Optimised RF input section for coplanar transmission line

Abstract

A chip comprising a bonding pad region and a transmission section. The bonding pad region has a first impedance, and is configured for electrical connection to an external transmission line. The transmission section extends away from the bonding pad region and has a second impedance. The bonding pad region is configured to enable field confinement and field matching between the bonding pad region and the external transmission line, and the second impedance is not equal to the first impedance.

Claims

1. A system comprising: an external transmission line, and a chip comprising: a bonding pad region comprising a signal pad and a ground pad, the bonding pad region having a first impedance and being connected to the external transmission line; a transmission section extending away from the bonding pad region and comprising a signal electrode electrically connected to the signal pad and a ground electrode electrically connected to the ground pad, the transmission section having a second impedance; wherein: the transmission section comprises a first non-conductive gap between the signal electrode and the ground electrode, and the bonding pad region comprises a second non-conductive gap between the signal pad and the ground pad; a width of the second non-conductive gap is less than a width of either the signal pad or the ground pad; an impedance of the external transmission line is equal to the second impedance; and the second impedance is not equal to the first impedance as a result of the width of the second non-conductive gap being less than the width of either the signal pad or the ground pad.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the width of the second non-conducting gap is equal to a width of the first non-conducting gap.

3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the width of the second non-conducting gap is less than 50% of the width of the signal or ground pad.

4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the width of the second non-conducting gap is 80 microns or less.

5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the transmission section comprises two ground electrodes spaced equidistantly each side of the signal electrode, and the bonding pad region comprises two ground pads spaced equidistantly either side of the signal pad, each electrically connected to a corresponding ground electrode.

6. The system according to claim 1, wherein the transmission section is configured to process radiofrequency (RF) signals.

7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the first impedance is less than the second impedance.

8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the bonding pad region is about 100 microns or less in length.

9. The system according to claim 1, wherein the chip is a LiNbQ.sub.3 chip.

10. A modulator comprising the system according to claim 1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows a schematic top view of an edge region of a chip with a bonding pad according to the prior art;

(2) FIG. 2 shows a schematic top view of an edge region of a chip with a bonding pad according to an embodiment;

(3) FIG. 3 shows a comparison of the performance of bonding sections according to FIGS. 1 and 2;

(4) FIG. 4 is a schematic of a bonding pad according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(5) At high frequencies, it has been found that the common sense approach of maintaining constant impedance through the chip, the bonding region, and the transmission line in fact results in higher losses due to radiation and lack of confinement of the electrical field in the chip.

(6) The bonding region can instead be constructed to minimise radiative losses by field matching, i.e. constructing the bonding region to improve confinement of the electrical field at the interface between the chip and the external transmission line. This will typically result in a mismatch in impedance, but the losses from the impedance mismatch will be outweighed by the reduction in radiative losses. The impedance losses can be reduced by ensuring that the line and the chip are matched in impedance, and by keeping the bonding region short, e.g. less than 100 microns in length.

(7) As an example, such a construction may be made by reducing the width of the gaps in the bonding region, as shown in FIG. 2. The transmission section 101 has a ground electrode width Eg, a signal electrode width Es, a gap width Gc, and an impedance Zc. The bonding region 202 has a gap width Gb, a length Lb, an impedance Zb, and pads 221, 222 with a pad width Pb. The external transmission line (not shown in FIG. 2) has an impedance Zt, which is approximately the same as Zc. In a conventional bond, such as that shown in FIG. 1, Zb=Zt=Zc. In order to achieve this, GbPb. However, since Pb must be relatively large in order to permit a good connection to be made to the external transmission line, this makes the overall size of the bonding pad sufficiently large that radiative losses are significant. In the construction of FIG. 2, this is overcome by making Gb<<Pb, for example GbGc. As a result, Zb<<Zc. The taper 203 between the bonding pad region 202 and the transmission line body 101 transitions between the bonding pad width Pb and the electrode widths Eg & Es, and between the gap widths Gb and Gc

(8) As an example, Lb may be 100 microns or less, and optionally about 80 microns. Gb should be small, and may be less than 80 microns, optionally about 50 microns or even 25 microns. Pb may be of the order of 130 microns although larger widths such as 175 microns are also possible. A larger pad allows a double bonding connection. However, exemplary dimensions include:

(9) Pb 80 microns, GB 25 microns

(10) Pb 80 microns, Gb 50 microns

(11) Pb 130 microns, Gb 50 microns

(12) Pb 175 microns, Gb 80 microns.

(13) These dimensions are generally designed to ensure field confinement and field matching between the bonding pad region and the external transmission line.

(14) It will be apparent that the arrangement may be used with typical wire bonding connections, but may also be used in conjunction with flip chip connections. The term bonding region as used herein can apply to connections of both types.

(15) FIG. 3 is a graph of frequency response for a prior art bonding section 31 and a bonding section 32 according to FIG. 2. As can be seen, the fall-off in performance at high frequencies is smaller for the new arrangement. The difference becomes apparent at around 20 GHz, and the fall-off is significantly lower at higher frequencies. At no point does the impedance mismatch cause the new bonding section to have noticeably worse performance than the prior art bonding section, despite the general consideration in the art that impedance matching is important.

(16) The balance between radiative losses and impedance losses will depend partially on the material of the chip. The results in FIG. 3 were obtained for a LiNbO.sub.3 substrate.

(17) In most cases, there is likely to be some trade-off between radiative and impedance lossesin the geometry shown in FIG. 2, the impedance losses are likely to be significant for Gb<5 microns. However, this is similar to the limits set by engineering tolerances of the components.

(18) The matching to reduce radiative losses is particularly important for high-frequency devices, as can be seen from FIG. 3, but is likely to be applicable to lower frequency applications (although with smaller efficiency gains).

(19) The external transmission line may be a flat transmission line with a ground electrode either side of a signal electrode, or it may be a co-axial transmission line with a single ground electrode surrounding a signal electrode. Other geometries are also possible, as will be appreciated by the skilled person. As discussed above, where the external transmission line is flat it may be connected to the bonding section by a flip chip connection.

(20) FIG. 4 is a schematic of a transmission section of a chip. The transmission section has a body region 401 with impedance Zc, and a bonding pad region 402 with impedance Zb. The bonding pad region 402 is electrically connected to the body 401, and configured to electrically connect to an external transmission line 403 with impedance Zt. The bonding pad Zb is configured to allow field matching between the bonding pad and the external transmission line, i.e. to reduce radiative losses at the connection between the bonding pad region and the external transmission line. Zb is not equal to Zc.

(21) It will be appreciated that the bonding section will usually be at or close to the edge of the chip, but other configurations may also be possible.