Method for forming molded article by press molding

Abstract

Method of forming a compact based on the press forming method provides a compact having high density and not having cracking or surface roughness in a product and without compact adhesion to press forming mold wall occurring, including steps: filling raw material powder in a cavity formed by an outer mold and lower punch, or outer mold and lower punch and core rod, pressing and forming raw material powder between an outer punch and lower punch, and extracting the compact obtained out of the outer mold by the lower punch, wherein a lubricating film of a press forming mold lubricant containing oil as main component is formed on at least part of outer mold inner surface, or outer mold inner surface and core rod outer circumferential surface before filling the raw material powder in the cavity, and press forming so that compact density ratio is not less than 93%.

Claims

1. A method of forming a compact based on a press forming method, comprising: filling raw material powder in a cavity formed by: an outer mold and a lower punch, or an outer mold, a lower punch and a core rod, pressing the raw material powder between an upper punch and the lower punch so as to form a compact, and pressing the compact out of the outer mold, wherein: before the raw material powder is filled in the cavity, a lubricating film of a press forming mold lubricant is formed on at least a part of an inner surface of the outer mold, or an inner surface of the outer mold and an outer circumferential surface of the core rod, the press forming mold lubricant consists of an oil as a main component, 15 to 35 mass % of an extreme-pressure agent, based on a total amount of the press forming mold lubricant, and 10 to 20 mass % of a solid lubricant, based on the total amount of the press forming mold lubricant, the press forming mold lubricant is formed by adding the solid lubricant and the extreme-pressure agent to a mineral oil, and the press forming mold lubricant has a viscosity in a range of from 700 to 22000 mPa.Math.s at 25 C., and the raw material powder is pressed and formed into the compact so that a density ratio of the compact is not less than 93%.

2. The method of forming a compact based on a press forming method according to claim 1, wherein: the lower punch consists of multiple lower punches, each surface of the multiple lower punches forms part of an outer circumference of the compact, and the lubricating film of the press forming mold lubricant is formed on a part of the surface of at least one lower punch.

3. The method of forming a compact based on a press forming method according to claim 1, wherein: the upper punch consists of multiple upper punches, each surface of the multiple upper punches forms part of an outer circumference of the compact, and the lubricating film of the press forming mold lubricant is formed on a part of the surface of at least one upper punch.

4. The method of forming a compact based on a press forming method according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the lubricating film is from 5 to 40 m.

5. The method of forming a compact based on a press forming method according to claim 1, wherein the raw material powder contains an iron-based powder as a main component.

6. The method of forming a compact based on a press forming method according to claim 1, wherein the solid lubricant contains at least one selected from the group consisting of graphite, a metal sulfide, a metallic soap, and a wax.

7. The method of forming a compact based on a press forming method according to claim 6, wherein the solid lubricant contains graphite.

8. The method of forming a compact based on a press forming method according to claim 7, wherein the graphite has an average particle diameter of from 1 to 50 m.

9. The method of forming a compact based on a press forming method according to claim 1, wherein the extreme-pressure agent is molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate.

10. The method of forming a compact based on a press forming method according to claim 1, wherein: the filling of the raw material powder in a cavity includes absorption of a part of the press forming mold lubricant in gaps among the raw material powder by capillary action, and the pressing of the raw material powder so as to form the compact includes squeezing the absorbed press forming mold lubricant from the gaps among the raw material powder to between the compact and the wall of the mold by the pressing force.

11. The method of forming a compact based on a press forming method according to claim 1, wherein the raw material powder filled in a cavity formed by an outer mold, a lower punch and a core rod.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing a process of one embodiment of the method of forming a compact of the present invention.

(2) FIG. 2 is a conceptual cross sectional diagram showing a structure of the press forming mold used in another embodiment of the method of forming a compact of the present invention.

(3) FIG. 3 is a conceptual cross sectional diagram showing a structure of the press forming mold used in another embodiment of the method of forming a compact of the present invention.

(4) FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a relationship between thickness of lubricating film and pore distribution and surface layer density.

EXPLANATION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

(5) 1: lower punch, 11: primary lower punch, 12: secondary lower punch, 2: oil pathway, 3: press forming mold lubricant holding groove, 4: outer mold, 5: lubricating film, 6: cavity, 7: raw material powder, 8: upper punch, 81: primary upper punch, 82: secondary upper punch, 9: compact, 10: core rod.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

(6) In the method of forming a compact of the present invention, that is, a so-called press forming method in which the raw material powder is filled in the cavity formed by an outer mold and a lower punch, or formed by an outer mold, a lower punch and a core rod, the raw material powder is pressed and formed between the upper and lower punches, and the compact obtained is pushed out of the outer mold by the lower punch, the first technical feature is that the lubricating film of the press forming mold lubricant containing oil as a main component is formed on inner surface of the outer mold of the powder forming mold (press forming mold), and the second technical feature is that the compact is formed so that the density ratio is not less than 93%.

(7) By forming the lubricating film of the press forming mold lubricant containing oil as a main component on an inner surface of the outer mold, even in a case in which the compact having a high density with a density ratio of not less than 93% is formed and extracted from the outer mold, superior lubricating effect is obtained, and an appropriate compact not having cracking and product surface roughness can be formed and extracted from the press forming mold without the occurrence of adhesion to the press forming mold wall.

(8) It should be noted that if the press forming mold lubricant is coated on a part forming the cavity, that is, at least on a part of an inner surface of the outer mold, on a part of an inner surface of the outer mold and the outer circumferential surface of the core rod, on a part of a surface of at least one of multiple lower punches which form a compact having multiple steps at a lower side in a case in which surfaces of the multiple lower punches form the compact having multiple steps at a lower side, and on a part of a surface of at least one of multiple upper punches which form a compact having multiple steps at an upper side in a case in which surfaces of the multiple upper punches form the compact having multiple steps at an upper side, desirably at a position at which the surface of the densely pressed compact is pressed, a sufficient lubricating effect can be obtained when the compact is extracted from the press forming mold while sliding with the press forming mold.

(9) In the present embodiment, the oil which is used as the main component of the press forming mold lubricant is not limited in particular, and at least one kind selected from a mineral oil of the paraffin type, naphthene type or the like, and a synthetic oil of the hydrocarbon oil type, polyether type, ester type, phosphorus compound type, silicon compound type, halogen compound type or the like can be used. It should noted that the main component in the present invention means a component having a ratio of not less than 50 mass % of the entire composition.

(10) In the present embodiment, as the pressing forming mold lubricant, one can be selected in which oil as a main component contains solid lubricant. By adding the solid lubricant in the oil, lubricating effect is further improved, in particular, a lubricating effect in a region of kinetic friction. In addition, a lubricating effect in a region of static friction is also superior. As the solid lubricant, graphite, metal sulfide such as molybdenum disulfide, metallic soap, and waxes can be used without any limitation. In particular, from the viewpoint of reliability and the environment, graphite is desirable. As such a graphite, one having an average particle diameter of 1 to 50 m is desirable. It is desirable that the amount of the solid lubricant contained be about 1 to 20 mass % in total of the amount of the press forming mold lubricant.

(11) In the present embodiment, the press forming mold lubricant can contain an additive such as an antioxidant, viscosity index improving agent, pour-point depressant, extreme-pressure agent for the purpose of preventing deterioration and controlling of lubricating performance. As the antioxidant, it is not limited in particular, and an organic sulfur compound such as an aliphatic sulfide, a sulfur-containing metallic complex such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, phenols, aromatic amines or the like can be used alone or in combination of two kinds or more. As the viscosity index improving agent, it is not limited in particular, and a polymer such as polymethacrylate, ethylene-propylene copolymer or the like can be used alone or in combination of two kinds or more. As the pour-point depressant, polymethacrylate type, an alkylaromatic compound or the like can be used without any limitation. As the extreme-pressure agent, it is not limited in particular, and a compound which forms an adsorption film, tribochemical reaction film or adhesion film on a friction surface, such as sulfur type compounds, phosphorus type compounds, and halogen type compounds can be used alone or in combination of two kinds or more.

(12) In the present embodiment, it is desirable that viscosity of the press forming mold lubricant at 25 C. be 10 to 100000 mPa.Math.s. The lubricating film is unlikely to be broken in a case in which viscosity at 25 C. is not less than 10 mPa.Math.s, and flowability is sufficient and the press forming mold lubricant can be easily supplied by a pump or the like in a case in which it is not more than 100000 mPa.Math.s. It should be noted that viscosity of the press forming mold lubricant was measured using a viscometer (trade name: BL2) produced by TOKYO KEIKI INC. under conditions of using a No. 2 rotor, rotation rate 60 min.sup.1, and at 25 C.

(13) As the raw material powder in the present embodiment, metallic powder such as of iron, copper, aluminum, titanium or the like, and alloy powders thereof can be used alone or mixed at a specific ratio, and furthermore, additive material such as graphite can be added. In particular, an iron based powder, which is generally used for sintering machine parts or powder magnetic core, can be appropriately used in high density forming.

(14) In the method of forming a compact of the present embodiment, the raw material is formed so that density ratio of the compact is not less than 93%. In a case in which the raw material is formed so that density ratio of the compact is not less than 93%, gaps among the powder in the compact is decreased, the press forming mold lubricant penetrating into the raw material during pressing and forming process is squeezed out of the compact, sufficient amount of press forming mold lubricant can be held between the outer mold and the compact. Due to this effect, in spite of a force that presses the compact to the inner surface of the outer mold being larger than in a case in which density of a compact is low, lubrication during extraction of the compact from the outer mold is superior. It should be noted that pressing and forming to obtain density ratio of the compact not less than 93% using iron based powder corresponds to a case in which a raw material containing iron powder and 0.3 mass % of graphite powder is formed so that compact density is not less than about 7.3 Mg/m.sup.3, for example.

(15) In the present embodiment, it is desirable that thickness of the lubricating film be 5 to 40 m. There is a tendency for adhesion to occur on the press forming mold wall surface in which the thickness of the lubricating film is less than 5 m, and there is a tendency of surface density to decrease by the lubricant penetrating into the surface layer of the compact in a case in which thickness is greater than 40 m. It should be noted that the thickness of the lubricating film can be measured by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR method).

(16) One embodiment of the method for forming a compact of the present invention is explained by way of FIGS. 1A to 1E. As shown in FIG. 1A, an oil pathway 2 is formed inside of a lower punch 1, and in addition, a press forming mold lubricant holding groove 3 is formed near an upper edge of the lower punch 1. One end of the oil pathway 2 is connected to a pump (not shown), and the other end is connected to the press forming mold lubricant holding groove 3. Press forming mold lubricant is supplied by the pump via the oil pathway 2 to the press forming mold lubricant holding groove 3, and is further supplied to a gap of outer mold 4 and the lower punch 1. Next, as shown in FIG. 1B, the outer mold 4 moves upward of the lower punch 1 to form a cavity 6 for filling raw material powder therein. During this process, by moving the outer mold 4 upward while the press forming mold lubricant is supplied via the oil pathway 2 and press forming mold lubricant holding groove 3 to the gap of the outer mold 4 and the lower punch 1, the press forming mold lubricant coated on an inner circumference of the outer mold 4 in wet condition forms lubricant film 5 on the inner circumference of the outer mold 4.

(17) After this, the raw material powder 7 is filled in the cavity 6 which is formed by the outer mold 4 in which the lubricant film 5 is formed on the inner surface thereof and the lower punch 1 (see FIG. 1C), and the raw material powder 7 filled is pressed and formed between an upper punch 8 and the lower punch 1, so as to form a compact 9 having a density ratio not less than 93% (see FIG. 1D). During filling, a part of the lubricant film 5 of the press forming mold lubricant is absorbed in gap among the raw material powder by capillary action. The press forming mold lubricant absorbed is squeezed from gaps among raw material powder to between an inner wall of the outer mold 4 and the compact 9 during pressing and forming, so that the lubricant film 5 of the press forming mold lubricant is held there.

(18) Finally, the compact 9 obtained is extracted from the outer mold 4 by the lower punch 1 (see FIG. 1E). During this process, since the lubricant film 5 of the press forming mold lubricant exists between the inner wall of the outer mold 4 and the compact 9, friction between the inner wall of the outer mold 4 and the compact 9 is reduced, and the compact 9 can be appropriately extracted from the outer mold 4.

(19) The abovementioned method has superior workability in powder compacting forming because there is no need to additionally prepare a coating means such as a sprayer in order to coat the press forming mold lubricant, and the action to form the powder doubles as the action to coat the press forming mold lubricant. Furthermore, in the abovementioned process, during coating of the press forming mold lubricant, it is desirable that the lubricant film 5 be controlled to an appropriate thickness if the amount of liquid calculated from an area to coat the press forming mold lubricant and a thickness of the lubricant film is supplied constant. To supply a constant amount, a freely selected means such as diaphragm pump or syringe pump can be used.

(20) FIGS. 2A and 2B are a conceptual cross sectional view showing a method of coating the press forming mold lubricant on a forming mold used in another embodiment of the method of forming a compact of the present invention. The present embodiment is an example of a case in which a core rod 10 is arranged, and a lower punch consists of two steps that are a primary lower punch 11 and a secondary lower punch 12. In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2A, an oil pathway 2 is formed inside of the primary lower punch 11 and the secondary lower punch 12, and in addition, a press forming mold lubricant holding groove 3 is formed near an upper edge of the primary lower punch 11 and the secondary lower punch 12. The press forming mold lubricant is supplied via the oil pathways 2 arranged in the primary lower punch 11 and the secondary lower punch 12 using a pump (not shown), is held in the press forming mold lubricant holding groove 3 formed near an upper edge of the primary lower punch 11 and the secondary lower punch 12, and is further supplied to a gap between the outer mold 4 and the primary lower punch 11, a gap between the primary lower punch 11 and the secondary lower punch 12 and a gap between the secondary lower punch 12 and the core rod 10.

(21) Next, as shown in FIG. 2B, by moving the outer mold 14, the primary lower punch 11, the secondary lower punch 12 and the core rod 10 relative to each other while the press forming mold lubricant is supplied via the oil pathway 2 and the press forming mold lubricant holding groove 3 to a gap between the primary upper punch 11 and the secondary upper punch, the press forming mold lubricant is coated on an inner surface of the outer mold 4, inside surface of the primary lower punch 11 and outer circumferential surface of the core rod 10, so that the lubricant film 5 is formed. According to the abovementioned method, the lubricating film can be formed by coating the press forming mold lubricant onto a surface which contacts and slides with the compact, that is, onto the side surface of the multiple lower punches forming multiple step shape of the compact having the multiple step shape at the lower side thereof, or onto an outer circumferential surface of the core rod forming hole part penetrating along a vertical direction of the compact having a cylindrical shape or the like.

(22) FIGS. 3A and 3B are a conceptual cross sectional view showing a method of coating the press forming mold lubricant to a forming mold used in yet another embodiment of the method of forming a compact of the present invention. The present embodiment is an example of a case in which the upper punch consists of two steps of a primary upper punch 81 and a secondary upper punch 82. In the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3A, an oil pathway 2 is formed inside of the secondary upper punch 82, and in addition, a press forming mold lubricant holding groove 3 is formed near a upper edge of the secondary upper punch 82. One end of the oil pathway 2 is connected to a pump (not shown), and the other end is connected to the press forming mold lubricant holding groove 3. Press forming mold lubricant is supplied by the pump via the oil pathway 2 to the press forming mold lubricant holding groove 3, and is further supplied to a gap of the primary upper punch 81 and the secondary upper punch.

(23) Next, as shown in FIG. 3B, by moving the primary upper punch 81 and the secondary upper punch 82 relative to each other while the press forming mold lubricant is supplied via the oil pathway 2 and press forming mold lubricant holding groove 3 to the gap between the primary upper punch 81 and the secondary upper punch 82, the press forming mold lubricant is coated on an inner circumference of the primary upper punch 81, and the lubricant film 5 is formed. According to the abovementioned method, the lubricating film can be formed by coating the press forming mold lubricant onto a surface which contacts and slides with the compact, that is, onto the side surface of the multiple upper punches forming multiple step shape of the compact having the multiple step shape at the upper side thereof.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

(24) Electrolyte copper powder (trade name: CE-15, produced by Fukuda Metal Foil & Powder Co., Ltd.), graphite powder (trade name: SW 1651, produced by Asbery Carbon), and iron powder (trade name: ABC100.30, produced by Hoganas Japan) were prepared, and raw material powder was prepared by mixing 1.5 parts by mass of the electrolyte copper powder and 0.8 parts by mass of the graphite powder to the 100 parts by mass of the iron powder.

(25) A press forming mold lubricant was prepared, in which 10 mass % of graphite (average particle diameter 10 m) as a solid lubricant and 15 mass % of organic molybdenum (Mo-dialkyldithiophosphate) as an extreme-pressure agent were mixed in a mineral oil.

(26) Using a press forming mold having a structure shown in FIGS. 1A to 1E, the press forming mold lubricant was coated on inner surface of the mold so as to form a lubricating film having thickness of 20 m, the raw material powder is filled, a compact (sample Nos. 1 to 4) having circular cylinder shape having outer diameter of 20 mm and height of 20 mm was formed to have density shown in Table 1, and the compact was extracted out of an outer mold. The process including the above steps was repeated 20 times continuously for each sample. For each sample, whether or not adhesion on the press forming mold wall occurred, and whether or not noise was generated during extraction from the outer mold were observed. The results are shown in Table 1.

(27) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Compact density Compact density Noise during Sample No. (Mg/m.sup.3) ratio Adhesion extraction 1 7.0 91% No Yes 2 7.2 93% No No 3 7.3 94% No No 4 7.4 96% No No

(28) As shown in Table 1, continuous forming was possible without adhesion occurring in each sample; however, in sample No. 1 having a density ratio of 91%, noise was generated during extraction from the outer mold. In sample No. 1 having low density ratio, the press forming lubricant immersed into the raw material during pressing and forming step could not be squeezed out of the compact sufficiently, the oil film might have broken. On the other hand, in samples Nos. 2 to 4 having density ratio of the compact not less than 93%, noise was not generated. It was confirmed that lubricating property during extraction from the outer mold is superior by making the density ratio of the compact not less than 93%.

Example 2

(29) Using the raw material and the press forming mold lubricant in a manner similar to Example 1, the press forming mold lubricant was coated on an inner surface of an outer mold to form a toothed gear shape and on an outer circumferential surface of a core rod so as to form a lubricating film having a thickness shown in Table 2, the raw material powder was filled, a compact having a toothed gear shape of module 2 and number of teeth 23 was formed to have density of 7.4 Mg/m.sup.3, and the compact was extracted from the outer mold. The process having the above steps was repeated 20 times continuously for each sample. It should be noted that the thickness of the lubricating film was measured using a Fourier transformation infrared spectrophotometer produced by Shimadzu Corporation. In addition, as a comparison, zinc stearate was dispersed in ethanol, the dispersion was coated on an inner surface of the outer mold and an outer circumferential surface of the core rod, the coating was dried so as to form a lubricating film, the raw material powder was filled, a compact having the toothed gear shape was formed to have density of 7.4 Mg/m.sup.3, and the compact was extracted from the outer mold. For each sample, whether or not adhesion on the press forming mold wall occurred was observed. The results are shown in Table 2.

(30) In addition, the compact sample obtained was sintered at 1130 C. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, pore distribution of a tooth part of the sintered material sample obtained was observed by an optical microscope, and surface layer density was calculated by an image analysis using WinROOF (trade name) produced by Mitani Corporation. FIG. 4 shows pictures of the pore distribution of tooth part of each sample and relationship between the thickness of lubricating film and the surface layer density.

(31) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Compact Compact Sample Lubricating film density density No. thickness (mm) (Mg/m.sup.3) ratio Adhesion 5 3 7.4 96% Occurred at 10th 6 5 No 7 20 No 8 40 No 9 60 No 10 Occurred at 1st (Zinc stearate (solid))

(32) As shown in Table 2, in sample No. 10 in which the solid lubricating film of zinc stearate was formed, adhesion occurred at first forming, and continuous forming was difficult. On the other hand, in samples Nos. 6 to 9 having a thickness of the lubricating film not less than 5 m, continuous forming was possible without adhesion occurring on the press forming mold wall. In sample No. 5 having a thickness of the lubricating film of 3 m, continuous forming was possible in an early forming processes. However, although continuous forming 20 times was possible in sample No. 5, adhesion occurred in forming the 10.sup.th and thereafter. This is considered to be because thickness of the lubricating film was small in sample No. 5 and the film might have broken. From the viewpoint of reliability of continuous forming process, it was confirmed that the thickness of the lubricating film is desirably not less than 5 m.

(33) Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 4, the thicker the lubricating film is, the higher the porosity at the surface layer part of the sintered material is (the lower the density is). This is considered to be because the amount of the press forming mold lubricant immersed in the raw material was increased, the press forming mold lubricant was not squeezed out of the compact during pressing and forming, and was penetrated and remained in the compact. From the viewpoint of product property such as strength, it was confirmed that the thickness of the lubricating film is desirably not more than 40 m.

Example 3

(34) Except that press forming mold lubricants A, B, C, E and F shown in Table 3 were used (press forming mold lubricant D was one which was used in Example 1), in a manner similar to that in sample No. 4 in Example 1, a process was repeated 20 times continuously in which a compact having a density of 7.4 Mg/m.sup.3 was formed and the compact was extracted from the outer mold, and whether or not adhesion on the press forming mold wall occurred was observed in each sample. The results are shown in Table 4.

(35) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Press Composition forming (mass %) mold Mineral Synthetic Viscosity lubricant oil oil Graphite Organic Mo (mPa .Math. s) A 100 5 B 100 10 C 100 50 D 75 10 15 300 E 65 15 15 700 F 45 10 35 22000

(36) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Press forming Viscosity Compact density Sample No. mold lubricant (mPa .Math. s) (Mg/m.sup.3) Adhesion 11 A 5 7.4 Occurred at 15th 12 B 10 No 13 C 4 D 300 No 14 E 700 No 15 E 22000 No

(37) As shown in Table 4, in samples Nos. 4 and 12 to 15 in which the press forming mold lubricant having viscosity of not less than 10 mPa.Math.s was used, continuous forming was possible without adhesion occurring on the press forming mold wall. On the other hand, also in sample No. 11 in which the press forming mold lubricant having viscosity of 5 mPa.Math.s was used, continuous forming was possible in early forming without adhesion occurring on the press forming mold wall. However, although continuous forming 20 times was possible, adhesion on the press forming mold surface was observed in the 15.sup.th and subsequent forming in sample No. 11. This is considered to be because the press forming mold lubricant having low viscosity was used and therefore the lubricating film might have broken in sample No. 11. From the viewpoint of reliability of continuous forming process, it was observed that the viscosity of the press forming mold lubricant is desirably not less than 10 mPa.Math.s.