COMPOUNDS FOR TREATING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
20210079035 · 2021-03-18
Assignee
Inventors
- Chérif Rabhi (Brétigny sur Orge, FR)
- Léon Cariel (Paris, FR)
- Christian Da Costa Noble (Paris, FR)
- Jamal Ouazzani (Massy, FR)
- Guillaume Arcile (Les Ulis, FR)
- Géraldine Le Goff (Antony, FR)
Cpc classification
A61K9/0053
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61P25/28
HUMAN NECESSITIES
International classification
C07J71/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61K9/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
Abstract
Compounds for treating neurodegenerative disorders The invention relates to compounds of formula (I), their method of synthesis as well as their use to treat neurodegenerative disorders.
Claims
1. Compound of formula (I) ##STR00007## in which R2 is H, OH, an heteroatom, (CH2)n-CH3, with n=2, 4 or 6, a glucopyranose or a glucofuranose; R3 is H, OH, CH.sub.2OH or a glucofuranose; R4 is H, OH, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2OH, a glucofuranose, C.sub.6H.sub.5, C.sub.10H.sub.7, C.sub.6H.sub.4X or C.sub.10H.sub.6X with X=F, Cl, Br or I); R.sub.X1 is H or an aminoacid chosen among tryptophane, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine or histidine.
2. Compound according to claim 1 in which R2 is H, OH or a heteroatom: R3 is H, OH or CH.sub.2OH; R4 is H, OH, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2OH; R.sub.X1 is H or an aminoacid chosen among tryptophane, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine or histidine;
3. Compound according to claim 1 in which R2 is OH R3 is H R4 is CH.sub.2OH R.sub.X1 is H;
4. Method of synthesis of the compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, comprising the reaction between the compound of formula (II) in which the substituent R1 is H, OH, an heteroatom or (CH.sub.2)n-CH.sub.3, with n=2, 4 or 6; and R2, R3 and R4 have the same meaning as in formula (I), ##STR00008## and the compound of formula (III) in which the substituent R.sub.X1 has the same meaning as in formula (I) ##STR00009## to obtain the compound of formula (I)
5. Method of synthesis according to claim 4, in which the reaction is made in the presence of a solvent.
6. Method of synthesis according to claim 4, in which the solvent is tetrahydrofurane and/or water.
7. Compound according to claim 1, for its use as medicament.
8. Compound according to claim 7, for its use to treat or prevent amyloid-related diseases in a mammal.
9. Compound for use according to claim 8, in which amyloid-related diseases are chosen among Alzheimer's disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, inclusion body myositis or Down's syndrome.
10. Compound according to claim 7 for its use to treat or limit development of demyelinating diseases in a mammal.
11. Compound for use according to claim 10, in which the demyelinating diseases are chosen among multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, adrenoleukodystrophy, adrenomyeloneuropathy, Leber's Hereditary Optic Atrophy and related mitochondrial disorders, HTLV-associated Myelopathy and diseases linked to demyelination of PNS nerves.
12. Compound according to claim 7 for its use to treat or limit development of neuromuscular diseases in a mammal.
13. Compound for use according to claim 12, in which the neuromuscular diseases are chosen among MN diseases, ALS, PBP, PMA, PLS, SMA, Kennedy's disease, PPS, PPMA, MMN, MMA, paraneoplastic motor neuron disease, LEMS, MG and botulism.
14. Compound according to claim 7 for its use to treat or prevent -synucleinopathies in a mammal.
15. Compound for use according to claim 14, in which -synucleinopathies are chosen among Parkinson disease, dementia Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, Lewy bodies dysphagia, neuroaxonal dystrophies and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type I.
16. A method of treating or preventing an amyloid-related disease in a subject, comprising administering to a subject a therapeutic amount of a compound according to claim 1.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein said disease is Alzheimer's disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, inclusion body myositis, macular degeneration, or Down's syndrome.
18. The method according to claim 16, wherein amyloid fibril formation or deposition, neurodegeneration, or cellular toxicity is reduced or inhibited.
19. A method of treating or limiting development of a demyelinating disease in a subject, comprising administering to a subject a therapeutic amount of a compound according to claim 1.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein said disease is chosen among multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, adrenoleukodystrophy, adrenomyeloneuropathy, Leber's Hereditary Optic Atrophy and related mitochondrial disorders, HTLV-associated myelopathy and diseases linked to demyelination of PNS nerves.
21. A method of treating or limiting development of a neuromuscular disease in a subject, comprising administering to a subject a therapeutic amount of a compound according to claim 1.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein said disease is MN disease, ALS, PBP, PMA, PLS, SMA, Kennedy's disease, PPS, PPMA, MMN, MMA, paraneoplastic motor neuron disease, LEMS, MG and botulism.
23. A method of preventing, treating or delaying the progression of an -synucleinopathy in a subject, comprising administering to a subject a therapeutic amount of a compound according to claim 1.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein said disease is Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, Lewy bodies dysphagia, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type I and pure autonomic failure.
25. The method according to claim 16, wherein the therapeutic compound is administered orally or parenterally.
26. The method according to claim 16, wherein said therapeutic compound is administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
Description
[0054] Other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the invention will appear more clearly on reading the description and examples that follow:
[0055]
[0056]
[0057]
[0058]
[0059]
[0060]
[0061]
[0062]
[0063]
[0064]
[0065] The invention is directed to a compound of formula (I)
##STR00002##
[0066] in which
[0067] R2 is H, OH, an heteroatom, (CH.sub.2)n-CH.sub.3, with n=2, 4 or 6, a glucopyranose or a glucofuranose;
[0068] R3 is H, OH, CH.sub.2OH or a glucofuranose;
[0069] R4 is H, OH, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2OH, a glucofuranose, C.sub.6H.sub.5, C.sub.10H.sub.7, C.sub.6H.sub.4X or C.sub.10H.sub.6X with X=F, Cl, Br or I;
[0070] R.sub.X1 is H or an aminoacid chosen among tryptophane, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine or histidine
[0071] as well as its use for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders in a mammal. Preferably, the mammal is a human.
[0072] Preferably, the heteroatom is chosen among F, Cl, Br and I.
[0073] Preferably in the compound of formula (I), the glucopyranose and the glucofructose are D glucopyranose and D glucofructose.
[0074] Preferably, in the compound of formula (I), R2 is H, OH or a heteroatom; R3 is H, OH or CH.sub.2OH; R4 is H, OH, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2OH and R.sub.X1 is H or an aminoacid chosen among tryptophane, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine or histidine.
[0075] More preferably, in the compound of formula (I), R2 is OH, R3 is H, R4 is CH.sub.2OH and R.sub.X1 is H, giving the compound CR777B of formula:
##STR00003##
[0076] The method of synthesis of the compound of formula (I) comprises the reaction of compound of formula (II) in which the substituent R1 is H, OH, an heteroatom or (CH2)n-CH3, with n=2, 4 or 6 and R2, R3, R4 have the same meaning as in formula (I),
##STR00004##
[0077] and a compound of formula (III) in which the substituent R.sub.X1 has the same meaning as in formula (I)
##STR00005##
[0078] to obtain the compound of formula (I).
[0079] Preferably, the reaction of this synthesis is performed in the presence of at least a solvent. Preferably, the solvent used is tetrahydrofurane and/or water. More preferably, the solvent is a mixture of tetrahydrofurane and water.
[0080] Preferably, the reaction is performed at a temperature comprised between 40 and 80 C. More preferably, the temperature is 65 C. Preferably, the reaction lasts from 8 to 20 h.
[0081] The compounds of formula (I) according to the invention are useful as medicament.
[0082] The compounds of formula (I) can be used to treat or prevent neurodegenerative disorders in a mammal, preferably a human
[0083] This compound of formula (I) can be used to treat or prevent amyloid-related diseases in a mammal, preferably a human.
[0084] Preferably, the amyloid-related diseases comprise Alzheimer's disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, inclusion body myositis or Down's syndrome.
[0085] In certain embodiments of the invention, the methods and compounds of the invention reduce the progression of AD in particular, and in some embodiments the methods and compositions of the invention are effective to treat a larger spectrum of AD patients. In certain cases the invention is effective for individuals having early onset or familial AD.
[0086] The use of the compound of the invention causes in an Alzheimer's patient a stabilization of cognitive function, prevention of a further decline in cognitive function, or prevention, slowing, or stopping of disease progression.
[0087] In other embodiment, is described a method of treating or preventing an amyloid-related disease in a subject, preferably a human, comprising administering to a subject a therapeutic amount of a compound of formula (I). Preferably, the amyloid-related disease is Alzheimer's disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, inclusion body myositis, macular degeneration, or Down's syndrome. In the method of the invention, the use of compound of formula (I) reduces or inhibits the formation or deposition, neurodegeneration or cellular toxicity of amyloid fibril.
[0088] The compound of formula (I) according to the invention can be used to treat or limit development of demyelinating diseases in a mammal, preferably a human.
[0089] Preferably, the demyelinating diseases comprise multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, adrenoleukodystrophy, adrenomyeloneuropathy, Leber's Hereditary Optic Atrophy and related mitochondrial disorders, HTLV-associated Myelopathy and diseases linked to demyelination of PNS nerves.
[0090] In other embodiment, there is a method of treating or limiting development of a demyelinating disease in a subject, preferably a human, comprising administering to a subject, preferably a human, a therapeutic amount of a compound of formula (I).
[0091] In certain embodiments of the invention, the methods and compounds of the invention reduce the progression of MS in particular.
[0092] As used herein, treating MS means providing any clinical benefit to a subject with MS. The clinical benefit may be temporary or long-lasting. In various non-limiting embodiments, the treatment results in one or more clinical outcome selected from the group consisting of:
[0093] (a) decrease in MS disease progression;
[0094] (b) decrease in MS disease severity;
[0095] (c) decrease in nerve cell demyelination:
[0096] (d) decrease in frequency or severity of relapsing MS attacks;
[0097] (e) decrease in MS clinical symptoms;
[0098] (f) healing of damaged nerve tissue (neuro-restoration);
[0099] (g) increase in remyelination of demyelinated nerves in the central nervous system (neuro-restoration);
[0100] (h) protection of damaged nerve tissue from further disease activity (neuroprotection):
[0101] (i) promoting neuronal outgrowth (neuro-regeneration) in the central nervous system; and
[0102] (j) decrease in disability caused by MS.
[0103] As used herein, limiting development of MS means providing a limitation in development of symptoms or disease in a subject that is at risk of developing MS. Exemplary subjects at risk of MS include, but are not limited to subjects with a relative (identical twin, non-identical twin, sibling, parent, etc.) that has MS and subjects that, have suffered a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), which is a subject's first neurological episode, caused by inflammation or demyelinisation of nerve tissue.
[0104] The compound of formula (I) according to the invention can be used to treat or limit development of neuromuscular diseases in a mammal, preferably a human.
[0105] Preferably, the neuromuscular diseases comprise MN diseases, ALS, PBP, PMA, PLS, SMA, Kennedy's disease, PPS, PPMA, MMN, MMA, paraneoplastic motor neuron disease, LEMS, MG and botulism.
[0106] The compounds of formula (I) according to the invention are used to treat or limit development of MN diseases like ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), PBP (progressive bulbar palsy), PMA (progressive muscular atrophy), PLS (primary lateral sclerosis), SMA (spinal muscular atrophy), Kennedy's disease, PPS (Post-polio syndrome), PPMA (Post-Polio Muscular Atrophy), MMN (Multifocal motor neuropathy), MMA (Monomelic amyotrophy), paraneoplastic motor neuron disease, LEMS (Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome), MG (Myasthenia gravis) and botulism, in particular by limiting degeneration of motor neurons.
[0107] In certain embodiments of the invention, the methods and compound of formula (I) treat, limit development or reduce the progression of ALS in particular.
[0108] As used herein, treating ALS means providing any clinical benefit to a subject with ALS. The clinical benefit may be temporary or long-lasting. In various non-limiting embodiments, the treatment results in one or more clinical outcome selected from the group consisting of:
[0109] (a) decrease in ALS disease progression;
[0110] (b) decrease in ALS disease severity;
[0111] (c) decrease in ALS clinical symptoms;
[0112] As used herein, reducing the progression or limiting development of ALS means providing a limitation in development of symptoms or disease in a subject that is at risk of developing ALS.
[0113] In some embodiments, there is a method of treating or limiting development of a neuromuscular disease in a subject, comprising the step of administering to the subject a therapeutic amount of the compound of formula (I).
[0114] The neuromuscular diseases comprise MN diseases, ALS, PBP, PMA, PLS, SMA, Kennedy's disease, PPS, PPMA, MMN, MMA, paraneoplastic motor neuron disease, LEMS, MG and botulism.
[0115] The compounds of formula (I) according to the invention can be used to treat or prevent -synucleinopathies in a mammal, preferably a human.
[0116] Preferably, the compounds of formula (I) are used to treat or prevent Parkinson disease, dementia lewis bodies, multiple system atrophy, Lewis bodies dysphagia, neuroaxonal dystrophies and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type I.
[0117] Motor impairments, or impairments of motor function, that can be treated in accordance with the methods described herein include, without limitation: general mobility impairments, walking impairments, gait impairments (e.g., gait freezing), unwanted acceleration of walking, postural instability, stooped posture, increase in falls, dystonia, dyskinesia, tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, micrographia, dexterity impairment, motor coordination impairment, decreased arm swing, akathisia, speech impairment, problematic swallowing, sexual dysfunction, cramping and drooling. In some embodiments, the motor impairment treated in accordance with the methods described herein is either dyskinesia, dystonia, or motor fluctuation. In other embodiments, the motor impairment is either a tremor, bradykinesia, or rigidity. In certain embodiments, the motor impairment treated in accordance with the methods described herein is an impairment in general mobility. In some embodiments, the motor impairment or the general mobility impairment treated in accordance with the methods described herein is an impairment in walking. In one embodiment, the walking impairment treated in accordance with the methods described herein is a decrease in walking speed. In yet another embodiment, the walking impairment treated in accordance with the methods described herein is unwanted acceleration in walking. In some embodiments, the motor impairment treated in accordance with the methods described herein is increase in falls. In certain embodiments, the motor impairment treated in accordance with the methods described herein is a balance impairment, such as postural instability or postural imbalance.
[0118] In some embodiments, the invention provides for a method of preventing, treating or delaying the progression of a -synucleinopathy in a subject, preferably a human, comprising administering to a subject a therapeutic amount of the compound of formula (I). Preferably, this method is useful wherein said disease is Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, Lewy bodies dysphagia, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type I and pure autonomic failure. More preferably, the invention provides for a method of treatment of patients who have Parkinson's disease (PD). In particular, the invention provides for treatment of one or more impairments associated with PD in a patient with PD. In some embodiments, the method prevents, treats or delays the progression of dementia associated with PD in a subject in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutic effective amount of a compound of formula (I).
[0119] The compound of formula (I) according to the invention is formulated for oral or parenteral administration.
[0120] A person skilled in the art of pharmaceutical formulation will implement the various useful forms for administration of the formulations of the invention. The formulations containing the compound of formula (I) of the invention may be in liquid, gel, emulsion, solid or injectable form.
[0121] These formulations used may additionally include suspensions, emulsions, syrups containing conventionally used inert diluents, and possibly other substances such as wetting agents, sweeteners, preservatives, thickeners, colourings or any other substance known to a person skilled in the art suitable for oral administration, in particular ((sodium sorbate (E201) (Sigma-Aldrich), anthocyanin (E163) (FBC Industries, USA), sodium metabisulphite (E223) (Sigma-Aldrich), alpha-tocopherol (E307) (FBC Industries, USA).
[0122] The formulations used may also comprise solvents or other excipients such as water, propylene glycol, vegetable oils or other suitable organic solvents.
[0123] The term excipient is used to mean any compound which does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the formulation according to the invention, and which is not toxic to the host to which it is administered.
[0124] The formulation used may also contain adjuvants, such as wetting agents, isotoning agents, emulsifiers, salts or any other substances known to a person skilled in the art that can be used as adjuvants (Polydimethylsiloxane, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), hydrogels (Carbopol), polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), poloxamer 188, EDTA, chlorobutanol) (Lubrizol, France, Dow Corning, USA).
[0125] Advantageously, the formulation may comprise other substances such as vitamins, mineral salts, a pharmaceutically acceptable vector, stabilisers, antioxidants, or any other substance known to a person skilled in the art and intended to be integrated into a drug.
[0126] Preferably, the formulation is liquid, orally administrable and contains at least a compound of formula (I), some preservatives, vitamins, water and salt. More preferably, the preservatives are potassium sorbate or benzoate. The vitamin is riboflavin (vitamin B2).
[0127] The therapeutic formulation containing the compound of formula (I) of the invention and used in the method of the invention is administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
[0128] The terms pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle is used to mean any vehicle which does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the formulation according to the invention and which is not toxic to the host to which it is administered.
[0129] The formulation obtained is usable as a medicinal product for a mammal, and more particularly for humans, to assist in the treatment, prevention or limitation of development of neurodegenerative disorders.
[0130] The term medicinal product is used to mean a product containing an accurate dose of said preparation according to European directive 65/65/EC, namely any substance or composition described as possessing curative or preventive properties with respect of human or animal disease. For example, the medicinal product containing said preparation at therapeutic doses can be administered orally as a capsule or a tablet, or injected via any other route to confer the beneficial effects.
[0131] An appropriate dosage of the therapeutic formulation can be determined by one of skill in the art, taking into consideration the findings described herein together with typical factors such as the body mass of the patient, the physical condition of the patient, and so on. The dosage should contain the therapeutic formulation in an amount that is effective for treating, preventing or limiting development of neurodegenerative disorders, including demyelinating diseases and in particular MS, -synucleinopathies, including PD, amyloid-related diseases, including AD and MNDs and in particular ALS.
[0132] The drug can be administered daily, weekly, or on an intermittent basis. For example, the drug can be administered for three weeks on, followed by one week off, or for two weeks on, followed by one week off, or under other dosing schedules as can be determined by one skilled in the field.
[0133] The particular dose selected will depend upon the mode of administration and dosing regimen selected. One preferred schedule is a once daily oral dosing schedule. When longer periods of time are prescribed between each application (typically the case for i.v. administration), each unit dose may be larger than when daily dosages are provided.
[0134] The daily dose of the compounds of the invention used may vary according to the needs and severity of symptoms of the patient and according to the route. Typically, the daily dose is between 10 mg/mL and 300 mg/mL of the compound.
[0135] Preferably, the daily dose for an adult human is between 30 and 100 mg/mL of the compound of formula (I).
[0136] The present invention will be explained in further detail by way of non-limiting examples below, which make reference to the appended drawings. The following methods were used in the experiments described in the examples that follow the description of the methods.
EXAMPLE 1: SYNTHESIS OF THE COMPOUND CR777B
[0137] In a 150 mL three-neck round-bottom flask, 97 mg (3.1104 mol) of glutathione (L-Glutathione reduced, Aldrich Reagents, France) are solubilized in 10 mL of water, then a solution of withaferin (100 mg, 2.110.sup.4 mol) (Withaferin A, (4,5,6,22R)-4,27-Dihydroxy-5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione), Aldrich Reagents, France) in 15 mL of THF (Carlo Erba Reagents, France) is slowly added. Under inert atmosphere, the reaction mixture is heated at 65 C. for 8 hours and then stirred for 7 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture is concentrated under vacuum until THF is removed, then the residual aqueous phase is added with 15 g of Amberlite XAD 16 resin and this heterogeneous mixture is left under strong stirring for 1 hour. The mixture is separated by filtration and the resin is rinsed with 100 mL of water and then desorbed with methanol (Carlo Erba, France) (250 mL). The aqueous phase contains excess glutathione. The organic phase is concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a colorless oil which will be purified by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). 45 mg of a white solid are obtained, i.e. a yield of 18% (compound CR777B)
##STR00006##
[0138] The sample was analyzed on an analytical HPLC device equipped with a 3.5 m Sunfire III C18 (4.6150 mm) reverse phase column (Waters), an Alliance Waters W2695 HPLC chain equipped with a Waters 2996 PDA detector. This chromatographic system is coupled to a Waters 2424 evaporative light scattering detector (DEDL). The HPLC system is controlled by Empower 3 software (Waters).
[0139] The solvents used are composed of ultrapure water (Merck Millipore Q-Gard 1 purification cartridge)+0.1% Formic acid (VWR), acetonitrile (Carlo Erba SDS, HPLC grade, France)+0.1% Formic acid. The standard gradient used is from 0 to 100% acetonitrile in 40 min+10 min to 100% acetonitrile (total duration 50 min). The flow rate is 0.7 mL/min and the injection volume is 20 to 100 L depending on the sample.
[0140] For mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS analyzes are performed on an Alliance Waters HPLC chain coupled to a Waters 2998 PDA-type UV detector, a DEDL Waters 2420 light scattering detector and a Micromass ZQ mass detector (Waters).
[0141] The solvents are ultrapure HPLC water (Merck Millipore Q-Gard 1 purification cartridge)+0.1% Formic Acid and acetonitrile (Carlo Erba SDS, HPLC grade)+0.1% Formic Acid. The standard gradient used is from 0 to 100% acetonitrile in 40 min+10 min to 100% acetonitrile (total duration 50 min). The flow rate is 0.7 mL/min and the injection volume is 20 to 100 L depending on the sample. The samples used for HPLC analysis are filtered through 0.45 microns (Ait-France, ref: SFNY 013045N). The compounds are isolated by semi-preparative HPLC on an Alliance Waters HPLC chain (previously mentioned parameters) equipped with a Sunfire III C18 (10250 mm) 5 m reverse phase column (Waters). The standard gradient used is 20 to 45% acetonitrile in 40 min. The flow rate is 4 mL/min and the injection volume is about 200 L.
[0142] The nuclear magnetic resonance experiments were carried out on 300, 500 and 600 MHz Bruker Avance devices using as the solvent deuterated methanol CD.sub.3OH (EurisoTop, France). Chemical shifts are expressed in ppm (parts per million) and calibrated against the reference solvent. The coupling constants are expressed in Hertz (Hz). The multiplicity of signals is expressed by the following abbreviations: s (singlet), is (wide singlet), d (doublet), dd (doublet of doublets), t (triplet), m (multiplet), q (quadruplet). The signaling of protons and carbons was carried out from 1D .sup.1H and .sup.13C one-dimensional experiments, and two-dimensional 2D .sup.1H-.sup.1H COSY, .sup.1H-.sup.13C HSQC or HMQC, .sup.1H-.sup.13C HMBC, .sup.1H-.sup.1H ROESY, NMR spectra are processed using TopSpin (Brucker) dedicated software.
[0143] The high resolution mass spectra were performed on a mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray and a TOF time-of-flight type mass analyzer (LCT, Waters).
[0144] Optical rotations of the compound were measured using a Jasco P1010 polarimeter equipped with Spectro Manager software. The monochromatic light source is the sodium D line. The experiments were carried out with a 100 mm quartz tank of 350 L, and the products were solubilized in methanol.
[0145] The infrared (IR) adsorption spectra of the described compound were measured on the Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 100 FT-IR spectrometer. The device is equipped with Spectrum software (version 6.3.5) from Perkin-Elmer. The compounds were prepared in solution in methanol and then dried with compressed air. The absorption bands are given in cm-1.
[0146] Elemental analysis is carried out on a Vario ELIII apparatus, with a detection of catharometry type for Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen elements. For the determination of Sulfur, detection is carried out using infra-red.
TABLE-US-00001 m/z 777 addition 1,4 Position .sub.C .sub.H (mult; J in Hz) HMBC 1 212.2 2 40.0 2.90 (1H; m), 2.54 (1H; m) C-1, C-4, C-10 3 31.0 2.55 (1H; m) C-1, C-2, C-4, Cys (36.3) 4 67.3 4.90 (1H; m) C-1, C-2, C-3, C-6 5 67.2 6 60.2 3.65 (1H; m) C-4, C-5, C-7 7 38.5 2.15 (1H; m), 1.51 (1H; m) C-6, C-8, C-9, C-14 8 36.6 1.66 (1H; m) 9 47.0 1.39 (1H; m) 10 59.2 11 28.5 1.81 (1H; m), 1.40 (1H; m) 12 40.3 1.95 (1H; m) 13 44.3 14 56.3 1.18 (1H; m) C-15 15 25.2 1.70 (1H; m), 1.29 (1H; m) C-14 16 24.2 1.38 (1H; m), 0.89 (1H; m) C-13 17 53.1 1.23 (1H; m) 18 12.3 0.75 (3H; s) C-12, C-13, C14, C-17 19 10.3 1.25 (3H; s) C-1, C-5, C-9, C-10 20 40.3 1.94 (1H; m) 21 13.6 0.99 (1H; d; 6.8) C-17, C-20, C-22 22 80.1 4.44 (1H; d; 13.4) 23 30.8 2.52 (1H; d; 17.3), 2.14 (1H; m) C-22, C-24, C-25 24 157.8 25 126.4 26 168.5 27 56.5 4.34 (2H; m) C-24, C-25, C-26 28 20.2 2.09 (3H; s) C-23, C-24, C-25 L-Cys 36.3 3.08 (1H; dd; 13.7, 5.7), 2.81 C-3, Cys (55.0), (1H; dd; 13.7, 7.6) Cys (172.9) 55.0 4.59 (1H; t; 6.) Cys (36.3), Cys (172.9), Glu (175.2) 172.9 L-Glu 27.9 2.13 (2H; m) Glu (55.5), Glu (175.2) 33.2 2.54 (2H; m) Glu (55.5), Glu (175.2) 55.5 3.67 (1H; m) Glu (27.9), Glu (33.2), Glu (173.9) 173.9 175.2 L-Gly 42.9 3.87 (2H, m) Cys (172.9), Gly (173.9) 172.9
[0147] High-resolution positif ion (HRMS): Calcd for C.sub.38H.sub.56N.sub.3O.sub.12S: 778.3224. Found: 778.3224 [M+H].sup.+.
[0148] High-resolution negatif ion (HRMS): Calcd for C.sub.38H.sub.54N.sub.3O.sub.12S: 776.3514. Found: 776.3514 [MH].sup..
[0149] IR: 3300, 2933, 1653 cm.sup.1.
EXAMPLE 2: CYTOTOXICITY TESTS ON THE PRODUCT CR777B OF EXAMPLE 1 ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION
[0150] Human MRC-5 cell line derived from normal lung tissue and human HCT-116 colorectal carcinoma were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, Md.). Cell lines were cultured according to the supplier's instructions. Human HCT-116 cells were grown in Gibco McCoy's 5A supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 1% glutamine. Human MRC-5 cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 1% glutamine.
[0151] Cells were counted using a Vi-cell XR (Beckman Coulter) and their viability assessed by 0.25% trypan blue dye exclusion. They were tested for the presence of mycoplasma before experiments with the Mycoplasma PCR Detection Kit (Applied Biological Materials Inc., Canada) in accordance with the manufacturer instructions and only mycoplasma-free cells were used for further investigations.
[0152] Cell lines were maintained at 37 C. in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO.sub.2. Cell growth inhibition was determined by an MTS assay according to the manufacturer's instructions (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA). For IC.sub.50 determination, the cells were seeded in 96-well plates (310.sup.3 cells/well) containing 100 L of growth medium. After 24 h of culture, the cells were treated with the compound CR777B of example 1 or with the withaferine at 8 different final concentrations. Each concentration was obtained from serial dilutions in culture medium starting from the stock solution. Control cells were treated with the vehicle. Experiments were performed in triplicate.
[0153] After 72 h of incubation, 20 L of CellTiter 96 AQ.sub.ueous One Solution Reagent was added for 2 h before recording absorbance at 490 nm with a spectrophotometric plate reader. The dose-response curves were plotted with Graph Prism software and the IC.sub.50 values were calculated using the Graph Prism software from polynomial curves (four or five-parameter logistic equations).
[0154] The calculation of the IC50 mM gives the following results:
TABLE-US-00002 IC50 mM HCT116 MRC5 CR777B 2.66 +/ 0.57 3.6 +/ 0.49 Withaferin 0.37 +/ 0.06 0.25 +/ 0.04
[0155] The results show that, whatever the cell line tested, the compound CR777B of example 1 is less toxic than the compound withaferin on the cells tested (see
EXAMPLE 3: IN VITRO MS MODEL
[0156] A reproducible in vitro myelination model based on primary cocultures of central neurons and oligodendrocytes culturing in 96-well plate is used and adapted to high throughput screening.
[0157] a) Culture of Neurons/Oligodendrocytes
[0158] Neurons/oligodendrocytes were cultured as previously described by Charles et al., 2000. PNAS 97 7585-7590.
[0159] Briefly, pregnant Wistar female rats of 17 days gestation were killed by cervical dislocation (Janvier Labs, France) and the foetuses removed from the uterus. The forebrains were removed and placed in ice-cold medium of Leibovitz (L15; Pan Biotech, Germany) containing 2% of Penicillin-Streptomycin (Batch 1451013, PanBiotech) and 1% of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Batch K180713, Pan Biotech). Cortexes were dissociated by trypsinisation for 20 min at 37 C., with Trypsin EDTA 1 (Batch 7310713, PanBiotech). The reaction was stopped by the addition of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) (Batch 9710913, PanBiotech) containing DNAase I grade II at 0.1 mg/mL (Batch H131108, PanBiotech) and 10% of foetal calf serum (Batch 41Q7218K, Invitrogen, France). Cells were then mechanically dissociated by 3 passages through a 10 mL pipette. Cells were centrifuged at 180g for 10 min at 4 C. temperature on a layer of BSA (3.5%) in L15 medium. The supernatant was discarded and cells of the pellet were re-suspended in DMEM containing 10% of FCS. Cells were then centrifuged at 515g for 10 min at 4 C. The supernatant was discarded and cells of pellet were re-suspended in a culture medium consisting of Neurobasal (Batch 1625353, Invitrogen) supplemented with 2% of B27 (Batch 1618508, Invitrogen), 2 mM of L-glutamine (Batch 6620314, PanBiotech), 2% of PS solution, 1% of foetal calf serum (FCS) and 10 ng/mL of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA) (Batch H131205, PanBiotech). Viable cells were counted in a Neubauer cytometer using the trypan blue exclusion test. The cells were seeded at a density of 20000 cells/well in 96 well-plates precoated with poly-L-lysine (Batch 3102256, Beckton-Dickinson, France) and laminin (Batch 083M4034V, Sigma-Aldrich France).
[0160] The following day of seeding, cells were incubated with or without the compound CR777B of Example 1 or withaferin (1, 10, 100 pmol/L, 1, 10, 100 nmol/L, 1 and 10 mol/L diluted in culture medium). The plates were maintained at 37 C. in a humidified incubator, in an atmosphere of air (95%)-CO2 (5%). Half of the medium was changed every 2 days with fresh medium in presence or absence of compound.
[0161] The following conditions were assessed:
[0162] Plate 1 and plate 2 for Day 12 (A2B5)
[0163] Plate 1: [0164] Control (vehicle) [0165] Compound CR777B of example 1 (1 pmol/L) [0166] Compound CR777B of example 1 (10 pmol/L) [0167] Compound CR777B of example 1 (100 pmol/L) [0168] Compound CR777B of example 1 (1 nmol/L) [0169] Compound CR777B of example 1 (10 nmol/L) [0170] Compound CR777B of example 1 (100 nmol/L) [0171] Compound CR777B of example 1 (1 mon) [0172] Compound CR777B of example 1 (10 mon)
[0173] Plate 2 [0174] Control (vehicle) [0175] Withaferin (1 pmol/L) [0176] Withaferin (10 pmol/L) [0177] Withaferin (100 pmol/L) [0178] Withaferin (1 nmol/L) [0179] Withaferin (10 nmol/L) [0180] Withaferin 1 (100 nmol/L) [0181] Withaferin (1 mon) [0182] Withaferin (10 mon)
[0183] Plates 3 and 4 for Day 18 (MAG evaluation)
[0184] Plate 3: [0185] Control (vehicle) [0186] Compound CR777B of example 1 (1 pmol/L) [0187] Compound CR777B of example 1 (10 pmol/L) [0188] Compound CR777B of example 1 (100 pmol/L) [0189] Compound CR777B of example 1 (1 nmol/L) [0190] Compound CR777B of example 1 (10 nmol/L) [0191] Compound CR777B of example 1 (100 nmol/L) [0192] Compound CR777B of example 1 (1 mon) [0193] Compound CR777B of example 1 (10 mon)
[0194] Plate 4 [0195] Control (vehicle) [0196] Withaferin (1 pmol/L) [0197] Withaferin (10 pmol/L) [0198] Withaferin (100 pmol/L) [0199] Withaferin (1 nmol/L) [0200] Withaferin (10 nmol/L) [0201] Withaferin 1 (100 nmol/L) [0202] Withaferin (1 mon) [0203] Withaferin (10 mon)
[0204] b) immunostaining of cells
[0205] On days 12 and 18 of culture, cells were fixed by a cold mixture of absolute ethanol 95% (Batch SZBD1470V, Sigma) and acetic acid 5% (Batch SZBD1760V, Sigma) for 5 min. The cells were then permeabilized and non-specific sites were blocked with a solution of phosphate buffered saline (Batch 3010914, PanBiotech) containing 0.1% of saponin (Batch BCBJ8417V, Sigma) and 1% FCS for 15 min at room temperature.
[0206] On day 12, cells were incubated with Monoclonal Anti-A2B5 conjugated Alexa Fluor 488 produced in mouse (Batch 2281669, Millipore, France) at dilution of 1/200 in PBS containing 1% FCS, 0.1% saponin, and with anti-MAP-2 antibody produced in chicken (Batch GR180541-3, AbCam; United Kingdom) at dilution of 1/1000 in PBS containing 1% FCS, 0.1% saponin for 2 h at room temperature. This antibody was revealed with Alexa Fluor 568 goat anti-chicken antibody (Batch 1383072, Molecular probe; France) at the dilution of 1/400 in PBS with 1% FCS, 0.1% saponin, for 1 h at room temperature.
[0207] On day 18, cells were incubated with Monoclonal Anti-MAG antibody produced in mouse (Batch 2301638, Millipore) at dilution of 1/400 in PBS containing 1% FCS, 0.1% saponin, and with anti-MAP-2 antibody produced in chicken at dilution of 1/1000 in PBS containing 1% FCS, 0.1% saponin for 2 h at room temperature. These antibodies were revealed with Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse antibody (Batch 1397999, Molecular probe) at the dilution of 1/400 in PBS with 1% FCS, 0.1% saponin and Alexa Fluor 568 goat anti-chicken antibody at the dilution of 1/400 in PBS with 1% FCS, 0.1% saponin, for 1 h at room temperature.
[0208] c) Results
[0209] The immunolabeled cultures were automatically examined with ImageXpress (Molecular Devices) equipped with a LED at 20 magnification. For each condition, 30 pictures (representing 80% of the total surface of the well) per well were taken. All images were taken with the same conditions. Number of A2B5 positive cells and number of MAG positive cells were automatically analyzed by using Custom module editor (Molecular Devices). Data were expressed in percentage of control conditions (no plant extract=100%). All values were expressed as mean+/SEM (s.e.mean) of the 6 wells. Graphs and statistical analyses are made on the different conditions (ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test when allowed, using GraphPad Prism software).
[0210] After 12 days of incubation, CR777B induced a significant increase of OPC (precursor cells of oligodendrocytes). This effect was significant for 1, 10 and 100 nM. This effect followed a bell shape curve with a maximal effect for 100 pM. At the highest doses, decrease of the total number of OPCs was observed (by an inhibition of the proliferation of the cells or by a toxic effect).
[0211] Compound CR777B after 18 days of treatment was able to increase the number of MAG positive cells and significantly improved the myelination of neurons by OL (
[0212] On the contrary, after 12 or 18 days of incubation, Withaferin A showed a large toxic and/or inhibition of the OPC proliferation. In addition, a significant decrease of the number of OL was observed (
[0213] In light of these results the following conclusions could be drawn: CR777B is able to significantly increase the number of OPC and OL, but Whitaferin A seemed to be toxic for OPC and OL at all doses.
EXAMPLE 4: NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO MPP+
[0214] This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of the Compound CR777B of example 1 on rat primary mesencephalic cultures following exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium (MPP.sup.+).
[0215] The neurotoxic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a specific dopaminergic neuronal toxin. MPTP is converted to MPP.sup.+ by astroglia and then causes specific dopaminergic neuronal death in the SN, thus leading to the clinical symptoms of PD in humans, primates and mice (Visanji et al., 2008 FASEB J. 2008; 22(7):2488-97, Giordano S, et al., PLoS One. 2012; 7(9)). MPP.sup.+ selectively enters dopamine neurons via the dopamine transporter and also blocks complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
[0216] In such assay, Brain Derived Growth Factor (BDNF) was used as standard molecule.
[0217] a) Culture of Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons
[0218] Rat dopaminergic neurons were cultured as described by Visanji et al., 2008 FASEB J. 2008; 22(7):2488-97. Briefly, the midbrains obtained from 15-day old rat embryos (Janvier Labs, France) were dissected under a microscope. The embryonic midbrains were removed and placed in ice-cold medium of Leibovitz (L15, Batch 4290114, Pan Biotech, Germany) containing 2% of Penicillin-Streptomycin (PS, Batch 1451013, Pan Biotech) and 1% of bovine serum albumin (BSA, Batch K030913, Pan Biotech). The ventral portion of the mesencephalic flexure, a region of the developing brain rich in dopaminergic neurons, was used for the cell preparations.
[0219] The midbrains were dissociated by trypsinisation for 20 min at 37 C. (Trypsin 0.05%, EDTA 0.02% (Batch 7310713, PanBiotech). The reaction was stopped by the addition of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, Batch 9710913, PanBiotech) containing DNAase I grade II (0.1 mg/mL, Batch H131108, PanBiotech) and 10% of foetal calf serum (FCS, Batch 41Q7218K, Gibco). Cells were then mechanically dissociated by 3 passages through a 10 mL pipette. Cells were then centrifuged at 180g for 10 min at +4 C. on a layer of BSA (3.5%) in L15 medium. The supernatant was discarded and the cell pellets were re-suspended in a defined culture medium consisting of Neurobasal (Batch 1576979, Invitrogen, France) supplemented with 2% of B27 (Batch 1589889, Invitrogen), 2 mM of L-glutamine (Batch 8150713, PanBiotech), 2% of PS solution, 10 ng/mL of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Batch H140108, PanBiotech,) and 1 ng/mL of Glial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (Batch H130917, Pan Biotech) Viable cells were counted in a Neubauer cytometer using the trypan blue exclusion test. The cells were seeded in supplemented neurobasal medium at a density of 40 000 cells/well in 96 well-plates pre-coated with poly-L-lysine (Batch 3102256, Corning Biocoat) and maintained in a humidified incubator at 37 C. in 5% CO2/95% air atmosphere. Half of the medium was changed every 2 days with fresh medium.
[0220] b) MPP+ Exposure
[0221] On day 6 of culture, the medium was removed and fresh medium was added, without or with MPP+ at 4 M diluted in control medium and let for 48 h. In parallel, compound CR777B and withaferin A were solved in culture medium and then pre-incubated with mesencephalic neurons 1 hour before the MPP+ application (48 h).
[0222] The following conditions were assessed: (6 wells per condition)
[0223] Plate 1: [0224] Control (vehicle) [0225] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Compound CR777B of example 1 (1 pmol/L) [0226] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Compound CR777B of example 1 (10 pmol/L) [0227] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Compound CR777B of example 1 (100 pmol/L) [0228] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Compound CR777B of example 1 (1 nmol/L) [0229] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Compound CR777B of example 1 (10 nmol/L) [0230] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Compound CR777B of example 1 (100 nmol/L) [0231] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Compound CR777B of example 1 (1 mon) [0232] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Compound CR777B of example 1 (10 mol/L)
[0233] Plate 2: [0234] Control (vehicle) [0235] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Withaferin A (1 pmol/L) [0236] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Withaferin A (10 pmol/L) [0237] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Withaferin A (100 pmol/L) [0238] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Withaferin A (1 nmol/L) [0239] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Withaferin A (10 nmol/L) [0240] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Withaferin A (100 nmol/L) [0241] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Withaferin A (1 mol/L) [0242] MPP+(4 M, 48 h)+Withaferin A (10 mol/L)
[0243] c) immunostaining
[0244] 48 hours after intoxication, the cell culture supernatant was taken off and the dopaminergic neurons were fixed by a solution of 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS, pH=7.3 for 20 min at room temperature.
[0245] After permeabilization with 0.1% of saponin (Merck, France), cells were incubated for 2 hours with monoclonal Anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) antibody produced in mouse at dilution of 1/10000 in PBS containing 1% FCS, 0.1% saponin, for 2 h at room temperature.
[0246] This antibody was revealed with Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG at the dilution 1/800 in PBS containing 1% FCS, 0.1% saponin, for 1 h at room temperature.
[0247] d) Results
[0248] The immunolabeled cultures were automatically examined with ImageXpress (Molecular Devices, United Kingdom) equipped with a LED at 10 magnification. For each condition (6 culture wells), 20 automatically fields per well (representing 80% of the total surface of the well) were analyzed. All images were taken with the same conditions. Analysis were automatically performed by using Custom Module Editor (Molecular Devices).
[0249] Data were expressed in percentage of control conditions (no injury, no compound=100%). All values were expressed as mean+/SEM (standard error mean) of the 6 wells with statistical analyses on the different conditions (ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test when allowed, using GraphPad Prism software).
[0250] MPP+ induced a significant TH positive neuron cell death (>35%) as already published (Visanji et al., 2008).
[0251] The compound of example 1 CR777B added 1 h before MPP.sup.+ and let for 48 h, showed a significant neuroprotective at 1 and 10 nM (a bell shape curve effect). A large toxic effect was observed at the highest dose (10 M) (
[0252] On the contrary, withaferin A added 1 h before MPP.sup.+ and let for 48 h, did not show any effect and was toxic effect at the 2 highest doses (1 and 10 M).
[0253] e) Conclusion [0254] Withaferin A did not show any neuroprotective effect, but was toxic for TH positive neurons at the highest doses. [0255] WS-CR-777B showed a significant protective effect (neuron survival and preservation of neurite network) at all doses (except at the highest dose).
EXAMPLE 5: EFFECT IN RAT PRIMARY CORTICAL NEURONS AFTER GLUTAMATE INJURY
[0256] a) Culture of Cortical Neurons
[0257] Rat cortical neurons were cultured as described by Singer C. A., et al., 1999. J Neurosci 19: 2455-2463 and Callizot. N., et al., 2013 J Neurosci Res. 91: 706-16.
[0258] Briefly, pregnant Wistar females (Janvier Labs, France) at 15 days of gestation were killed by cervical dislocation. Foetuses were collected and immediately placed in ice-cold L15 Leibovitz medium (Batch: 4290114, Pan Biotech, Germany) with a 2% penicillin (10,000 U/mL) and streptomycin (10 mg/mL) solution (PS Batch: 7500912; Pan Biotech,) and 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA Batch: K030913; Pan Biotech,). Cortex was treated for 20 min at 37 C. with a trypsin-EDTA solution (Batch: 7310713, Pan Biotech,) at a final concentration of 0.05% trypsin and 0.02% EDTA. The dissociation was stopped by addition of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 4.5 g/L of glucose (Batch: 9710913, Pan Biotech,), containing DNAse I grade II at the final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL (Batch: H131108, Pan Biotech,) and 10% fetal calf serum (Batch: 41Q7218K, Invitrogen, France). Cells were mechanically dissociated by three forced passages through the tip of a 10-mL pipette. Cells were then centrifuged at 515 g for 10 min at 4 C. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was resuspended in a defined culture medium consisting of Neurobasal medium (Batch: 1576979, Invitrogen) with a 2% solution of B27 supplement (Batch: 1589889, Invitrogen,), 2 mmol/L of L-glutamine (Batch: 5030513, Pan Biotech,), 2% of PS solution, and 10 ng/mL of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Batch: H140108, Pan Biotech). Viable cells were counted in a Neubauer cytometer, using the trypan blue exclusion test. Once obtained, the cells were seeded at a density of 30,000 per well in 96-well plates precoated with poly-L-lysine (Batch: 3102256, Corning Biocoat) and were cultured at 37 C. in an air (95%)-CO.sub.2 (5%) incubator. The medium was changed every 2 days. The cortical neurons were intoxicated with glutamate solution.
[0259] a) Intoxication with the Glutamate
[0260] On day 13 after culture, glutamate (Batch: 061M0030V, Sigma) was added into cell culture to a final concentration of 40 M diluted in control medium for 20 min. After 20 min, the cells were washed-out and new fresh medium containing or not the compound CR777B was added for 48 h additional time.
[0261] CR777B or withaferin A (1, 10, 100 pmol/L, 1, 10, 100 nmol/L, 1, 10 mon) were solved and diluted in culture medium and then pre-incubated with primary cortical neurons for 1 hour before the glutamate application.
[0262] The following conditions were assessed: [0263] Control (culture medium) [0264] + glutamate (40 M, 20 min) [0265] + glutamate (40 M, 20 min)+CR777B (at each concentration) [0266] + glutamate (40 M, 20 min)+withaferin A (at each concentration)
[0267] b) Immunostaining: Neuron Survival
[0268] After 48 hours of glutamate intoxication, cells were fixed by a cold solution of ethanol at 95% (Batch: SZBD1470V, Sigma) and acetic acid 5% (Batch: SZBD1760V, Sigma) for 5 min at 20 C. After permeabilization with 0.1% of saponin (Batch: BCBJ8417V, Sigma), cells were incubated for 2 h with mouse monoclonal antibody anti microtubule-associated-protein 2 (MAP-2) (Batch: 063M4802; Sigma) at dilution of 1/400 in PBS containing 1% foetal calf serum and 0.1% of saponin.
[0269] This antibody was revealed with Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG at the dilution of 1/400 in PBS containing 1% foetal calf serum and 0.1% of saponin for 1 h at room temperature.
[0270] c) Analysis of Neuron Survival and Neurite Network
[0271] The immunolabeled cultures were automatically examined with ImageXpress equipped with a LED at 20 magnification. For each condition (6 culture wells), 30 automatically fields per well (representing 80% of the total surface of the well) were analyzed. The total number of neurons and neurite length were automatically analyzed using MetaXpress software.
[0272] d) Results
[0273] The accumulation of glutamate can excessively activate the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and cause excitotoxicity. Glutamate (40 M-20 min) applied on primary cortical neuron culture induced a significant neuronal death and neurite network loss.
[0274] CR777B added 1 h before glutamate and let for 48 h, protected neurons from neuronal death at the range of concentration: 1 nM to 1 M (
[0275] Withaferin A added 1 h before glutamate and let for 48 h, did not protect neurons from death. In addition, a large and significant neuronal and neurite network death were observed (1 nM to 10 M).
EXAMPLE 8: PRIMARY MOTOR NEURON CULTURE SURVIVAL
[0276] The aim of this study was to study the effect of CR777B on primary motor neuron culture from rat spinal cord (SC) injured by glutamate exposure (a well validated in vitro ALS model and model of motor neuron diseases).
[0277] a) Culture of Spinal Cord (SC) Motor Neurons
[0278] Rat SC motor neurons were cultured as described by Martinou et al., Neuron. 1992 April; 8(4):737-44 and Wang et al., Hum Mol Genet. 2013 Dec. 1; 22(23):4706-19. Briefly, pregnant female rats (Wistar, Janvier labs) of 14 days gestation were killed by cervical dislocation. Foetuses were collected and immediately placed in ice-cold L15 Leibovitz medium (Batch: 4001014, Pan Biotech) with a 2% penicillin (10,000 U/mL) and streptomycin (10 mg/mL) solution (PS; Pan Biotech, batch: 3090914) and 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA; Pan Biotech, batch: h140603). SC were treated for 20 min at 37 C. with a trypsin-EDTA (Pan Biotech, batch: 5890314) solution at a final concentration of 0.05% trypsin and 0.02% EDTA. The dissociation was stopped by addition of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 4.5 g/liter of glucose (Pan Biotech, batch: 6031214), containing DNAse I grade II (final concentration 0.5 mg/mL; Pan Biotech, batch: H140508) and 10% fetal calf serum (FCS; Invitrogen, batch: 41Q7218K). Cells were mechanically dissociated by three forced passages through the tip of a 10-mL pipette. Cells were then centrifuged at 180 g for 10 min at +4 C. on a layer of BSA (3.5%) in L15 medium. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was resuspended in Neurobasal medium (Invitrogen, batch: 1704746) with a 2% solution of B27 supplement (Invitrogen, batch: 1668967), 2 mmol/L of L-glutamine (Pan Biotech, batch: 6620314), 2% of PS solution, and 10 ng/mL of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; Pan Biotech, batch: H140108). Viable cells were counted in a Neubauer cytometer, using the trypan blue exclusion test. The cells were seeded at a density of 20,000 per well in 96-well plates precoated with poly-L-lysine (Biocoat, batch: 21614030) and were cultured at 37 C. in an air (95%)-CO2 (5%) incubator. The medium was changed every day.
[0279] b) CR777B, Withaferin A and Glutamate Exposure
[0280] On day 13, glutamate was added into cell culture to a final concentration of 5 M diluted in control medium in presence or absence of the compound CR777B of example 1 for 20 min. After 20 min, the cells were washed-out and new fresh medium containing or not the compounds was added for 48 h additional time. CR777B or withaferin A (1, 10, 100 pM, 1, 10, 100 nM, 1, 10 M) was solved and diluted in culture medium and then pre-incubated with primary motor neurons for 1 hour before the glutamate application.
[0281] The following conditions were assessed:
[0282] Plate 1: [0283] Control [0284] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h) [0285] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+CR777B 1 pmol/L [0286] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+CR777B 10 pmol/L [0287] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+CR777B 100 pmol/L [0288] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+CR777B 1 nmol/L [0289] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+CR777B 10 nmol/L [0290] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+CR777B 100 nmol/L [0291] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+CR777B 1 mon [0292] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+CR777B 10 mon
[0293] Plate 2: [0294] Control [0295] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h) [0296] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+withaferin A 1 pmol/L [0297] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+withaferin A 10 pmol/L [0298] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+withaferin A 100 pmol/L [0299] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+withaferin A 1 nmol/L [0300] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+withaferin A 10 nmol/L [0301] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+withaferin A 100 nmol/L [0302] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+withaferin A 1 mon [0303] + glutamate (5 M 20 mn then 48 h)+withaferin A 10 mon
[0304] c) Immunostaining of Cells
[0305] 48 hours after intoxication, the cell culture supernatants were taken off and the SC motor neurons were fixed by a cold solution of ethanol (95%, Sigma, batch: SZBD3080V) and acetic acid (5%, Sigma, Batch: SZBD1760V) for 5 min. After permeabilization with 0.1% of saponin, cells were incubated for 2 hours with an anti microtubule-associated-protein 2 monoclonal antibody (MAP-2; Sigma, batch: (063M4802) at dilution of 1/400 in PBS containing 1% foetal calf serum and 0.1% of saponin. This antibody specifically stains cell bodies of neurons, allowing study of neuron survival in the culture.
[0306] This antibody was revealed with Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (Molecular probe, batch: 1613346) at the dilution of 1/400 in PBS containing 1% foetal calf serum and 0.1% of saponin for 1 hour at room temperature.
[0307] d) Results
[0308] For each condition, 6 wells were assessed, 30 pictures per well were taken using ImageXpress (Molecular Devices) with 20 magnification, to assess motor neuron survival (MAP-2). Analysis of picture was done using Custom Module Editor (Molecular Devices). Results were expressed in terms of mean survival neuron, labeled for MAP-2. Data were expressed in percentage of control conditions (no intoxication, no glutamate=100%) in order to express the glutamate injury. All values were expressed as mean+/SEM (s.e.mean) of the culture (n=6 wells per condition per culture). Graphs and statistical analyses are made on the different conditions (ANOVA followed by PLSD Fisher's test when allowed, using Statview software version 5.0).
[0309] Glutamate (5 M for 20 min) induced a significant motor neuron death (>30%). CR777B added 1 h before the glutamate application, displayed a significant MN protective effect (between 1 nM and 100 nM). This effect followed a bell shape curve with a maximal effect for 100 nM. The 2 highest doses were inactive (
[0310] e) Conclusion:
[0311] In light of these results the following conclusions could be drawn: [0312] withaferin A did not show any neuroprotective effect, and was toxic for MN injured by glutamate. [0313] CR777B showed a significant protective effect at all doses (except at the 2 highest doses).