Acoustic proppant for fracture diagnostic

Abstract

Methods of mapping a subterranean formation using imploding particles are described. In some cases, the particles contain a material that generated a gas which passes through a water-insoluble coating to create a void within the particle. In some aspects, the implosive particles have a coating that dissolves in the subterranean formation.

Claims

1. A method of mapping a volume using acoustic signals, comprising: injecting gas-generating, collapsible particles into a volume comprising a liquid comprising water; wherein the gas-generating, collapsible particles comprise a water-insoluble coating and a gas-generating core; wherein the water-insoluble coating does not dissolve but allows a reactant to pass from outside the particle through to the gas-generating core, and allows a generated gas to pass from the core to outside the particle; wherein the reactant passes through the water-insoluble coating and reacts with the gas-generating core to generate gas; wherein the generated gas passes through the water-insoluble coating to create a void within the particle; wherein pressure from the liquid in the volume crushes the water-insoluble coating and produces sound waves in the liquid; detecting the sound waves with an acoustic detector that is in sonic contact with the liquid.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactant is water or an aqueous solution.

3. The method of claim 1 comprising using signals from the acoustic detector to the map the volume.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the liquid contains at least 90 mass % water.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the water-insoluble coating is a polymer.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE, low or high density), nylon, polyetherimide (PEI), polyvinylchloride (PVC), sulfonated polyeteretherketon (SPEEK), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ethyl cellulose (EC), sulfonated polyethersulfon (SPES), cellulose acetate (CA), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polyethersulfone (PES), polycarbonate (PC), polysulfone and combinations thereof.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the water-insoluble coating is a porous glass.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the gas-generating core comprises a carbonate.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the carbonate is selected from the group consisting of: calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, lithium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, bicarbonates and combinations thereof.

10. The method of any of claim 1 wherein the particles that are injected comprise a mixture of different coating thicknesses to create acoustic signals distributed over time.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1: Geometry of a fracture diagnostic method using acoustic proppant.

(2) FIG. 2: Sequence of events in the proposed fracture diagnostic method.

(3) FIG. 3: Schematic diagram of collapsing gas-filled bubble geometry.

(4) FIG. 4. Typical acoustic signal observed during the implosion tests.

(5) FIG. 5. Prior Art: Typical acoustic signal observed during injection of steam into water.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(6) In one of the methods, hollow microspheres having similar size and handling properties of a conventional proppant are pumped downhole mixed into the proppant.

(7) The geometry of one fracture diagnostic system is shown schematically in FIG. 1. An acoustic proppant, which upon exposure to fracturing fluid, undergoes chemical and physical transformations leading to its abrupt rupture and emission of an acoustic signal. The rupture takes place after a time delay, on the order of several hours. This is a key feature, as the delay allows the fracturing processes to stop or be suspended before there is the generation of the acoustic signal. If the delay time of the delayed response is slightly variable, the analysis of the signal will be easier, as there will now be multiple acoustic events that are clearly separated in time. These acoustic signals are detected by an array of sensors installed in the borehole near the fracture. Signal strength and time information collected for each discrete rupture event is used to pinpoint the location of a proppant particle which generated it. Position information from all proppant particles filling a fracture provides a full map of the fracture shape and size. FIG. 2 summarizes the sequence of events involved in the fracture diagnostic process.

(8) An important aspect of the proposed fracture diagnostic method is the use of discrete signals generated by individual proppant particles. As it was demonstrated by the proof-of-concept hollow glass microspheres crushing experiments discussed below, the acoustic signals generated by individual particles are distinct and quite short, therefore can be relatively easily separated from each other. This separation greatly simplifies the deconvolution process since it can be assumed that each acoustic signal originates from one small volume within a fracture. In contrast, the diagnostic methods that are based on signals generated by the entire fracture volume require a much more challenging deconvolution algorithm [Sharma, M., 2016, Fracture Diagnostics Using Low Frequency EM Induction and Electrically Conductive Proppant].

(9) One of the critical factors needed for successful implementation of the proposed fracture diagnostic method is sufficient strength of the acoustic signals generated during rupture of proppant particles. To maximize the acoustic signal strength, the proposed proppant design will be based on collapse of gas-filled bubbles immersed in liquids. It is known that collapse of hollow or gas-filled bubbles in liquids like water results in a water hammer effect and generation of strong pressure shock waves. This effect is very pronounced in systems where steam is injected into cold liquid water and the water hammer pressure fluctuations cause strong vibrations [Youn, D. H et al., The direct Contact Condensation of Steam in a Pool at Low Mas Flux Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, vol 10, No 10, p. 881-885, (20030]. Mathematical models describing the steam bubble condensation dynamics are available in published literature [Ramsey, M. C., Energetic Cavitation Collapse, Ph.D. Thesis, Mechanical Engineering Department of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., 2013]. FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a collapsing gas-filled bubble geometry that can be used in the acoustic proppant method that is described here.

(10) Two approaches to make suitable, implodable particles are: modifying commercially available hollow glass microspheres; or creating a core/shell particle with a core that reacts with water that diffuses through the shell, to create the hollow particle. We will describe each of these in detail.

(11) Approach 1: There are commercially available hollow glass microspheres available, with a wide range of burst pressures for the microspheres. These particles cannot be directly used in this application, as the particles will either burst while being transported downhole, or as soon as they reach the bottom of the bore hole, or else they will not burst. Although additional hydrostatic pressure could be added to cause the glass microspheres to rupture, they would all rupture at the same time, causing the analysis challenge associated with the existing explosive technology.

(12) However, the hollow glass microspheres can be modified by coating the microspheres with a polymer material that will degrade during exposure to the aqueous downhole environment. The encapsulation of the glass microsphere will act to strengthen the walls of the sphere, increasing its burst pressure. As the polymer coating degrades, the burst pressure of the microsphere will decrease, until it reaches the pressure in the fracture. At this time, the microsphere will burst, releasing the acoustic signal. Because the time required to reach the burst point will be slightly different for each microsphere, a series of individual acoustic events will be generated, simplifying the data processing. It is desirable to use glass microspheres with burst pressure that is slightly less than that present in the fracture. If the difference is too large, a very thick encapsulating shell will be required, increasing cost, and also increasing the length of time between pumping the particles downhole and the creation of the acoustic events.

(13) Approach 2: The core of the particles is a material, such as a carbonate, that will react with water to generate gas, such as CO.sub.2. The carbonate could be sodium bicarbonate or other reactive carbonate. The core could be a polycarbonate. Reactions of polycarbonate to produce carbon dioxide are described in publications such as Deirram et al., Hydrolysis Degradation of Polycarbonate Using Different Co-solvent Under Microwave Irradiation, APCBEE Procedia 3 (2012) 172-176; and Gaines, Acceleration of hydrolysis of bisphenol-A polycarbonate by hindered amines, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 27, 1990, 13-18. If desired, the water in the subterranean formation could be modified with an appropriate acid or base catalyst or co-solvent. The coating encapsulating the core will be a polymer or inorganic coating that does not degrade, but allows rapid diffusion of water and the generated gas. The concept for operation is that the particle would be pumped downhole, at which point in time water begins to diffuse into the core. The water or other suitable reactant reacts with the core material to generate the gas, while decreasing the mass of the solid core. This process continues as more water diffuses in, and the gas diffuses out of the core. The water diffusion and gas generation rates are properly matched so water does not build up in the interior. There are two possible methods to generate an acoustic signal from this particle. In the first, the gas inside the particle is created more rapidly than it can diffuse through the shell. This will increase the pressure inside the capsule, until it becomes sufficiently larger than the hydrostatic pressure such that the capsule ruptures, creating an acoustic signature. In the second method, the gas diffuses more rapidly through the shell, keeping the pressure inside the capsule close to the external hydrostatic pressure. However, as the gas generation rate drops, or the gas diffusion rate continues to increase, the pressure inside the capsule drops until the capsule implodes. The second method is preferred, as the capsule could work across a wider range of hydrostatic pressures. In the second approach, the coating is selected to allow the appropriate diffusion rate for reactant to diffuse into the core and generated gas to diffuse through the coating. A catalyst for the reaction may be added to the core to allow sufficient gas generation for either method.

EXPERIMENTS

(14) A preliminary experiment has been conducted to demonstrate that collapsing microspheres generate a measurable acoustic signature. In this experiment, commercially available hollow glass microspheres were used, so it is not an example of the coated spheres, but does validate the underlying premise that collapsing microspheres do generate measurable acoustic energy.

(15) The implosion tests were performed using two types of hollow glass beads specified in table 1.

(16) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Types of beads (hollow glass microspheres) uses in implosion tests. Type of beads Supplier Crush strength Diameter Resin Filler, Glass McMaster .sup.~500 psi 40-60 m Microspheres, #1414T36 S38 3M ~6,000 psi 40-60 m

(17) The beads were placed inside of a high-pressure metal vessel filled with water. An acoustic sensor was placed outside of the vessel so there was a water layer and a steel barrier between the implosion points and the sensor. During tests, internal vessel pressure was slowly increased up to the level above the expected crush strength. The following was observed during the tests: Strong acoustic signal was detected by the acoustic sensor. The signal had a characteristic time dependence shown in FIG. 4. The dominant features were strong and narrow amplitude spikes with 1 ms decay time and width. This form of acoustic is known for other systems that involve rapidly collapsing hollow bubbles immersed in liquid. For instance, the literature describing rapid cooling and condensation of water steam in liquid water reports very similar acoustic signals. FIG. 5 shows a typical acoustic signal detected during steam bubble condensation (figure reproduced from Youn D. H, et al. The Direct Contact Condensation of Steam in a Poll at Low Mass Flux, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, vol. 40, No. 10, p. 881-885 (2003)). The strong similarity between acoustic signals shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 suggests that the same mechanism is responsible for acoustic signal generation in both situations. In the case of the steam condensation, the mechanism is a water hammer effect generated during the final stages of stem bubble collapse. Apparently, the same mechanism is active during collapse of hollow beads immersed in pressurized water. Acoustic signal frequencies detected were in the 20-100 kHz range The amplitude of the spikes did not change significantly between beads with 500 and 6,000 psi crush strength. Instead, the amplitude seems to have naturally wide range A control test has been performed to make sure the acoustic signal was not generated due to stresses of the pressure vessel. No acoustic signal was detected without beads inside of the vessel.