Light weight heat-sealed tire

Abstract

A tire having reduced mass and low rolling resistance and a method of manufacture thereof achieves reduced weight by using thin layers of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU's) to heat seal the carcass, breaker, and tread layers of the tire to each other, rather than embedding the layers in conventional, relatively thicker and heavier layers of sulfur cured vulcanized carbon filled elastomers. Creep and spring-back of the thermoplastic polyurethanes during cure is avoided by maintaining the adhered layers under pressure until the assembly cools below its glass transition temperature. In embodiments, the heat sealing can be performed on the forming drum, and in some embodiments cool rollers are applied to the heat-sealed carcass so as to accelerate the cooling to below the glass transition temperature.

Claims

1. A vehicle tire, comprising: a textile carcass assembly comprising: a circular band of carcass textile having at least one set of primary yarns; at least one priming layer applied to and directly contacting the primary yarns of the carcass textile, said at least one priming layer comprising at least one of an isocyanate, an epoxy, a resorcinol formaldehyde latex, and a polyol; a first layer of thermoplastic applied to left and right sides of the carcass textile in direct contact with the at least one priming layer; and left and right circular cords applied as bead cores to the carcass textile proximal to left and right edges thereof, the left and right sides of the carcass textile being folded over the bead cores; and a tread layer applied to the textile carcass assembly; the at least one priming layer and the first layer of thermoplastic are free of sulfur cured elastomer; wherein the left and right sides of the carcass textile are folded onto an outer surface of the carcass textile, thereby forming at least portions of exterior sidewall surfaces of the tire.

2. The tire of claim 1, wherein the carcass textile includes a yarn woven into the carcass textile that includes at least one of liquid crystal polymer fibers and para aramid fibers.

3. The tire of claim 1, wherein a priming layer of the at least one priming layer has a modulus that is between a modulus of the carcass textile and a modulus of the first layer of thermoplastic.

4. The tire of claim 1, wherein the carcass textile is formed as a carcass textile strip having ends that are joined to each other along a seam line by a textile splicing tape, said textile splicing tape being bonded to said ends of said carcass textile strip by a splicing thermoplastic layer.

5. The tire of claim 4, wherein a tensile strength of the textile splicing tape is asymmetric, being higher in a direction that is perpendicular to the seam line than in a direction that is parallel to the seam line.

6. The tire of claim 1, wherein the carcass textile is formed as a carcass textile strip having ends that are overlapped and joined to each other by a splicing thermoplastic layer.

7. The tire of claim 1, wherein the folded left and right sides of the carcass textile extend at least to a center of the carcass textile.

8. The tire of claim 1, wherein yarns in the folded sides of the carcass textile extend partially between yarns of the underlying regions of the carcass textile.

9. The tire of claim 1, wherein the primary yarns of the carcass textile are formed by yarns that are flattened, such that widths thereof are greater than heights thereof.

10. The tire of claim 1, wherein the carcass textile is an asymmetric weave.

11. The tire of claim 1, wherein the first layer of thermoplastic is transparent or translucent, and the textile carcass assembly further comprises a dyed or printed color, decoration, or other visual indication applied to a visible surface of the carcass textile.

12. The tire of claim 1, wherein the first layer of thermoplastic includes a dye or other coloring agent added thereto so as to determine a visible color of the visible surfaces of the carcass.

13. The tire of claim 1, wherein a visible surface of the first layer of thermoplastic is embossed.

14. The tire of claim 1, wherein the first layer of thermoplastic applied to the left and right sides of the carcass textile includes an elastomeric matrix of thermoplastic containing a ceramic grain.

15. The tire of claim 1, wherein the first layer of thermoplastic extends over a full upper surface of the carcass textile, and a breaker layer is adhered to a central region of the carcass textile by the first layer of thermoplastic.

16. The tire of claim 15, further comprising a second priming layer applied between the first layer of thermoplastic and the breaker layer, the second priming layer having a modulus that is between a modulus of the first layer of thermoplastic and a modulus of the breaker layer.

17. The tire of claim 15, wherein the breaker layer includes at least one of liquid crystal polymer fibers and para aramid fibers.

18. The tire of claim 1, wherein the tread layer includes a sulfur-cured elastomer containing at least 10% carbon black or silica by weight.

19. The tire of claim 1, wherein the tread layer includes at least one of polyurethane, thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV), solution styrene butadiene rubber (SBBR), and hybrid silicon/SBBR.

20. The tire of claim 1, wherein the tread layer is molded before application thereof to the textile carcass assembly.

21. The tire of claim 20 wherein the tread layer includes a breaker textile embedded therein.

22. The tire of claim 1, further comprising a chafer textile layer comprising a TPU layer that is bonded to the textile carcass assembly and extends over areas of the textile carcass assembly that are not beneath the tread layer.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A is a cross sectional view of a carcass textile layer in an embodiment of the present invention;

(2) FIG. 1B is a cross sectional view of the textile layer of FIG. 1A with a layer of TPU applied thereto;

(3) FIG. 1C is a close-up view of a portion of FIG. 1B;

(4) FIG. 1D is an even closer view of a portion of FIG. 1B;

(5) FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of a turn-up region of a carcass in an embodiment of the invention where two layers of the carcass textile are sandwiched between heat seal bond heads

(6) FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of the turn-up region of FIG. 2A after the heat seal between the layers has been formed and cooled;

(7) FIGS. 2C through 2E are top views that illustrate a sequence of steps used to splice together the ends of a strip of carcass textile;

(8) FIG. 2F is a cross sectional view through the splice of FIG. 2E;

(9) FIG. 2G is a side view that illustrates the application of heat and pressure to the top and bottom of the splice of FIG. 2F.

(10) FIG. 3A is a side view of an apparatus that is able to form heat sealed TPU bead bonds and/or pre-bonds in an embodiment of the invention;

(11) FIG. 3B is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 3A shown with a carcass mounted on the building or heat seal drum, shown with bead cores applied to the carcass textile, causing edges of the carcass textile to lift upward away from the drum, together with a cross section through the carcass and the building drum showing the bead cores and the carcass textile in the process of forming the turn-up beads;

(12) FIG. 3C is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 3B shown after a first heated roller has traversed the left side of the carcass textile band and bonded or pre-bonded a first folded edge of the carcass textile to an underlying region of the carcass textile;

(13) FIG. 3D is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 3C shown after a second heated roller has traversed the left side of the carcass textile band and bonded or pre-bonded a second folded edge of the carcass textile to the underlying region of the carcass textile;

(14) FIG. 3E is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 3D, showing the forming drum shifted laterally so that a cooling wheel can apply pressure to the carcass while cooling the TPU bonds to below their glass transition temperature;

(15) FIG. 4A is a side view of a tire summit building machine used to build a tire assembly on a conformed carcass in an embodiment of the present invention, showing a summit building drum with heat seal ring and controllers;

(16) FIG. 4B is a side view of the building machine of FIG. 4A showing the building drum and heat seal ring, with the carcass loaded, conformed on the drum and supported by an underlying, inflated bladder for summit assembly;

(17) FIG. 4C is a side view of the building machine of FIG. 4B showing a breaker fabric or summit chafer fabric applied to the carcass;

(18) FIG. 4D is a side view of the building machine of FIG. 4C, showing a tread layer applied on top of the breaker and carcass;

(19) FIG. 4E is a side view of the building machine of FIG. 4C, showing the tire assembly moved axially beneath a heat sealing ring for bonding of the applied breaker and tread layers to the carcass;

(20) FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view of a tire assembly in an embodiment that includes an SSBR tread layer and a tread chaffer layer;

(21) FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment similar to FIG. 5A, except that it has a high carcass turn-up which overlaps the tread band chaffer at the edge of the tread;

(22) FIG. 5C is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment that includes a chafer layer of TPU that enhances and protects the attachment of the edges of the tread complex to the carcass;

(23) FIGS. 6A through 6D are cross sectional side views of a building machine used to build a tire assembly on a flattened carcass in an embodiment of the present invention, whereby the building machine sequentially applies heating and cooling to successive segments of the tire assembly as the tire assembly is manually rotated through the machine;

(24) FIG. 6E is a front view of the embodiment of FIGS. 6A through 6D, showing a cross section location for FIG. 6F;

(25) FIG. 6F is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the bond head of the embodiment of FIGS. 6A through 6D, taken at the location indicated in FIG. 6E; and

(26) FIGS. 7A through 7F are side views of an embodiment similar to FIGS. 6A through 6D, wherein the operation of an automatic rotational actuator on the tire assembly is indicated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(27) Carcass Textile Design

(28) According to the present invention, the fiber included in the disclosed tire provides the majority of the structural strength and protection from hazards. So as to minimize the weight of the tire, embodiments incorporate the strongest fibers available that can provide the required properties.

(29) Following is a list of fibers that are used in various embodiments, along with some comments regarding their relevant properties: 1. High tenacity nylon fibers of approximately 6-8 grams per denier (gpd). Nylon can provide excellent tensile performance and high elongation. Nylon 66 is easy to process and has high levels of OH surface functionality, resulting in good fundamental adhesive characteristics. The maximum coating, lamination and heat seal temperature that is compatible with nylon is approximately 400 F. Nylon has the lowest modulus of the fiber alternatives discussed herein, resulting in excellent impact resistance. Nylon has perhaps the best abrasion resistance of all the fibers considered herein, but offers only moderate cut resistance. 2. High tenacity PET Polyester fibers of approximately 6-7.5 gpd PET is easy to process and low in cost PET fiber has low surface functionality and requires special priming to support good adhesion to the TPU layers of the invention. The maximum coating, lamination and heat seal temperature that is compatible with PET is approximately 430 F. PET has a higher modulus than nylon. PET has lower abrasion resistance than nylon, with moderate cut resistance. 3. Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) Vectran fibers of approximately 23-27 gpd LCP is difficult to process LCP has good tensile conversion and low fibrillation Similar to non-aromatic polyester fiber, LCP has low surface functionality and requires special priming to support good adhesion to the TPU layers of the invention. The maximum coating, lamination and heat seal temperature that is compatible with LCP is approximately 500 F. LCP has a modulus that is very similar to para aramid, namely 3% elongation at break. LCP fibers of 5 denier per fiber (dpf) have very good abrasion resistance and the highest cut resistance of all the fiber options discussed herein. 4. Para Aramid Kevlar and Twaron fibers at approximately 23-27 gpd Para-aramid has good tensile conversion and low fibrillation Like nylon, the surface of para aramid has high functionality and good adhesion. The maximum coating, lamination and heat seal temperature that is compatible with para aramid is approximately 500 F. The modulus of para aramid is 3% elongation at break. Para aramid fibers of 2.5 dpf have poor abrasion but good cut resistance.

(30) Requirements for the carcass textile design in embodiments of the present invention are summarized in the following paragraphs.

(31) Adequate Tensile Strength and Impact Resistance:

(32) The tensile forces applied to a tire are determined by the tire diameter and the design tire pressure. The tensile conversion of the carcass yarn is dependent on the bias angle of the yarn, which is the angle between the yarn direction and the radius of the tire and the construction of the woven textile. Note that the term radius is used herein to refer to the direction of travel of the tire, in agreement with the usage of the term in the art.

(33) In some embodiments where the carcass yarns are at a 45 degree bias, as shown in FIG. 2C, a design factor of 1.6 times the working pressure is applied to the over-hoop stresses in the carcass. The impact requirements are generally met by this design factor in embodiments even without the load and impact spreading effect of a conventional thick sulfur cure elastomer.

(34) Thermal Performance:

(35) The thermal requirements that are applicable to embodiments of the invention are determined by the dual requirements of compatibility with the processing temperatures of the primers and coatings, and with the processing temperatures and heat seal temperatures of the polyurethane elastomers. In most cases, the heat seal temperatures are the limiting requirements.

(36) Fabric Morphology:

(37) With reference to FIGS. 1A through 1D, in embodiments the fabric and yarns 102 of the carcass 100 are flat in aspect so as to avoid large interstitial spaces that would otherwise need to be filled with elastomer 104. The fiber geometry has a low rolling resistance and good mechanical resistance to cut and abrasion. The lightweight heat sealed tire sidewalls in embodiments of the present invention include substantially less elastomer than conventional sulfur cure tire constructions.

(38) Abrasion and Cut Resistance:

(39) In the tire sidewall and summit of a conventional small vehicle tire, the elastomer works together with the textile to resist abrasion, punctures, and cuts from road hazards. Conventional lightweight tires have a sidewall elastomeric thickness of between 0.2 and 0.5 mm. This relatively thick elastomer layer provides significant protection to the tire carcass fabrics, rendering them much less vulnerable to abrasion, cut and snag.

(40) In contrast, according to the present invention, the TPU coating 104 (which in embodiments can be less than 0.05 mm thick) protects the sidewall to a much lesser degree, thereby requiring the carcass textile 102 to have proportionally higher intrinsic abrasion and cut resistance. Similarly, the TPU coating 104 of the carcass textile in the present invention provides less protection to the carcass from so-called snakebite punctures against the rim, as compared to conventional sulfur cured elastomer coatings, thereby requiring the carcass textile 102 to have proportionally higher intrinsic snakebite resistance.

(41) Embodiments of the present invention include localized, i.e. non-uniform application of coatings to the carcass textile. With respect to the cut and abrasion resistance, embodiments incorporate higher durometer urethane that is greater than 60 shore A. In some embodiments, ribs or bands of a higher thickness coating that is 2 or 3 times as thick as the baseline elastomer thickness are included. Some of these embodiments further incorporate ceramic grain into these thicker bands of coating. Aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and garnet grain of between 600 and 50 grit are all effective in the elastomeric matrix for increasing cut and abrasion resistance. The mixing of ceramic grain with the coating bands can limit the use of extruded or blown films, such that in various embodiments the coatings that include ceramic grain in an elastomeric matrix must be pre-cast into films from a solvent cement or directly applied to the tire sidewall.

(42) In embodiments, large abrasion resistant yarns are included in the carcass textile. In some of these embodiments the larger yarns are woven into the carcass textile, and in some of these embodiments the larger yarns are of the same fiber type as the base carcass yarns, but are larger, for example two times the denier, while in other embodiments the larger yarns are ten times the denier of the baseline carcass yarns. The large yarns can be included in a symmetric weave, whereby they are included in both the warp and fill directions, or in an asymmetric weave whereby only smaller fiber yarns are used in the cross-body direction. In various embodiments, the spacing of these large abrasion yarns is less than five per cm, and in some embodiments the spacing is less than three per cm.

(43) Certain embodiments include high modulus, high cut yarns. The challenge is that very high cut yarns are not compatible, from a modulus perspective, with the polyester and nylon yarns used in embodiments of the carcass textile. In order to use these high modulus yarns to compensate for the reduction in tire mass, yarn engineering is used in some embodiments to match the modulus of yarn bundles containing high modulus fibers to the modulus of other yarns having only lower modulus fibers. For example, when there are modulus differences between the various fibers in the carcass textile, embodiments use yarn engineering with yarns made from short staple fibers and high twist level yarns that may exceed normal twist multiples for a normal staple yarn to reduce the effective modulus. Yarn wrapping with a low modulus core is also used in various embodiments. These wrapped or core-spun yarns increase stretch of low stretch fiber by putting the low stretch fibers at an angle of 80 to 90 degrees to the yarn axis.

(44) Carcass Configurations in Various Embodiments

(45) Various embodiments of the present invention include carcass features that can be grouped into at least two families of embodiments according to whether the carcass textile has a balanced weave or an unbalanced weave.

(46) The first of these families of embodiments includes a short turn-up and a balanced woven carcass textile. In this family of embodiments, the carcass textile is at least partially single ply. The turn-up (i.e. the folding of the edges of the carcass textile over the bead cores) does not extend to the top of the summit, as in a French form. This family of embodiments has light weight and low rolling resistance as a result of the short turn-up, as well as reduced elastomeric deflection in the sidewall. In some embodiments of this family of embodiments, the tires have a carcass yarn alignment to the tire radial direction (i.e. a bias) of 45, as shown in FIG. 2C.

(47) In some very lightweight embodiments, the TPU elastomer is applied asymmetrically to the textile, such that it is thicker in the region that forms the turn-up bond. In some of these embodiments the turn-up is made to the outside of the tire, with care being paid to the heat seal treatment of the end of the 2 ply zone. This configuration puts the thicker coating layer of the turn-up region on the outside of the tire. In other embodiments, the turn-up is made to the inside of the tire, such that the step-off at the end of the turn-up must be feathered by the heat seal tooling so as to prevent formation of a step or edge that could be abrasive to an inner tube. This configuration has the advantage of keeping the turn-up under compression by the inner tube. In these embodiments, careful attention must be paid to the protection of the sidewall due to its limited coating thickness.

(48) In the second family of embodiments, the carcass textile is of a full or semi-cord construction, having a lower denier, and in some cases fewer yarns per cm, in one direction as compared to the other. The tires in some of these embodiments have a full length turn-ups with French wrap, such that the edges of the carcass textile meet and/or overlap at the crown when folded over the bead cores. For these embodiments, the turn-up can be inside the tire, so that the turn-up is compressed by the inner tube, or outside the tire to improve balance and riding characteristics.

(49) For sidewall durability, embodiments in both of these families of carcass configuration are combined with: Various lengths of turn-up, some of which cause the 2 ply overlap region to extend to the equator (French form) Bands of increased TPU thickness for abrasion resistance, and to prevent impact punctures against the rim (snakebites) Ceramic-filled TPU bands for abrasion and snakebite resistance Cut resistant yarns included in the carcass textile for abrasion resistance
Splice Textile Design

(50) As noted above, in some embodiments the splice that joins the ends of the carcass textile strip is implemented using a layer of splicing tape to overlap the ends of the carcass textile strip. The thickness and bidirectional modulus of the splicing tape textile in these embodiments is very important to the shape of the tire, and the consistent shape of the tire with controlled axial and radial runout is very important to the user. For smaller, higher pressure tires, the allowable runout, i.e. variation in tire radius, is typically about plus or minus 0.4 mm, with a maximum Total Indicator Reading (TIR) of 0.8 over the full tire rotation. The thickness of the splicing tape textile can consume a significant part of this runout tolerance. In embodiments, the tensile of the spicing textile is between 105% and 120% of the tensile of the carcass textile. So, for high pressure tires of greater than 5 bar inflation pressure the tensile requirements of the tire demand a minimum fiber denier of greater than 100 denier, and typically about 200 denier. The yarn bundle diameter in the coated splice textile defines the minimum splice material thickness. Embodiments include a splice material of less than 0.4 mm thickness, and in some of these embodiments the splice material thickness is less than 0.2 mm.

(51) In embodiments, splice tape is applied to the underside of the carcass textile, facing the rim. In some embodiments, the splice is single-sided, with splicing tape applied only on the inside of the carcass textile. In other embodiments, splicing tape is applied to both the inside and the outside of the carcass textile.

(52) The conditions of the heat seal process for applying the splicing tape are driven in part by the runout tire shape demand. While pressures for the hot and cold cycles of the heat seal process can run as low as 10 psi in some embodiments, the carcass splice process for smaller, higher pressure tires require higher rather than lower heat seal pressures, which can be up to 350 psi. Higher pressures applied during the heat seal process lead to thinner finished splices. The ratio of the splice material thickness to the carcass textile thickness as they are combined before and after bonding are important criteria for carcass assembly. In embodiments, these ratios are between 90% and 70%.

(53) Breaker Textile Design

(54) Embodiments include Vectran yarns in a breaker layer for cut and puncture resistance. A wide range of breaker textiles are suitable for these light weight tires. As a matter of consistency, for many embodiments lightweight breakers are more appropriate to maintaining a low total system mass. The use of high performance fibers such as liquid crystal polymer LCP (Vectran) or Para Aramid (Twaron) is consistent with this goal of low system mass and high performance. Breaker textiles can be engineered to optimize: cut resistance; fine Puncture resistance; and blunt puncture and impact resistance.

(55) The mix of yarn types, yarn denier, filament denier, and fabric density included in various embodiments is based on these target requirements.

(56) Textile Scour and Printing

(57) In embodiments, the scouring process applied to the textiles that are incorporated into the carcass and breaker layers is sufficiently complete to limit the residual spin finish and size to less than 0.3% of the fiber mass, as measured by the soxlet extraction ASTM process.

(58) As discussed in more detail below, in some embodiments the TPU coatings applied to the carcass textile are not filled or pigmented. In some of these embodiments, desired coloring, branding and/or other visual indications and appearances are provided by applying dyes and/or dye printing to the carcass textile. In some of these embodiments, bright branding and other high visibility elements are printed on the carcass textile after the scour and either before or after priming of the fiber. Various embodiments use disperse dyes for PET, and/or various reactive or acid dyes for nylon fiber types.

(59) Decorative aspects are also included in embodiments by adding a dye or other coloring agent to the TPU coating that is applied to the carcass textile, and/or by embossing an exterior, visible surface of the TPU coating that is applied to the carcass textile.

(60) Textile Priming

(61) With reference to FIGS. 1C and 1D, so as to achieve good bond strength, the coatings applied to the carcass textile and/or breaker in various embodiments include transitional priming layers 106 that are harder than the outer bonding elastomer 104, and that serve as modulus step-down layers that compensate for the modulus mismatch between the fiber layers 102 and the elastomer layers 104. These include high modulus coatings with higher isocyanate content and low modulus coatings and with little or no elastomer content. These coatings 106 are applied directly to the clean, scoured fiber 102.

(62) An effective priming process should show adhesive failure of the textile surface after peel of sample bonds. When the failure surface of the textile is examined under a high powered microscope, it should show fiber damage and residual attached primer.

(63) Textile Coating

(64) In various embodiments the coating 104 applied to the carcass and/or breaker textile consists of one or more layers of elastomer and isocyanate. The better the elastomer properties are, the less elastomer is required to provide the required adhesion and associated tensile and shear strength. The polyester soft segment TPU grades not only provide the highest thermal and creep resistance, but also have bulk unfilled properties including about 5000 psi tensile at Shore A hardness of 80. These unfilled elastomer properties are significantly higher than the classic vulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) or natural rubber (NR) materials, which have unfilled tensile strengths of 1000 to 1500 psi. In practice, these classic elastomers are never used unfilled, and with good reinforcing carbon blacks the tensile strengths can approach 4000 psi.

(65) The novel coatings of the present invention have properties that are similar to the classic carbon-black filled elastomers, but without the need for carbon black filling. The polyester hard segment urethane grades provide thermal and mechanical stiffness that is more than equivalent to what the reinforcing carbon black contributes to the classic compounded elastomers.

(66) One of the key benefits provided by embodiments of the present invention is the ability to provide the required mechanical and thermal adhesive performance while using only enough elastomer to fill the void space in the seal between the textile layers. This is a very surprising result, considering that in more than 100 years of tire production using classic elastomers such as NR and SBR the required elastomer loading has been many times this volume.

(67) The reasons that the classic tire textile coating thickness is greater than 5 mils is related to both performance and processing options. In particular, the conventional, highly filled elastomers can only be solvent-coated or calendered. In general, the very thin layers that can be achieved with solvent coating do not provide adequate properties. This is in part because these solvent methods are limited in their coating technology, and only use a dip or saturation type process. The saturation or dip method puts coating over and into the entire textile, and does not allow controlled deposit of the coating to only the surface of the textile. Moreover, the solvent dipping method applies coating to both of the textiles faces, and tends to drive coating into the internal voids in the textile.

(68) The calendering process that is classically used for deposit of elastomers filled with carbon black has many of the same issues as the solvent process regarding deposit control. The rheology of highly filled elastomers can make calendering a challenge, and this limits the options for deposit control. The minimum deposit is limited to perhaps 6 to 8 mils. The deposit control in the machine and cross machine directions for calendaring (frictioning) is limited to perhaps plus or minus two to four mils.

(69) Knife, Kiss Roll, Gravure, Slot die coating methods

(70) In addition to the use of high performance advanced urethane elastomers, the present invention makes use of advanced coating and lamination methods.

(71) In addition to simple dip methods, the elastomers of the present invention can be applied by advanced, highly controllable methods such a knife kiss roll, Meyer rod, gravure, or slot die. These advanced coating processes can provide very tight mid coat and top coat deposit control. In addition, to one degree or another they allow the coating deposits to have controlled locations on the textile surface. In particular: knife coating fills the low points in the textile and is not compatible with cord-type textiles; kiss roll and gravure coats the high points of the textile and is semi conformal and thereby compatible with cord-type textiles; and slot die coating is fully conformal and compatible with cord-type textiles
Film Extrusion Methods

(72) In contrast to classic elastomers, the urethane and TPU elastomers used in the present invention can be formed into films by slot die extrusion or by blown film extrusion methods. These films can be produced in thicknesses down to below 0.5 mils, and can be formed by various methods and laminated onto the carcass textile and/or other textile layers of the tire assembly to form topcoat layers on the textile system. By using advanced film manufacturing and laminating methods, very tight control of the coating film thickness and coating locations can be achieved. In particular, web deposit variations of as little as plus or minus 0.1 mil on 60 webs can be achieved.

(73) The effectiveness of this invention in solving the tire mass problem is the result of this combined use of advanced materials and advanced processing methods.

(74) In embodiments, the coatings applied to the carcass textile render the carcass assembly impermeable to air, so that the tire is operable at its specified inflation pressure without an inner tube, thereby eliminating the weight that would otherwise be added to the vehicle by inner tubes.

(75) Bonded Heat Seal Configuration

(76) With reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, in embodiments a conformal heat seal process brings the fiber bundles into close alignment. FIG. 2A illustrates two layers of TPU-coated textile 102 located between a forming drum 202 and a heated ring 200 and ready for bonding. FIG. 2B shows the bonded layers of carcass textile after the heat seal. These figures are applicable for example to the formation of bonds in the 2-ply folded regions of the carcass after the edges of the carcass textile have been folded over the bead cores. Note the close nesting in FIG. 2B of the yarn bundles after bonding, and the minimal amount of TPU 104 that is required to fill the spaces between the flattened yarns 102 of the textile layers 100.

(77) Creep resistance is a required attribute and is a characteristic that must be achieved by the invention. The multi-layer coating, coating thickness, and the on-drum heat seal process combine in various embodiments to provide both strength and creep resistance. In particular, the partial nesting of the yarns of the upper layer into the spaces between the yarns of the lower layer, as shown in FIG. 2B, helps to inhibit creep of the yarn layers relative to each other.

(78) Carcass Splice Bonding

(79) As noted above, it is necessary to splice the ends of the strip of carcass textile together so as to form a carcass textile band. In some embodiments, the ends of the strip of carcass textile are overlapped and bonded to each other. With reference to FIG. 2C, in other embodiments the ends of the strip of carcass textile 100 are aligned with each other, and as shown in FIG. 2D the ends are arranged in an adjacent but non-overlapping relationship. Note that in the embodiment of FIGS. 2C through 2G the ends of the strip of carcass textile 100 have been cut at a 45 degree angle.

(80) After the ends of the strip of carcass textile 100 are aligned and abutted, a layer of carcass splicing tape 204 is applied over the ends, as shown in FIG. 2E. In the embodiment of FIG. 2E, the splicing tape 204 is oriented such that the yarns in the tape run parallel and perpendicular to the splice line, which in this embodiment is biased at an angle of 45 degrees from the radius direction of the carcass textile band. In embodiments, the yarns of the splicing tape 204 that are perpendicular to the splice line are selected so as to provide a high tensile strength perpendicular to the splice line, which in embodiments is higher than the tensile strength of the carcass textile. In various embodiments, the splicing tape 204 has an asymmetric weave, whereby the yarns that are parallel to the splice line are selected so as to cause the splicing tape 204 to be relatively low in tensile and modulus in a direction parallel to the splice line and relatively higher in a direction that is perpendicular to the splice line.

(81) Embodiments include a splice material of less than 0.4 mm thickness, and in some of these embodiments the splice material thickness is less than 0.2 mm. In embodiments, splice tape 204 is applied to the underside of the strip of carcass textile 100, facing the rim. In some embodiments, the splice is single-sided, with splice tape 204 applied only on the inside of the strip of carcass textile 100. In other embodiments, splice tape 204 is applied to both the inside and the outside of the strip of carcass textile 100.

(82) The splice tape 204 is then trimmed so that it extends fully and only over the strip of carcass textile 100, as shown in FIG. 2F, and heat and pressure are applied by bonding heads 206 applied to the top and bottom of the splice, as shown in FIG. 2G. In similar embodiments, a single bonding head is applied while the carcass textile is mounted on a building drum 300.

(83) Bead Bonding Process and Apparatus

(84) In embodiments, an apparatus used for manufacturing the carcass includes rollers that fold the edges of the carcass textile over the bead cores and provide heating under pressure to form a TPU bond or pre-bond between the folded sides of the carcass textile and the underlying carcass textile. The advantage of this process is that the required pressure can be applied locally to both sides of the carcass textile by the rollers. In embodiments, for each folded side of the carcass textile, the heat seal is formed by one of the rollers, and then, with proper adjustment of the drum speed and offset, the roller is allowed to cool and is able to maintain pressure while the bond cools, so as to form an effective, high density heat seal. In similar embodiments, a pre-bond is formed that is only required to maintain the folded sides of the carcass textile in position until a subsequent thermal bonding step can be applied. In yet other embodiments, a tack adhesive is applied, and is used to form the required pre-bond, which is then followed by a TPU bonding step.

(85) With reference to FIG. 3A, in embodiments an apparatus for forming the carcass turn-up heat seals or pre-bonds includes a radially expandable building drum 300 having bead grooves 302 formed therein. The apparatus further includes a roller assembly 308 that includes traversing carcass turn-up rollers 304, as well as a bond cooling ring assembly 306.

(86) With reference to FIG. 3B, as a first step a strip of carcass textile 100 is mounted and spliced on the drum 300, and a coating of TPU is applied thereto. bead cores are then placed on top of the carcass textile above the bead grooves 302, and the drum is radially expanded so as to embed the bead cores into the carcass textile 100. This action also causes the sides 310 of the carcass textile 100 that are outside of the bead cores in the grooves 302 to be lifted upward off of the drum 300, as shown.

(87) With reference to FIGS. 3C and 3D, while the drum 300 is turning, the roller assembly 308 is lowered, and the rollers 304 are advanced alternately from either side of the drum so as to fold down the sides 310 of the carcass textile and to form a heat seal between the overlapping layers of carcass textile 100 by applying heat and pressure thereto. In similar embodiments, the rollers 304 are used for tacking of the sides of the carcass textile 310 in place after folding them over the bead cores, and the ring assembly 306 is subsequently used to apply heat and pressure to form the TPU bond. In addition to the TPU bonding or pre-bonding method shown in FIGS. 3A-3D, the turn-up can be formed in a number of other ways, depending on the embodiment, so long as the bonded configuration has the required elastomer distribution, tensile, and creep resistance. For example, in lieu of the hot and cold roll-down shown in FIGS. 3A-3D, solvent elastomeric cement with tackifiers and isocyanate can be applied together with mechanical or pneumatic turn-up.

(88) Tacking is a standard method that is used during assembly of conventional tires that include callendered and/or extruded, uncured sulfur rubber sections. Rubbers of this type can be formulated to have enough pressure sensitive adhesion (PSA) to work like the SBR rubbers that are used on PSA tape. Unlike the PSA qualities of uncured sulfur rubber, TPU does not have adequate PSA tack to permit PSA assembly. Instead, embodiments of the present invention use either or both of two methods to produce assembly tack, namely the use of tackified cements and the and use of hot rollers (such as are shown in FIGS. 3A-3D) or hot press tools to raise the TPU temperature locally just enough to impart to the TPU PSA qualities and adequate tack to hold the associated tire elements in position during handling, and to permit the assembly to be completed and bonded at high pressure and with cold clamping at a later stage in the manufacture.

(89) With reference to FIG. 3E, after the sides 310 of the carcass textile 100 have been folded over and sealed, the heating roller assembly 308 is raised, and the drum 300 is moved laterally so that the cooling ring 306 can be applied to the carcass textile. The cooling ring 306 continues to apply pressure to the carcass textile while cooling it below the glass transition temperature of the applied TPU 102. This prevents spring back of the assembly until the TPU is competent to hold the assembly components in place.

(90) Heat Seal Process Conditions:

(91) The required maximum temperature for the heat seal is dependent upon the melting temperature of the TPU elastomer used in the topcoat and mid-coat layers. The ability of the elastomer to flow is also based on the glass transition temperature of the elastomer. On the other hand, the maximum temperature is limited by the fibers that are used in the system. Nylon has a maximum exposure temperature of 430 F. and PET fiber can be exposed to temperatures up to 475 F. Yarns such as para-aramid and liquid crystal PET can be exposed to temperatures up to 575 F. The creep resistance of the heat seal bonds does not need to exceed 130 F. for most small vehicle tires. For tires of this class, the bond temperatures for the TPU are typically between 350 F. and 390 F. The pressures required to achieve the necessarily dense, void-reduced seal is dependent on the surface configurations of the textiles in the bonding pair. The smoother and more void-free the surfaces are, the lower the required bond pressure. In embodiments, a pressure of 50 psi is a minimum, and pressures up to 250 psi can continue to improve the heat seal density.

(92) The process for cooling the heat seal is also important. In embodiments the seal is brought down below the glass transition temperature while under pressure so as to prevent spring-back of the textile before the elastomer has become sufficiently adhesive to control the position of the fiber.

(93) Tread Materials

(94) In conventional tires the solution and styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) tread compounds and/or hybrid silica/SSBR compounds (referred to herein generically as SSBR tread materials) are highly developed materials with wet and dry braking, low rolling resistance, and good durability. Embodiments of the present invention makes use of these SSBR tread materials and use a novel method to create a low mass complex from these materials that can be TPU heat-sealed to the urethane carcass.

(95) Other materials that are used for tread assemblies and portions of tread assemblies in embodiments of the invention include: TPU and SSBR tread assemblies; cast urethane thermoset treads; combinations of TPU and thermoset polyurethane to form a complexed tread; and thermo-Plastic Vulcanate (TPV) materials that include SSBR vulcanates together with TPU and PU matrix materials.

(96) According to embodiments of the invention, an SSBR tread band is cured in a mold in much the same way that a conventional tire is cured. The cured tread band is then scoured to remove residual oils and mold release. High pressure water can also be used, in combination with a low pH bath and surfactants to remove these residues. The SSBR tread band is then mounted inside-out on a complexing drum, with the tread surface adjacent to the drum. The bonding face is ground on the complexing drum with 220-50 grit abrasive, thereby creating a clean rough surface. After the grinding, the bonding face is coated with less than 30 g/m2 of toluene and polymeric isocyanate and/or other elastomeric cement formulations, which are allowed to flash off, and a bonding TPU film tape is wrapped around the SSBR tread band at a mass of 40 g/m2 and tacked to the tread band using hot rolls or a hot bladder pre-bonding assembly.

(97) The SSBR tread band TPU complex is then removed from the complexing drum, mounted onto the conformed carcass, and moved into a heat seal ring where the required heat and pressure are applied for bonding, as described below with reference to FIGS. 4A through 4E. In similar embodiments, the required heat and pressure are applied sequentially to flattened segments of the tire assembly at the bead radius, as discussed below with reference to FIGS. 6A through 7F. During this tread bonding cycle, careful attention must be paid to the carcass splice, which is reheated during this process. In particular, the carcass splice cannot be subjected to tensile forces while the tread bond is being formed, and the applied forces and expansion of the tire assembly must be controlled to limit expansion of the carcass.

(98) After the TPU has been heated and has flowed, the assembly is cooled under pressure until the temperature has fallen below the glass transition temperature of the TPU, and then the tire is removed from the final assembly building drum or heat sealing unit.

(99) In some embodiments the chemistry of the splice joint is formulated to provide a higher melt temperature than the tread bond TPU, so that the splice remains bonded and moderately resistant to tension during the tread bonding process. The inclusion of low molecular weight polyols and/or blocked isocyanate in the splice TPU can increase the crosslink density of the TPU bond after the bond in the splice is formed. In these embodiments, the isocyanate unblocks during the splice bonding step and reacts with the polyurethane and other materials to increase the crosslink density and adhesion. This temperature enhanced method can also be applied to other joints in the tire such as the turn-up

(100) In some embodiments, block isocyanate and/or available functionality in the soft segment of the urethane is used in some or all of the heat seal steps. The isocyanate can be caprolactam blocked, or some other thermally blocked isocyanate formulation can be used. In some of these embodiments, the cement or the TPU/PU materials used in these steps include a blocked-isocyanate, whereby the unblocking temperature is designed to coincide with the heat seal temperature. The advantage of adding a blocked, cross-linking/adhesion promoting formulation (referred to herein as a blocked isocyanate formulation) to the TPU is that a TPU can be selected that initially flows well at lower temperatures and pressures, but then, as the isocyanate additive unblocks and causes the TPU material to crosslink, the thermoplastic character of the TPU is reduced and the increased crosslink density of the reacted TPU layer improves the creep resistance of the bond.

(101) Process and Apparatus for Bonding a Tread Layer to the Carcass

(102) FIG. 4A is a side view of a tire summit building machine that is configured for forming a TPU bond between a tread layer 406 and a carcass 100, and optionally also between a breaker layer 404 and the carcass 100, while the tire assembly is conformed and supported by an underlying bladder. For simplicity of illustration, the cooling ring 306 and roller assembly 308 of FIGS. 3A-3E are omitted from FIGS. 4A-4E. However, it will be understood that embodiments of the disclosed apparatus include all of these features. Embodiments of the completed tire assembly in various embodiments are shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B.

(103) The apparatus of FIG. 4A is configured for assembly of tires having hybrid silicon/SSBR TPU treads as described above. It includes a building drum 300 and a heat seal ring 400. FIG. 4B is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 4A, showing the carcass 100 of FIG. 3E mounted on the drum 300 and conformed for summit assembly over a supporting, inflated bladder.

(104) In the embodiment of FIGS. 4A-4E, the drum 300 is able to expand and contract laterally/axially as well as radially. In FIGS. 4B-4E, the drum has been contracted axially, bringing the grooves 302 and the bead cores 506 of the carcass 100 closer together, so that the carcass 100 has been conformed to assume an upwardly curved shape, as shown in the figures. A cross section of a top segment of the carcass 100 is shown in each of FIGS. 4B-4E in an enlargement to the right of the drum 300, where it can be seen that the walls of the carcass in its conformed configuration bow outward from the bead cores 506.

(105) FIG. 4C is a side view of the building machine of FIG. 4B, showing a breaker fabric 402 applied to the carcass 100. In similar embodiments, a summit chafer fabric is applied in lieu of the breaker fabric 402, and in still other embodiments both a breaker fabric 402 and a summit chafer fabric are applied.

(106) In FIG. 4D, a silicon/SSBR TPU tread layer 404 has been applied onto the breaker 402 and carcass 100. FIG. 4E is a side view of the building machine of FIG. 4D showing the tire moved inward beneath the heat seal ring 400, which can apply heat and pressure so as to form a TPU bond between the breaker 402, the tread band 404, and the carcass 100.

(107) With reference to FIG. 5A, the attachment of the edges of the tread complex 404 to the carcass 100 is critical to tire durability. An embodiment to improve durability uses additional sulfur cure bonding paired with urethane bonding methods. In this family of embodiments the tread band 404 is a sulfur cured elastomer that is molded with the following textile components: puncture and cut resistant breaker textiles, cord and full woven type 402; full width chaffer or cord fabrics extending under the complete tread band and extending beyond the tread band 404; and shoulder tapes bonded into the edge of the tread band and extending to the TPU coated carcass 502.

(108) In the embodiment of FIG. 5A, these textile components are used to optimize the dual requirements of sulfur cure and heat seal TPU elastomer bonding. In the region of the shoulder tape 502 that is under the tread band 404, the two faces of the shoulder tape textile 502 are optimized for bonding to the dual system. The upper surface is primed and treated with Resorcinol Formaldehyde Latex (RFL) for sulfur cure bonding. The face of the carcass 100 is primed and coated with TPU and isocyanate and/or blocked isocyanate for optimal TPU bonding. This is done in two steps, whereby the sulfur cure bonds are formed first when the tread band 404 is molded, and then the TPU bonds are created after the tread band 404 is molded.

(109) The region of the tread wing chaffer textile 500 that is under the tread 404 has the same two-sided characteristic. However, the portion of the chaffer textile 502 that is not under the tread 404 is configured for TPU bonding on both sides to the carcass 100. This provides a very strong, smooth edge seal for the integration of the tread band 404 with the carcass 100.

(110) With reference to FIG. 5B, other embodiments of this family of embodiments include a high carcass turn-up 504 which overlaps the tread band shoulder tape 502 at the edge of the tread layer 404. The overlap zone is TPU heat seal bonded with the portion of the chaffer textile 500 that is not under the tread layer 404, while the portion of the chafer textile 500 that is under the tread layer 404 is sulfur bonded.

(111) With reference to FIG. 5C, embodiments include a chafer layer of TPU 508 that enhances and protects the attachment of the edges of the tread complex 404 to the carcass. In embodiments, this chafer TPU layer can be approximately 8 mils thick and 200 mils wide.

(112) Successful bonding of urethane tire components requires at least 3 primary factors: 1) Application of sufficient pressure to produce a low void textile and TPU structure; 2) Heating of the TPU to a temperature that is high enough above its glass transition temperature to reduce the TPU viscosity sufficiently to allow it to flow into the void spaces of the textiles; and 3) Maintenance of applied pressure during cooling of the TPU below its glass transition temperature, so as to maintain the physical configuration of the assembly that was created during the pressing and heating steps.

(113) Embodiments of the present invention require that TPU bonds be formed during at least two separate bonding cycles. During the first of these bonding cycles, the sides of the carcass textile that have been folded over the bead cores are TPU bonded with the underlying carcass textile. During the second of these bonding cycles, the tread, and if included the breaker, chafer fabric, and/or shoulder tape, is/are bonded to the folded carcass.

(114) Assembly Process Methods

(115) Embodiments of the method disclosed herein of making a lightweight, heat sealed tire include some or all of the following steps: carcass textile scouring, priming and coating; cutting of a strip of the carcass textile; forming of the strip of carcass textile into a carcass textile band by forming a splice bond, which in embodiments is a biased seam; application of the bead cores to the carcass textile; folding or turn-up of the sides of the carcass textile over the bead cores (with cement adhesive used in some embodiments to hold the folded sides in place); turn-up pre-bonding, in some embodiments by tacking, or by hot roll down (as shown for example in FIGS. 3A through 3E); tread assembly (with cement adhesives, shoulder tapes and breakers in some embodiments); tread molding, curing, and/or pre-bonding, in some embodiments by tacking, hot roll down, and/or bladder ring, so as to mold and/or cure the tread if needed, and/or pre-bond the tread with the breaker, chafer textile, and/or shoulder tape; and final bonding of the tread to the carcass in a flat configuration; or in a conformed configuration whereby the carcass is conformed into an upwardly curved configuration by bringing the bead cores closer together to approximately their final, operational spacing.
Pre-Bond Process

(116) The pre-bonding steps listed above are accomplished in embodiments by various means, including TPU bonding or tacking by hot rollers and bonding by cements. The objective in each case is to create an assembly with sufficient structural integrity to permit a final, full bond operation. In the final bond step the equipment is configured to provide heating and pressure that is sufficient to provide a fully bonded tire with the required strength and durability. In various embodiments, the pressure applied during this final bonding is between 50 and 300 psi.

(117) In addition to providing mechanical support and the required bonding pressures, the tire-building apparatus of the present invention must also be able to provide sufficient heating to the tire elements. The required bonding temperatures are dependent on the TPU formulations that are used. Generally, TPU formulations having higher glass transition temperatures (Tg's) are preferred over TPU formulations that soften at lower temperatures, because higher Tg TPU formulations will provide better performance when the tire is exposed to hot road surfaces and to heating associated with breaking frictions.

(118) For these higher tg TPU formulations, it is typically necessary to raise the temperature to between 350 and 375 degrees Fahrenheit so as to allow the TPU to flow into the textiles. It is then necessary to maintain an applied pressure to the TPU, and especially to the TPU bond line, while the TPU is cooled to a temperature between 200 and 250 degrees Fahrenheit.

(119) Segmental Bar Bonding

(120) In the embodiment of FIGS. 4A through 4E, the space between the grooves 302 and thus between the bead cores 614 is reduced as compared to FIGS. 3A through 3E, so that the carcass 100 is conformed into an upwardly curved shape. During the illustrated bonding process, a bladder is inflated beneath the conformed carcass 100 and pressurized by steam or oil to provide both the pressure and the heat that are required for the TPU bonding process.

(121) In other embodiments, the carcass turn-up and/or tread assembly is/are bonded to the carcass in a flat bar bonder, wherein heat and pressure are applied to the tire assembly while it is in a flattened configuration, rather than a conformed configuration. In some of these embodiments, rather than heating and cooling the tire assembly all at once, heating and cooling are applied sequentially to flattened segments or arcs of the tire, as shown in the cross sectional front views of FIGS. 6A through 6C. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6A through 6C, the tire is placed upon and suspended from a bond head 600, which includes an opposing pair of heating elements 602, 610 adjacent to an opposing pair of cooling elements 604, 608, all of which are applied simultaneously to the upper and lower flattened surfaces of adjacent segments of the tire assembly 606.

(122) In FIG. 6A, the tire assembly 606 has been positioned such that an un-bonded segment is located between the upper 602 and lower 610 heating elements of the bond head 600, while a previously heated segment 608 is positioned between the upper 604 and lower 608 cooling elements of the bond head 600. In FIG. 6B, both the heating elements 602, 610 and the cooling elements 604, 608 of the bond head 600 have been applied to the tire assembly 606 simultaneously, after which, as shown in FIG. 6C, the upper elements 602, 604 of the bond head 600 have been withdrawn, and the tire assembly 606 has been manually rotated so that the cooled and bonded segment 614 is no longer under the bond head 600, the freshly heated segment is positioned between the cooling elements 604, 608 and an un-bonded segment 612 has been positioned between the heating elements 602, 610. These three steps are then repeated until all segments of the tire assembly 606 have been bonded. In the illustrated embodiment, the tire assembly 606 is divided into six adjacent segments, as illustrated by the dashed lines in FIG. 6C, and is rotated seven times during the bonding process so as to sequentially heat and cool all six of the segments.

(123) Note that both the heating 602, 610 and cooling 604, 608 elements of the bond head 600 apply pressure to the tire assembly 600 when they are applied, so that the pressure is maintained both while the TPU materials are heated and while they are cooled. In embodiments, the manual rotation of the tire assembly 606 and reapplication of the bond head 600 are enacted rapidly, so as apply pressure almost continuously during each entire heating and cooling cycle.

(124) In some embodiments, the ends of the heating elements 602, 610 of the bond head 600 are cooled so as to prevent inadvertent application of heat to any portion of the tire assembly 606 that is not under pressure. In certain embodiments, the bond head 600 has only a single pair of elements, which are cycled in temperature while pressure is applied to each segment of the tire assembly 606.

(125) FIGS. 6D and 6E present side-by-side front cross section and side views of the embodiment of FIGS. 6A-6C. FIG. 6F is an enlarged cross section taken at the location indicated in FIG. 6E. The cross section of FIG. 6F shows the tread assembly 404 and carcass 100 sandwiched between the upper 602 and lower 610 heating elements of the bond head 600. It can be seen in FIG. 6F that the width of the bond head 600 is greater than the width of the carcass 100 at the beads 614. In FIG. 6F, a curved portion is provided within the upper heating elements 602 that matches a curvature of the tread assembly 404. In various other embodiments, the shape of the upper heating elements 602 from bead to bead 614 can be anything from fully flat to a fully circular profile.

(126) In the embodiment of FIG. 6F, the grooves 302 and bead cores 614 are spaced apart such that the carcass 100 is flat beneath the tread assembly 404. The tread assembly 404 is thereby bonded to the carcass 100 at the bead diameter rather than bonding the tread at the larger tread diameter as illustrated in FIGS. 4A through 4E. It can also be seen that the bond beads, i.e. the regions on both sides of the carcass 100 where the sides 310 of the carcass textile 100 are folded over the bead cores 506, are both heated by the heating elements 602, 610 and subsequently both cooled by the cooling elements 604, 608.

(127) In the sequence of bonding steps described above in reference to FIGS. 6A through 6F, the tire assembly 606 is manually rotated between applications of heating/cooling and pressure by the bond head 600. A similar embodiment is illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7F, wherein the mechanism further includes a rotational actuator 700 that automatically rotates the tire assembly 606. In FIG. 7A, the heating 602, 610 and cooling 604, 608 elements of the bond head 600 are applied to the tire assembly 606. In FIG. 7B the upper heating 602 and cooling 604 elements are disengaged from the tire assembly 606 and in FIG. 7C the rotational actuator 700 engages with the tire assembly 606 and rotates the tire assembly 606 clockwise by one segment. In FIG. 7D, the upper heating 602 and cooling 604 elements are re-applied to the rotated tire assembly 606, and in FIG. 7E the rotational actuator 700 is disengaged from the tire assembly 606 and returned to its original position, in preparation for the next rotation. These steps are repeated until the final segment arrives between the upper 604 and lower 608 cooling elements, as shown in FIG. 7F. In the illustrated embodiment, at this last step only the cooling elements 604, 608 are applied to the tire assembly 606, while both the upper 602 and lower 610 heating elements are withdrawn from the tire assembly 606, so that the segment that is between the heating elements 602, 610, which has already been bonded, is not re-heated.

(128) The foregoing description of the embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. Each and every page of this submission, and all contents thereon, however characterized, identified, or numbered, is considered a substantive part of this application for all purposes, irrespective of form or placement within the application.

(129) This specification is not intended to be exhaustive. Although the present application is shown in a limited number of forms, the scope of the invention is not limited to just these forms, but is amenable to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof. One or ordinary skill in the art should appreciate after learning the teachings related to the claimed subject matter contained in the foregoing description that many modifications and variations are possible in light of this disclosure. Accordingly, the claimed subject matter includes any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof, unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. In particular, the limitations presented in dependent claims below can be combined with their corresponding independent claims in any number and in any order without departing from the scope of this disclosure, unless the dependent claims are logically incompatible with each other.