) 1 l original formation water from example 4 was treated with 10 g charcoal for 1 h and then filtered. The TOC was reduced by this treatment from 310 mg/l to 18 mg/l.

(96) 800 ml of this formation water and 8 g of a non-ionic surfactant with a HLB of about 13 were mixed in a Waring blender. 22 g of the polymer emulsion of example 1 were added and mixed for 10 min. The viscosity of the polymer solution prior to breaking was determined using the Fann 35 rheometer at 100 rpm at room temperature. The starting viscosity was 71 mPas.

(97) To 200 g of the so prepared polymer solution the breaker was added, the quantities given in table 4. The sample was put into a sealed glass flask and heated to 82 C. without stirring for 2 h. Then the bottles were allowed to cool to room temperature and the viscosity of the broken fluid was determined using the same conditions as described above. The results are given in table 4.

(98) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Quantity, Viscosity, Example Breaker [gram] [mPas] 6a, comparative sodium persulfate 0.4 59 6b Dibenzoyl peroxide 0.4 62 6c 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(2- 0.4 59 ethylhexanoyl peroxy) hexane 6d Cumyl hydroperoxide 0.6 57

(99) The results clearly show that persulfate breaker is strongly affected by TOC generated by dissolved or finely dispersed organic residues from oil and gas as typically present in produced water or flow back. In contrast organic peroxide reduce the viscosity of the polymer solution very reliable despite the organic content of the aqueous solution.

Example 7 (Comparative)

(100) 1 g Isotridecanethoxylate (6 EO) was dissolved in 199 g formation water described in example 4 in a Waring blender. Then 3.2 g of the polymer emulsion obtained according to example 1 were injected into the vortex of the prepared solution. The mixture was stirred for 4 min, then 0.1 g of 0.5% by weight potassium persulfate solution were added, followed by 1 g 5% by weight acetic acid and 1.04 g zirconium (IV)-triethanolamine solution (25 weight % in water) were added. The gel was stirred for another minute.

(101) The gel was filled into a nitrogen purged, cylindrical pressure cell of a Chandler 5550 HPHT rheometer and closed. To prevent boiling at higher temperatures the pressure in the cell was adjusted to 25 bar with nitrogen.

(102) The gel was heated to 100 C. (212 F.) and a shear rate of 100 s.sup.1 was applied. The shear rate was reduced to 25 s.sup.1 after 15 minutes and then again after every 30 min. The apparent viscosity at different times is shown in table 5.

Example 8 (Comparative)

(103) The gel was prepared and characterized according to example 7. However the quantity of 0.5% potassium persulfate solution was increased to 5 g. The apparent viscosity at different times is also shown in table 5.

Example 9 (Comparative)

(104) The gel was prepared and characterized according to example 7. However 0.15 g of sodium persulfate were added instead of potassium persulfate solution. The apparent viscosity at different times is also shown in table 5.

Example 10

(105) The gel was prepared and characterized according to example 7, however 0.15 g of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(2-ethylhesanoylperoxa)hexane were added instead of potassium or sodium persulfate. The apparent viscosity at different times is also shown in table 5.

(106) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Apparent Viscosity, [mPas] after Example Breaker 10 min 45 min 90 min 7 0.1 g 0.5% potassium 990 484 319 persulfate solution 8 5.0 g 0.5% potassium 681 273 174 persulfate solution 9 0.15 g sodium persulfate 796 541 366 10 0.15 g 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(2- 466 56 20 ethylhexanoyl peroxy) hexane

(107) The results of examples 7 to 10 (FIG. 1) clearly show that organic peroxide is a very suitable breaker that is very effective in reducing the viscosity of polymer solutions even in original produced water. The breaker is not negatively affected by the ingredients of the original produced water.

Example 11

(108) The gel was prepared according to example 7 using 1.5 g of the polymer emulsion of example 1. Different breakers according to table 6 were added instead of persulfate solution. The viscosity of the gel without breaker was determined to 1020 mPas using a Chandler 5550 HPHT rheometer at 100 C. and a shear rate of 100 s.sup.1. The obtained gels were placed into sealed glass flask and heated to 100 C. without stirring for 3.5 h. Then the bottles were allowed to cool to room temperature and the viscosity of the broken fluids was determined using the Brookfield R/S plus rheometer at 25 C. and 100 s.sup.1. The results are given in table 6:

(109) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Quantity, Viscosity, Example Breaker [gram] [mPas] 11a 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(2- 0.14 282 ethylhexanoyl peroxy) hexane 11b 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(2- 0.28 208 ethylhexanoyl peroxy) hexane 11c Dibenzoyl peroxide 0.14 239 11d Dibenzoyl peroxide 0.28 155

(110) The results demonstrate that organic peroxide are able to reduce the viscosity of crosslinked high viscosity gels.

Example 12

(111) 1 g of KJ was dissolved in 100 g water to prepare a 1 wt-% KJ solution.

(112) To 3 ml to that solution in a test glass some drops of 3% acetic acid solution were given to adjust the pH to about 4, then 3 ml i-octan were added.

(113) The equimolar quantity 10% of different peroxides, see table 7, were added to the biphasic mixture. The mixture is agitated thoroughly.

(114) Peroxides with high oxidation power oxidize jodide to jodine that dissolves in the organic phase with intense violet color. When no oxidation occurs the color of the mixture does not change and remains colourless.

(115) In table 6 peroxides and their behavior according to the test reaction are listed.

(116) TABLE-US-00007 Non- Color of orgnaic oxidative Example Breaker phase peroxide 12a Ammonium persulfate Intense violet no 12b 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(2- No color change Yes ethylhexanoyl peroxy) hexane 12c Dibenzoyl peroxide No color change Yes 12d Dicumyl peroxide No color change Yes 12e Cumyl hydroperoxide No color change Yes 12f t-Butyl peroxyisobutyrate No color change Yes 12g Di isobutyryl peroxide No color change Yes 12h t-Butyl peroxydiethylacetate No color change Yes 12i t-Butyl peroxy-2- No color change Yes ethylhexanoate 12k Diisopropyl No color change Yes peroxydicarbonate 12l Hydrogen peroxide Intense violet no

(117) The results of the jodide oxidation reaction shows that in particular organic peroxide selected from the group of peroxy dicarbonates, diacyl peroxides, dialkyl peroxides, alkylhydroperoxides and/or ester of peracids only have low oxidation power and are preferred non-oxidative peroxides according to this invention.