METHOD FOR REPAIRING WALL DISEASES OF EARTHEN ARCHITECTURE

Abstract

A method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture includes the following specific steps: S1: selecting raw material components, and mixing the raw material components to prepare a mixed material; S2: mixing the mixed material with plain soil at a certain ratio to form a repair material; and S3: mixing the repair material with water at a certain ratio to prepare slurry, adjusting the ratio of the repair material to water to prepare the slurry based on diseases of the earthen site, putting the slurry into a pressure grouting machine, and repairing the diseases of the earthen site by using the pressure grouting machine. The repair material prepared in the method features excellent performance, stable volume and good compatibility with a site. The method based on the repair material has certain practical significance in repairing diseases of the earthen site.

Claims

1. A method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture, comprising: S1: selecting raw material components: 1-4 parts of metakaolin, 1-4 parts of calcium hydroxide and 1-4 parts of a micro silicon powder, and mixing the raw material components to prepare a mixed material; S2: mixing the mixed material with plain soil at a first ratio of 1:5 to prepare a repair material; S3: mixing the repair material with water at a second ratio of 1:4 to 2:3 to prepare slurry, adjusting the second ratio of the repair material to the water to prepare the slurry based on diseases of an earthen site, putting the slurry into a pressure grouting machine, and repairing the diseases of the earthen site by using the pressure grouting machine; and S4: based on a contrast experiment, determining extents of influence of the earthen site by an external environment before and after repair, evaluating a repair result, and determining the repair result.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in S1: a proportion of components of the repair material is as follows: 1-3 parts of metakaolin, 2-4 parts of calcium hydroxide and 2-4 parts of the micro silicon powder.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein in S1: a proportion of components of the mixed material is as follows: 1 part of metakaolin, 2 parts of calcium hydroxide and 4 parts of the micro silicon powder.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pressure grouting machine comprises a hopper and a case, wherein the hopper and the case are connected in sequence; the hopper is connected to a hose, and a replaceable nozzle head is in threaded connection to an end of the hose, wherein the end of the hose is away from the hopper; and the replaceable nozzle head comprises a triangular nozzle, a round nozzle, a needle tube nozzle and a strip pattern nozzle.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein S3 is implemented as follows: the diseases of the earthen site comprise large-area collapses, cracks and surface denudation, wherein for the large-area collapses: prefabricating plain bricks: cleaning a surface of a part to be repaired to obtain the plain bricks, injecting the slurry into the pressure grouting machine, and bonding and laying cob bricks to collapsed parts of the earthen site by using the pressure grouting machine with the triangular nozzle; for the cracks: stirring the slurry, removing miscellaneous soil on surfaces of the cracks, scraping the cracks to V-shaped grooves, and watering the cracks for moisturizing; and using the needle tube nozzle or the strip pattern nozzle according to shapes and sizes of the cracks, and injecting the slurry into the cracks of the V-shaped grooves through the pressure grouting machine for repair; and for the surface denudation: stirring the slurry, cleaning regosol of denudated surfaces with pressurized wind, and watering the denudated surfaces for moisturizing; and spraying the slurry to the denudated surfaces through the pressure grouting machine by using the round nozzle.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0022] FIG. 2 is a curve graph of unconfined compressive strength of a repair material along with change of a material content during single doping in the method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0023] FIG. 3 is a curve graph of unconfined compressive strength of materials combined in pairs under the optimum proportion condition along with change of a material content during co-doping in the method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0024] FIG. 4A is a compacted curve graph of plain soil in a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0025] FIG. 4B is a compacted curve graph of the repair material in a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0026] FIG. 5A is a curve graph of a recovery effect of repair strength of through cracks at in a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0027] FIG. 5B is a curve graph of a recovery effect of repair strength of through cracks at in a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0028] FIG. 5C is a curve graph of a recovery effect of repair strength of through cracks at in a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0029] FIG. 6 is a structural schematic diagram of a pressure grouting machine in a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0030] FIGS. 7A-7D are structural schematic diagrams of several replaceable nozzles in a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0031] FIG. 8 is a layout diagram of TDR probes at monitoring points in repair effect evaluation in a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0032] FIG. 9A is a curve graph of a variation relation of temperature of a soil mass before and after repair in a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0033] FIG. 9B is a curve graph of a variation relation of relative humidity of the soil mass before and after repair in a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0034] FIG. 9C is a curve graph of a variation relation of denudation rate of the soil mass before and after repair in a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0035] FIG. 9D is a curve graph of a variation relation of crack percent of the soil mass before and after repair in a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention.

[0036] In the figures, 1, replaceable nozzle; 2, hopper; 3, case; 4, handle; 5, site body; 6, slurry; 7, thread; 8, spray hole; 9, triangular nozzle; 10, round nozzle; 11, needle tube nozzle; 12, strip pattern nozzle; 13, plain brick; and 14, TDR probe.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0037] The method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention is described in detail below in combination with drawings and specific embodiments.

[0038] As shown in FIGS. 1-3, raw materials include the following components in parts by weight: 1-4 parts of metakaolin, 1-4 parts of calcium hydroxide and 1-4 parts of a micro silicon powder.

[0039] Proportions with the highest unconfined compressive strength are found respectively according to components and different contents in single doping, co-doping (double doping) and compound doping (triple doping).

[0040] A compound mixed ratio orthogonal test;

[0041] Let M.sub.1 be the mass of the modifying material and M.sub.2 be the mass of the plain soil, the proportion of the modifying material can be expressed as:

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}=\frac{M_1}{M_2}100\%;& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

[0042] when =20%, during mixed doping (triple doping) of metakaolin, Ca(OH).sub.2 and micro silicon powder, influence of the three added materials on unconfined compressive strength is studied through the orthogonal test.

[0043] The test includes three factors and four levels L.sub.16(4.sup.3), shown in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Factor and level table Level A C S 1 5% 5% 5% 2 10% 10% 10% 3 15% 15% 15% 4 20% 20% 20%

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Orthogonal test solution table No. A C S 1 5% 5% 5% 2 5% 10% 10% 3 5% 15% 15% 4 5% 20% 20% 5 10% 5% 10% 6 10% 10% 5% 7 10% 15% 20% 8 10% 20% 15% 9 15% 5% 15% 10 15% 10% 20% 11 15% 15% 5% 12 15% 20% 10% 13 20% 5% 20% 14 20% 10% 15% 15 20% 15% 10% 16 20% 20% 5%

[0044] To compare the repair materials with single and double factors conveniently, the ratios of the three admixtures in the earth are uniformly controlled at 20% herein. For example, in the test No. 1: 5% metakaolin+5% Ca(OH).sub.2+5% micro silicon powder, the ratio of metakaolin, Ca(OH).sub.2 and micro silicon powder can be controlled at 1:1:1, and the ratio of the three to the plain soil is always 20:100. It is shown as follows:

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Orthogonal test solution table (Amended) No. A (part) C (part) S (part) 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 3 4 1 4 4 5 2 1 2 6 2 2 1 7 2 3 4 8 2 4 3 9 3 1 3 10 3 2 4 11 3 3 1 12 3 4 2 13 4 1 4 14 4 2 3 15 4 3 2 16 4 4 1

[0045] Unconfined compressive strength tests are performed according to GB50123-2019 Geotechnical Test Method Standard, three groups of each test are performed, and the mean value is taken to reduce the error. The unconfined compressive strength of each group of modified soil sample is determined by using a conventional stress-strain controlled triaxial apparatus, shown in Table 4. The compressive strength in the plain soil test is 283.16 kPa.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Orthogonal test result No. Strength result (kPa) 1 1374.17 2 1507.423 3 1528.244 4 1469.946 5 1374.17 6 1295.051 7 1407.483 8 1286.723 9 1240.917 10 1286.723 11 1203.44 12 1228.425 13 1282.559 14 1220.097 15 1061.859 16 1049.366

[0046] Range analysis and variance analysis are performed on the result in Table 4, with the results shown in Table 5 and Table 6.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Range analysis in orthogonal test 48 h unconfined compressive strength No. A C S K.sub.1 1469.946 1317.954 1230.507 K.sub.2 1340.857 1327.324 1292.969 K.sub.3 1239.876 1300.257 1318.995 K.sub.4 1153.47 1258.615 1361.678 R 316.4756 68.70851 131.1708

[0047] It can be known from Table 5 that the sequence of influence of various admixtures on the unconfined compressive strength of 48 h compound modified earth is as follows: metakaolin>micro silicon powder>Ca(OH).sub.2. The optimum proportion of the unconfined compressive strength is as follows: metakaolin:Ca(OH).sub.2:micro silicon powder=1:2:4.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Variance analysis in orthogonal test Deviated F quadratic Degree of F critical Factor sum freedom ratio value Significance Metakaolin 222525.830 3 3.823 3.29 * Calcium 11109.535 3 0.191 3.29 hydrogen Micro silicon 36157.149 3 0.621 3.29 powder Error 291066.1 15 Note: * represents significant difference (p < 0.05)

[0048] It can be known from Table 6 that the influence of metakaolin on the unconfined compressive strength of the modified earth is the most significant, which is consistent with the conclusion obtained in range analysis.

[0049] It can be known by integrating the unconfined compressive strength in single doping, co-doping and compound doping that under the compound doping condition, when the ratio of metakaolin, micro silicon powder and Ca(OH).sub.2 is 1:2:4, the strength of the repair material is the highest, and therefore, the proportion is the optimum proportion of the unconfined compressive strength and the material is taken as the modifying repair material (ACS).

[0050] Based on the modifying repair material, a soil sample with 45, 0 and 90 through cracks (included angles between the crack surface and the horizontal plane) reserved is repaired. The modifying repair material with same water-solid ratio and the plain soil are respectively used for repair, the repaired earth is placed in a moisturizing jar (the temperature is 20 C., and the humidity is 80%) for curing for 7 d, 14 d and 28 d, and the unconfined compressive strength test is performed on the earth. The water-solid ratio of the repair material is controlled at 33% (the ratio of the mass of water to the sum of mass of the plain soil and the modifying material), and the thickness is 5 mm.

[0051] According to the moisture ratio .sub.0=20% and the maximum dry density .sub.dmax=1.5 g/cm.sup.3, a cylindrical test sample with the diameter of 39.1 mm and the height of 80 mm is prepared in five layers, and is placed in a natural environment for 12 h for air-drying. The test sample is sleeved into a sleeve with dip angles of 45, 0 and 90 and is cut into two parts along the oblique section of the sleeve, and the two oblique sections are shaved to enhance the repair effect.

[0052] It is known that the diameter of a transparent plastic tube is 40 mm and the height thereof is 90 mm, and 25 g of the modifying material with the optimum proportion and the moisture content of 33% is coated to the section of the cut test sample to be repaired. Then the test sample is placed in the plastic transparent tube for compaction and repair.

[0053] The repaired test sample is demolded and is put in the moisturizing jar with the temperature of 25 C. and the humidity of 80% for curing for 7 d, 14 d and 28 d. Then the unconfined compressive strength is measured, so the repair effect is verified.

[0054] The effect of the repaired 45 through crack is shown in FIG. 5B.

[0055] With respect to mean strength, the composite material, i.e., metakaolin:Ca(OH).sub.2:micro silicon powder=1:2:4, is the material with the highest strength recovery rate, up to 100%, so the repair effect of the ACS material is the best.

[0056] Similarly, the repair results of the soil samples at 0 and 90 are also shown in FIGS. and 5C, respectively.

[0057] It can be known from the above figures that with respect to the 45 through crack, the composite material (ACS) has the highest mean repair rate on the 7.sup.th d, 14.sup.th d and 28.sup.th d, and the strength recovery rate can reach 92% of that of an intact soil sample (F), which is 1.3 times of that repaired by the plain soil; with respect to a test sample with 0 horizontal through rack, the mean recovery rate of the composite material can reach 89%, which is 1.1 times of that of the plain soil (P); and with respect to a test sample with 90 through crack, the mean repair rate of the composite material can reach 79%, which is 1.2 times of that of the plain soil.

[0058] The optimum proportion of the modifying repair material is determined;

[0059] Engineering performance of the material is shown in Table 7.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Comparison result on comprehensive engineering characteristics of the modifying material Shear Permeability Water resistance characteristic T.sub.f Type characteristic K.sub.T (T) (kPa) P 3.2 10.sup.5 <20 min 204.6 ACS 3.8 10.sup.5 >60 min 600.1

[0060] The water resistance and the shear strength of the repair material ACS are superior to those of the plain soil P, and the permeability of the ACS is slightly greater than that of the plain soil P, which facilitates migration of moisture in the site.

[0061] Finally, it can be obtained from a crack repair test that the integrity of the soil sample repaired by ACS is higher than that repaired by the plain soil P, which is approximately 1.2 times of that repaired by the plain soil P, and the maximum repair rate is 100%. The optimum proportion of the material ACS is as follows: metakaolin:Ca(OH).sub.2:micro silicon powder=1:2:4.

[0062] For common diseases of the earthen site, a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention is described below.

[0063] Aiming at three common diseases (large-area collapses, cracks and surface denudation) of the earthen site, by adjusting the water-solid ratio of the repair material ACS, corresponding repair methods are proposed by adopting different processes. Main instruments used in the method include pressure grouting machine/spraying machine with replaceable nozzles such as triangular nozzles, strip pattern nozzles, needle tube nozzles and round nozzles, shown in FIG. 6 and FIGS. 7A-7D. The triangular nozzle is mainly applied to large-area smearing, the round nozzle is mainly applied to surface spraying, the strip pattern nozzle is mainly applied to large crack repair, and the needled tube nozzle is mainly applied to fine crack repair.

[0064] When the diseases of the earthen site are large area defects (large-area collapses), for the diseases of the large-area collapses, a bonding and laying repair method is used. First, plain soil bricks are prefabricated, and then the collapses are bonded, laid and repaired through repair material paste ACS. The water-solid ratio of the repair material ACS is 33%, and the thickness of the bonding repair material ACS paved is properly - of that of the plain soil bricks.

[0065] A specific repair flow process is as follows: [0066] plain soil brick prefabrication:

[0067] The material of the cob bricks is properly the plain soil near the site, ensuring that the physical and chemical components thereof are kept consistent with those of the earthen site. In the making process, the soil is compressed with the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content, fully ensuring that the soil is compressed to the most compact state. The size of the cob bricks is determined according to the area of the defected part, and the length, width and height are in a two-time relation (such as 4a2aa).

[0068] The surface of the part to be repaired is cleaned;

[0069] Interfacial regosol is cleaned thoroughly with a blower or a hairbrush, and corner parts are cleaned critically. After cleaning, water is sprayed for infiltration, ensuring that the repaired part is better bonded with the site body.

[0070] Defected Part Piling:

[0071] The cob bricks are bonded and laid on the defected part of the site with the ACS repair paste. Specific operations are as follows: the plain soil bricks are put in order in layers, where gaps filled with the repair mortar are reserved among the bricks, and the material ACS is injected onto the upper and lower surface of the plain soil bricks and the gaps of the bricks in the layer through the grouting machine by using the triangular nozzle. Repair is performed in sequence in layers. In the piling process, the bricks grip with rafts and the joints in the upper and lower layers are staggered, a three-one brick method (i.e., a shovel of mortar, a brick and extrusion) is adopted, and a method of slushing and pouring cracks with water is prohibited. Corners are repaired with intact bricks to the greatest extent.

[0072] When the diseases of the earthen site are cracks, with respect to crack diseases, a grouting repair method is adopted. ACS repair slurry is prepared first, and pressurized or unpressurized grouting is selected according to a site situation.

[0073] ACS Repair Slurry Preparation:

[0074] The repair material ACS with the optimum proportion is taken, where the water-solid ratio is 40% (the flowability of the slurry is improved, the volume shrinkage is reduced, and a 5% water reducer can be added). It is prepared as needed. In the using process, continuous stirring is performed to prevent bleeding and segregation.

[0075] Crack Treatment:

[0076] Miscellaneous soil on the surface of the original crack is cleaned, the crack is scraped into a V-shaped groove, and the regosol in the crack is blown out with pressurized wind. The cleaned V-shaped groove is watered for infiltration, and a water outlet shall be adjusted to the vaporific state during watering, where the size wall of the crack is moistened without flowing water properly.

[0077] Grouting Repair:

[0078] The repair material ACS is injected into the crack scraped into the V-shaped groove for repair through the grouting machine by using the strip pattern or needle tube nozzle according to shape and size of the crack. Large crack can be subject to pressurized grouting with the strip pattern nozzle, the pressure is controlled without damping the site, and small crack is subject to unpressurized grouting with the needle tube nozzle. After grouting is finished, the surface of the grouting body is trowelled.

[0079] When the diseases of the earthen site are surface denudation, for the disease of surface denudation, a surface spraying method is adopted. The denuded regosol is cleaned first, then the earthen site is watered for infiltration, and the repair material ACS is sprayed to the surface of the denuded part for repair through the spraying machine.

[0080] Slurry Preparation:

[0081] The repair material ACS with the optimum proportion is taken, where the water-solid ratio is 40% (the flowability of the slurry is improved, the volume shrinkage is reduced, and a 5% water reducer can be added). It is prepared as needed. In the using process, continuous stirring is performed to prevent bleeding and segregation.

[0082] Denudated Surface Treatment:

[0083] The regosol on the denuded surface is cleaned by the pressurized wind and the denuded surface is watered for infiltration.

[0084] Surface Spraying:

[0085] The repair material slurry ACS with the water-solid ratio of 40% is sprayed to the surface of the denuded part through the grouting machine by using the round nozzle. Pressure control of the grouting machine is decided by the stability of the site itself and is not too large, thereby preventing structural damages to the site itself. In the spraying process, the shape area of spraying can be controlled by changing the type of the nozzle (round, duckbill and fan-shaped nozzles), and the distance from a spray rod to the site itself is determined according to an injection pressure, and is properly 0.5-1 m.

[0086] The effect of repair by a method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention is evaluated below.

[0087] After repair is finished, the temperature and the water moisture of the site are detected through the TDR probe buried previously. It is shown in FIG. 8 and FIGS. 9A-9D.

[0088] It can be known from FIGS. 9A-9B that the changing amplitudes of outdoor temperature and humidity are the maximum, the temperature ranges from 20 C. to 55 C., and the humidity ranges from 20% to 95%; the temperature and humidity of the diseases earthen wall are less affected by the external environment, the temperature ranges from 25 C. to and the humidity ranges from 60% to 80%; after the diseases are repaired, the temperature and humidity of the diseases earthen wall are less affected by the external environment, the temperature ranges from 23 C. to 28 C., and the humidity ranges from 80% to 90%.

[0089] The temperature and humidity of the repaired earthen wall are less affected by the external environment compared with those of the earthen wall which is not repaired, which facilitates long-term preservation of the site and indoor environment as well.

[0090] It is known that the denudation quantity every time is n, the total mass of the earthen wall is N, and the length of the crack is l.sub.i and the width thereof is W.sub.i, the denudation rate and the crack percent can be defined as:

[00002]$\begin{array}{cc}=\frac{n}{N}100\%;& \left(2\right)\end{array}$$\begin{array}{cc}=\underset{1}{\overset{i}{.Math.}}\frac{L_i{W}_i}{A}.& \left(3\right)\end{array}$

[0091] It can be known from FIGS. 9C-9D that after repair, the denudation rate and the crack percent of the earthen wall are significantly reduced, where the denudation rate decreases from the highest 0.36 originally to 0.02%, which decreases by 90%, and the denudation rate almost no longer increases subsequently; the crack percent decreases from the highest 5.73% to 0.23%, which decreases by 95%, and the crack expansion rate decreases obviously subsequently.

[0092] It can be known that variations of the temperature and humidity in the repaired earthen wall affected by the external environment decrease obviously, and the denudation rate and the crack percent are significantly reduced compared with those of the earthen wall which is not repaired. The repair effect of the ACS material is better, which facilitates protecting and repairing work of the earthen wall and the earthen site.

[0093] According to the method for repairing wall diseases of an earthen architecture provided by the present invention, the repair material (ACS) is found through unconfined compressive strength tests in single doping, co-doping and compound doping. In the state of the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content, the physical and mechanical properties of the earthen architecture are studied. The components of the repair material ACS are determined by comparing the basic properties of the material and the repair effect of the pre-crack. By adjusting the water-solid ratio of the repair material ACS, common diseases are repaired by adopting different repair processes. The repair material ACS prepared in the present invention features excellent performance, stable volume and good compatibility with a site. The method based on the repair material ACS provided by the present invention has certain practical significance in repairing diseases of the earthen site.