Abscisic Acid-Mixed Pig Feed

Abstract

The present invention provides a pig feed which can increase a productivity of pork and can reduce a cold stress or a heat stress. The present invention provides also a pig feed comprising abscisic acid and/or its salt; a method for breeding a pig which comprises taking the pig feed to a pig; a method for preventing and/or improving the reduction of a productivity in a pig due to a cold and/or a heat; a method for increasing a feed efficiency in a pig; and a method for improving antioxidant potency of a pig by increasing a reduced glutathione in a body of a pig.

Claims

1. A pig feed comprising 0.1 to 10 ppm of abscisic acid and/or a salt thereof in the feed.

2. The pig feed according to claim 1 which is for a reduction of a cold stress and/or a heat stress.

3. The pig feed according to claim 2 wherein the reduction of a cold stress and/or a heat stress represents a prevention and/or an improvement of a reduction of pig productivity due to a cold stress and/or a heat stress.

4. The pig feed according to claim 3 wherein the reduction of pig productivity represents a reduction of a feed efficiency and/or a rate of raising.

5. A method for breeding a pig which comprises taking the pig feed according to claim 1 to a pig.

6. A method for preventing and/or improving a reduction of a productivity in a pig due to a cold stress and/or a heat stress which comprises taking the pig feed according to claim 1 to a pig.

7. A method for increasing a feed efficiency in a pig, which comprises taking the pig feed according to claim 1 to a pig.

8. The pig feed according to claim 1 for increasing reduced glutathione.

Description

EXAMPLES

[0084] The present invention is explained in more detail with the following examples but is not limited thereto.

Test Example 1

[0085] The effect of abscisic acid on reducing productivity decrease due to cold stress

(1) Materials and Methods

[0086] Eighty four (84) crossbred young pigs (LWD) at an age of 28 days were employed in this test. Body weight of the each young pigs was measured and seven animals were assigned to one section considering the average body weight across the sections was equal, and the three sections (replicates) were assigned to a total four test groups. The test period was from 28 to 70 day-old, and S-abscisic acid was (hereinafter, referred to as S-ABA) used as a test substance. The S-ABA was added to the feed at the concentrations shown in Table 1, and the feed containing S-ABA was fed daily to the pigs at the age of 28 to 70 days. The low temperature environment was carried out from the age of 36 to 70 days of the pigs.

(2) Testing Groups

[0087] The following four groups were set. Three sections (replicates) per one group was set and the test condition is shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Addition Total concentration Number of Number Test of S-ABA Raising Pigs/ of Group (ppm) Environment Replicates Replicates Pigs 1 0 Optimal 3 7 21 Temperature 2 0.1 Low 3 7 21 Temperature 3 0.5 Low 3 7 21 Temperature 4 1 Low 3 7 21 Temperature

(3) Housing

[0088] The pigs were raised at the optimal temperature from the age of 28 to 35 day-old. After the age of 36 days, the pigs of the Test group 1 were housed at an optimal temperature and the pigs of the Test groups 2 to 4 were exposed to a particular low temperature by air conditioner. The raising temperature were measured with a thermo-hygrometer or a data logger which was installed near the center of the raising room, and then recorded. The average room temperature of the optimal temperature group was 26.1 C., and the average room temperature of the low temperature group was 20.4 C.

[0089] As a feed, an early feed, middle feed or late feed of MAMACOLO which was manufactured by FEED ONE CO., LTD. (2-6, Higashifukasiba Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki) was given by ad libitum feeding. Feed ingredients are shown in Table 2. A drinking water was freely ingested by a waterer with a picker. The early feed was given until the age of 35 days of the pig, the middle feed was given at the age of from 36 days to 42 days, and the late feed was given at the age of post 43 days.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 MAMACOLO MAMACOLO MAMACOLO Ingredients EARLY MIDDLE LATE Crude Protein 21.5% or 20.5% or 19.0% or higher higher higher Crude Fat 4.0% or 3.0% or 3.0% or higher higher higher Crude fiber 2.0% or 3.0% or 3.5% or higher higher higher Crude Ash 8.5% or 8.5% or 7.0% or higher higher higher Calcium 0.70% or 0.70% or 0.60% or higher higher higher Phosphorus 0.60% or 0.60% or 0.50% or higher higher higher Total Amounts of 87.0% or 84.0% or 81.0% or Digestible Nutrients higher higher higher

(4) Monitoring and Parameters to be Measured

[0090] (i) Clinical symptoms: observed daily. [0091] (ii) Body weight: Body weight was measured for each individual at the age of 28, 35 and 70 days old, and the average weight gain per a section from the age of 35 to 70 days during the test period was calculated. [0092] (iii) Feed intake: Feed intake was measured daily for each section, and feed intake for one animal per a week was calculated. Also, feed conversion rate (feed intake/body weight gain) was calculated from Average feed intake and Average body weight gain per section during the test period.

[0093] It was studied whether the reduction in productivity due to cold stress could be decreased by adding of abscisic acid (ABA) to the feed at the concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 or 1 ppm. The results were shown in Tables 3 to 5 below.

(Clinical Symptoms)

[0094] No abnormality was seen in all individuals.

(Body Weight Gain)

[0095] As shown in Table 3, the low temperature groups with ABA showed an increase of body weight gain in spite of an exposure to low temperature environment compared to the optimal temperature group, and it was also confirmed the effect of ABA on reducing cold stress (a reduction in body weight gain).

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Addition Body Weight Gain Raising Concentration (kg, Average Environment of ABA (ppm) value) Optimal Temperature 0 15.25 Low Temperature 0.1 16.99 0.5 16.40 1.0 17.00

(Feed Intake)

[0096] As shown in Table 4, the low temperature group with ABA showed an increase of feed intake compared to the optimal temperature group, and it was also confirmed the effect of ABA on reducing cold stress (a reduction in feed intake).

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Raising Addition Concentration Feed Intake Environment of ABA (ppm) (kg, Average value) Optimal Temperature 0 28.80 Low Temperature 0.1 29.81 0.5 29.91 1.0 30.30

(Feed Conversion Rate)

[0097] As shown in Table 5, the low temperature groups with ABA showed a lower value of feed conversion rate in spite of an exposure to low temperature environment compared to the optimal temperature group, and it was also confirmed the effect of ABA on reducing cold stress (a reduction in feed conversion rate).

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Feed Conversion Addition Rate (Feed Intake/ Raising Concentration Body Weight Gain, Environment of ABA (ppm) Average value) Optimal Temperature 0 4.45 Low Temperature 0.1 4.40 0.5 4.29 1.0 4.41

Test Example 2

[0098] The effect of abscisic acid on reducing productivity decrease due to heat stress

(1) Materials and Methods

[0099] Eighty four (84) of crossbred young pigs (LWD) at an age of 28 days were employed in this test. Body weight of the each young pigs was measured and seven animals were assigned to one section considering the average body weight across the sections was equal, and the three sections (replicates) were assigned to a total four test groups. The test period was from 28 to 70 day-old, and S-abscisic acid was used as a test substance. The S-ABA was added to the feed at the concentrations shown in the Table 6, and the feed containing S-ABA was fed daily to the pigs at the age of 28 to 70 days. The high temperature environment was carried out from the age of 36 to 70 days of the pigs.

(2) Testing Groups

[0100] The following four groups were set. Three sections (repetitions) per one group was set, which were assigned to each test group as indicated in the below Table.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Addition Total concentration Number of Number Test of S-ABA Raising Pigs/ of Group (ppm) Environment Replicates Replicates Pigs 1 0 Optimal 3 7 21 Temperature 2 0.1 High 3 7 21 Temperature 3 0.5 High 3 7 21 Temperature 4 1 High 3 7 21 Temperature

(3) Housing

[0101] The pigs were raised at the optimal temperature from the age of 28 to 35 day-old. After the age of 36 days the pigs of the Test group 1 were housed at an optimal temperature and the pigs of the Test groups 2 to 4 were exposed to a particular high temperature by air conditioner. The raising temperature were measured with a thermo-hygrometer or a data logger which was installed near the center of the raising room, and then recorded. The average room temperature of the optimal temperature group was 26.1 C., and the average room temperature of the low temperature group was 30.6 C.

[0102] As a feed, similarly to the test example 1, an early feed, middle feed or late feed of MAMACOLO which was manufactured by FEED ONE CO., LTD. (2-6, Higashifukasiba Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki) was given by ad libitum feeding. Feed ingredients are shown in Table 7. A drinking water was freely ingested by a waterer with a picker. The early feed was given until the age of 35 days of the pig, the middle feed was given at the age of from 36 days to 42 days, and the late feed was given at the age of post 43 days.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 MAMACOLO MAMACOLO MAMACOLO Ingredients EARLY MIDDLE LATE Crude Protein 21.5% or 20.5% or 19.0% or higher higher higher Crude Fat 4.0% or 3.0% or 3.0% or higher higher higher Crude fiber 2.0% or 3.0% or 3.5% or higher higher higher Crude Ash 8.5% or 8.5% or 7.0% or higher higher higher Calcium 0.70% or 0.70% or 0.60% or higher higher higher Phosphorus 0.60% or 0.60% or 0.50% or higher higher higher Total Amounts of 87.0% or 84.0% or 81.0% or Digestible Nutrients higher higher higher

(4) Monitoring and Parameters to be Measured

[0103] (i) Clinical symptoms: observed daily. [0104] (ii) Body weight: Body weight was measured for each individual at the age of 28, 35 and 70 days old, and the average weight gain per a section from the age of 35 to 70 days during the test period was calculated. [0105] (iii) Feed intake: Feed intake was measured daily by each section, and feed intake for one animal per a week was calculated. Also, feed conversion rate (feed intake/body weight gain) was calculated from Average feed intake and Average body weight gain per section during the test period.

[0106] It was studied whether the reduction in productivity due to heat stress could be decreased by adding of abscisic acid (ABA) to the feed at the concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 or 1 ppm. The results were shown in Tables 8 to 10 below.

(Clinical Symptoms)

[0107] No abnormality was seen in all individuals.

(Body Weight Gain)

[0108] As shown in the Table 8, the high temperature groups with ABA showed an increase of body weight gain in spited of an exposure to high temperature environment compared to the optimal temperature group, and it was also confirmed the effect of ABA on reducing heat stress (a reduction in body weight gain).

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Raising Addition Concentration Body Weight Gain Environment of ABA (ppm) (kg, Average value) Optimal Temperature 0 15.60 High Temperature 0.1 18.04 0.5 18.25 1.0 19.02

(Feed Intake)

[0109] As shown in the Table 9, the high temperature group with ABA showed an increase of feed intake compared to the optimal temperature group in spite of an exposure to high temperature environment, and it was also confirmed the effect of ABA on reducing heat stress (a reduction in feed intake).

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Raising Addition Concentration Feed Intake Environment of ABA (ppm) (kg, Average value) Optimal Temperature 0 28.7 High Temperature 0.1 30.7 0.5 29.7 1.0 32.9

(Feed Conversion Rate)

[0110] As shown in Table 10, the low temperature group, except the group of 0.1 ppm of ABA, showed a lower value of feed conversion rate compared to the optimal temperature group in spite of an exposure to high temperature environment, and it was also confirmed the effect of ABA on reducing heat stress (a reduction in feed conversion rate).

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Feed Conversion Addition Rate (Feed Intake/ Raising Concentration Body Weight Gain, Environment of ABA (ppm) Average value) Optimal Temperature 0 4.40 High Temperature 0.1 4.54 0.5 4.25 1.0 3.91

Test Example 3

[0111] The Effect of abscisic acid on increasing a production of reduced glutathione

[0112] The effect of administration of S-ABA was examined as follows.

(1) Materials and Methods

[0113] Twelve (12) of gilts at an age of 8 months were employed in this test. The S-ABA (particle size of 0.1 to 1 mm) in the amounts as shown in Table 11 was supplemented in the feed for about 40 days from the day of artificial insemination.

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Addition concentration of S-ABA Test Group (ppm) 3-1 0 3-2 10

(2) Monitoring and Parameters to be Measured

[0114] (i) Clinical symptoms: observed daily. [0115] (ii) Sampling of intestinal tracts: The pig was dissected on the 40th day of pregnancy, and the small intestine was sampled.

(Clinical Symptoms)

[0116] No abnormality was seen in all individuals.

(Reduced Glutathione in Small Intestine Mucosa and Cells)

[0117] The measurement results of reduced glutathione in a small intestine after the administration for about 40 days are shown in Table 12. Using a commercially available glutathione measuring kit (manufactured by DOJINDO CHEMICALS Inc.; GSSH/GSH Quantification Kit), the reduced glutathione contained in 1 g of small intestine tissue was determined quantitatively. The result of 10 ppm S-ABA group (No. 3-2) increased amount of reduced glutathione in small intestine tissue significantly compared to the no dosing S-ABA group (No. 3-1).

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Reduced glutathione Amount Test Group (mol/g wet tissue) 3-1 0.137 3-2 0.234

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

[0118] The pig feed containing abscisic acid of the present invention is a product wherein abscisic acid and/or its salts are added to a pig feed, which can be used as a pig feed having excellent effect on body weight gain and feed efficiency in order to raise a pig. The pig feed containing abscisic acid of the present invention can increase a productivity of a pig by using it as a pig feed, which can decrease a cold stress or a heat stress, prevent and/or improve a reduction in the productivity due to cold stress and/or heat stress, and prevent and/or improve a reduction in feed efficiency and/or rate of raising. Also the pig feed containing abscisic acid of the present invention can increase a reduced glutathione in the body of a pig when it dosed to a pig, which can improve an antioxidant potency of the pig.