Cam-driven radial rotary engine incorporating an HCCI apparatus

Abstract

A two cycle-opposed piston, two cycle, homogenous charge compression ignition engine with cylinder sets, each cylinder set having a first cylinder with an intake port; a second cylinder coaxially aligned with the first cylinder and having an exhaust port; a first piston engaged within the first cylinder; a second piston engaged within the second cylinder; a combustion chamber formed between the first piston and the second piston; a first cam mechanically engaged with the first piston; a mechanical device to convert reciprocating motion to rotational motion connected to the second piston; and a charge pump connected to the intake port by an intake passage.

Claims

1. A two cycle-opposed piston, two cycle homogenous charge compression ignition engine, comprising: an output shaft; a plurality of cylinder sets, each of the plurality of cylinder sets having: a first cylinder, having: an intake port; a second cylinder coaxially aligned with the first cylinder, the second cylinder having: piston; an exhaust port; a first piston engaged within the first cylinder; a second piston engaged within the second cylinder; a combustion chamber formed between the first piston and the second a first cam mechanically engaged with the first piston; a mechanical device configured to convert reciprocating motion to rotational motion connected to the second piston; and a charge pump connected to the intake port by an intake passage; wherein the first cam controls displacement of the first piston within the first cylinder; wherein the first cam is connected to the output shaft; wherein the mechanical device controls displacement of the second piston within the second cylinder; wherein the mechanical device is connected to the output shaft; wherein the intake port is opened and closed by the first piston; wherein the exhaust port is opened and closed by the second piston; wherein the charge pump is configured to pressurize an intake fuel-air charge in the intake passage and combustion chamber; wherein the charge pump has sufficient capacity to flush residual gasses from the combustion chamber and pressurize the intake fuel-air charge; wherein the fuel-air charge is nominally below an autoignition temperature; wherein the first cam is configured to drive the first piston toward the second piston during an expansion stroke of the second piston; wherein the first piston moves at a greater rate than the second piston to increase compression during the expansion stroke; and wherein the autoignition temperature is reached shortly after the expansion stroke commences.

2. The engine of claim 1, wherein the mechanical device is a crankshaft.

3. The engine of claim 1, wherein the mechanical device is a second cam.

4. The engine of claim 1, wherein the first cam and the first piston produce a reverse torque on the output shaft; wherein the mechanical device and the second piston produce a forward torque on the output shaft; and wherein the forward torque is greater than the reverse torque.

5. The engine of claim 1, further comprising: a relief valve contained within the intake passage; wherein the relief valve is configured to maintain a temperature of the fuel-air charge below the autoignition temperature.

6. The engine of claim 5, further comprising: a sensor connected to a controller; wherein the controller is configured to control the relief valve for regulation of the fuel-air charge.

7. The engine of claim 1, wherein the charge pump comprises: a third cylinder coaxially aligned with the first cylinder and the second cylinder; and a third piston contained within the third cylinder; wherein the third piston is connected to the second piston; and wherein the third piston moves in unison with the second piston.

8. The engine of claim 7, wherein the third piston is an opposite face of the second piston.

9. The engine of claim 7, wherein the third piston is connected to the second piston by a rod.

10. The engine of claim 1, further comprising: a fan configured to cool the intake passage and integrally associated with an engine rotor.

11. The engine of claim 1, further comprising: a scavenge passageway; a first one way check valve positioned within the intake passageway; a second one way check valve positioned within the scavenge passageway; a first control valve positioned within the intake passageway; and a second control valve positioned within the scavenge passageway; wherein the scavenge passageway and the intake passageway are pressurized via the charge pump; and wherein the first control valve and the second control valve are configured to be opened and closed independently of one another.

12. The engine of claim 1, further comprising: a valve connected to the exhaust port; wherein the valve is configured to contain a pressure within the combustion chamber after the exhaust port is opened via movement of the second piston; wherein the valve is configured to open at the end of the expansion stroke of the second piston; and wherein the valve and exhaust port provides a means for the second piston to push gasses from the combustion chamber.

13. A radial cam-driven engine, comprising: a plurality of cylinders arranged about a central shaft; a plurality of pistons contained within the plurality of cylinders; a cylinder block configured to contain the plurality of cylinders; a first plate; a second plate; a first cam track incorporated into the first plate; a second cam track incorporated into the second plate; a plurality of cam followers configured to secure the first cam track and the second cam track to the plurality of pistons by a plurality of shafts, each of the plurality of cam followers having: a hydrodynamic tilting pad bearing; wherein oil provides lubrication between the plurality of cam followers and the first cam track and the plurality of followers and the second cam track; wherein the cylinder block is positioned between the first plate and the second plate; wherein the first cam track and the second cam track are connected to the plurality of pistons; and wherein the first cam track and the second cam track are configured to convert reciprocating motion to rotational motion.

14. The engine of claim 13, wherein the plurality of cam followers have a radius equal to or less than a minimum radius of the first cam track and the second cam track.

15. A cam-driven opposed-piston radial engine, comprising: a plurality of cylinder sets arranged about a central shaft, each of the plurality of cylinder sets having: a first cylinder, having: an intake port; a second cylinder coaxially aligned with the first cylinder, the second cylinder having: piston; an exhaust port; a first piston engaged within the first cylinder; a second piston engaged within the second cylinder; a combustion chamber formed between the first piston and the second a first cam mechanically engaged with the first piston; a second cam mechanically engaged with the second piston; wherein the first cam controls displacement of the first piston within the first cylinder and converts reciprocating motion to rotational motion; wherein the second cam controls displacement of the second piston within the first cylinder and converts reciprocating motion to rotational motion; a cylinder block configured to contain the plurality of cylinder sets; a first plate; a second plate; an ignition source configured to initiate combustion within the combustion chamber; wherein the first plate and second plate encompass the cylinder block; and wherein the first cam and the second cam compress the first piston and the second piston together to compress a fuel air charge within the combustion chamber.

16. The engine of claim 15, wherein the ignition source is a spark plug.

17. The engine of claim 15, wherein the ignition source is a fuel injector.

18. The engine of claim 15, wherein the ignition source is heat developed by compression of a homogeneous fuel-air charge or HCCI.

19. The engine of claim 15, wherein each of the plurality of cylinder sets further comprises an air pump comprising: a third cylinder coaxially aligned with the first cylinder and the second cylinder; and a third piston contained within the third cylinder; wherein the third piston is connected to the second piston; wherein the third piston moves in unison with the second piston; wherein the air pump flushes residual gasses from the combustion chamber; and wherein the air pump forces a fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber.

20. The engine of claim 15, further comprising: an electrical generator, having: magnets on either a rotating or stationary assembly; coils on either the rotating or stationary assembly; and a controller; wherein motion between the rotating and stationary assembly generates electrical power.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The novel features believed characteristic of the embodiments of the present application are set forth in the appended claims. However, the embodiments themselves, as well as a preferred mode of use, and further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

(2) FIGS. 1A and 1B are assembled oblique front and back views respectively of an engine in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention system;

(3) FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C are simplified diagrams of an HCCI combustion apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

(4) FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram of an opposed-piston two stroke HCCI apparatus in accordance with the present invention;

(5) FIG. 4 is oblique view of a cam-driven radial rotary engine incorporating the HCCI combustion apparatus of FIG. 3;

(6) FIG. 5 is a flowchart of the process of an engine cycle associated with FIG. 3;

(7) FIG. 6 is an exploded view of a rotor block in accordance with the present invention;

(8) FIG. 7 is an exploded view of components inserted radially into the rotor block of FIG. 6;

(9) FIG. 8 is an exploded view of components inserted axially into the rotor of FIG. 6;

(10) FIG. 9 is an exploded view of components installed during final rotor assembly;

(11) FIG. 10 is an exploded oblique view of a side plate in accordance with the present invention;

(12) FIG. 11 is an exploded view of the assembly of the engine of FIGS. 1A and 1B; and

(13) FIG. 12 is an exploded view of an alternative embodiment of the engine of FIGS. 1A and 1B.

(14) While the system and method of use of the present application is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiment disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present application as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

(15) Illustrative embodiments of the system and method of use of the present application are provided below. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions will be made to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.

(16) The system and method of use in accordance with the present application overcomes one or more of the above-discussed problems commonly associated with conventional HCCI engines, opposed piston two-stroke engines, cam-driven radial engines including those incorporating a motor/generator. These and other unique features of the system and method of use are discussed below and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

(17) The system and method of use will be understood, both as to its structure and operation, from the accompanying drawings, taken in conjunction with the accompanying description. Several embodiments of the system are presented herein. It should be understood that various components, parts, and features of the different embodiments may be combined together and/or interchanged with one another, all of which are within the scope of the present application, even though not all variations and particular embodiments are shown in the drawings. It should also be understood that the mixing and matching of features, elements, and/or functions between various embodiments is expressly contemplated herein so that one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate from this disclosure that the features, elements, and/or functions of one embodiment may be incorporated into another embodiment as appropriate, unless described otherwise.

(18) The preferred embodiment herein described is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. It is chosen and described to explain the principles of the invention and its application and practical use to enable others skilled in the art to follow its teachings.

(19) Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference characters identify corresponding or similar elements throughout the several views, FIGS. 1A-1B depict front and back oblique views respectively of an assembled engine 101 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present application. It will be appreciated that engine 101 overcomes one or more of the above-listed problems discussed above.

(20) The various components of engine 101 will be discussed in detail with reference to the plurality of drawings outlined below. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, engine 101 includes a front side plate 103 and a rear side plate 105, each having a plurality of engine mounts 107a-h configured to facilitate engine installation and hold engine 101 stationary during operation. Engine 101 further includes a fuel distribution system 109 configured to supply fuel to fuel injectors of both side plates. Engine intake air is drawn through a rotor housing 111 and engine exhaust, combined with cooling air, exits through plates 103, 105 via one or more passages 113. Engine 101 includes an output shaft 115 and can include an output plate 117 configured to transfer mechanical power. In the preferred embodiment, engine 101 includes a plurality of inlets 119a, 119b configured to route air to the inlet of a centrifugal fan of a rotor and include cooling fins to reduce the temperature of engine oil and intake charge air. Electrical interfaces to an integrated motor/generator are provided via a printed wiring board 121. It should be understood that the motor/generator will be discussed in detail but is an optional addition to engine 101.

(21) In FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C, simplified diagrams of an HCCI combustion apparatus 201 is shown. This apparatus is mechanized within the disclosed engine 101, but is also broadly applicable to other engine configurations. Apparatus 201 includes a first piston 203 and a second piston 205 in fluid communication via a common chamber 207 used for combustion. First piston 203 is driven by a cam 209 while second piston 205 is driven by either a cam follower or a crankshaft 211. Apparatus 201 includes a charge pump 213 connected to chamber 207 via a control valve 215 and a means 217 of adding fuel to the intake charge. FIG. 2A depicts pistons 203, 205 at the end of an intake cycle, during which a fuel air charge was forced into chamber 207 by the charge pump 213 and valve 215 was closed. The fuel air charge was compressed to a temperature nominally less than autoignition temperature of a selected fuel by the charge pump 213. When this condition is reached, piston 205 begins a slow downward expansion stroke while piston 203 is rapidly driven downward by cam 209, as shown in FIG. 2B. Because piston 203 moves more quickly than piston 205, this movement compresses fuel air to exceed autoignition temperature before piston 203 has completed a stroke and before piston 205 has moved far into its expansion stroke. It should be understood that autoignition occurs between stages represented in FIGS. 2A and 2C producing great pressure on pistons 203 and 205. It is important that the pressure on piston 203 produce less reverse torque on the output shaft via cam 209 than the forward torque produced by piston 205 via its crankshaft or cam 211. It should be understood that various parameters associated with apparatus 201 are selected to ensure forward shaft rotation and the pre-pressurization of the fuel-air charge to a temperature nominally below autoignition temperature of the selected fuel while minimizing the stroke required of piston 203.

(22) In FIG. 3 a simplified diagram of an opposed piston two stroke engine 301 incorporating the HCCI combustion apparatus of FIG. 2 is shown. Engine 301 includes first piston 203 connected to and controlled by cam 209 and second piston 205 connected to and controlled by cam or crankshaft 211 per FIG. 2. Engine 301 further incorporated features known and understood by those skilled in the art, including an intake port 303 gated by piston 203; an exhaust port 305 gated by piston 205; a charge pump 307 formed by a third piston 309 connected to and moving in unison with piston 205; and a one way check valve 311 configured to allow air into charge pump 309. Engine 301 further includes a first chamber 313 for intake charging and a second chamber 315 for scavenging. Chambers 313, 315 are pressurized by piston 309 through two check valves 317, 319. Engine 301 further includes independently controlled valves 321, 323 configured to control the release of intake air and scavenge air into intake port 303. A third independently controlled valve 325 is positioned between exhaust port 305 and an exhaust system 327 to allow expansion of combustion gasses beyond the point where the exhaust port 305 is uncovered by piston 205.

(23) In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, engine 301 further includes a sensor 327 and a pressure release valve 329 associated with chamber 313. Sensor 327 and pressure release valve 329 are configured to regulate the temperature and pressure within chamber 313. As further shown in FIG. 3, distance TD is shown wherein distance TD influence the compression produced by piston 205 before piston 203 begins its stroke, and further influences the expansion stroke of piston 205 available before exhaust port 305 is opened. The travel of piston 205 over distance TD after intake port 303 is closed raises charge pressure and temperature beyond that present in chamber 313, and this must be accommodated in regulation of intake charge pressure and temperature using sensor 327 and valve 329. Finally, distance OE of FIG. 3 represents the travel of piston 205 beyond the in-cylinder exhaust port 305 while exhaust valve 325 remains closed and combustion gasses are over-expanded.

(24) In FIG. 4, an oblique view of a cam-driven radial rotary engine apparatus 401 incorporating the opposed piston two-stroke HCCI combustion apparatus 301 is shown. It should be appreciated that apparatus 401 is contained within an interior space of engine 101. Apparatus 401 includes a radial arrangement of a plurality of coaxial aligned piston sets, wherein each set includes a first piston 403, a second piston 405, and a third piston 407, having the same form and function as depicted and described in FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 3. The innermost piston of each set, as represented by piston 403 functions as piston 203 described and explained above. The plurality of innermost pistons are driven by a cam 409 installed on central shaft 404. The middle piston within each set of pistons, represented by piston 405 functions as piston 205 described and explained above. The outermost piston is connected to the middle piston and serves the function of piston 309 in FIG. 3. The plurality of middle and outer piston sets are connected via a plurality of cam shafts 411 having a hydrodynamic tilting pad follower 413 configured to engage with a radial cam track 415. It should be appreciated that apparatus 401 is depicted as an example, and other embodiments may employ more or less piston sets and various features of different dimensions. Further, it should be appreciated that the apparatus of FIG. 4 may be operated by holding the cams 409, 415 and central shaft 404 stationary while the cylinder block containing the pistons rotates about the engine axis or, alternatively, the cylinder block containing the pistons may be held stationary while the cams 409, 415 and central shaft rotate about the engine axis.

(25) In FIG. 5 a flowchart 500 depicts an exemplary cycle associated with engine 101. At the beginning of the engine cycle, exhaust port 305 is closed by piston 205, intake port 303 is open per the displacement of piston 203, and intake valve 321 is open, as shown with box 501. Intake charge is forced into chamber 207 under pressure created by charge piston 309, as shown with box 503. Intake is completed and piston 203 begins moving to cover intake port 303, and valve 321 begins closing, as shown with box 505. Once intake port 303 is closed, piston 205 begins moving to maximum displacement, as shown with box 507. When piston 205 is fully displaced per box 507, the portion of the combustion chamber controlled by piston 205 is at its minimum, and the fuel-air charge in chamber 207 is nominally below autoignition temperature. Piston 203 begins a rapid approach toward piston 205 shortly after piston 205 begins its expansion stroke, as shown in box. Autoignition occurs shortly after piston 205 begins the expansion stroke, as shown with box 509. At this time, the angle and displacement from the engine axis of cam 209 combined with the diameter of the inner piston 203 must produce less torque on output shaft 404 than produced by piston 205 and its associated cam parameters to prevent reverse rotation. It's important to understand piston 203 continues to increase compression beyond that required for autoignition under nominal conditions, as shown with box 511.

(26) The additional compression occurring after autoignition can provide margin to facilitate cold start and reduce lean misfire. In addition, the additional compression can improve efficiency during warm operation to the extent it occurs during ignition and propagation delay of combustion within the cylinder during high speed operation of the engine.

(27) Piston 205 completes an expansion stroke as shown with box 513. During this time, exhaust valve 325 remains closed, thereby retaining pressure after port 305 is uncovered. When exhaust valve 325 opens, piston 205 begins an exhaust cycle to push any residual gasses out of exhaust port 305 and valve 325, as shown with box 515. Piston 203 moves to uncover the intake port during this exhaust cycle. Once piston 203 has fully recovered to a minimum displacement, uncovering port 303, the valve 323 opens and scavenging air begins to flow from chamber 315 through port 303 and port 305, as shown with box 517, at which point piston 205 returns to a position covering exhaust port 305 and the cycle can begin again, as shown with box 519.

(28) In FIG. 6, an exploded view of an assembly of a cylinder block 601 incorporated into engine 101 is shown. Cylinder block 601 includes a body 603 containing a plurality of cylinder liners 605 configured to house the innermost and middle pistons of each piston set and provide an intake port and an exhaust port. Cylinder block 601 further includes a plurality of bushings 607 configured to bear loads imposed on block 601. Block 601 further includes one or more vanes of a centrifugal fan 609 for cooling the plurality of pistons and various components of block 601.

(29) In FIG. 7, an exploded view of the components inserted radially into cylinder block 601 are shown to create a partially assembled rotor 701. Components include the plurality of piston sets, each having an inner piston 403, a middle piston 405, and an outer piston 407. Radial block 701 further includes a plurality of reed valve assemblies 707, which incorporate the one-way check valves discussed above in FIG. 3 associated with the charge pump. Block 701 further includes a plurality of inserts 709 configured to direct cooling air from inlets of the centrifugal fan and exhaust gasses from the combustion chambers to side ports on the front and back of the rotor.

(30) In FIG. 8, an exploded view of the components inserted axially into the partially assembled rotor 701 is shown. Cam shafts 411 are installed axially through the rotor, connecting the outer piston and middle piston of each set. Hydrodynamic tilting pad cam followers 413 are then installed on either end of each cam shaft. Further, inner cam 409 is installed on central shaft 404 and the resulting assembly installed in the rotor.

(31) In FIG. 9, an exploded view showing further assembly of a complete rotor 901 for use with engine 101 is shown. Engine 101 can optionally include a motor/generator, and if installed, a plurality of magnets 902 are installed on the rotor periphery. The magnets incorporate cooling passages through which air into the reed valve assemblies 707 is drawn. Push cam 409 is augmented by pull cams 903, 904 installed on either side and engaging the follower 908 of each inner piston. Further, bearings 905a, 905b, are installed on either side of central shaft 404, and rotor interface plates 906, 907 are installed over bearings 905A, 905B. A front rotor interface plate 907 incorporates the output shaft 115 used for engine output, while rear rotor interface plate 906 provides an opening for central shaft 404 to pass outside the rotor assembly.

(32) In FIG. 10, an exploded oblique view of front plate 103 is shown. It should be appreciated that rear side plate 105 is substantially similar in form and function to plate 103. A side plate body 1004 incorporates a plurality of finned passages 119a, 119b through which charge air from the rotor is passed to the intake port of the rotor, and oil from the periphery of the rotor passes back to ports near the center of the rotor. Air from the periphery of the side plate is drawn over passages 119a, 119b as it progresses to the inlet of the centrifugal fan within the rotor, thus cooling both the intake air charge and engine oil. It should be appreciated that additional passages 1007 for carrying scavenge air can include similar cooling features.

(33) In the preferred embodiment, plate 103 includes fuel injector assemblies 1008 configured to add fuel to the charge air as it moves to the rotor intake ports. These injector assemblies 1008 also incorporate the sensor and pressure relief valves of FIG. 3. A cover plate 1009 is installed over side plate body 1004. Plate 1009 contains a plurality of passages 1010 connected to a plurality of ports 1011 configured to carry exhaust gas combined with outlet air of the centrifugal fan through the side plate body 1004. These combined gasses are passed into a chamber formed by installation of an exhaust manifold 1012 which incorporates an outlet to the exhaust system 113 as well as motor mounts 107e-h. A seal 1002, which prevents leakage of oil around output shaft 115, is then installed in the sideplate.

(34) In FIG. 11, an exploded view of the assembly of engine 101 is shown. A bearing 1101 is installed onto output shaft 115 of the rotor 901, front side plate 103 is installed over bearing 1101, and output plate 117 is installed on the end of shaft 115. Further, radial housing 111 is installed over rotor 901.

(35) The radial housing 111 incorporates cavities for air cleaner elements under a removable cover, thereby allowing access to those elements. Housing 111 further incorporates the stationary components of the optional motor/generator, including coils, hall effect sensors, and electrical interfaces. The coils, which incorporate passages for air flowing into reed valve assemblies 707, are mounted on the inner surface of the radial housing, where they are in proximity to the magnets 902 around the periphery of rotor 901. Engine 101 assembly is completed by the installation of rear side plate 105. Plate 105 is attached to central shaft 404 via splines 1106 to prevent rotation of the inner cam.

(36) Referring now to FIG. 12 an alternative embodiment of engine 101 is depicted. Embodiment 1201 includes similar features as discussed above wherein the series of piston groups 1203 are radially arrayed within a housing 1215 which will be understood to incorporate the intake and exhaust passages with other utility provisions similar to engine 101. The first piston 1205 and second piston 1207 are in fluid communication via cylinder 1209 and the resulting space therebetween. In embodiment 1201, the charge pump 1217 that includes a third piston 1211 and cylinder 1213 are in fluid communication with cylinder 1209 via a short transfer passage in cylinder block 1215. It will be appreciated that the cam driving the second piston of engine 101 is moved from the side plates to the radial housing of engine 1201 and the charge pump 1217 with the third piston 1211 and cylinder 1213 are configured to be next to and not coaxial with the first piston 1205 and second piston 1207 as in engine 101.

(37) Additionally, the third piston 1211 of engine 1201 no longer moves in unison with the second piston 1205 as in engine 101 but has an independent third cam located next to the second cam in the radial housing. Engine 1201 also differs from engine 101 in the use of mechanical fuel injectors installed into pockets 1221 where they have direct access to the combustion chamber. Finally, engine 1201 incorporates facilities to change the timing of the cam driving piston 1207 relative to the second cam driving piston 1205. It will be understood that the modified configuration of engine 1201 yields improved control and enhanced efficiency relative to engine 101.

(38) Control of engine 1201 is improved relative to engine 101 by the ability to adjust phasing of the cam driving piston 1207 relative to the cam driving piston 1205. In this embodiment, the shaft carrying the innermost cam driving piston 1207 may be rotated delaying intake port closure relative to the compression stroke of piston 1205. This changes the volume of air compressed, thus changing compression ratio and altering autoignition timing. Control of the variable timing facility is informed by engine load, ambient air characteristics, and autoignition timing reported by knock sensors.

(39) Efficiency of engine 1201 is improved relative to engine 101 by the reduction of pressure and the corresponding pumping loss associated with exhaust scavenging and intake charge transfer. This reduction results from shortened transfer passages in block 1215 and improved charge pump timing via the third cam driving piston 1211.

(40) It is contemplated that the rotating mass of the cylinder block of the engine embodiment 1201 overcomes the reverse torque within the engine and the uncertainty of timing causing reverse torque is minimized by improved control eliminating the need to manage knock using opposed pistons of different diameter as in engine 101 thus allowing use of equal diameter opposed pistons in engine 1201.

(41) Additionally, other benefits are derived from this configuration such as reduced complexity of design via the reduced number of components, reduced stresses on critical components, simplified fabrication, and so on.

(42) It will be appreciated that while engine 101 enables the housing and thus engine to be thin with a large diameter that engine embodiment 1201 enables a thick small diameter and improved efficiency at the expense of increased weight. It will be understood and appreciated that the use of the engine will determine which configuration is better suited.

(43) The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the embodiments may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified, and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the application. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the description. Although the present embodiments are shown above, they are not limited to just these embodiments, but are amenable to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof.