DUAL-SPIRAL CHANNEL FLOW IN ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES

Abstract

Electrode plates with feed and product channels are provided that present more spatially uniform chemical and electrochemical compositions to catalytically active electrode structures and ion-conducting electrolyte membrane layers to improve the performance and increase the longevity of the electrochemical devices (e.g., membrane reactors, gas-separation cells, electrochemical compressors, fuel cells, and electrolyzers). Each plate can have a single channel that extends between an inlet and an outlet, and each channel can have a first segment that spirals inwardly from the inlet to a midpoint and a second segment that spirals outwardly from the midpoint to the outlet. The segments are interleaved with each other such that there are alternating flows of less-depleted feed or product and more-depleted feed or product. Consequently, chemical, electrochemical, and thermal behaviors are more uniformly distributed across the membrane-electrode assembly to increase performance and longevity of the assembly.

Claims

1. A plate that directs a flow of fluid in a membrane reactor, comprising: a body extending in a plane, wherein an axis that extends through said body is substantially perpendicular to said plane; an inlet extending into said body, and an outlet extending out of said body; a channel extending between said inlet and said outlet of said body, said channel comprising: a first segment extending between said inlet and a midpoint between said inlet and said outlet, said first segment having at least one turn about said axis; and a second segment extending between said midpoint and said outlet, said second segment having at least one turn about said axis, wherein at least a part of said first segment and at least a part of said second segment are interleaved to provide a more uniform composition of said fluid at a surface of said body.

2. The plate of claim 1, wherein said channel is a single, continuous channel between said inlet and said outlet.

3. The plate of claim 1, further comprising an aperture extending through said body such that a second fluid can flow through said aperture to an inlet of a second plate.

4. The plate of claim 1, wherein said plate at least partially comprises one of a graphite material, a nickel material, a molybdenum material, an yttrium-doped barium zirconate material, or a cobalt material.

5. The plate of claim 1, wherein said first segment turns about said axis in a first direction, and said second segment turns about said axis in an opposing second direction.

6. The plate of claim 1, wherein two concentrically positioned turns of said first segment define a space therebetween, and at least said part of said second segment extends through said space such that said first and second segments are interleaved.

7. The plate of claim 1, wherein said inlet, said outlet, and said channel extend completely through said body along said axis, and wherein said inlet, said outlet, and said channel are offset from an outer perimeter of said body such that said outer perimeter is a continuous material.

8. The plate of claim 1, wherein said channel has a channel width, and a space between adjacent turns of said first and second segments is substantially equal to said channel width.

9. A fuel cell for generating electricity from a fuel and an oxidizer, comprising: a membrane-electrode assembly having a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte positioned between said cathode and anode, wherein said membrane-electrode assembly has a substantially planar shape that extends in two lateral directions and has a longitudinal axis that is substantially perpendicular to said two lateral directions; an oxidizer plate positioned proximate to said cathode of said membrane-electrode assembly, said oxidizer plate having an oxidizer channel with a first oxidizer segment that turns about said longitudinal axis in a first direction and with a second oxidizer segment that turns about said longitudinal axis in an opposing second direction; and a fuel plate positioned proximate to said anode of said membrane-electrode assembly, said fuel plate having a fuel channel with a first fuel segment that turns about said longitudinal axis in said first direction and with a second fuel segment that turns about said longitudinal axis in said opposing second direction, wherein said fuel flowing through said fuel channel and said oxidizer flowing through said oxidizer channel causes a chemical reaction that produces electricity.

10. The fuel cell of claim 9, further comprising an aperture in said oxidizer plate, wherein said fuel is configured to flow through said aperture into said fuel channel.

11. The fuel cell of claim 9, wherein said fuel is a combination of methane and water, and said oxidizer is air.

12. The fuel cell of claim 9, wherein at least a portion of said first oxidizer segment is positioned directly across said membrane-electrode assembly from at least a portion of said first fuel segment, and at least a portion of said second oxidizer segment is positioned directly across said membrane-electrode assembly from at least a portion of said second fuel segment.

13. The fuel cell of claim 9, wherein said first oxidizer segment and said second oxidizer segment are joined at a midpoint, wherein said oxidizer channel extends along a geometrically smooth path, and said midpoint is a geometric inflection point on said path to promote flow of said oxidizer through said oxidizer channel.

14. A system for producing hydrogen from a feed and electricity, comprising: a membrane-electrode assembly having a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte positioned between said cathode and anode; a first plate positioned proximate to said anode of said membrane-electrode assembly, said first plate having a first channel arranged in a dual alternating pattern; a second plate positioned proximate to said cathode of said membrane-electrode assembly, said second plate having a second channel arranged in a dual alternating pattern; a heat source that raises a temperature of said membrane-electrode assembly, said first plate, and said second plate to an operating temperature; and an electrical source that supplies electricity to said first and second plates to extract a hydrogen gas from said feed flowing through said first channel in said first plate.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein said first channel has a first segment that turns about a longitudinal axis in a first direction and has a second segment that turns about said longitudinal axis in an opposing second direction, and wherein said second channel has a third segment that turns about said longitudinal axis in said first direction and has a fourth segment that turns about said longitudinal axis in said opposing second direction.

16. The system of claim 14, further comprising a compressor that pressurizes said hydrogen gas from a first pressure to a greater second pressure.

17. The system of claim 16, wherein said first pressure is approximately 5 bar.

18. The system of claim 14, wherein a product flowing out of said second plate comprises water and carbon dioxide.

19. The system of claim 14, wherein said cathode and said anode are each a Ni-BCZY material, and said electrolyte is a BCZYYb material such that said membrane-electrode assembly is symmetric about a plane extending through said electrolyte.

20. The system of claim 14, wherein said operating temperature is between approximately 600 C. and 700 C.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure and together with the Summary of the Invention given above and the Detailed Description of the drawings given below, serve to explain the principles of these embodiments. In certain instances, details that are not necessary for an understanding of the disclosure or that render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should be understood, of course, that the disclosure is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein. Additionally, it should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale.

[0034] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a prior art electrochemical membrane reactor, such as a fuel cell;

[0035] FIGS. 2A-2D are perspective views of prior art plates for use in membrane reactors;

[0036] FIG. 3A is a top plan view of an oxidizer plate for use in a fuel cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0037] FIG. 3B is a top plan view of a feed of a product plate for use in a membrane reactor in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0038] FIG. 4A is a top plan view of a first segment of a channel of the product plate in FIG. 3A in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0039] FIG. 4B is a top plan view of a second segment of a channel of the product plate in FIG. 3A in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0040] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the product plate in FIG. 3A in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0041] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of fuel cell with the oxidizer plate of FIG. 3A and the fuel plate of FIG. 3B in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0042] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an oxidizer plate, a fuel plate, and a membrane-electrode assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0043] FIG. 8A is a partial cross-sectional, perspective view of a reformer in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

[0044] FIGS. 8B and 8C are further, perspective views of the reformer in FIG. 8A in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0045] Similar components and/or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a letter that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the first reference label is used, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label.

[0046] A list of the various components shown in the drawings and associated numbering is provided herein:

TABLE-US-00001 Number Component 10 Membrane reactor 12 Anode 14 Cathode 16 Electrolyte 18 Membrane-Electrode Assembly 20 Feed Flow 22 Product Flow 24 Plate 26 Channel 28 Product Plate 30 Product Channel 32 Product Inlet 34 Product Outlet 36 Feed Aperture 38 Feed Plate 40 Feed Channel 42 Feed Inlet 44 Feed Outlet 46 Product Aperture 48 First Portion 50 Turn 52 Channel Width 54 Channel Spacing 56 Midpoint 58 Second Portion 60 Turn 62 Channel Width 64 Channel Spacing 66 Axis 68 Fuel Cell 70 Membrane-Electrode Assembly 72 Electric Load 74 Anode 76 Cathode 78 Electrolyte 80 Less-Depleted Feed Flow 82 Less-Depleted Product Flow 84 More-Depleted Feed Flow 86 More-Depleted Product Flow 88 Reformer 90 Input Gas 92 Plate Stack 94 Heater 96 Spring Bolt 98 Hydrogen 100 Output Gas 102 Plate 104 Membrane-Electrode Assembly

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0047] The present disclosure has significant benefits across a broad spectrum of endeavors. It is the Applicant's intent that this specification and the claims appended hereto be accorded a breadth in keeping with the scope and spirit of the disclosure being disclosed despite what might appear to be limiting language imposed by the requirements of referring to the specific examples disclosed. To acquaint persons skilled in the pertinent arts most closely related to the present disclosure, a preferred embodiment that illustrates the best mode now contemplated for putting the disclosure into practice is described herein by, and with reference to, the annexed drawings that form a part of the specification. The exemplary embodiment is described in detail without attempting to describe all of the various forms and modifications in which the disclosure might be embodied. As such, the embodiments described herein are illustrative, and as will become apparent to those skilled in the arts, may be modified in numerous ways within the scope and spirit of the disclosure.

[0048] Although the following text sets forth a detailed description of numerous different embodiments, it should be understood that the detailed description is to be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possible embodiment since describing every possible embodiment would be impractical, if not impossible. Numerous alternative embodiments could be implemented, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this patent, which would still fall within the scope of the claims. To the extent that any term recited in the claims at the end of this patent is referred to in this patent in a manner consistent with a single meaning, that is done for sake of clarity only so as to not confuse the reader, and it is not intended that such claim term by limited, by implication or otherwise, to that single meaning.

[0049] Various embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein and as depicted in the drawings. It is expressly understood that although the figures membrane reactors, plates, and methods and systems for using the same, the present disclosure is not limited to these embodiments.

[0050] Now referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, top plan views of a product plate 28 and a feed plate 38 are provided, respectively. The product plate 28 has a body with a planar shape extending in two lateral dimensions and has a circular outer perimeter when viewed from the top, though it will be appreciated that embodiments of the present disclosure encompass other shapes. The product plate 28 has a channel 30 that extends between an inlet 32 and an outlet 34 to direct the flow of a product against a membrane-electrode assembly. The channel 30 in this embodiment is a single, continuous channel 30, and the channel 30 turns upon itself from the inlet 32 to a midpoint between the inlet 32 and outlet 34. At the midpoint, the channel 30 turns upon itself from the midpoint to the outlet 34 in an opposing direction.

[0051] The channel 30 can be described in geometric terms as it extends from the inlet 32 to the outlet 34. For example, the channel 30 can be described as extending along a path that is geometrically smooth, meaning each point along the path has only a single tangent line. In practical terms, the smooth path promotes the flow of fluid through the channel 30 unimpeded and without abrupt turns or changes in the path. Moreover, in some embodiments, the path of the channel 30 has only a single geometric inflection point at the midpoint of the path. While the channel 30 can be described in these geometric terms, embodiments of the present disclosure can encompass any shape or type of channel 30.

[0052] The resulting channel 30 forms a dual-spiraling, interleaving configuration where segments of the channel 30 alternate between less-depleted oxidizer and more-depleted oxidizer. This pattern can also be described as alternating flow directions when moving from an outer portion of the plate 28 to the center of plate 28, as shown by the alternating arrows showing the direction of flow in the channel 30. The channel 30 also initially spirals inwardly and then outwardly after passing a midpoint. Thus, the least-depleted product passes by the most-depleted product at an outer portion of the channel 30, which is experienced as an average composition and temperature by the membrane-electrode assembly. Moreover, at the center or midpoint of the channel 30, the product is essentially partially-depleted or half-depleted, which is also experienced as an average composition and temperature by the membrane-electrode assembly. Therefore, the membrane-electrode assembly experiences a less-severe temperature gradient as Nernst potential and performance varies along the length of the channel 30 to increase performance and longevity of the system.

[0053] The product plate 28 can also have one or more feed apertures 36a, 36b that direct the flow of fuel through the product plate 28 in a larger membrane-reactor assembly, as described in further detail below. As depicted, the channel 30, the inlet 32, the outlet 34, and the feed apertures 36a, 36b can extend completely through the body of the product plate 28. Moreover, these features 30, 32, 34, 36a, 36b are offset from a perimeter edge of the body of the product plate 28 such that the perimeter edge is continuous and solid to seal product flow within the plate 28. Moreover, the channel 30 is offset from the feed apertures 36a, 36a to keep the feed and product separate. The membrane-electrode assembly itself, spacer plates, and other features can further seal the product flow within a larger stack of plates and assemblies.

[0054] The feed plate 38 shown in FIG. 3B is similar to the product plate 28 in FIG. 3A. The feed plate 38 comprises a channel 40 that extends between an inlet 42 and an outlet 44 in a dual-spiraling configuration. The feed plate 38 also has product apertures 46a, 46b that allow product to flow through the fuel plate 38 in a membrane-reactor system. In various embodiments, the product plate and feed plate are made from an electrically conductive material such as a metal to support either the collection or application of electric power as described in further detail below with respect to fuel cells and steam reforming.

[0055] Now referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, top plan views of a first segment 48 and a second segment 58 of the product channel of FIG. 3A are provided, respectively. The first segment 48 of the channel in FIG. 4A extends from the product inlet 32 to a midpoint 56. The first segment 48 can be described as turning upon itself in a smaller and smaller spiral or smaller and smaller turns. One complete turn 50 of the first segment 48 is shown in FIG. 4A, and it will be appreciated that in some embodiments, the first segment 48 has at least one turn 50 or multiple turns 50.

[0056] The first segment 48 also has a channel width 52 and a channel spacing 54 between adjacent channels of the first segment 48. In this embodiment, the channel width 52 and spacing 54 are constant, but it will be appreciated that embodiments of the present disclosure can encompass varying channel widths 52 and/or spacings 54. The channel width 52 is smaller than the spacing 54 to accommodate the second segment 58 of FIG. 4B in an interleaving or alternating arrangement. In some embodiments, the spacing 54 is approximately three times larger than the channel width 52 so that when a portion of the second segment extends in the channel width 52, the spacing between adjacent channels of the first and second segments 48, 58 is approximately the same as the channel width 52. The term approximately can imply a variation of +/10% on a relative basis. With interleaving channels of the first and second segments 48, 58 in relatively close proximity, the composition and temperatures experienced by a membrane-electrode assembly are more even and uniform to improve the performance and longevity of the membrane-electrode assembly and the overall system.

[0057] The second segment 58 in FIG. 4B has a similar construction as the first segment 48 in FIG. 4A. The second segment 58 extends from the midpoint 56 to the outlet 34. However, the second segment 58 turns about the midpoint 56 in a direction opposing the first segment 48. From the top plan views in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the first segment 48 turns with a right handedness, and the second segment 58 turns with a left handedness. The second segment 58 also has at least one turn 60 and a channel width 62 that is less than a channel spacing 64 to accommodate the first segment 48. When the segments 48, 58 are joined at the midpoint 56, the segments are interleaved with each other to provide the alternating flows of less-depleted and more-depleted product. In other words, part of a second segment can extend between concentric turns of a first segment, or vice versa, to form a dual interleaving pattern.

[0058] Now referring to FIG. 5, a perspective view of the product plate 28 is provided. As shown, the first segment 48 of the channel 30 extends from the inlet 32 to the midpoint 56, and then the second segment 58 of the channel 30 extends from the midpoint 56 to the outlet 34. A longitudinal axis 66 extends through the plate 28, and the axis 66 is substantially perpendicular to the two planar directions of the plate 28 where the term substantially can imply a variation of +/10% on a relative basis. In this embodiment, the axis 66 coincides with the midpoint 56. However, the midpoint 56 can be described as the center of the plate 28, the halfway point between the inlet 32 and outlet 34, or simply any point between the inlet 32 and outlet 34. The first segment 48 can be described as turning about the axis 66 with a first handedness, and the second segment 58 can be described as turning about the axis 66 with a second, opposed handedness.

[0059] Now referring to FIG. 6, an exploded perspective view of a membrane reactor (configured as a fuel cell) 68 is provided. The fuel cell 68 has alternating oxidizer plates 28a, 28b and fuel plates 38a, 38b with a first membrane-electrode assembly 70a positioned between the first oxidizer plate 28a and the first fuel plate 38a and a second membrane-electrode assembly 70b positioned between the second oxidizer plate 28b and the second fuel plate 38b. An electric device 72, such as a battery, collects the electricity generated by the fuel cell 68.

[0060] The arrows show the flow of product and feed through the membrane reactor 68. Regarding the flow of product, the flow begins at the inlet 32 of the first product plate 28a. A portion of the product flows through the channel 30 of the first product plate 28a to the outlet 34 of the first product plate 28a. Then, this portion of the product flows through a product aperture 46a in the first feed plate 38a, an outlet 34 of the second product plate 28b, a product aperture 46a of the second feed plate 38b, and out of the membrane reactor (fuel cell) 68.

[0061] Another portion of the product passes through a product aperture 46b in the first feed plate 38a to reach the inlet 32 of the second product plate 28b. Then, this portion of the product flows through the channel 30 of the second product plate 28b to the outlet 34 of the second product plate 28b. This portion of the product rejoins the other portion of the product to pass through the product aperture 46a in the second feed plate 38b and exit the membrane reactor 68.

[0062] Similar to the product flow, the feed can flow through the feed plates 38a, 38b and out of the membrane reactor 68. The feed flow initially bypasses the first product plate 28a through a feed aperture. Then, one portion of the feed flows through the first feed plate 38a, a feed aperture in the second product plate 28b, an outlet of the second feed plate 38b, and out of the membrane reactor 68. Another portion of the feed passes through a feed aperture in the second product plate 28b, the second feed plate 38b to rejoin the other portion of the feed, and exit the membrane reactor 68. Finally, spacer plates can be added as needed to keep the feed and products flows separated. For example, in some embodiments a spacer plate is positioned between a first feed plate 38a and a second product plate 28b.

[0063] Now referring to FIG. 7, a cross section of a product plate 28, a feed plate 38, and a membrane-electrode assembly 70 between the plates 28, 38 is provided. The membrane-electrode assembly 70 generally comprises an anode 74, a cathode 76, and an electrolyte 78 positioned therebetween. The anode 74 and cathode 76 in this embodiment are each porous nickel-barium cerate zirconate (Ni-BCZY), and the electrolyte 78 is BaCe.sub.0.7Zr.sub.0.1Yb.sub.0.1Yb.sub.0.1O.sub.3- (BCZYYb). In this sense, the assembly 70 is symmetric about a horizontal plane through the electrolyte 78. Moreover, as Ni oxidation is avoided in this embodiment, specialized oxygen-tolerant electrodes are not required. It will be appreciated that embodiments of the present disclosure encompass a variety of anode materials, cathode materials, and electrolyte materials.

[0064] As shown in FIG. 7, the cross-section view shows that the arrangement of plates 28, 38 positions a less-depleted feed 80 adjacent to a less-depleted product 82 and a more-depleted feed 84 adjacent to a more-depleted product 86. Further, the less-depleted feed and product 80, 82 flow in a first direction, and the more-depleted feed and product 84, 86 flow in an opposing second direction. It will be appreciated that in some embodiments, a less-depleted feed 80 may be arranged across the membrane-electrode assembly 70 from a more-depleted product 86, and a more-depleted feed 84 is arranged across a less-depleted product 82. In some embodiments, the product flows at a sufficiently high rate that the product does not deplete as quickly as the feed, and thus, the Nernst potential depends more on the depletion of the feed, which can deplete along the length of the channel. In various embodiments the plates may establish a counterflowing feed and product.

[0065] At the input of the fuel cell, the fuel in this embodiment is a combination of methane (CH.sub.4) and water (H.sub.2O), and the oxidizer is moist air. At the output of the fuel cell, the fuel is a combination of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and water (H.sub.2O), and the oxidizer is a combination of water (H.sub.2O) and air. The charge transfer between the fuel and oxidizer is shown in FIG. 7.

[0066] Now referring to FIGS. 8A-8C, various cross-sectional, perspective views of a reformer 88 are provided. Some embodiments described herein relate to a fuel cell where the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidizing agent is converted into electricity. Embodiments described herein may also relate to, for example, a reformer 88 where electricity and a gas such as methane are supplied to the reformer 88 and a gas, such as hydrogen, is produced. As shown, an input gas 90 enters the reformer 88 and travels to a plate stack 92. The plate stack 92 can include membrane-electrode assemblies and the same or similar plates as described elsewhere herein with a dual interleaving channel where a feed interacts with an anode and a product interacts with a cathode of the assembly. A heater 94 raises the temperature of the plate stack 92 to an operating temperature between approximately 600 and 700 C., and a spring bolt 96 secures the plate stack 92. In contrast to convention fuel cells, electricity is supplied to the plate stack 92. As a result, in one embodiment, the input gas 90 is a combination methane (CH.sub.4) and steam (H.sub.2O), and the produced gas 98 is hydrogen (H.sub.2), and the output gas 100 is a combination of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and water (H.sub.2O). As shown in FIGS. 8B and 8C, the plate stack can comprise plates 102 and membrane-electrode assemblies 104.

[0067] The produced gas 98 can exit the reformer 88 at an elevated pressure, for instance, 5 bar. However, greater pressures are required for storage, chemical processing, and other applications. Therefore, in some embodiments and systems, a compressor such as one based on a polymer-electrolyte membrane (PEM) can pressurize the produced gas from a first pressure to a second pressure. In some embodiments, hydrogen from the reformer is pressurized to approximately 700 bar. The pressurized hydrogen can then be used for various applications.

[0068] The description of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting of the disclosure to the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiments described and shown in the figures were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure, the practical application, and to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure.

[0069] While various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and alterations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. Moreover, references made herein to the present disclosure or aspects thereof should be understood to mean certain embodiments of the present disclosure and should not necessarily be construed as limiting all embodiments to a particular description. It is to be expressly understood that such modifications and alterations are within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure, as set forth in the following claims.