Heat-resistant carbonic anhydrase mutants and composition for capturing carbon dioxide containing the same

Abstract

Disclosed are a carbonic anhydrase mutant having heat resistance at a high temperature of 80 C. as well as excellent activity to capture carbon dioxide and a composition for capturing carbon dioxide containing the same. The heat-resistant carbonic anhydrase mutant can be applied to a high-temperature carbon dioxide capture process due to high stability at high temperatures and a high carbon dioxide hydration rate.

Claims

1. A carbonic anhydrase mutant comprising an A58G mutation in the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.

2. The carbonic anhydrase mutant according to claim 1, further comprising a P53G mutation.

3. A nucleic acid encoding the carbonic anhydrase mutant according to claim 1.

4. A recombinant vector comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 3.

5. A recombinant microorganism comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 3.

6. A recombinant microorganism comprising the recombinant vector according to claim 4.

7. A method for producing a carbonic anhydrase mutant comprising: (a) culturing the recombinant microorganism according to claim 5 to produce a carbonic anhydrase mutant; and (b) recovering the produced carbonic anhydrase mutant.

8. A method for producing a carbonic anhydrase mutant comprising: (a) culturing the recombinant microorganism according to claim 6 to produce a carbonic anhydrase mutant; and (b) recovering the produced carbonic anhydrase mutant.

9. A composition for capturing carbon dioxide comprising the carbonic anhydrase mutant according to claim 1.

10. A composition for capturing carbon dioxide comprising the carbonic anhydrase mutant according to claim 2.

11. A method for capturing carbon dioxide at 40 to 90 C. comprising contacting the carbonic anhydrase mutant according to claim 1 with a composition or substance comprising said carbon dioxide.

12. A method for capturing carbon dioxide at 40 to 90 C. comprising contacting the carbonic anhydrase mutant according to claim 2 with a composition or substance comprising said carbon dioxide.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows the results of SDS-PAGE analysis of cell lysate and purified protein after expression of a wild-type carbonic anhydrase in the cytoplasm;

(2) FIG. 2 shows the results of measurement of carbon dioxide capture activity of the purified wild-type carbonic anhydrase at different concentrations;

(3) FIG. 3 shows the results of SDS-PAGE analysis of cell lysate and purified protein after expression of the carbonic anhydrase mutant in the cytoplasm;

(4) FIG. 4 shows the results of SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified carbonic anhydrase mutant;

(5) FIG. 5 shows the results of measurement of the carbon dioxide capture activity of purified carbonic anhydrase mutant 1.0 at different concentrations; and

(6) FIG. 6 shows the results of measurement of the carbon dioxide capture activity of purified carbonic anhydrase mutant 13.0 at different concentrations.

BEST MODE

(7) The present invention relates to the development of a carbonic anhydrase that has high stability as well as high activity at a high temperature of 80 C. which is a desorption temperature after capture of carbon dioxide and thus can be mass-produced using an E. coli expression system for the purpose of application to a carbon dioxide capture process.

(8) In one embodiment of the present invention, a recombinant Escherichia coli expressing KJR78985.1 protein derived from Sulfolobales archaeon AZ1 has been constructed, a wild-type carbonic anhydrase derived from S. archaeon AZ1 has been produced from the recombinant Escherichia coli, and the heat resistance and carbon dioxide capture activity thereof have been determined. Also, active site of the wild-type carbonic anhydrase has been identified and one or more amino acid at the active site have been substituted with another amino acid by site-directed mutagenesis to produce a carbonic anhydrase mutant, and it has been confirmed that the produced carbonic anhydrase mutant has higher carbon dioxide capture activity than the wild-type carbonic anhydrase.

(9) Therefore, in one aspect, the present invention is directed to a carbonic anhydrase mutant including an A58G mutation in an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.

(10) In one embodiment of the present invention, a mutant 1.0 including an A58G mutation in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been produced, and a carbonic anhydrase mutant 13.0 further including a P53G mutation in the mutant 1.0 has been produced.

(11) TABLE-US-00001 Wild-typecarbonicanhydraseaminoacidsequence (SEQIDNO:1) MRVIMSCMDYRLTEEIMKKMDQNTIVLRNAGANVNEFKDILKSLNPDEVV YLPHTDCAAMKLVLSSVKQGEQVIPKIESSLVSQFRGRQFNDLKELEELN LKLGLETIKQVVPKAKVISELIDVNKLKWPERKPVVYLLKSTSKYTNEMI GGYVIQSMNKTSIEADLEIASKLNLKVVKDEFSNARD Mutant1.0aminoacidsequence (SEQIDNO:2) MRVIMSCMDYRLTEEIMKKMDQNTIVLRNAGANVNEFKDILKSLNPDEVV YLPHTDCGAMKLVLSSVKQGEQVIPKIESSLVSQFRGRQFNDLKELEELN LKLGLETIKQVVPKAKVISELIDVNKLKWPERKPVVYLLKSTSKYTNEMI GGYVIQSMNKTSIEADLEIASKLNLKVVKDEFSNARD Mutant13.0aminoacidsequence (SEQIDNO:3) MRVIMSCMDYRLTEEIMKKMDQNTIVLRNAGANVNEFKDILKSLNPDEVV YLGHTDCGAMKLVLSSVKQGEQVIPKIESSLVSQFRGRQFNDLKELEELN LKLGLETIKQVVPKAKVISELIDVNKLKWPERKPVVYLLKSTSKYTNEMI GGYVIQSMNKTSIEADLEIASKLNLKVVKDEFSNARD

(12) Both of the enzyme activities of carbonic anhydrase mutants were saturated imidiately at a lower amount of the enzyme than the wild-type carbonic anhydrase, and the mutant 1.0 showed the highest carbon dioxide capture activity.

(13) In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid encoding the carbonic anhydrase mutant, a recombinant vector including the nucleic acid, and a recombinant microorganism introduced with the recombinant vector.

(14) The carbonic anhydrase mutant of the present invention can be mass-produced through recombinant microorganisms. In one embodiment of the present invention, a carbonic anhydrase mutant has been produced using recombinant E. coli transformed with a pET vector system into which a nucleic acid encoding the carbonic anhydrase mutant is introduced.

(15) As used herein, the term vector means a DNA product containing a DNA sequence operably linked to a control sequence capable of expressing DNA in a suitable host. The vector may be a plasmid, a phage particle or a simple potential genome insert. Once the vector is transformed with an appropriate host, it may replicate and function independently of the genome of the host, or may be integrated with the genome itself. Since the plasmid is the most commonly used type of vector, the terms plasmid and vector are sometimes used interchangeably throughout the specification of the present invention. However, the present invention includes other forms of vectors having identical functions to those already known or to be known in the art. Typical expression vectors for mammalian cell culture expression are based on, for example, pRK5 (EP 307,247), pSV16B (WO 91/08291) and pVL1392 (Pharmingen).

(16) As used herein, the term expression control sequence means a DNA sequence essential for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. Such a control sequence includes promoters for conducting transcription, operator sequences for controlling such transcription, sequences for encoding suitable mRNA ribosome-binding sites, and sequences for controlling the termination of transcription and translation. For example, control sequences suitable for prokaryotes include promoters, optional operator sequences and ribosome-binding sites. Eukaryotic cells include promoters, polyadenylation signals and enhancers. The factor that has the greatest impact on the expression level of the gene in the plasmid is a promoter. SR promoters, cytomegalovirus-derived promoters and the like are preferably used as promoters for high expression.

(17) Any of a wide variety of expression control sequences may be used for the vector in order to express the DNA sequences of the present invention. Useful expression control sequences include, for example, the early and late promoters of SV40 or adenovirus, the lac system, the trp system, the TAC or TRC system, T3 and T7 promoters, the major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, control regions of fd code proteins, promoters of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase or other glycol lyases, promoters of the phosphatase, such as Pho5, promoters of yeast alpha-mating systems and other sequences having configurations and inductions known to control the expression of genes of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or viruses thereof and various combinations thereof. The T7 RNA polymerase promoter 10 may be useful for expressing proteins in E. coli.

(18) When a nucleic acid sequence is placed together with another nucleic acid sequence based on a functional relationship, it is operably linked thereto. This may be gene(s) and control sequence(s) linked in such a way so as to enable gene expression when a suitable molecule (e.g., a transcriptional activator protein) is linked to the control sequence(s). For example, DNA for a pre-sequence or secretory leader is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide, when expressed as a pre-protein involved in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence when it affects the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome-binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence when it affects the transcription of the sequence; or the ribosome-binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence when positioned to facilitate translation. Generally, operably linked means that the linked DNA sequence is in contact therewith, or for a secretory leader, it is in contact therewith and is present in the reading frame. However, an enhancer need not be in contact therewith. The linkage of these sequences is carried out by ligation (linkage) at convenient restriction enzyme sites. When no such site exists, a synthetic oligonucleotide adapter or a linker according to a conventional method is used.

(19) As used herein, the term expression vector commonly refers to a recombinant carrier, into which a fragment of heterologous DNA is inserted, and generally means a fragment of double-stranded DNA. Herein, the heterologous DNA is xenogenous DNA that is not naturally found in the host cell. Once an expression vector is present in a host cell, it can replicate independently of the host chromosomal DNA, and several copies of the vector and inserted (heterologous) DNA thereof can be produced.

(20) As is well known in the art, in order to increase the expression level of a transgene in a host cell, the gene should be operably linked to a transcriptional/translational expression control sequence that functions in a selected expression host. Preferably, the expression control sequence and the corresponding gene are included in one recombinant vector containing both a bacterial selection marker and a replication origin. When the expression host is a eukaryotic cell, the recombinant vector should further include a useful expression marker in the eukaryotic expression host.

(21) A wide variety of expression host/vector combinations can be used to express the DNA sequences of subject proteins of the invention. Suitable expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, expression control sequences derived from SV40, cow papillomavirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, cytomegalovirus and retrovirus. Expression vectors that can be used for bacterial hosts include bacterial plasmids that can be exemplified by those obtained from E. coli, such as pBlueScript, pGEX2T, pUC vectors, col E1, pCR1, pBR322, pMB9 and derivatives thereof, plasmids having a wide host range such as RP4, phage DNA that can be exemplified by a wide variety of phage lambda derivatives such as gt10, gt11 and NM989, and other DNA phages such as M13 and filamentous single-stranded DNA phages. Expression vectors useful for yeast cells include 2 plasmids and derivatives thereof. The vector useful for insect cells is pVL 941.

(22) The host cell transfected or transformed with the recombinant vector described above constitutes another aspect of the present invention. As used herein, the term transfection means introducing DNA into a host and making the DNA replicable by an extrachromosomal factor or chromosomal integration. As used herein, the term transformation means that an expression vector is accommodated by the host cell, regardless of whether or not any coding sequence is actually expressed.

(23) The host cell of the invention may be a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. In addition, a host having high introduction efficiency of DNA and high expression efficiency of the introduced DNA is usually used. Examples of the host cell that can be used include well-known eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts such as E. coli, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyces, fungi and yeast, insect cells such as Spodoptera frugiperda (SF9), animal cells such as CHO and mouse cells, African green monkey cells such as COS 1, COS 7, BSC 1, BSC 40 and BMT 10, and tissue-cultured human cells. When the cDNA encoding the protein of the present invention is cloned, it is preferable to use an bacterial cell as a host. In the present invention, E. coli is exemplified, but the present invention is not limited thereto. When COS cells are used, SV40 large T antigen is expressed in the COS cells. Therefore, the plasmid having a replication origin of SV40 is present as multiple episome copies in the cells, so that higher expression can be expected. The introduced DNA sequence may be obtained from the same species as the host cell, may be a different species from the host cell, or may be a hybrid DNA sequence including any heterologous or homologous DNA.

(24) It should be understood that not all vectors function identically in expressing the DNA sequences of the present invention. Likewise, not all hosts function identically for the same expression system. However, those skilled in the art will be able to make appropriate selections from among a variety of vectors, expression control sequences and hosts without excessive burden of experimentation and without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, selection of a vector should be carried out in consideration of a host because the vector should be replicated therein. The number of replications of the vector, the ability to control the number of replications, and the expression of other proteins encoded by the corresponding vector, such as the expression of antibiotic markers, should also be considered. In selecting the expression control sequence, a number of factors should be considered. For example, the relative strength of the sequence, controllability, and compatibility with the DNA sequences of the present invention should be considered, particularly in relation to possible secondary structures. The single-cell host may be selected in consideration of factors such as the selected vector, the toxicity of the product encoded by the DNA sequence of the present invention, secretion characteristics, the ability to accurately fold proteins, culture and fermentation factors, and ease of purification of the product encoded by the DNA sequence according to the present invention. Within the scope of these factors, those skilled in the art can select various vector/expression control sequences/host combinations capable of expressing the DNA sequences of the present invention in fermentation or large cultures. As a screening method for cloning cDNA of proteins through expression cloning, a binding method, a panning method, a film emulsion method or the like can be applied.

(25) In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for producing a carbonic anhydrase mutant comprising: (a) culturing the recombinant microorganism to produce a carbonic anhydrase mutant; and (b) recovering the produced carbonic anhydrase mutant.

(26) In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a composition for capturing carbon dioxide containing the carbonic anhydrase mutant and a method for capturing carbon dioxide at 40 to 90 C. using the carbonic anhydrase mutant.

(27) The composition for capturing carbon dioxide may include the carbonic anhydrase mutant, a recombinant microorganism transformed with a nucleic acid encoding the enzyme mutant, a lysate of the microorganism, or an extract of the microorganism lysate.

(28) The heat-resistant carbonic anhydrase mutant according to the present invention has high stability as well as excellent activity at a high temperature of 80 C., which is a desorption temperature after capture of carbon dioxide and can be mass-produced using an E. coli expression system, thus being applicable to a carbon dioxide capture process.

(29) Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the following examples are provided only for illustration of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.

Example 1

Construction of Recombinant Escherichia coli Producing Wild-Type Carbonic Anhydrase

(30) Based on the genomic information of the NCBI database, a codon-optimized nucleic acid was synthesized so as to express a nucleic acid encoding the KJR78985.1 protein, which is a carbonic anhydrase derived from Sulfolobales archaeon AZ1, in Escherichia coli, and then inserted into a pUCIDT-AMP vector (Integrated DNA Technologies, USA). The nucleic acid encoding the carbonic anhydrase gene was introduced into the pET-28b(+) vector (Novagen, USA) using an NdeI/XhoI restriction enzyme to produce a recombinant expression vector. The carbonic anhydrase gene in the pET-28b(+) vector had a histidine tag capable of binding Ni ions at the C-terminus. The recombinant vector was introduced into the host cell, E. coli BL21 (DE3), by a thermal-shock method at 42 C. for 45 seconds, and Escherichia coli introduced with the recombinant vector was selected in LB medium supplemented with kanamycin to produce a recombinant Escherichia coli transformed with a carbonic anhydrase gene.

Example 2

Expression and Purification of Wild-Type Carbonic Anhydrase

(31) The recombinant E. coli transformed with the wild-type carbonic anhydrase gene prepared in Example 1 was inoculated into 100 ml of LB (+Kan) medium, cultured at 37 C. for 18 hours, and added with 1 mM IPTG at OD of 0.4 to 0.6, followed by further incubation at 37 C. for 5 hours to express carbonic anhydrase. The cultured solution was collected and the cells were recovered by centrifugation at 4 C. and 4500 rpm, washed with 50 mM PBS buffer (pH 7.0), suspended in 30 ml of binding buffer, and sonicated (sonication conditions: pulse 2 seconds on/10 seconds off 12 minutes, 50% amplitude). The resulting solution was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm at 4 C. for 20 minutes to recover the supernatant, and the protein was purified using a Ni-NTA column. The eluate was centrifuged at 4,000 g for 30 minutes in an ultracentrifuge (Amicon ultra), and the buffer was changed to 15 ml of 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) buffer. The obtained wild-type carbonic anhydrase was protein-assayed by a BCA method, and 300 l of a purified enzyme was obtained at a concentration of 9.3 mg/ml.

(32) The buffer system used for enzyme purification is as follows.

(33) Binding buffer: 20 mM Tris-HCl, 300 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole, (pH 8.0)

(34) Wash buffer: 20 mM Tris-HCl, 300 mM NaCl, 50 mM imidazole, (pH 8.0)

(35) Elution buffer: 20 mM Tris-HCl, 300 mM NaCl, 250 mM imidazole, (pH 8.0)

(36) For buffer change: 20 mM Tris-HCl, 300 mM NaCl (pH 8.0)

(37) FIG. 1 shows the results of SDS-PAGE analysis of the carbonic anhydrase expression before and after purification. The carbonic anhydrase was successfully expressed in the cytoplasm of E. coli, and the purification rate and purity were high. M represents a molecular weight standard marker, T represents the whole cell lysate, S represents a cell lysis supernatant, and P represents a purified carbonic anhydrase protein.

Example 3

Identification of Carbon Dioxide Capture Activity of Wild-Type Carbonic Anhydrase

(38) The carbon dioxide capture activity was measured using the wild-type carbonic anhydrase obtained in Example 2. Primarily distilled water and carbonic acid were sequentially injected into a carbonated water production bottle and the bottle was allowed to stand for 2 hours in a water tank filled with ice. 120 l of buffer (20 mM Tris-sulfate, pH 8.3), 30 l of 0.04% BTB Solution (Sigma-Aldrich), 40 l of distilled water and 10 l of carbonic anhydrase solution were added to a 96-well plate, and then 50 l of carbonic acid water was added thereto. The absorbance was measured at 610 nm for 2 minutes. The enzyme was added at different concentrations of 20 g, 10 g, 5 g, 2.5 g, 1.25 g and 0.625 g to the reaction mixture. As a result, as can be seen from FIG. 2, the reaction rate with the carbonic acid water was slow upon addition of 5 g of the enzyme. The blank was a control group containing no carbonic anhydrase. The pH of the experimental group, to which the carbonic anhydrase was added, was lowered faster than that of the control group with nothing added thereto, which means that the carbonic anhydrase has high activity for capturing carbon dioxide.

Example 4

Heat Resistance and Stability of Wild-Type Carbonic Anhydrase

(39) In order to identify the heat resistance and stability of the wild-type carbonic anhydrase, while the carbonic anhydrase obtained in Example 2 was stored at 80 C., the degree of decrease in carbon dioxide capture activity was periodically measured. The same activity measurement method used in Example 3 was used.

(40) As can be seen from Table 1, the results showed that the value of t.sub.1/2 at which the enzyme activity was halved was 20 days, and that the carbonic anhydrase enzyme according to the present invention was more heat resistant and stable than carbonic anhydrase enzymes reported to date.

(41) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Comparison of heat resistance and stability between the wild-type carbonic anhydrase and previously reported carbonic anhydrases CA of Carbonic present anhydrase TaCA mDvCA SspCA SazCA PmCA invention Heat 77 days 42 days 8 days 8 days 3.6 hr 20 days stability (60 C.) (60 C.) (70 C.) (70 C.) (90 C.) (80 C.) (t.sub.1/2, 1.46 hr day) (100 C.)

(42) Reference: Anna Di Fiore et. al. Thermostable Carbonic Anhydrases in Biotechnological Applications; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015 Jul. 8; 16(7):15456-80

Example 5

Production of Carbonic Anhydrase Mutants

(43) In order to improve the carbon dioxide capture activity of the heat-resistant wild-type carbonic anhydrase derived from Sulfolobales archaeon AZ1 obtained in Example 3, the active site of the enzyme was analyzed. The results indicated that the carbonic anhydrase belongs to a beta-type carbonic anhydrase and has alanine, instead of glycine, in the active site of the amino acid at position 58. Thus, a carbonic anhydrase mutant 1.0 was produced by substituting alanine at position 58 with glycine. In addition, a carbonic anhydrase mutant 13.0 was produced by substituting proline at position 53, presumed to be the active site, with glycine, in addition to the substitution with glycine at position 58. (see Table 2).

(44) The mutants were prepared through PCR using the QuikChange II Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Agilent, USA) and the mutated amino acid information and the primers that were used are shown in Table 2 and Table 3.

(45) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Mutation positions and information of carbonic anhydrase mutants Carbonic anhydrase Position 58 53 wild type A P 1.0 G G 13.0 GG G G

(46) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE3 Primersandtemplatesusedformutations Template Sequence-F Sequence-R 1.0 Wild 5-CACACCGACTGCGGC 5-CAGTTTCATCGCGCCGCA type GCGATGAAACTG-3 (SEQ GTCGGTGTG-3 (SEQID IDNO:4) NO:5) 13.0 Mutant 5- 5- 1.0 GTTGTGTACCTGGGCCACACCGAC CAGTCGGTGTGGCCCAGGTACACAAC- TG-3 (SEQIDNO:6) 3 (SEQIDNO:7)

(47) E. coli BL21 (DE3) was transformed with a vector, into which the produced mutant gene was inserted, by a thermal-shock method at 42 C. for 45 seconds, and the transformed E. coli introduced with the vector was selected in LB medium supplemented with kanamycin to produce recombinant E. coli.

Example 6

Expression and Purification of Carbonic Anhydrase Mutants

(48) The carbonic anhydrase mutants were expressed in E. coli and purified in the same manner as in Example 2. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the results of SDS-PAGE analysis showed the mutants were successfully expressed in the cytoplasm of recombinant E. coli and that the purification rate and purity were high. M represents a molecular weight standard marker, T represents the whole cell lysate, and S represents a cell lysate supernatant.

Example 7

Identification of Carbon Dioxide Capture Activity of Carbonic Anhydrase Mutants

(49) The carbon dioxide capture activity of the carbonic anhydrase mutants obtained in Example 6 was measured. Primarily distilled water and carbonic acid were sequentially injected into a carbonated water production bottle and the bottle was allowed to stand for 2 hours in a water tank filled with ice. 120 l of buffer (20 mM Tris-sulfate, pH 8.3), 30 l of a 0.04% BTB Solution, 40 l of distilled water and 10 l of an enzyme were added to a 96-well plate, and then 50 l of carbonic acid water was added thereto. The absorbance was measured at 610 nm for 2 minutes. The enzyme was added at different concentrations of 20 g, 10 g, 5 g, 2.5 g, and 1.25 g to the reaction mixture, the measurement was conducted at each concentration, and the results for the mutants are shown in FIG. 5. Table 4 summarizes the enzyme activity. Both enzyme mutants had smaller amounts of the enzyme that saturates the initial reaction rate than the wild-type enzyme, and mutant 1.0 showed the highest carbon dioxide capture activity.

(50) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Comparison of carbon dioxide capture activity between wild- type carbonic anhydrase and carbonic anhydrase mutants Wild type Mutant 1.0 Mutant 13.0 Amount of enzyme 10 2.5 2.5 saturating initial reaction rate [g] Increase in activity 4 4 compared to wild type [times]

Example 8

Heat Resistance and Stability of Carbonic Anhydrase Mutant

(51) In order to compare the heat resistance and stability between the carbonic anhydrase mutant and wild-type carbonic anhydrase, while the carbonic anhydrase mutant obtained in Example 6 was stored at 80 C., the degree of decrease in carbon dioxide capture activity was periodically measured. The same activity measurement method used in Example 3 was used.

(52) As can be seen from Table 5, the results showed that the mutant 1.0 exhibited a 31% increase in heat resistance and the mutant 13.0 exhibited a 21% increase in heat resistance compared to the wild-type carbonic anhydrase.

(53) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5 Comparison in heat resistance and stability between carbonic anhydrase mutants and wild-type carbonic anhydrase Carbonic anhydrase Wild-type Mutant 1.0 Mutant 13.0 Increase in heat 100 131 121 stability [%]

(54) Although the specific configurations of the present invention have been described in detail, those skilled in the art will appreciate that this description is provided as preferred embodiments and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the substantial scope of the present invention is defined by the accompanying filed claims and equivalents thereto.