Metal oxide powder, method for preparing same, and lithium secondary battery comprising same

Abstract

The present invention relates to a metal oxide powder, a method of preparing the same, and a lithium secondary battery using the same, which comprises: a metal oxide powder is represented by Formula (1),
Li.sub.x(M.sub.1-m-zA.sub.mD.sub.z)O.sub.tFormula (1) in the above Formula (1), 0.85x1.2, 0m0.01, 0<z0.04, 1.85t2.2, M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn and combinations thereof, A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and combinations thereof, D is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Ce, Ge, Sn and combinations thereof, and E is an average oxidation number of A and D, and E>3.5.

Claims

1. A metal oxide powder, wherein the metal oxide powder is represented by Formula (1),
Li.sub.x(M.sub.1-m-zA.sub.mD.sub.z)O.sub.tFormula (1) wherein, in the above Formula (1), 0.8x1.2, 0m0.01, 0<z0.04, 1.8t2.2, M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn and combinations thereof, A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and combinations thereof, D is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Ce, Ge, Sn and combinations thereof, and E is an average oxidation number of A and D, and E>3.5.

2. The metal oxide powder of claim 1, wherein, the metal oxide powder comprises a coating layer formed on at least a part of its surface, wherein, the coating layer comprises a lithium phosphorus oxide, wherein, the coating layer further comprises a composite coating layer comprising an oxide selected from the group consisting of lithium metal phosphate, metal phosphorus oxide, lithium metal oxide, metal oxide, and combinations thereof.

3. The metal oxide powder of claim 1, wherein, A is Mg.

4. The metal oxide powder of claim 1, wherein, A is Mg, and 0<m0.001.

5. The metal oxide powder of claim 1, wherein, D is Ti.

6. The metal oxide powder of claim 1, wherein, D is Ti, and 0<z0.004.

7. The metal oxide powder of claim 1, wherein, A is Mg, 0<m0.001, D is Ti, and 0<z0.004.

8. The metal oxide powder of claim 2, wherein, in the coating layer, the metal contained in lithium phosphate, lithium metal phosphate, metal phosphate, lithium metal oxide, metal oxide and combinations thereof, is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ti, Zr and Ca.

9. The metal oxide powder of claim 2, wherein, in the coating layer, lithium phosphorus is Li3PO4.

10. A method of preparing a metal oxide power, comprising: dry mixing a lithium supply material, a transition metal precursor, a dopant A supply material and a dopant D supply material; sintering the mixture to prepare a metal oxide powder represented by Formula (1) and capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium and having an average particle diameter D50 of 2 m or less; preparing coating material comprising a lithium source, a phosphorus source and a metal source; uniformly adhering a coating material obtained by mixing at least one selected from the group consisting of the lithium source, the phosphorus source and the metal source to the surface of the metal oxide powder; and obtaining a metal oxide powder having a coating layer by sintering the metal oxide powder to which the coating material is adhered, to form a coating layer comprising one element selected from the group consisting of lithium phosphorus oxide, lithium metal phosphate, metal phosphate, lithium metal oxide, metal oxide, and combinations thereof,
Li.sub.x(M.sub.1-m-zA.sub.mD.sub.z)O.sub.tFormula (1) wherein, in the above Formula (1), 0.8x1.2, 0m0.01, 0<z0.04, 1.8t2.2, M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn and combinations thereof, A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and combinations thereof, D is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Ce, Ge, Sn and combinations thereof, and E is an average oxidation number of A and D, and E>3.5.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein, in the sintering step, a temperature is 750 to 1,050 C.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein, in the obtaining a metal oxide powder having a coating layer by sintering the metal oxide powder to which the coating material is adhered, a temperature is 650 to 950 C.

13. A metal oxide powder, wherein, the metal oxide powder is a mixture of a small particle size oxide powder and a large particle size oxide powder, and a mixing ratio of the oxide powders (a small particle size oxide powder:a large particle size oxide powder) is in the range of 50:50 to 10:90: [a small particle size oxide powder] wherein, the small particle size oxide powder is represented by Formula (1)
Li.sub.x(M.sub.1-m-zA.sub.mD.sub.z)O.sub.tFormula (1) wherein, in the above Formula (1), 0.8x1.2, 0m0.01, 0<z0.04, 1.8t2.2, M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn and combinations thereof, A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and combinations thereof, D is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Ce, Ge, Sn and combinations thereof, E is an average oxidation number of A and D, and E>3.5, an average particle diameter D50 is of 2 m or less, [a large particle size oxide powder] wherein, the large particle size oxide powder is represented by Formula (2)
Li.sub.x(M.sub.1-m-zA.sub.mD.sub.z)O.sub.2-tFormula (2) wherein, in the above Formula (2), 0.8x1.2, 0m0.01, 0<z0.01, 0t0.01, M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn and combinations thereof, A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and combinations thereof, D is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, and combinations thereof, an average particle diameter D50 is of 5 m or more.

14. The metal oxide powder of claim 13, wherein, a P.D of the mixture is 4.1 g/cc or more.

15. A positive electrode, comprising: the metal oxide powder of claim 1.

16. A lithium secondary battery, comprising: a positive electrode, comprising: the metal oxide powder of claim 1; a negative electrode comprising a negative active material; and an electrolyte.

17. A positive electrode, comprising: the metal oxide powder of claim 13.

18. A lithium secondary battery, comprising: a positive electrode, comprising: the metal oxide powder of claim 13; a negative electrode comprising a negative active material; and an electrolyte.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

(1) Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention are described in detail. However, these embodiments are exemplary, the present invention is not limited thereto and the present invention is defined by the scope of claims.

(2) In an embodiment of the present invention, a metal oxide powder is represented by Formula (1), and obtained by sintering a mixture a lithium supply material, a transition metal precursor, a dopant A supply material and a dopant D supply material. The average particle diameter D50 of the metal oxide powder is preferably 2 m or less.
Li.sub.x(M.sub.1-m-zA.sub.mD.sub.z)O.sub.tFormula (1)
In the above Formula (1), it may be that 0.8x1.2, 0m0.01, 0<z0.04, and 1.85t2.2,

(3) It may be that M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn and combinations thereof, A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and combinations thereof, and D is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Ce, Ge, Sn and combinations thereof.

(4) It may be preferable that A is Mg, 0<m0.001, D is Ti, and 0<z0.004.

(5) The total amount of the dopant can be represented by 0<m+z<0.05.

(6) Also, it is preferable that m<z is satisfied, and 0<m and 0<z are preferable considering battery performance.

(7) In particular, it is preferable that the average oxidation number (E) of dopants A and D is E>3.5.

(8) In this case, the ratio of dopant D, which is mainly tetravalent, and dopant A, which is mainly divalent, are determined on the basis of the oxidation number. When the ratio of dopant D and dopant A are same, E is 3. Accordingly, when E is greater than 3.5, it means that a ratio of dopant D is larger than that of dopant A.

(9) The larger dopant D in the ratio of dopant D and A is related to forming the desired particle size and that the average oxidation number E of the dopant should be greater than 3.5. It means that the lower limit of the battery performance is possible when E is 3.5.

(10) Also, if E is less than 3.5, it means that the desired size cannot be achieved or the desired battery performance cannot be reached.

(11) As described above, the average oxidation number (E) of the dopants A and D is preferably E>3.5, more preferably E>3.6.

(12) On the other hand, in order to miniaturize the positive active material, a small precursor having an average particle diameter D50 of 1 m or less is basically used. However, by using only a small precursor, the particles cannot be realized as a positive active material proposed in the present invention.

(13) Even if sintering proceeds at a normal temperature of 750 to 1,050 C. (preferably 800 to 1000 C.) for crystallization while using a small precursor, the average particle diameter D50 of the lithium metal oxide powder was varied, depending on the average oxidation number (E) of the ratio of the dopants A and D. For example, when the average number of oxidation (E) of the dopant exceeds 3.5, the average particle size D50 of the particles satisfies 2 m or less, but when the average number of oxidation (E) of the dopant is 3.5 or less, the average particle size D50 of the particles is greater than 2 m.

(14) The reason why the average particle diameter D50 of the lithium metal oxide powder varies depending on the average oxidation number (E) of the ratio of the dopants A and D is that the degree of suppression of grain growth is different by precipitates. When a high temperature sintering for crystallization of the positive active material is performed, a compound including a dopant is precipitated in the grain boundaries of the dopant. The precipitate performs as a kind of covering function that suppresses grain growth. The degree of inhibition depends on the type and amount of the element added for inhibition.

(15) Also, it was confirmed that the particle size varies depending on the amount of the dopant D. This indicates that the size of the positive active material is related to the dopant D, and the inhibition of grain growth by the dopant D is related to the amount of the dopant D. Accordingly, the content of the dopant D is preferably 2,000 ppm or more, more preferably 3,000 ppm or more.

(16) The dopant D may be one of Hf, Zr, Ti, and V, but Ti is preferable.

(17) On the other hand, after dopant D is added to achieve grain growth inhibition, dopant A can be added to compensate for the electrochemical performance. It is preferable to add a less amount of dopant A than the dopant D, because dopant A may act to assist grain growth depending on the other element. The content of the dopant A is preferably 500 ppm or less, more preferably 300 ppm or less. The dopant A is an element for supplementing the capacity and efficiency characteristics reduced by an amount for suppressing grain growth, and is preferably Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba, more preferably Mg.

(18) In addition, due to the miniaturization of the particles, it is possible to expect the effect of reducing the length of the exiting path of Li from the bulk, along with the increase of the surface area where the exchange of Li is directly performed.

(19) Meanwhile, in the metal oxide powder according to an embodiment of the present invention, a coating layer may be formed on at least a part of the surface of the lithium metal oxide powder represented by Formula (1).

(20) The coating layer may include lithium phosphorus oxide. In addition, the coating layer may include a composite coating layer further including an oxide selected from the group consisting of lithium metal phosphate, metal phosphorus oxide, lithium metal oxide, metal oxide, and combinations thereof.

(21) As a result, it is possible to inhibit the oxidative decomposition caused by the reaction with the electrolyte at high voltage and to increase the diffusion of Li ions in the positive active material, thereby improving the movement of Li ions and contributing to improvement of battery characteristics.

(22) In addition, the metal oxide powder according to the present invention is characterized by having a high rolling density due to a bimodal having different average particle diameters as a positive active material for a high voltage of 4.5 V or more.

(23) Specifically, the rolling density of the positive active material may be higher than the rolling density of the positive active material having an average particle size that is not the bimodal form. The rolling density may also be 4.0 to 4.4 g/cc. It can be confirmed that the energy density is remarkably increased compared to the rolling density of the mixed 2 types positive active material having the similar average particle diameter and not being bimodal, which the rolling density is 3.7 to 4.0 g/cc.

(24) Next, a method for manufacturing a metal oxide powder according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described.

(25) First, a lithium supply material, a transition metal precursor (M supply material of Formula (1)), a dopant A supply material and a dopant D supply material are dry mixed. (Mixing step)

(26) At this time, the types and mixing amounts of the lithium supply material, the transition metal precursor, the dopant A supply material, and the dopant D supply material have been described in detail above and will not be described in detail.

(27) The mixture is sintered to prepare a lithium metal oxide powder represented by Formula (1), capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium, and having an average particle size D50 of 2 m or less. (Sintering step)

(28) In the sintering step, the mixture is sintered at a heat treatment temperature of 750 to 1,050 C. (preferably 800 to 1000 C.). Then, a compound represented by Formula (1) is obtained. The lithium metal oxide powder, which is a compound obtained at this time, is capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium.

(29) Next, a lithium source, a phosphorus source, and a metal source are prepared to coat the surface of the obtained lithium metal oxide powder. (Preparing a coating material)

(30) When a lithium source, a phosphorus source, and a metal source are prepared, a coating material obtained by mixing at least one selected from these materials is uniformly adhered to the surface of the lithium metal oxide powder. (Adhering Step) At this time, the method of adhering the coating material to the surface is not limited to a specific method but may be implemented in various ways. For example, by dry or wet mixing the obtained lithium metal oxide powder with the coating material.

(31) When the lithium metal oxide powder to which the coating material is adhered is prepared, the lithium metal oxide powder is subjected to heat treatment to form a coating layer having a lithium metal oxide powder, lithium metal oxide, metal phosphate, lithium metal oxide, metal oxide and combinations thereof, on the surface of the lithium metal oxide powder (Coating step).

(32) In the coating step, the coated lithium metal oxide powder may be heat treated at 650 to 950 C. Then, the above-mentioned lithium phosphorus oxide, lithium metal phosphorus oxide, metal phosphorus oxide, lithium metal oxide and metal oxide are coated on the surface of the lithium metal oxide powder in part or in whole.

(33) Meanwhile, the metal oxide powder according to another embodiment of the present invention may be implemented as an oxide powder mixture in which the lithium metal oxide powder (small particle size oxide powder) according to one embodiment described above with a large particle size oxide powder. In this case, the mixing ratio of the oxide powders (small particle size oxide powder:large particle size oxide powder) is preferably 50:50 to 10:90. More preferably, the mixing ratio of the small particle size oxide powder:the large particle size oxide powder is preferably 80:20.

(34) If the proportion of the small particle size oxide powder is smaller than the ratio, the efficiency of accumulating the positive active material is lowered because the ratio of filling the voids between the large particle size oxide powder is too small. If the proportion of the small particle size oxide powder is larger than the ratio, it is caused that small particle size oxide powders are remained after which fill the voids between the large particle size oxide powders.

(35) Since the oxide powder of small particle size is used as the lithium metal oxide powder realized in the embodiment of the present invention described above, detailed description is omitted.

(36) On the other hand, the large particle size oxide powder is represented by the following Formula (2).
Li.sub.x(M.sub.1-m-zA.sub.mD.sub.z)O.sub.2-tFormula (2)

(37) In the above Formula (2), it may be 0.8x1.2, 0m0.01, 0<z0.01, and 0t0.01.

(38) In addition, M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn and combinations thereof, A is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and combinations thereof, D is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, and combinations thereof.

(39) At this time, the average particle diameter D50 of the large particle size oxide powder is preferably 5 m or more.

(40) Another embodiment of the present invention is a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode includes a current collector and a positive active material layer formed on the current collector, and then the positive active material layer includes the positive active material according to the above embodiment of the present invention.

(41) The description related to the positive active material is omitted because it is the similar as the one and other embodiments of the present invention described above.

(42) The negative electrode and the positive electrode are prepared by mixing an active material, a conductive material and a binder in a solvent to prepare an active material composition, and applying the composition to a current collector. The method of manufacturing such an electrode is well known in the art, and a detailed description thereof will be omitted.

(43) Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to examples and comparative examples of the present invention.

EXAMPLE

Synthesis Example 1 (Small Particle Size 1)

(44) The mixed amount of the transition metal precursor (Co.sub.3O.sub.4 having D50 of 1 m), the lithium supply material (Li.sub.2CO.sub.3), the dopant A supply material (MgCO.sub.3) and the dopant D supply material (TiO.sub.2) was adjusted to be LiCo.sub.0.995Mg.sub.0.001Ti.sub.0.004O.sub.2. After that, the mixture was sintered at 800 to 1000 C. for 10 hours to prepare a lithium metal oxide powder.

(45) Then, 100 g of the lithium metal oxide powder was dry mixed with TiO.sub.2 powder and (NH.sub.4).sub.2HPO.sub.4 powder to make the coating material adhere to the surface of the lithium metal oxide powder, and then the lithium metal oxide powder with the coating material was heated at 800 C. for 6 hours. And then a positive active material having a composite coating layer containing lithium phosphorous oxide, and further including lithium metal oxides, metal phosphates, lithium metal oxides, metal oxides, or combinations thereof on the surface, was formed.

Synthesis Example 2 (Small Particle Size 2)

(46) LiCo.sub.0.995Mg.sub.0.001Ti.sub.0.004O.sub.2 was prepared by controlling the mixing amount of the transition metal precursor, the lithium supply material, the dopant A supply material and the dopant D supply material. After that, the LiCo.sub.0.995Mg.sub.0.001Ti.sub.0.004O.sub.2 having a coating layer including Li.sub.3PO.sub.4 was prepared by the same sintering and heating method as in Example 1.

Synthesis Example 3 (Small Particle Size 3)

(47) LiCo.sub.0.992Mg.sub.0.004Ti.sub.0.004O.sub.2 was prepared by controlling the mixing amount of the transition metal precursor, the lithium supply material, the dopant A supply material and the dopant D supply material. After that, the LiCo.sub.0.992Mg.sub.0.004Ti.sub.0.004O.sub.2 having a coating layer including Li.sub.3PO.sub.4 was prepared by the same sintering and heating method as in Example 1.

Synthesis Example 4 (Small Particle Size 4)

(48) LiCo.sub.0.9998Mg.sub.0.0001Ti.sub.0.0001O.sub.2 was prepared by controlling the mixing amount of the transition metal precursor, the lithium supply material, the dopant A supply material and the dopant D supply material. After that, the LiCo.sub.0.9998Mg.sub.0.0001Ti.sub.0.0001O.sub.2 having a coating layer including Li.sub.3PO.sub.4 was prepared by the same sintering and heating method as in Example 1.

Synthesis Example 5 (Small Particle Size 5)

(49) LiCo.sub.0.995Mg.sub.0.004Ti.sub.0.001O.sub.2 was prepared by controlling the mixing amount of the transition metal precursor, the lithium supply material, the dopant A supply material and the dopant D supply material. After that, the LiCo.sub.0.995Mg.sub.0.004Ti.sub.0.001O.sub.2 having a coating layer including Li.sub.3PO.sub.4 was prepared by the same sintering and heating method as in Example 1.

Synthesis Example 6 (Small Particle Size 6)

(50) A lithium metal oxide powder, LiCoO.sub.2, was prepared by mixing with the dopant A supply material and the dopant D supply material in a controlled manner to adjust the amount of the transition metal precursor (Co.sub.3O.sub.4 having a D50 of 1 m) and the lithium supply material (Li.sub.2CO.sub.3), and then sintering the mixture 800 to 1,000 C. for 10 hours. Thereafter, no surface treatment was performed to form a coating layer on the surface of the lithium metal oxide powder.

Synthesis Example 7 (Small Particle Size 7)

(51) The mixed amount of the transition metal precursor (Co.sub.3O.sub.4 having D50 of 1 m), the lithium supply material (Li.sub.2CO.sub.3), the dopant A supply material (MgCO.sub.3), and the dopant D supply material (TiO.sub.2) was adjusted to be LiCo.sub.0.995Mg.sub.0.001Ti.sub.0.004O.sub.2. After that, the mixture was sintered at 800 to 1,000 C. for 10 hours to prepare a lithium metal oxide powder. Thereafter, no surface treatment was performed to form a coating layer on the surface of the lithium metal oxide powder.

Synthesis Example 8 (Large Particle Size 1)

(52) The mixed amount of the transition metal precursor (Co.sub.3O.sub.4 having D50 of 16 m), the lithium supply material (Li.sub.2CO.sub.3), the dopant A supply material (MgCO.sub.3), and the dopant D supply material (TiO.sub.2) was adjusted to be LiCo.sub.0.9992Mg.sub.0.0004Ti.sub.0.0004O.sub.2. After that, the mixture was sintered at 800 to 1,000 C. for 10 hours to prepare a lithium metal oxide powder. Thereafter, no surface treatment was performed to form a coating layer on the surface of the lithium metal oxide powder.

(53) Then, 100 g of the lithium metal oxide powder was dry mixed with LiOH powder, TiO.sub.2 powder and (NH.sub.4).sub.2HPO.sub.4 powder to make the coating material adhere to the surface of the lithium metal oxide powder, and then the lithium metal oxide powder with the coating material was heated at 800 C. for 6 hours. And then a positive active material having a composite coating layer containing lithium phosphorous oxide, and further including lithium metal oxides, metal phosphates, lithium metal oxides, metal oxides, or combinations thereof on the surface, was formed.

(54) The average particle diameter D50 of the positive active material obtained after the heat treatment was 16 m.

Synthesis Example 9 (Large Particle Size 2)

(55) The nickel composite hydroxide, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, and MgCO.sub.3 mixture was dry mixed to make Li[(Ni.sub.0.6Co.sub.0.2Mn.sub.0.2).sub.0.999Zr.sub.0.001]O.sub.2, and the mixture was heat-treated at 800 C. for 12 hours to prepare a positive active material. The average particle diameter D50 of the positive active material obtained after the heat treatment was 10 m.

Experimental Example 1

(56) The composition, dopant average oxidation number (E), particle size, and adhesion of Li.sub.3PO.sub.4 to the surface of the small particle size positive active material prepared in Synthesis Examples 1 to 7 are shown in Table 1 below.

(57) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Dopant Mole Mole Surface A ratio D ratio E D50(m) treatment Synthesis Mg 0.001 Ti 0.004 3.6 1.0 Example1 Synthesis Mg 0.0001 Ti 0.0004 3.6 1.5 Example2 Synthesis Mg 0.004 Ti 0.004 3 2.1 Example3 Synthesis Mg 0.0001 Ti 0.0001 3 3.0 Example4 Synthesis Mg 0.004 Ti 0.001 2.4 3.6 Example5 Synthesis 2.6 X Example6 Synthesis Mg 0.001 Ti 0.004 3.6 1.1 X Example7

(58) It can be seen from Table 1 that the larger the value of the average number of oxidation (E) of the dopant, the smaller the average particle size D50, and the larger the proportion of the dopant D, the smaller the average particle size D50.

Experimental Example 2

(59) As a result of mixing the positive active materials of Synthetic Examples 1 to 9 at a certain ratio, the change of P.D (pellet density) is shown in Table 2 below.

(60) (P.D. was measured under the condition of pressure of 2.5 ton, time: 30 seconds in Carver auto series ne model).

(61) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Large particle Small size particle size Mixing ratio P.D (g/cc) Example 1 Synthesis Synthesis 8:2 4.4 Example 8 Example 1 Example 2 Synthesis Synthesis 4.1 Example 9 Example 1 Comparative Synthesis Synthesis 4.0 Exapmle 1 Example 8 Example 3 Comparative Synthesis Synthesis 3.9 Exapmle 2 Example 8 Example 4 Comparative Synthesis Synthesis 3.8 Exapmle 3 Example 8 Example 5 Comparative Synthesis Synthesis 4.3 Exapmle 4 Example 8 Example 7 Comparative Synthesis Synthesis 3.8 Exapmle 5 Example 9 Example 3

(62) As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the smaller particle size of the small particle size, the higher the P.D.

Experimental Example 3 (Evaluation of Battery Characteristics)

(63) Table 3 below shows the 4.5V initial formations, rate characteristics, 1 cycle, 30 cycle capacity, and life characteristic data for the examples and comparative examples in Table 2.

(64) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Formation 1cycle 30cycle 30/1cycle 1 C/0.2 C (mAh/g) (mAh/g) (mAh/g) (%) (%) Example 1 190 183 180 98.3 98 Comparative 186 180 140 77.7 95 Example 4

(65) As a result, it was found that the battery characteristics were better than those when the surface treatment was not performed.

(66) While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be practical example embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

(67) Therefore, the aforementioned embodiments should be understood to be exemplary but not limiting the present invention in any way.