Recombinant batroxobin mixed composition and a hemostatic powder or hemostatic pad comprising same

Abstract

The present invention relates to a novel recombinant batroxobin mixture, a hemostatic composition comprising the same, and a method for preparing the same. According to the present invention, the hemostatic composition of the present invention has an excellent hemostatic effect by suppressing rebleeding, and maintains activity thereof even when prepared in a solid form, and thus, the composition of the present invention can be easily used by being applied as a topical hemostatic agent.

Claims

1. A recombinant batroxobin mixed composition comprising recombinant batroxobins, wherein a glycosylation structure is bound to the recombinant batroxobins, and the glycosylation structure has structure represented by the following Formulae 2-8: ##STR00004## in Formulae 2 to 8, M represents a mannose, and G represents an N-acetylglucosamine, and wherein the recombinant batroxobin comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.

2. The recombinant batroxobin mixed composition of claim 1, wherein the glycosylation structure is bound to N-terminal amino acid residues at positions 146 and 225 of SEQ ID NO: 2.

3. The recombinant batroxobin mixed composition of claim 1, wherein a mean molecular weight of recombinant batroxobin molecules included in the recombinant batroxobin mixture ranges from 28 kDa to 31 kDa.

4. A hemostatic composition comprising the recombinant batroxobin mixed composition of claim 1.

5. The hemostatic composition of claim 4, wherein 0.5 batroxobin unit (BU) to 20 BU of the recombinant batroxobin mixed composition is included in the hemostatic composition.

6. The hemostatic composition of claim 4, further comprising a biocompatible polymer.

7. The hemostatic composition of claim 6, wherein the biocompatible polymer has a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml.

8. The hemostatic composition of claim 6, wherein the biocompatible polymer is collagen, chitosan or a combination thereof.

9. The hemostatic composition of claim 6, wherein the hemostatic composition suppresses rebleeding.

10. The hemostatic composition of claim 6, wherein the hemostatic composition is in a form of a solution in an aqueous medium, a suspension, an emulsion, powders, powdered drugs, granules, a sponge, a pad, a patch or a film.

11. A method of preparing a recombinant batroxobin hemostatic composition, the method comprising contacting the recombinant batroxobin mixed composition of claim 1 with an acid solution.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the acid solution has a pH of 1 to 6.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein the acid solution comprises a biocompatible polymer.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates a structure of a recombinant batroxobin according to the present disclosure and a structure analysis result. FIG. 1A illustrates a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis result, a second view of FIG. 1B illustrates a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis result, and first and third views of FIG. 1B illustrate isoelectric focusing (IEF) analysis results. GT: Glycosylation target; CBB: coomassie blue staining; Zgram: zymogram, showing an activity of rBat; and WB: Western blot.

(2) FIG. 2A illustrates a whole blood clot assay result for a comparison of blood clot formation effects in a recombinant batroxobin and a native batroxobin. Results of measurement of a ratio (%) of blood clot formation for each experimental group are shown.

(3) FIG. 2B illustrates a fibrinogen assay result for a comparison of blood clot formation effects in a recombinant batroxobin and a native batroxobin. Results of measurement of an absorbance at 405 nm based on blood clot formation for each experimental group are shown.

(4) FIG. 3A illustrates states of blood clot formation by using collagen, chitosan and a recombinant batroxobin mixed composition alone or in combination.

(5) FIG. 3B is a graph showing a ratio (%) of blood clot formation by using collagen, chitosan and a recombinant batroxobin mixed composition alone or in combination.

(6) FIG. 4A illustrates a hemostatic effect experiment process over time in a femoral artery wound model.

(7) FIG. 4B illustrates a hemostatic effect and rebleeding measurement results when collagen is used alone in a femoral artery wound model. Experimental results are shown in a graph of an amount of bleeding out over time.

(8) FIG. 4C illustrates a hemostatic effect and rebleeding measurement results when a combination of collagen and 3 BU of a recombinant batroxobin mixed composition is used in a femoral artery wound model. Experimental results are shown in a graph of an amount of bleeding out over time.

(9) FIG. 4D illustrates a hemostatic effect and rebleeding measurement results when a combination of collagen and 5 BU of a recombinant batroxobin mixed composition is used in a femoral artery wound model. Experimental results are shown in a graph of an amount of bleeding out over time.

(10) FIG. 4E illustrates a hemostatic effect and rebleeding measurement results when chitosan is used alone in a femoral artery wound model. Experimental results are shown in a graph of an amount of bleeding out over time.

(11) FIG. 4F illustrates a hemostatic effect and rebleeding measurement results when a combination of chitosan and 3 BU of a recombinant batroxobin mixed composition is used in a femoral artery wound model. Experimental results are shown in a graph of an amount of bleeding out over time.

(12) FIG. 4G illustrates a hemostatic effect and rebleeding measurement results when a combination of chitosan and 5 BU of a recombinant batroxobin mixed composition is used in a femoral artery wound model. Experimental results are shown in a graph of an amount of bleeding out over time.

(13) FIG. 4H illustrates a hemostatic effect and rebleeding measurement results when a combination of collagen and chitosan is used in a femoral artery wound model. Experimental results are shown in a graph of an amount of bleeding out over time.

(14) FIG. 4I illustrates a hemostatic effect and rebleeding measurement results when a combination of collagen, chitosan and 3 BU of a recombinant batroxobin mixed composition is used in a femoral artery wound model. Experimental results are shown in a graph of an amount of bleeding out over time.

(15) FIG. 4J illustrates a hemostatic effect and rebleeding measurement results when a combination of collagen, chitosan and 5 BU of a recombinant batroxobin mixed composition is used in a femoral artery wound model. Experimental results are shown in a graph of an amount of bleeding out over time.

(16) FIG. 5A illustrates results of measurement of a total amount of bleeding out in a femoral artery wound model.

(17) FIG. 5B illustrates results of measurement of an amount of first-bleeding out in a femoral artery wound model.

(18) FIG. 5C illustrates results of measurement of an amount of rebleeding out in a femoral artery wound model.

MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

(19) Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in further detail by examples. It would be obvious to those skilled in the art that these examples are intended to be more concretely illustrative and the scope of the present disclosure as set forth in the appended claims is not limited to or by the examples.

EXAMPLES

Example 1. Construction of Recombinant Batroxobin Expression Vector

(20) A recombinant batroxobin used in the present disclosure is batroxobin generated by carrying out mutagenesis in native batroxobin cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 3) to enhance a protein translation efficiency, and a codon sequence was described in SEQ ID NO: 1 (BatSMX). A mutagenesis method is disclosed in detail in International Patent Publication No. WO2009/084841. Also, to increase an efficiency of secreting the recombinant batroxobin into a cell culture medium by expressing the recombinant batroxobin a, a Pichia pastoris-optimized synthetic secretion leader gene codon (SMF) was synthesized was synthesized by substituting a Saccharomyces-derived -factor secretion leader gene codon of pPIC9 that is an expression vector of Pichia pastoris, and its nucleotide sequence was described in SEQ ID NO: 5.

(21) To fuse a desired recombinant protein at C-terminal of the SMF, the SMF was inserted into a multicloning site of pUC118HincII/BAP (Takara Bio Inc., Japan), which was named as pSMF. Since a XhoI nucleotide sequence (CTC GAG) used in a cloning site of C-terminal of a native -factor secretion leader sequence that was conventionally commercialized encodes a Leu codon, in particular, a codon (ctc) with a low transcription efficiency, a PCR was performed by using the SMF as a template, and using SMF-R (5-TAACTCTTTTTTCCAAAGAAACACCTTCTTCCTTTGCTGC-3) (SEQ ID NO.: 8) that is a C-terminal primer overlapped with N-terminal of batroxobin, and SMF-F (5-GGATCCAAACGATGAGATTTCCAT-3) (SEQ ID NO.: 9) that may generate a BamHI sequence at N-terminal of a recombinant SMF gene cassette, while replacing a nucleotide sequence of GTA-TCT-CTC-GAG (SEQ ID NO.: 12) for Val80-Ser81-Leu82-Glu83 with that of GTT-TCT-TTG-GAA (SEQ ID NO.: 13).

(22) N-terminal encoding nucleotide sequences of the following BatSMX were designed using primers corresponding to an overlap sequence (amino acid sequence: L E K R/V I G D E) (SEQ ID NO.: 14) consistent with codons modified at C-terminal of the SMF. A PCR was performed by using BatSMX as a template and using SMX-F (5-CTTTGGAAAAAAGAGTTATTGGTGGTGATGAA-3) (SEQ ID NO.: 10) as an N-terminal extension primer in BatSMX and SMX-R (5-GCGGCCGCTTATGGACAAGT-3) (SEQ ID NO.: 11) as a C-terminal primer.

(23) The resulting SMF and PCR products of batroxobin genes were mixed, and N-terminal primers used in SMF modification and C-terminal primers used in batroxobin modification were mixed. An assembly PCR was performed and then cloned into pTOP Blunt vector (Enzynomics, Korea) to complete SMFBatSMX that is a gene cassette in which codons of an -factor secretion leader sequence of an SMF gene and batroxobin gene are optimized. The above genes were treated with BamHI-NotI restriction enzymes, and BamHI-NotI fragments (970 bp) were recovered and subcloned into pPIC9 that is a Pichia expression vector, to construct pSMFBatSMX that is an expression vector.

Example 2. Isolation of Recombinant Batroxobin

(24) After transformation into a Pichia pastoris strain (GS115, Invitrogen) under a voltage condition of 1.5 kV using an electroporator (Bio-Rad Gene Pulser, USA), a selection was performed on a histidine-deficient yeast nitrogen base (YNB) solid medium. A single colony obtained by the selection was inoculated into 1 L of Buffered Minimal Glycerol (BMG) liquid media (100 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.0), 1.34% yeast nitrogen base, 410-5% biotin, and 1% glycerol) and incubated with shaking at 30 C. An expression of recombinant proteins via an Alcohol Oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter was induced by adding 0.1% methyl alcohol every 24 hours in a cell density in which an absorbance reached about 1.0 at 600 nm, and culturing was performed. A culture solution was harvested by centrifuging the culture at 5,000g and loaded into a column (1.320 cm) packed with phenyl-sepharose (GE Healthcare, USA) equilibrated with a 2.5 M ammonium sulfate solution. A fraction with an enzyme activity of the recombinant batroxobin was eluted at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min using a linear gradient of 2.5-0 M ammonium sulfate solution, to isolate the recombinant batroxobin.

Example 3. Analysis of Structure of Isolated Recombinant Batroxobin Mixture

(25) 3-1. Analysis of Glycosylation Pattern of Recombinant Batroxobin Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)

(26) For TCA precipitation, a 50% TCA solution was added to 50 g of the recombinant batroxobin to have a final batroxobin concentration of 10%, and stored on ice for 30 minutes. Centrifugation was performed at 12,000 rpm, at 4 C. for 10 minutes, to eliminate all the remaining solution except protein precipitates. 500 l of a cold acetone solution was added and vortexing was performed for about 3 minutes, followed by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, at 4 C. for 10 minutes. The remaining solution except protein precipitates was eliminated and completely dried at room temperature. 10 l of a 5 M Urea solution was added to the protein precipitates and stored at room temperature for 10 minutes while shaking, and then 40 l of a 0.1 M ABC buffer solution was added and mixed, to prepare a sample for a MALDI-TOF MS.

(27) 2 IU PNGase-F was added to the sample prepared by the TCA precipitation, and the sample was stored at 37 C. for 16 hours. The sample was loaded in a PGC column and 300 l of the sample was eluted in a 40% ACN/0.05% TFA buffer solution. An eluted solution was dried by SpeedVac (BioTron, Korea), and the dried sample was dissolved in 10 l of distilled water. DOWEX-50W (Sigma, USA) as an ion exchange resin was added, vortexing was performed for 1 hour and the DOWEX-50W was removed, followed by drying by SpeedVac. 10 l of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 10 l of methyl iodide were added to the dried sample and stored at room temperature for 12 hours, followed by drying by SpeedVac. 30 l of a GT solution (1 mg/mL of 1% acetic acid/99% methanol [v/v]) was added and stored at room temperature for 4 hours, followed by drying by SpeedVac. The dried sample was mixed with 2 l of a 2,5-DHB solution (30 mg/mL of 70% acetonitrile/30% water [v/v]), and 1 l of a mixed solution was spotted on a stainless steel MALDI plate and dried at room temperature, to perform measurement by MALDI-TOF.

(28) As a result, it was confirmed that the recombinant batroxobin according to the present disclosure shows 3 major glycosylation patterns and 3 miner glycosylation patterns (FIG. 1A). Also, it was confirmed that a mannose is mainly used as sugar for glycosylation, that each pattern is determined by an additional bind of a mannose, and that the N-acetylglucosamine is also used.

(29) 3-2. Analysis Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)

(30) A sample for an LC-MS analysis was prepared by TCA precipitation in the same manner as in Example 3-1.

(31) 10 l of the sample was inserted into a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer and an analysis was performed using reverse phase LC-ESIMS. The total time for the analysis was 40 minutes.

(32) Recombinant batroxobin proteins were isolated on ZORBAX 300SBC18 (1150 mm, 3.5 m, Agilent, USA). To isolate the recombinant batroxobin protein, a mobile phase solvent A [0.2% (v/v) formic acid (FA) aqueous solution] and a mobile phase solvent B [100% acetonitrile (ACN)/0.2% (v/v) FA aqueous solution] were used at a flow rate of 35 l/min. Proteins isolated by an HPLC were coupled to an ESI source of a QTOF MS, to measure mass values of protein ions.

(33) As a result, it was confirmed that the recombinant batroxobin has a mass of 29.548 kDa on average and has a mass of about 25.5 kDa after removing of sugar.

(34) 3-3. Analysis Using Isoelectric Focusing (IEF)

(35) The recombinant batroxobin sample isolated in Example 2 was added to an IEF sample buffer solution (2, Komabiotech, Korea) and mixed. An IEF Cathode buffer solution (10, Komabiotech, Korea) was diluted in deionized water at a ratio of 1:9 and added to an IEF upper chamber, and an IEF Anode buffer solution (50, Komabiotech, Korea) was diluted in deionized water at a ratio of 1:49 and poured into an IEF lower chamber. 2 g of the sample mixed with the IEF sample buffer solution was loaded in a well filled with the IEF Cathode buffer solution. The sample was transferred, gels were removed from a cassette and fixed in a fixing solution (12% TCA) for 30 minutes. IEF gels were stained using Coomassie brilliant blue and de-stained using a destain solution.

(36) As a result, it was confirmed that the recombinant batroxobin has 3 bands (bands of the major glycosylation patterns of FIG. 1A) at pI 7.8 or higher and 1 band (a band of the miner glycosylation pattern of FIG. 1B) around pI 7.4 (FIG. 1B). The recombinant batroxobin differs from the native batroxobin in that the native batroxobin has a pI of about 6.6 and only a single band.

Example 4. Analysis of Activity Based on pH of Isolated Recombinant Batroxobin Mixture

(37) S-2238 (Biophen, USA) that is a thrombin substrate was purchased and dissolved at a concentration of 10 mM. During measurement of batroxobin activity, a final concentration of 0.1 mM was measured and 50 mM Tris-cl, pH 7.5, was added for dilution.

(38) Each of the recombinant batroxobin and the native batroxobin (NIBSC, UK) was allowed to have a concentration of 10 BU/ml and was diluted with buffer solutions for each pH (pH 3, 5, 7 and 9), to obtain a concentration of 5 BU/ml.

(39) Samples prepared with the concentration of 5.0 BU/ml were classified and stored at 4 C. and 37 C., 20 l of each of a standard sample and a measurement sample was added onto a 96-well plate, 180 ul of the thrombin substrate containing the 50 mM Tris-cl, pH 7.5 was added to each of the samples, to measure an absorbance at 405 nm at 37 C. for 20 minutes using an ELISA.

(40) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Incubation time 24 hours Temperature 4 C. 37 C. Batroxobin rBat nBat rBat nBat Buffer solution KPi pH 3.0 83.1 41.4 80.7 40.2 Glycine pH 3.0 80.7 40.2 80.7 39.0 KPi pH 5.0 95.1 80.8 95.1 72.4 Acetic acid pH 5.0 104.7 74.8 104.7 72.4 NaPi pH 7.0 104.7 96.3 99.9 95.2 Tris pH 7.0 102.3 105.9 97.5 92.8 Glycine pH 9.0 97.5 86.8 95.1 82.0 Tris pH 9.0 90.3 77.2 90.3 62.9

Example 5. Preparation of Hemostatic Pad with Batroxobin

(41) 5 mg of atelocollagen fibers (Sigma, USA) extracted from bovine and 5 mg of chitosan powder (Sigma, USA) extracted from shells of shrimp were each dissolved in 500 l of a 0.5 M acetic acid solution at 4 C. for about 24 hours. A group containing batroxobin in 1% (w/v) collagen (5 mg of collagen/500 l of a 0.5 M acetic acid solution), a group containing batroxobin in 1% (w/v) chitosan (5 mg of chitosan/500 l of a 0.5 M acetic acid solution), and a group containing batroxobin in 1% (w/v) collagen (2.5 mg of collagen/250 l of a 0.5 M acetic acid solution) and 1% (w/v) chitosan (2.5 mg of chitosan/250 l of a 0.5 M acetic acid solution) were dissolved by adding the recombinant batroxobin solution isolated in Example 1 at concentrations of 1 BU, 2 BU, 3 BU and 5 BU after 23 hours. To remove foam formed during a dissolving process, each solution was subject to a degassing process by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm, at 4 C. for 10 minutes. 500 L of each of the remaining solutions from which the form was removed was added to a 24-well plate on an ice pack to maintain a low temperature, and frozen in a 80 C. quick-freezer for 48 hours. Here, a bottom surface was kept flat to prevent the solutions from leaning to one side. The frozen solutions were freeze-dried for 48 hours in a 50 C. freeze dryer (ALPHA 1-2 LD plus, CHRIST, Germany), to prepare a pad (a circular pad, 15 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness).

(42) Prepared pads are shown in Table 2 below.

(43) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Pad with Collagen Collagen pad Chitosan pad and Chitosan Comparative group 1% collagen 1% chitosan 1% collagen + 1% chitosan Experimental group 1 1% collagen + 1 1% chitosan + 1 BU 1% collagen + 1% BU of batroxobin of batroxobin chitosan + 1 BU of batroxobin Experimental group 2 1% collagen + 2 1% chitosan + 2 BU 1% collagen + 1% BU of batroxobin of batroxobin chitosan + 2 BU of batroxobin Experimental group 3 1% collagen + 3 1% chitosan + 3 BU 1% collagen + 1% BU of batroxobin of batroxobin chitosan + 3 BU of batroxobin Experimental group 4 1% collagen + 5 1% chitosan + 5 BU 1% collagen + 1% BU of batroxobin of batroxobin chitosan + 5 BU of batroxobin

Example 6. Comparison Between Hemostatic Pad with Native Batroxobin and Hemostatic Pad with Recombinant Batroxobin

(44) A hemostatic pad containing 3 BU of native batroxobin and 1% chitosan and a hemostatic pad containing 3 BU of the recombinant batroxobin and 1% chitosan were prepared and effects of the hemostatic pads were compared. Prepared hemostatic pads include 1% chitosan for all groups, a non-treated group was used as a control group, and a group containing 3 BU of the native batroxobin and a group containing 3 BU of the recombinant batroxobin were used as experimental groups. Experimental results were shown as a blood clot formation test and a pad fibrin formation test.

(45) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (Oriental Bio, Korea) of about 350 g were anesthetized using 30 mg/kg of Zoletil (Boehringer Ingelheim Agrovent, Denmark) and 10 mg/kg of Rompun (Bayer, Canada), and blood was collected at a ratio of 1:4 (sodium citrate:rat blood) from an abdominal vena cava using a syringe containing 0.109 M sodium citrate by an abdominal incision.

(46) 400 L of blood was added to the prepared pads, followed by reaction for 10 minutes with stirring in a 37 C. incubator. 400 L, of phosphate buffer saline (PBS, Wellgene, Korea) was added to dissolve non-coagulated blood, and an absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a spectrophotometer (SpectraMax microplate reader, Molecular devices, USA) to measure a hemoglobin concentration using a Drabkin's reagent (FIG. 2A).

(47) A 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer with pH 7.5 was added to the prepared pads, followed by reaction for 10 minutes with stirring in a 37 C. incubator. Batroxobin isolated from the pads was added to a warmed 0.9% saline buffer containing prepared fibrinogen of 10 mg/ml, followed by reaction for 10 minutes with stirring in a 37 C. incubator. To obtain experiment results, an absorbance was measured at 405 nm using a spectrophotometer (FIG. 2B).

Example 7. Analysis of Blood Clot Formation of Hemostatic Pad

(48) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (Oriental Bio, Korea) of about 350 g were anesthetized using 30 mg/kg of Zoletil (Boehringer Ingelheim Agrovent, Denmark) and 10 mg/kg of Rompun (Bayer, Canada), and blood was collected at a ratio of 1:4 (sodium citrate:rat blood) from an abdominal vena cava using a syringe containing 0.109 M sodium citrate by an abdominal incision. 400 L of blood was added to the prepared pads, followed by reaction for 10 minutes with stirring in a 37 C. incubator. 400 L of phosphate buffer saline (PBS, Wellgene, Korea) was added to dissolve non-coagulated blood, and an absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a spectrophotometer (SpectraMax microplate reader, Molecular devices, USA) to measure a hemoglobin concentration using a Drabkin's reagent.

(49) For hemostatic pads, a non-treated group was used as a control group and 12 groups except the control group were used. In the 12 groups, 3 comparative groups were a group of 1% collagen, a group of 1% chitosan and a group of 1% collagen and 1% chitosan, and experimental groups were groups containing 1, 2 and 3 BU of batroxobin in 1% collagen, groups containing 1, 2 and 3 BU of batroxobin in 1% chitosan, and groups containing 1, 2 and 3 BU of batroxobin in 1% collagen and 1% chitosan.

(50) When blood coagulation degrees were observed with the naked eye, it was confirmed that the blood coagulation degrees in all the groups were increased in comparison to that of the non-treated group. When the blood coagulation degrees were observed with the naked eye by tilting a well plate by about 15, about half of a blood volume was seemed to be coagulated in the comparative groups. It was found that the blood coagulation degree was considerably increased as a concentration of batroxobin increased from 1 BU to 3 BU in each of the comparative groups. In particular, in 7 groups, that is, a group containing 3 BU of batroxobin in collagen, a group containing 3 BU of batroxobin in chitosan, a group containing 2 BU of batroxobin and 3 BU of batroxobin in collagen and chitosan, it was observed with the naked eye that blood clots were formed in forms of dark lumps and that blood does not flow because blood was almost completely solidified (FIG. 3A).

(51) Since a high hemoglobin concentration was measured based on an increase in an amount of non-coagulated blood, a concentration of hemoglobin in blood was measured using a Drabkin's reagent, calculated in reverse and converted to percentage (%), to evaluate a degree of blood clot formation. Based on results of the above evaluation using a graph, it was found that the degree of blood clot formation was about 50% in a collagen group, the degree of blood clot formation was about 60% in a chitosan group and the degree of blood clot formation was about 65% in a group with collagen and chitosan. In each comparative group, the degree of blood clot formation was increased as the concentration of batroxobin increases. It was confirmed that the degree of blood clot formation was considerably increased over about 90% in groups containing 2 BU of batroxobin and that the degree of blood clot formation was almost 100% in groups containing 3 BU of batroxobin (FIG. 3B).

(52) Based on results in the above experiment, it was confirmed that the hemostatic pads including batroxobin together with collagen or chitosan allow blood clots to be rapidly formed to stop bleeding in comparison to the hemostatic pad including only either collagen or chitosan. Also, it was found that a sufficient hemostatic effect may be obtained even with only 3 BU of batroxobin by Example 5.

Example 8: Hemostatic Effect in Femoral Artery Wound Model

(53) A sprague-Dawley (SD) rat weighing about 200 g to 350 g was anesthetized using 30 mg/kg of Zoletil and 10 mg/kg of Rompun (Bayer, Canada), and limbs of the rat were fixed onto a styrofoam board and were tilted by about 45. A left thigh part of the rat was incised, a fascia was cut out, and a femoral artery was exposed. Blood vessels were dissected using a surgical knife, a hemostatic pad was applied directly to a wound site, a filter paper (Whatman, a diameter of 4.25 mm) was applied to blood flowing immediately below the hemostatic pad at intervals of 10 seconds and a weight thereof was measured. Here, an amount of bleeding out was measured by subtracting a weight of only a filter paper from the weight of the filter paper stained with blood. When no further blood is absorbed onto a filter paper, bleeding was judged to stop, and a time at which the blood stopped was confirmed. (FIG. 4A).

(54) For hemostatic pads, a non-treated group was used as a control group, and 9 groups except the control group were used. The 9 groups include 3 comparative groups (that is, a group containing 1% collagen, a group containing 1% chitosan and a group containing 1% collagen and 1% chitosan), and a group containing 3 BU of batroxobin in 1% collagen, a group containing 5 BU of batroxobin in 1% collagen, a group containing 3 BU of batroxobin in 1% chitosan, a group containing 5 BU of batroxobin in 1% chitosan, a group containing 3 BU of batroxobin in 1% collagen and 1% chitosan, and a group containing 5 BU of batroxobin in 1% collagen and 1% chitosan.

(55) As a result, it was confirmed from graphs showing bleeding times that rebleeding occurred after initial hemostasis in all the groups. It was found that a point in time of initial hemostasis was shortened by about 30 seconds based on an increase in a concentration of batroxobin in comparison to the comparative groups. Also, it was confirmed that an amount of bleeding out in first 30 seconds was reduced by almost half in all the groups in comparison to the non-treated group. In other words, it was found amounts of bleeding out were reduced to about 50% at almost the same ratio in all the experimental groups. Among the experimental groups, the smallest amount of first-bleeding out were shown in the group containing 5 BU of batroxobin in collagen, the group containing 5 BU of batroxobin in chitosan and the group containing 5 BU of batroxobin in collagen and chitosan showed. Also, it was found that a point in time of rebleeding was delayed by about 3 minutes on average as the concentration of the batroxobin increases from 0 BU to 3 BU and 5 BU, and it was confirmed from graphs that a period of time of rebleeding was remarkably shortened (FIGS. 4B through 4J).

(56) The amounts of bleeding out were classified into a total amount of bleeding out, an amount of first-bleeding out and an amount of rebleeding out and were verified. In results showing the total amount of bleeding out, it was confirmed that the total amount of bleeding out in all the groups was about 50% lower than that of the control group, and that the amount of bleeding out decreased as the concentration of batroxobin in each of the comparative groups increases (FIG. 5A). Also, a graph for a comparison of an amount of first-bleeding out shows a decrease in the amount of bleeding out based on an increase in the concentration of batroxobin in comparison to the comparative groups treated with only collagen or only chitosan, however, significant effects were unknown except the group containing 5 BU of batroxobin in chitosan (FIG. 5B). However, in a graph to verify an amount of rebleeding out, small amounts of bleeding out were shown in all the experimental groups in comparison to the comparative groups, and it was evaluated through a statistical analysis thereof that all the experimental groups had significant effects. Also, it was confirmed that rebleeding was remarkably suppressed, in particular, in the group containing 5 BU of batroxobin in chitosan and the groups containing batroxobin in collagen and chitosan, in comparison to each of the comparative groups (FIG. 5C).

(57) A bleeding stop time, a rebleeding time and a total amount of bleeding out were summarized as shown in Table 3 below. The bleeding stop time refers to a point in time at which no further blood was absorbed onto a filter paper, and the rebleeding time refers to a point in time at which blood was absorbed onto a filter paper.

(58) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Collagen Chitosan Batroxobin(BU) Control 0 3 5 0 Bleeding stop >900 330 300 270 300 time (sec) Re-bleeding 480 510 570 480 time (sec) Total amount 7188.4 826.1 3301.3 224.7 2792.9 195.6 2713.3 234.4 3538.6 157.3 of blood bleeding out (mg) Total amount 731.9 292.5 168.3 141.4 133.9 45.0 631.6 242.6 of Re- bleeding out (mg) n 4 4 4 4 4 Chitosan Collagen + Chitosan (1.1) Batroxobin(BU) 3 5 0 3 5 Bleeding stop 240 240 300 240 240 time (sec) Re-bleeding 600 780 600 570 780 time (sec) Total amount 2863.8 413.9 2115.2 226.7 3912.4 679.9 3199.7 762.8 2799.9 263.2 of blood bleeding out (mg) Total amount 103.9 35.1 15.8 27.3 597.9 479.8 123.8 86.2 66.1 21.9 of Re- bleeding out (mg) n 4 4 4 4 4

(59) Thus, based on results from the above animal experiment, it was confirmed that a batroxobin mixture according to the present disclosure has an in vivo effect on an actual wound model as well as an in vitro effect by blood sampling. Also, it was found that the amount of first-bleeding out, the amount of rebleeding out and the time were considerably reduced in comparison to the control group, and it was found that an effect of 5 BU of batroxobin was higher than that of 3 BU of batroxobin in a wound model.

Example 9. Statistical Analysis

(60) All measured values were expressed as meanstandard deviation. Differences in mean values of normal distribution data were assessed by Student's t-test, and P>0.05 was regarded as a statistical difference.

(61) While this disclosure includes specific examples, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made in these examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims and their equivalents. The examples described herein are to be considered in a descriptive sense only, and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects in each example are to be considered as being applicable to similar features or aspects in other examples. Suitable results may be achieved if the described techniques are performed in a different order, and/or if components in a described system, architecture, device, or circuit are combined in a different manner and/or replaced or supplemented by other components or their equivalents. Therefore, the scope of the disclosure is defined not by the detailed description, but by the claims and their equivalents, and all variations within the scope of the claims and their equivalents are to be construed as being included in the disclosure.