Pneumatic tire

Abstract

A pneumatic tire in which a side reinforcement layer formed of a treated member is arranged, the treated member formed by coating with rubber organic fiber cords extending parallelly to ply cords of a carcass ply of the carcass main body, only on a sidewall portion of a half portion on one tire widthwise side; a tire radial inner end of the side reinforcement layer is located on a side inner in the tire radial direction than a tire radial outermost position of a rim flange, and a tire radial outer end of the side reinforcement layer overlaps the belt by 5 mm or more in a tire widthwise direction; and the tread portion has one or more circumferential main grooves, and a contact width of a tire widthwise outermost land portion is larger than a contact width of a tire widthwise outermost land portion.

Claims

1. A pneumatic tire, comprising: a carcass formed of at least one carcass ply, the carcass ply formed of a carcass main body and a carcass folded-up portion, the carcass main body extending toroidally from a tread portion through a pair of sidewall portions to a pair of bead portions, and fixed to bead cores embedded in the bead portions, the carcass folded-up portion extending from the carcass main body and formed by folding up a circumference of the bead cores from a tire widthwise inner side to a tire widthwise outer side, the carcass ply being formed from a plurality of carcass ply cords, and the carcass ply cords that are positioned on one tire widthwise side partitioned by a tire equatorial plane extend in directions that are symmetrical with those of the carcass ply cords positioned on the other tire widthwise side of the tire equatorial plane; a belt formed of one or more belt layers arranged on a tire radial outer side of a crown portion of the carcass; and bead fillers provided on a tire radial outer side of the bead cores, wherein: the bead fillers are provided such that at least a part thereof is sandwiched between the carcass main body and the carcass folded-up portion, a side reinforcement layer is arranged inside the carcass main body only on a sidewall portion of a half portion on the one tire widthwise side partitioned by the tire equatorial plane, the side reinforcement layer formed of a treated member, the treated member formed by coating with rubber organic fiber cords extending parallelly to the carcass ply cords of the carcass ply of the carcass main body, at an unloaded condition, when the pneumatic tire is mounted to an applicable rim and is applied with a prescribed internal pressure, a tire radial inner end of the side reinforcement layer is located on a side inner in the tire radial direction than a tire radial outermost position of a rim flange, and a tire radial outer end of the side reinforcement layer overlaps the belt by 5 mm or more in a tire widthwise direction, and the tread portion has one or more circumferential main grooves extending in a tire circumferential direction, including a first circumferential main groove, which is the circumferential main groove nearest the tire equatorial plane, a second circumferential main groove on the one tire widthwise side of the first circumferential main groove, and a third circumferential main groove on the other tire widthwise side of the first circumferential main groove, the first circumferential main groove being positioned off-center in the tire widthwise direction with respect to the tire equatorial plane, and at an unloaded condition, when the pneumatic tire is mounted to an applicable rim and is applied with a prescribed internal pressure, a contact width of a first tire widthwise outermost land portion partitioned by the second circumferential main grooves and a tread edge on the one tire widthwise side is larger than a contact width of a second tire widthwise outermost land portion partitioned by the third circumferential main grooves and a tread edge on the other tire widthwise side.

2. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein: a contact width of the first tire widthwise outermost land portion is 1 to 3 mm larger than a contact width of the second tire widthwise outermost land portion the half portion on the other tire widthwise side.

3. The pneumatic tire according to claim 2, wherein: a thickness of a side rubber of the sidewall portion on the half portion on the other tire widthwise side is larger than a thickness of a side rubber of the sidewall portion on the half portion on the one tire widthwise side.

4. The pneumatic tire according to claim 3, wherein: at an unloaded condition, when the pneumatic tire is mounted to an applicable rim and is applied with a prescribed internal pressure, a tire widthwise distance from an end of the belt to the tire equatorial plane of the half portion on the other tire widthwise side is larger than the half portion on the one tire widthwise side.

5. The pneumatic tire according to claim 2, wherein: at an unloaded condition, when the pneumatic tire is mounted to an applicable rim and is applied with a prescribed internal pressure, a tire widthwise distance from an end of the belt to the tire equatorial plane of the half portion on the other tire widthwise side is larger than the half portion on the one tire widthwise side.

6. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein: a thickness of a side rubber of the sidewall portion on the half portion on the other tire widthwise side is larger than a thickness of a side rubber of the sidewall portion on the half portion on the one tire widthwise side.

7. The pneumatic tire according to claim 6, wherein: at an unloaded condition, when the pneumatic tire is mounted to an applicable rim and is applied with a prescribed internal pressure, a tire widthwise distance from an end of the belt to the tire equatorial plane of the half portion on the other tire widthwise side is larger than the half portion on the one tire widthwise side.

8. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein: at an unloaded condition, when the pneumatic tire is mounted to an applicable rim and is applied with a prescribed internal pressure, a tire widthwise distance from an end of the belt to the tire equatorial plane of the half portion on the other tire widthwise side is larger than the half portion on the one tire widthwise side.

9. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein an angle of groove walls of the circumferential main grooves to the tire radial direction of one tire widthwise side is larger than the other tire widthwise side.

10. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the first circumferential main groove is positioned between the tire equatorial plane and the third circumferential main groove.

11. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the one side of the tire width outermost land portion has only one circumferential minor groove, which is narrower than each circumferential main groove.

12. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein the second tire widthwise outermost land portion has no circumferential minor groove which is narrower than each circumferential main groove.

13. The pneumatic tire according to claim 1, wherein when the pneumatic tire is mounted to an applicable rim and is applied with a prescribed internal pressure, in each of the first, second, and third circumferential main grooves an angle of a groove wall on one tire wire widthwise side of the groove is larger than angle of a groove wall on the other tire widthwise side of the groove.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view in the tire width direction of the pneumatic tire according to an embodiment of this disclosure;

(2) FIG. 2 illustrates a developed view of the tread surface of the tire of FIG. 1 at an unloaded condition, when the tire is mounted to an applicable rim and is applied with a prescribed internal pressure;

(3) FIG. 3 illustrates a tire widthwise cross sectional view of the circumferential main groove of the tread pattern of FIG. 2; and

(4) FIG. 4 illustrates the cutting test;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(5) As the results of extensive study, we found that the deformation volume of the wheel when the tire is applied with a load of the inner side when mounted to a vehicle is larger than the outer side when mounted to a vehicle, and thus the inner side when mounted to a vehicle has a better resistance to pinch cut. Based on the aforementioned discovery, we considered that it is possible to obtain the same resistance to pinch cut when using two carcass plies on the outer side when mounted to a vehicle by using one carcass ply on the inner side when mounted to a vehicle.

(6) Based on such discovery, we further studied an asymmetric structure in which a reinforcement layer is arranged only on the outer side when mounted to a vehicle. As a result, it was discovered that when using an asymmetric structure in which a reinforcement layer formed of a treated member, of which the organic fiber cords are coated with rubber, is arranged in a predetermined region, although it is possible to maintain the pinch cut resistance while reduce the weight, since the tire uses an asymmetric structure, the conicity of the tire is varied. As the results of further extensive study, we found that the variation of conicity due to use of the asymmetric structure in the tire can be counterbalanced with the conicity generated by setting the contact width of the shoulder land portion on the outer side when mounted to a vehicle larger than the contact width of the shoulder land portion on the inner side when mounted to a vehicle. This disclosure is made based on the discovery as described above.

(7) Hereinafter, an embodiment of this disclosure will be described with reference to the drawings.

(8) FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view in the tire width direction of the pneumatic tire (hereinafter referred to as merely the tire) according to an embodiment of this disclosure. In FIG. 1, each member is illustrated schematically for ease of understanding. Therefore, there is the probability that the members as illustrated in FIG. 1 have shape or size different from actual members. Moreover, in FIG. 1, the tire widthwise cross section of the tire at a standard condition, when the tire is mounted to an applicable rim, applied with a prescribed internal pressure and set to an unloaded condition, is illustrated.

(9) As illustrated in FIG. 1, the tire (pneumatic tire) 1 of the present embodiment is formed of a tread portion 2 and a pair of sidewall portions 3, and includes a pair of bead portions 4, a carcass 5, a belt 6 and bead fillers 7.

(10) The carcass 5 is formed of at least one carcass ply formed of a carcass main body 5a and a carcass folded-up portion 5b. The carcass main body 5a of the carcass 5 extends toroidally from the tread portion 2 through the pair of sidewall portions 3 to the pair of bead portions 4, and is fixed to bead cores 4a embedded in the bead portions 4. The carcass folded-up portion 5b extends from the carcass main body 5a and folds up the circumference of the bead cores 4a from the tire widthwise inner side to the outer side. The material of the cords of the carcass ply of the carcass 5 is not specifically limited, and can be, e.g., steel cord, etc. In FIG. 1, the carcass 5 is formed of one carcass ply, while the carcass 5 can be as well formed of two or more carcass plies.

(11) The belt 6 of the tire 1 according to the present embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 1 is formed of a belt layer 6a arranged on the tire radial outer side of the crown portion of the carcass 5, and a belt layer 6b having a tire widthwise width smaller than the belt layer 6a. The two belt layers 6a, 6b are inclined belt layers of which the belt cords extend in a manner inclined with respect to the tire circumferential direction and cross each other within the layers. The material of the belt cord is not specifically limited, and can be, e.g., steel cord. The belt layer 6a arranged on the tire radial inner side has a tire widthwise width larger than the tire widthwise width of the belt layer 6b arranged on the tire radial outer side direction. In this disclosure, the belt structure is not limited to the aforementioned example, and the number of belt layers, the widths of each belt layer, the material of the belt cords, etc. can be appropriately varied

(12) The bead fillers 7 are provided on the tire radial outer sides of the bead cores 4a in a manner such that a part of the tire radial inner side is sandwiched by the main body 5a and the turn-up portion 5b of the carcass 5.

(13) As illustrated in FIG. 1, the tire 1 of the present embodiment includes a belt reinforcement layer 8 on the tire radial outer side of the belt 6. The present embodiment has one belt reinforcement layer 8, which has a size capable of covering the belt layers 6a and 6b of the belt 6 in the whole tire width direction. The belt reinforcement layer 8 can use cords formed of, e.g., organic fibers, which is not specifically limited, and can be cords formed of organic fibers such as aramid and the like, or hybrid cords of aramid and nylon, etc. The present embodiment has one belt reinforcement layer 8, but can have two or more as well. Moreover, the tire 1 of this disclosure can include no belt reinforcement layers 8.

(14) The belt layer 6a of the present embodiment is arranged in a manner such that regarding the tire widthwise distance from an end of the belt layer 6a to the tire equatorial plain CL, as compared to the distance d1 of the half portion 1a on one side in the tire width direction partitioned by the tire equatorial plain CL of the tire 1, the distance d2 of the half portion 1b of the other in the tire width direction partitioned by the tire equatorial plain CL of the tire 1 is larger.

(15) In the present embodiment, among the pair of sidewall portions 3, a side reinforcement layer 9 is provided only on a sidewall portion 3a of the half portion 1a on the one side in the tire width direction partitioned by the tire equatorial plain CL of the tire 1. Namely, the side reinforcement layer 9 is not disposed on a sidewall portion 3b of the half portion 1b on the other side in the tire width direction partitioned by the tire equatorial plain CL of the tire 1. The side reinforcement layer 9 is formed of a treated member of which the organic fiber cords are coated with rubber, and is arranged within the sidewall portion 3a on one side (in the present embodiment, the tire widthwise outer side of the main body 5a of the carcass 5 within the sidewall portion 3a) in a manner such that the extension direction of the organic fiber cords is parallel to the extension direction of the ply cords of the carcass ply of the carcass main body 5a of the carcass 5 (i.e., substantively the same direction as the ply cords).

(16) As illustrated in FIG. 1, the side reinforcement layer 9 of the present embodiment is disposed in a manner such that at an unloaded condition (standard condition), when the pneumatic tire 1 is mounted to an applicable rim and is applied with a prescribed internal pressure, a tire radial inner end portion 9a of the side reinforcement layer 9 is located on a side inner in the tire radial than the tire radial outermost position RO of a flange of a rim R. Moreover, at the standard condition, the side reinforcement layer 9 of the present embodiment has a tire widthwise overlapping width D of 5 mm or more of a tire radial outer end portion inclusive of a tire radial outer end 9b of the side reinforcement layer 9 and a maximum width belt layer (in the present embodiment, the belt layer 6a) having a maximum tire widthwise width among the belt layer forming the belt 6.

(17) FIG. 2 illustrates a developed view of the tread surface at an unloaded condition, when the tire of FIG. 1 is mounted to an applicable rim and is applied with a prescribed internal pressure. The tread portion 2 has circumferential main grooves 11, 12, 13 extending in the tire circumferential direction, and land portions are partitioned by these circumferential main grooves and tread edges TE1 and TE2. In the present embodiment, the three circumferential main grooves 11, 12 and 13 are formed in order from the sidewall portion 3a side on which the side reinforcement layer 9 is disposed. In the present embodiment, the circumferential main grooves 11 and 13 are formed in a manner such that a contact width W1 of a land portion 14a on a tire widthwise outermost side of the half portion 1a on one side of the tire 1, which is partitioned by the circumferential main groove 11 and the tread edge TE1, is larger than a contact width W2 of a land portion 14b on a tire widthwise outermost side of the half portion 1b on the other side of the tire 1, which is partitioned by the circumferential main groove 13 and the tread edge TE2. Further, in the present embodiment, a central land portion 15a is partitioned by the circumferential main grooves 11 and 12, and a central land portion 15b is partitioned by the circumferential main grooves 12 and 13.

(18) As illustrated in FIG. 1, on the land portion 14a on the tire widthwise outermost side of the half portion 1a on one side, one circumferential minor groove 16 is formed. Moreover, on the land portions 14a and 14b on the tire widthwise outermost sides and the central land portions 15a and 15b, sipes 17a, 17b, 17c and 17d of a predetermined pattern are respectively formed. Further, on the land portions 14a and 14b on the tire widthwise outermost sides, lateral grooves 18a and 18b extending in the tire width direction are respectively formed.

(19) FIG. 3 illustrates a tire widthwise cross sectional view of the circumferential main groove of the tread pattern of FIG. 2. As illustrated in FIG. 3, in the present embodiment, at an unloaded condition, when the tire 1 is mounted to the rim R and is applied with a prescribed internal pressure, the circumferential main groove 11 is formed in a manner such that an angle 1 of the groove wall 11a formed on one tire widthwise side of the tire 1 to the tire radial direction is larger than an angle 2 of the groove wall 11b formed on the other tire widthwise side of the tire 1 to the tire radial direction. Similarly, the circumferential main groove 12 is formed in a manner such that an angle 1 of a groove wall 12a formed on one tire widthwise side of the tire 1 to the tire radial direction is larger than an angle 2 of a groove wall 12b formed on the other tire widthwise side of the tire 1 to the tire radial direction; and the circumferential main groove 13 is formed in a manner such that an angle 1 of a groove wall 13a formed on one tire widthwise side of the tire 1 to the tire radial direction is larger than an angle 2 of a groove wall 13b formed on the other tire widthwise side of the tire 1 to the tire radial direction.

(20) The effect of the tire according to present embodiment is described in the following. Here, described is the effect when the tire is mounted to a vehicle in a manner such that the aforementioned half portion on one tire widthwise side (the half portion on the side on which the side reinforcement layer 9 is arranged) is on an outer side when mounted to the vehicle. According to the tire of the present embodiment, the side reinforcement layer 9, which is formed of a treated member formed by coating with rubber organic fiber cords extending parallelly to the ply cords of the carcass ply of the carcass main body 5a of the carcass 5, is arranged (on the tire widthwise outer side of the carcass main body 5a in the present embodiment) only on the sidewall portion 3a of the half portion 1a on the outer side when mounted to the vehicle partitioned by the tire equatorial plain CL; the tire radial inner end 9a of the side reinforcement layer 9 is located on a side inner in the tire radial direction than a tire radial outermost position RO of a rim flange; and the tire radial outermost end 9b of the side reinforcement layer 9 overlaps the belt 6 (the maximum width belt layer 6a) in the tire width direction by 5 mm or more. Therefore, it is possible to improve the resistance to pinch cut of the outer side when mounted to the vehicle without increasing the number of carcass plies of the carcass 5, and thus it is possible to achieve both pinch cut resistance and weight reduction.

(21) Moreover, according to the tire of the present embodiment, the tread portion 2 has thereon one or more circumferential main grooves 11, 12 and 13 extending in the tire circumferential direction, and the contact width W1 of the tire widthwise outermost land portion 14a of the half portion 1a on one tire widthwise side is set larger than the contact width W2 of the tire widthwise outermost land portion 14b of the half portion 1a on the other tire widthwise side. Therefore, the variation of conicity due to the asymmetric structure obtained by arranging the side reinforcement layer 9 is counterbalanced by the conicity generated by setting the contact width W1 larger than the contact width W2 and thereby increasing the rigidity of the outer side when mounted to the vehicle.

(22) As mentioned above, according to the tire of the present embodiment, it is possible to achieve both weight reduction and durability, and simultaneously optimize the conicity.

(23) At an unloaded condition, when the tire 1 is mounted to an applicable rim and is applied with a prescribed internal pressure, in the case where the tire radial inner end 9a of the side reinforcement layer 9 is not located on a side inner in the tire radial direction than the tire radial outermost position RO of the rim flange, and/or the tire widthwise overlap of the tire radial outer end 9b of the side reinforcement layer 9 and the belt 6 (the maximum width belt layer 6a) is less than 5 mm, there is the probability that reinforcement to the sidewall portion 3a on one side is insufficient.

(24) Here, in this disclosure, the contact width W1 of the tire widthwise outermost land portion 14a on the half portion 1a on one tire widthwise side is preferably 1 to 3 mm larger than the contact width W2 of the tire widthwise outermost land portion 14b on the half portion 1b on the other tire widthwise side. Due to such configuration, the conicity can be optimized more appropriately.

(25) In the pneumatic tire 1 of this disclosure, the thickness of the side rubber of the sidewall portion 3b on the half portion 1b on the other tire widthwise side is preferably larger than the thickness of the side rubber of the sidewall portion 3a on the half portion 1a on one tire widthwise side. According to such configuration, even if the side reinforcement layer 9 is disposed only on the sidewall portion 3a on the half portion 1a on one side, it is possible to prevent the tire widthwise thickness of the sidewall portion 3a on the half portion 1a on one side from being excessively larger than the tire widthwise thickness of the sidewall portion 3b on the half portion 1b on the other side.

(26) In the pneumatic tire of this disclosure, regarding the tire widthwise distance from an end of the belt (in the present embodiment, the maximum width belt layer 6a) to the tire equatorial plain CL, the half portion 1b on the other tire widthwise side is preferably larger than the half portion 1a on one tire widthwise side. According to such configuration, it is possible to improve the rigidity of the inner side when mounted to the vehicle, maintain the durability of the outer side when mounted to the vehicle at a high level, and improve the durability of the inner side when mounted to the vehicle.

(27) In the pneumatic tire of this disclosure, at an unloaded condition, when the tire is mounted to an applicable rim and is applied with a prescribed internal pressure, regarding the angle of the groove walls of the circumferential main grooves 11, 12 and 13 to the tire radial direction, one tire widthwise side (1) is preferably larger than the other tire widthwise side (2). In this way, it is possible to ensure the rigidity of the land portions on one tire widthwise side (the outer side when mounted to the vehicle) sandwiching the circumferential grooves, and further optimize the conicity.

(28) Hereinafter, examples for this disclosure are described, while this disclosure is not limited to these examples.

EXAMPLES

(29) In order to certify the effect of this disclosure, the tires of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were produced experimentally. The dimensions of each tire are as shown in the following Table 1. The tire size of each is 215/645R17. Further, with respect to each tire, tests for evaluating pinch cut resistance and uniformity were performed. Here, as illustrated in FIG. 1, each tire is a pneumatic tire, comprising: a carcass formed of at least one carcass ply, the carcass ply formed of a main body and a folded-up portion, the main body extending toroidally from a tread portion through a pair of sidewall portions to a pair of bead portions, and fixed to bead cores embedded in the bead portions, the folded-up portion extending from the main body and formed by folding up a circumference of the bead cores from a tire widthwise inner side to a tire widthwise outer side; a belt formed of one or more belt layers arranged on a tire radial outer side of a crown portion of the carcass; and bead fillers provided on a tire radial outer side of the bead cores, in which the bead fillers are provided such that at least a part thereof is sandwiched between the carcass main body and the folded-up portion.

(30) <Tire Structure>

(31) In the tires of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2, the carcass on the half portion 1a on one side of the tire 1 was formed of one carcass ply, and the side reinforcement layer 9 was inserted therein. The carcass on the half portion 1b on the other side of the tire 1 was formed of one carcass ply, and an asymmetrical structure was used as a low-turn-up structure. In the tire of Comparative Example 3, the half portion on one side and the half portion on the other side was set to a symmetrical structure as an envelope structure of one carcass ply.

(32) <Pinch Cut Resistance>

(33) At a stationary state after the tires of the aforementioned examples and comparative examples were mounted to a rim (size: 7J), applied with an internal pressure of 230 kPa, an mounted to a vehicle in a manner such that the half portion 1a on one side is on the outer side of the vehicle, a tapered metal piece M as illustrated in FIG. 4 was slowly pushed into the tread surface of the tire, and the value obtained by integrating the displacement amount of the metal piece M and the load applied to the metal piece when damage or failure occurs to the ply was calculated as the pinch cut resistance. The test was performed by pushing the metal piece onto the tread edge on the vehicle inner side from the vehicle outer side of the tire.

(34) <Uniformity>

(35) After the tires of the aforementioned examples and comparative examples were mounted to a rim (size: 7J), and applied with an internal pressure of 196 kPa, at a state where the tire is rotated at 60 r/min and applied with a load of 85% of a maximum load, the conicity was measured by using the degree of variation of tire radius force (RFV), the degree of variation of lateral force (LFV), and the average value of lateral force (LFD).

(36) In the case where an average value of a waveform of a side force to the inner side direction when mounted to the vehicle per rotation of the tire (the side force applied to the drum) is LFD, the conicity is defined as follows.
conicity=(LFD in one rotation direction of the tire+LFD during reverse rotation)/2

(37) The result was as shown in Table 1. In the table, the result of pinch cut resistance is represented with index evaluation, with the pinch cut resistance on the outer side of the comparative example tire 3 as 100. Here, a larger index shows a better pinch cut resistance. The result of uniformity in the table shows the variation of tire conicity with respect to the test result of the uniformity of the comparative example tire 3.

(38) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Comparative Comparative Comparative Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Side reinforcement Overlapping width D 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 layer 9 (mm) Land portion 14a Contact width W1 30 30 30 28.5 32 28 28 28 (mm) Land portion 14b Contact width W2 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 (mm) W1 W2 (mm) 2 2 2 0.5 4 0 0 0 Inclined belt layer d1 (mm) 87 87 88 88 88 87 87 87 3a d2 (mm) 88 88 87 87 87 87 87 87 Groove inclination 1 12 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 angle of grooves 2 8 12 12 12 12 8 8 8 Pinch out resistance on vehicle outer side 110 110 112 110 110 110 105 100 Pinch out resistance on vehicle inner side 102 102 101 100 100 100 100 100 Uniformity 0 16 16 25 16 40 15 0

(39) As shown in Table 1, it is understood that as compared to the tires according to comparative examples 1 to 3, in each tire according to examples 1 to 5, even when the durability was high, the variation ratio of uniformity (conicity variation) was low, and the conicity could be optimized. Comparing Example 1 with Example 2, Example 1, in which 1>2, had further reduced conicity variation. Comparing Example 2 with Example 3, in Example 2, in which d2>d1, it was possible to maintain a high level of durability of the outer side when mounted to the vehicle, and simultaneously improve the durability of the inner side when mounted to the vehicle. Comparing Example 3 with Example 4, it is understood that in Example 3, in which 3(W1W2)3, the uniformity variation was smaller. Comparing Example 3 with Example 5, it is understood that in Example 3, in which 3(W1W2)3, the durability of the inner side when mounted to the vehicle could be improved.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

(40) 1: tire (pneumatic tire) 1a: half portion 1b: half portion 2: tread portion 3: sidewall portion 4: bead portion 4a: bead core 5: carcass 5a: carcass main body 5b: carcass folded-up portion 6: belt 6a, 6b: belt layer 7: bead filler 8: belt reinforcement layer 9: side reinforcement layer 9a: tire radial inner end 9b: tire radial outer end 11: circumferential main groove 12: circumferential main groove 13: circumferential main groove 14a: outermost land portion 14b: outermost land portion 15a: central land portion 15b: central land portion 16: minor groove 17a: sipe 17b: sipe 17c: sipe 17d: sipe 18a: lateral groove 18b: lateral groove CL: tire equatorial plain d1: distance d2: distance D: width M: metal piece R: rim RO: tire radial outermost position TE1: tread edge TE2: tread edge W1: contact width W2: contact width