AAV-COMPATIBLE LAMININ-LINKER POLYMERIZATION PROTEINS
20210207168 ยท 2021-07-08
Inventors
Cpc classification
A61K31/713
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A01K2217/077
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C12N2750/14143
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C12N2750/14122
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61K48/005
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C12N15/86
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
International classification
Abstract
The present invention relates to recombinant laminin adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) constructs and related methods for restoring laminin expression in deficient mammals, or in mammals with basement membrane instability.
Claims
1. A recombinant adeno-associated vector (rAAV) comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a transgene encoding alphaLNNdDeltaG2short.
2. The recombinant AAV of claim 1, wherein the alphaLNNdDeltaG2short comprises SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 24.
3. The recombinant AAV of claim 1, wherein the AAV is AAV8 or AAV-DJ.
4. The recombinant AAV of claim 1, further comprising a CMV promoter.
5. The recombinant AAV of claim 4, wherein the CMV promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 12.
6. The recombinant AAV of claim 1, wherein the recombinant vector further comprises inverted terminal repeats (ITRs).
7. The recombinant AAV of claim 6, wherein the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) is a 5 ITR comprising SEQ ID NO: 11.
8. The recombinant AAV of claim 6, wherein the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) is a 3 ITR comprising SEQ ID NO: 16.
9. A recombinant adeno-associated vector (rAAV) comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a transgene encoding alphaLNNdDeltaG2Propeller, wherein the nucleic acid sequence comprises either: (a) SEQ ID NOS: 25, 29, 31, 33, 35, 41, 45 and 55; (b) SEQ ID NOS: 25, 29, 31, 33, 35, 41, 47 and 55; or (c) SEQ ID NOS: 25, 29, 31, 33, 35, 41, 51 and 55.
10. A recombinant adeno-associated vector (rAAV) comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a transgene encoding alphaLNNdDeltaG2Propeller-2, wherein the nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 25, 29, 31, 33, 41, 43, 45 and 55.
11. A recombinant adeno-associated vector (rAAV) comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a transgene encoding betaLNNdDeltaG2short, wherein the nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 59, 63, 67, 71, 75, 79, 49, 51, 53, 55 and 57.
12. A recombinant adeno-associated vector (rAAV) comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a transgene encoding gammaLNNdDeltaG2short, wherein the nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 83, 87, 91, 95, 99, 103, 49, 51, 53, 55 and 57.
13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the recombinant AAV of claim 1 and a pharmaceutical carrier.
14. A kit comprising a container housing comprising the composition of claim 13.
15. A method of restoring laminin polymerization expression and basement membrane assembly in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the recombinant AAV vector of claim 1.
16. A method of treating laminin -2 deficiency syndrome in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the recombinant AAV vector of claim 1.
17. A method of alleviating in a subject at least one of the symptoms associated with laminin deficiencies selected from the group consisting of laminin-deficient muscular dystrophies and laminin 2-deficient muscular dystrophy, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the recombinant AAV vector of claim 1.
18. A method of alleviating in a subject at least one of the symptoms associated with laminin 2-deficiencies selected from the group consisting of muscle degeneration, regeneration, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, white matter brain anomalies, reduced peripheral nerve conduction, seizures, moderate mental retardation, and respiratory failure, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the recombinant AAV vector of claim 1.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein the alphaLNNdDeltaG2short comprises SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 24.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein the AAV is AAV8 or AAV-DJ.
21. The method of claim 16, wherein the recombinant AAV further comprises a CMV promoter.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the wherein the CMV promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 12.
23. The method of claim 16, wherein the recombinant vector further comprises inverted terminal repeats (ITRs).
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) is a 5 ITR comprising SEQ ID NO: 11.
25. The method of claim 23, wherein the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) is a 3 ITR comprising SEQ ID NO: 16.
26. The method of claim 16, wherein the recombinant AAV is comprised within a pharmaceutical composition further comprising a pharmaceutical carrier.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0035] The heterotrimeric laminins are a defining component of all basement membranes and self-assemble into a cell-associated network. In mammals, all laminins are heterotrimers composed of one of five chains, one of three chains and one of three chains. Despite a total of at least 45 potential chain combinations, only 15 different laminin isoforms were reported as of 2010. Based on in vitro studies, there are at least 16 allowed laminin isoforms (Table 1 below).
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Mammalian laminins..sup.1 2 Abbreviated Chain Name Name composition Laminin-111 Lm111 111 Laminin-121 Lm121 121 Laminin-211 Lm211 211 Laminin-213 Lm213 213 Laminin-221 Lm221 221 Laminin-311.sup.3 Lm311 311 Laminin-312.sup.4 Lm312 312 Laminin-321 Lm321 321 Laminin-332 Lm332 332 Laminin-411 Lm411 411 Laminin-421 Lm421 421 Laminin-422.sup.5 Lm422 422 Laminin-423 Lm423 423 Laminin-511 Lm511 511 Laminin-521 Lm521 521 Laminin-523 Lm523 523 .sup.1Table based on P. R. Macdonald et al., 2010, J. Struct. Biol. 170: 398-405. .sup.2Note: Little is known of the subunit partners or tissue distribution of the laminin 4 subunit. .sup.3The laminin 3 subunit can exist as shorter (A) and longer (B) splice variants sharing the same coiled-coil and LG domains. The B variant additionally possesses a short arm with an LN polymerization domain. The 3B variant is thought to assemble with the same - and - subunits as 3A. .sup.4While it is uncertain if Lm212 exists in vivo, its assembly has been detected in vitro. .sup.5While it is uncertain if Lm422 exists in vivo, its assembly has been detected in vitro.
[0036] Laminins are essential central organizers of basement membranes, a likely consequence of the unique ability of laminins to bind to cells, to self, and to other basement membrane components. Basement membranes, which are required for the emergence of tissues and differentiated cells, are important in embryo development, tissue homeostasis and human disease.
[0037] The three short arms of the cross-shaped laminin molecule form the network nodes, with a strict requirement for one , one and one arm. The homologous short arms are composed of a distal laminin N-terminal (LN) domain that is followed by tandem repeats of laminin-type epidermal growth factor-like (LE) domains, interspersed with globular domains of unknown structure. The LN domains are essential for laminin polymerization and BM assembly Laminin polymerization is also important for myelination. Laminins containing the 3A, 4, and 2 subunits do not have a full complement of LN domains and therefore cannot polymerize (reviewed in Hohenester and Yurchenco. 2012. Cell Adh. Migr. 2013. 7(1):56-63).
[0038] The long arm of the cross (75-80 nm length) is an -helical coiled coil formed from all three chains, whereas the three short arms (35-50 nm) are composed of one chain each. At the distal end of the long arm, the chain adds five laminin G-like (LG) domains that contain the major cell-adhesive sites of laminin. This globular domain at the end of the long arm binds to cellular receptors, including integrins, -dystroglycan, heparan sulfates and sulfated glycolipids. Collateral anchorage of the laminin network is provided by the proteoglycans perlecan and agrin. A second network is then formed by type IV collagen, which interacts with the laminin network through the heparan sulfate chains of perlecan and agrin and additional linkage by nidogen. See generally, Hohenester et al. (2013) Cell Ahd Migr. 7(1):56-63. This maturation of basement membranes becomes essential at later stages of embryo development. In
[0039] Lm211 and Lm411 mediate BM assembly in muscle and peripheral nerve. The laminin forms the initial nascent scaffolding by binding to sulfated glycolipids (SGL) such as sulfatides, binding to integrin 71 and -dystroglycan (DG), and polymerizing via LN interactions, illustrated in
[0040] Schwann cell (SC) BMs share the overall architectural organization with muscle BMs; however, they differ in several respects: (i) 1-integrins are the major mediators of myelination whereas in muscle DG is the paramount receptor; (ii) several SC integrins are available to interact with BM (but only 71 in muscle), allowing integrin ligation of other BM components; (iii) Lm4, absent in myofibers, is a normal SC subunit that contributes to myelination; (iv) SCs express sulfatides and CD146 that may enablea4-laminin adhesion; and (v) Dy2J amyelination is most evident in the sciatic nerve and roots, suggesting a special importance of laminin polymerization. Alpha 2-laminin is also found in capillaries forming the blood-brain barrier. Loss of the laminin subunit makes the barrier leaky to water, likely explaining the brain white matter changes detected by MRI in nearly all LAMA2-MD patients.
[0041] Laminin 2-deficient muscular dystrophy (LAMA2-MD) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations within the LAMA2 gene that typically presents as a non-ambulatory congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD). The dystrophy is often accompanied by involvement of peripheral nerve and brain. The great majority of LAMA2 mutations result in a complete or near-complete loss of protein subunit expression, in particular Lm211 to cause a particularly severe non-ambulatory congenital dystrophy. There are also a small number of missense and in-frame deletion mutations, mostly mapping to the Lm short-arm polymerization domain (LN), that cause a milder ambulatory dystrophy. In LAMA2-MD, there is increased transcription and protein accumulation of Lm411, with minor increases in Lm511. Lm411 is unusual in that it binds weakly to muscle DG and integrins and lacks the ability to polymerize. Lm411 is inadequate for BM assembly such that high Lm411 concentrations are required for cell surface accumulation relative to other laminins, which explains its limited ability to rescue LAMA2 mutations. These compositional changes underlie the structural attenuations of the BM seen in the absence of laminin-2. See review, Yurchenco et al. 2017, Matrix Biology, pii: 50945-053X(17)30333-5. doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.11.009.
[0042] Several mouse models for the laminin 2 chain deficiency are available, and they also display muscular dystrophy and peripheral and central nervous system myelination defects. BMs are disrupted, and the expression of LM 2-chain receptors and some BM associated proteins are altered in the LM 2-chain deficient muscles, and both structural and signaling defects may be detrimental for normal muscle function. Furthermore, critical roles for laminin 2 chain inducing Schwann cell proliferation and oligodendrocyte spreading, as well as myelination in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system, respectively, have been demonstrated. See, Scheele et al., (2007) J Mol Med 85:825-836. Laminin 2 is greatly reduced in dyW (dy.sup.W/dy.sup.W) mice while completely absent in dy3K (dy.sup.3K/dy.sup.3K) Lama2-knockout mice. These two models represent the majority of LAMA2-MD patients that either express very low or no laminin 2 subunit at all. The dy3K mice, the most severely affected of the mice, are extremely weak, small, and very short-lived. A third model is the dy2J (dy.sup.2J/dy.sup.2J genotype) mouse in which laminin 2 is slightly decreased while laminin 4 is modestly increased. Lrn211 in dy2J mice is unable to polymerize because of the loss of the LN-domain. Dy2J mice are characterized by progressive weakness and paralysis beginning at about 3 weeks of age with the hindlimbs affected first and later the axial and forelimb musculature, Schwann cells fail to sort and ensheathe axons resulting in amyelination. These mice, however, can survive many months.
[0043] There are challenges for development of a treatment for LAMA2-MD. A direct approach of restoring laminin expression by germ-line transgenesis of Lama1 (Lm1) has been effective in its ability to restore normal function in mice; however, the 9.3 kb DNA construct is too large for available delivery systems. Drug therapies show improvements, but importantly do not correct the underlying structural defect. EHS-derived Lm111, delivered to inflamed muscle parentally, has been found beneficial in dyW mice, but this approach has not been shown to be effective with recombinant laminin, which would be needed for treatment. While exon-skipping to correct out-of-frame mutations has been used to treat dystrophin-deficiency, it is problematic for laminin-deficiency in that exon borders do not match protein domain borders and skipping of nearly all LAMA2 exons will likely result in cysteine mispairing and domain misfolding. AAV-delivered CRISPR/Cas9 has been used to repair splice defects, which are found in approximately 20% of LAMA2-MD subjects. Transgenic minagrin (mag) expression was shown to partially ameliorate the muscle pathophysiology of mouse models of laminin-2-deficient muscular dystrophy, even when expressed after birth. Similar benefits were observed when a mag gene was introduced into perinatal dyW (dyW/dyW) mice by AAV. See, Qiao, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2005) 102(34):11999-2004. Micro-dystrophin AAV delivery to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy in humans has been demonstrated. See, Mendell, Neurosci Lett (2012). The present invention provides a repair of basement membranes with potential to improve all LAMA2-MDs.
[0044] Recombinant laminins and chimeric linker proteins can repair basement membrane defects in models of LAMA2-MD. Recent advances in understanding the requirements for BM assembly have shown that laminin-binding proteins may provide an alternative arm for polymerization in a laminin that lacked an LN domain. LNNd, LNNd and LNNd linker proteins can enable polymerization in laminins that lacked the corresponding LN, LN and LN domains. See, McKee et al., Matrix Biol (2018) www.//doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.0.2018.01.012, Chimeric protein identification of dystrophic, Pierson and other laminin polymerization residues. LNNd consists of three globular domains with intervening rods resulting from the fusion of the Lm1 LN-Lea domains with the nidogen-1 G2-G3 domains, shown in
[0045] Transgenic expression of LNNd has been shown to ameliorate the dy2J muscular dystrophy and that, in combination with minagrin, a protein that enhanced receptor binding, also ameliorated the more severe dyW dystrophy. See, McKee et al., J Clin Invest (2017) 127(3) 1075-1089; Reinhard, et al., Sci Transl Med (2017) 9(396). Of additional note, it may be possible to treat patients with Pierson syndrome resulting from failures of laminin self-assembly by using LNNd instead of LNNd proteins to restore polymerization to glomerular Lm521 bearing 2LN mutations.
[0046] Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is one of the most promising of the gene delivery systems in which high expression can be achieved in muscle, peripheral nerve and other tissue. Potential risks include host cellular immune responses to transgene products and AAV capsid with subsequent loss of protein. However, this problem has been reduced by avoiding the creation of transgene neoantigens. The domains of LNNd, LNNd and LNNd linker proteins are normally expressed as parts of larger basement membrane proteins, even in the dystrophic state, and are unlikely to be immunogenic. In order to take advantage of recent improvements in AAV delivery in which the CMV promoter has been enhanced, and with the largest insert capacity, the preferred AAV system for the present invention is the AAV-DJ system that employs an enhanced CMV promoter with a mixed serotype capsid and allows up to a 3.1 kB insert (Cell Biolabs, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) (see
[0047] A problem for AAV somatic gene expression of LNNd is that while LNNd is small enough to be expressed by AAV, the promoter would have to be very small and would be unlikely to provide good expression. A potential solution to this problem would be to reduce the size of the LNNd DNA, which is 4.17 kB, so it could fit into AAV, but the concern was that reducing the size could affect the function of the protein for basement membrane assembly and myelination. Since the N- and C-terminal domains are essential, the focus was on reducing the size of the internal domains. The first modified protein that was made and designated LNNdG2 is shown in
[0048] The present invention relates to using AAV-DJ-LNNdG2 constructs to restore lamimin polymerization and basement membrane assembly in muscle, peripheral nerve and other tissue and ameliorate LAMA2-MD. It is expected that such methods and AAV-DJ-LNNdG2 constructs can be effective treatments for the human disease. For ease of reference, the vector constructs described herein are referred to as various AAV-DJ-LNNdG2 constructs, which indicate AAV-DJ constructs comprising nucleic acid sequences that encode mouse alphaLNNdDeltaG2short protein, among other elements. The human alphaLLNdDeltaG2short protein has an 87% identity with mouse alphaLLNdDeltaG2short protein, as shown in
[0049] AAV-Compatible Laminin-Linker Protein alphaLNNdDeltaG2Short Abbreviations: [0050] AAV: adeno-associated virus [0051] rAAV recombinant adeno-associated virus or viral vector [0052] BM: basement membrane [0053] LNNd alpha laminin N-terminal domain linking protein [0054] LNNdG2 alpha laminin N-terminal domain delta G2 short linking protein, alphaLNNdDeltaG2short [0055] -DG -dystroglycan [0056] LNNdAG2 beta laminin N-terminal domain delta G2 short linking protein, betaLNNdDeltaG2short [0057] ECM extracellular matrix [0058] LNNdAG2 gamma laminin N-terminal domain delta G2 short linking protein, gammaLNNdDeltaG2short [0059] LE domain laminin-type epidermal growth factor-like domain [0060] LG domain laminin G-like domain [0061] LM or Lm laminin [0062] LN domain laminin N-terminal domain
Definitions
[0063] So that the invention may be more readily understood, certain technical and scientific terms are specifically defined below. Unless specifically defined elsewhere in this document, all other technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
[0064] As used herein, including the appended claims, the singular forms of words such as a, an, and the, include their corresponding plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0065] Activation, stimulation, and treatment, as it applies to cells or to receptors, may have the same meaning, e.g., activation, stimulation, or treatment of a cell or receptor with a ligand, unless indicated otherwise by the context or explicitly. Ligand encompasses natural and synthetic ligands, e.g., cytokines, cytokine variants, analogues, muteins, and binding compounds derived from antibodies. Ligand also encompasses small molecules, e.g., peptide mimetics of cytokines and peptide mimetics of antibodies. Activation can refer to cell activation as regulated by internal mechanisms as well as by external or environmental factors. Response, e.g., of a cell, tissue, organ, or organism, encompasses a change in biochemical or physiological behavior, e.g., concentration, density, adhesion, or migration within a biological compartment, rate of gene expression, or state of differentiation, where the change is correlated with activation, stimulation, or treatment, or with internal mechanisms such as genetic programming.
[0066] Activity of a molecule may describe or refer to the binding of the molecule to a ligand or to a receptor, to catalytic activity; to the ability to stimulate gene expression or cell signaling, differentiation, or maturation; to antigenic activity, to the modulation of activities of other molecules, and the like. Activity of a molecule may also refer to activity in modulating or maintaining cell-to-cell interactions, e.g., adhesion, or activity in maintaining a structure of a cell, e.g., cell membranes or cytoskeleton. Activity can also mean specific activity, e.g., (catalytic activity)/(mg protein), or (immunological activity)/(mg protein), concentration in a biological compartment, or the like. Activity may refer to modulation of components of the innate or the adaptive immune systems.
[0067] Administration and treatment, as it applies to an animal, human, experimental subject, cell, tissue, organ, or biological fluid, refers to contact of an exogenous pharmaceutical, therapeutic, diagnostic agent, or composition to the animal, human, subject, cell, tissue, organ, or biological fluid. Administration and treatment can refer, e.g., to therapeutic, pharmacokinetic, diagnostic, research, and experimental methods. Treatment of a cell encompasses contact of a reagent to the cell, as well as contact of a reagent to a fluid, where the fluid is in contact with the cell. Administration and treatment also means in vitro and ex vivo treatments, e.g., of a cell, by a reagent, diagnostic, binding compound, or by another cell. The term subject includes any organism, preferably an animal, more preferably a mammal (e.g., rat, mouse, dog, cat, rabbit) and most preferably a human, including a human patient.
[0068] alphaLNNd (LNNd) is a linker protein consisting of three globular domains with intervening rods resulting from the fusion of the Lm1 LN-LEa domains with the nidogen-1 G2-G3 domains. The LN globular domain is a polymerization domain. G2 binds to collagen-IV and perlecan while G3 binds to the Lm1-LEb3 domain, creating an artificial arm that is attached to a locus near the short arm cross intersection. When bound to non-polymerizing laminin lacking the LN domain, LNNd enables polymerization and collagen-IV recruitment to BMs, with no adverse effect on WT laminin.
[0069] Treat or treating means to administer a therapeutic agent, such as a composition containing any of the rAAV constructs of the present invention, internally or externally to a subject or patient having one or more disease symptoms, or being suspected of having a disease or being at elevated at risk of acquiring a disease, for which the agent has therapeutic activity. Typically, the agent is administered in an amount effective to alleviate one or more disease symptoms in the treated subject or population, whether by inducing the regression of or inhibiting the progression of such symptom(s) by any clinically measurable degree. The amount of a therapeutic agent that is effective to alleviate any particular disease symptom (also referred to as the therapeutically effective amount) may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, and weight of the patient, and the ability of the drug to elicit a desired response in the subject Whether a disease symptom has been alleviated can be assessed by any clinical measurement typically used by physicians or other skilled healthcare providers to assess the severity or progression status of that symptom. While an embodiment of the present invention (e.g., a treatment method or article of manufacture) may not be effective in alleviating the target disease symptom(s) in every subject, it should alleviate the target disease symptom(s) in a statistically significant number of subjects as determined by any statistical test known in the art such as the Student's t-test, the chi.sup.2-test, the U-test according to Mann and Whitney, the Kruskal-Wallis test (H-test), Jonckheere-Terpstra-test and the Wilcoxon-test.
[0070] Treatment, as it applies to a human, veterinary, or research subject, refers to therapeutic treatment, prophylactic or preventative measures, to research and diagnostic applications. Treatment as it applies to a human, veterinary, or research subject, or cell, tissue, or organ, encompasses transfection of any of the rAAV constructs or related methods of the present invention as applied to a human or animal subject, a cell, tissue, physiological compartment, or physiological fluid.
[0071] Isolated nucleic acid molecule means a DNA or RNA of genomic, mRNA, cDNA, or synthetic origin or some combination thereof which is not associated with all or a portion of a polynucleotide in which the isolated polynucleotide is found in nature, or is linked to a polynucleotide to which it is not linked in nature. For purposes of this disclosure, it should be understood that a nucleic acid molecule comprising a particular nucleotide sequence does not encompass intact chromosomes. Isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising specified nucleic acid sequences may include, in addition to the specified sequences, coding sequences for up to ten or even up to twenty or more other proteins or portions or fragments thereof, or may include operably linked regulatory sequences that control expression of the coding region of the recited nucleic acid sequences, and/or may include vector sequences.
[0072] The phrase control sequences refers to DNA sequences necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. The control sequences that are suitable for prokaryotes, for example, include a promoter, optionally an operator sequence, and a ribosome binding site. Eukaryotic cells are known to use promoters, polyadenylation signals, and enhancers.
[0073] A nucleic acid is operably linked when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For example, DNA for a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation. Generally, operably linked means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase. However, enhancers do not have to be contiguous. Linking is accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites. If such sites do not exist, the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used in accordance with conventional practice.
[0074] As used herein, the expressions cell, cell line, and cell culture are used interchangeably and all such designations include progeny. Thus, the words transformants and transformed cells include the primary subject cell and cultures derived therefrom without regard for the number of transfers. It is also understood that not all progeny will have precisely identical DNA content, due to deliberate or inadvertent mutations. Mutant progeny that have the same function or biological activity as screened for in the originally transformed cell are included. Where distinct designations are intended, it will be clear from the context.
[0075] Recombinant AAVs
[0076] In some aspects, the invention provides isolated AAVs. As used herein with respect to AAVs, the term isolated refers to an AAV that has been isolated from its natural environment (e.g., from a host cell, tissue, or subject) or artificially produced. Isolated AAVs may be produced using recombinant methods. Such AAVs are referred to herein as recombinant AAVs. Recombinant AAVs (rAAVs) preferably have tissue-specific targeting capabilities, such that a transgene of the rAAV will be delivered specifically to one or more predetermined tissue(s). The AAV capsid is an important element in determining these tissue-specific targeting capabilities. Thus, a rAAV having a capsid appropriate for the tissue being targeted can be selected.
[0077] For targeting the desired tissue in the context of treating laminin alpha-2 deficiency, a preferred rAAV is a combination of AAV-DJ capsid and AAV-2 Rep gene backbone, resulting in the various rAAV's described herein (See the sequence listing).
[0078] Methods for obtaining recombinant AAVs having a desired capsid protein have been described (See, for example, US 2003/0138772, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). A number of different AAV capsid proteins have been described, for example, those disclosed in G. Gao, et al., J. Virol, 78(12):6381-6388 (June 2004); G. Gao, et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100(10):6081-6086 (May 13, 2003); US 2003-0138772, US 2007/0036760, US 2009/0197338 the contents of which relating to AAVs capsid proteins and associated nucleotide and amino acid sequences are incorporated herein by reference. For the desired packaging of the presently described constructs and methods, the AAV-DJ vector and capsid is preferred (SEQ ID NO: 17). Typically, the methods involve culturing a host cell which contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AAV capsid protein or fragment thereof; a functional rep gene; a recombinant AAV vector composed of AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) and a transgene; and sufficient helper functions to permit packaging of the recombinant AAV vector into the AAV capsid proteins.
[0079] The components to be cultured in the host cell to package a rAAV vector in an AAV capsid may be provided to the host cell in trans. Alternatively, any one or more of the required components (e.g., recombinant AAV vector, rep sequences, cap sequences, and/or helper functions) may be provided by a stable host cell which has been engineered to contain one or more of the required components using methods known to those of skill in the art. Most suitably, such a stable host cell will contain the required component(s) under the control of an inducible promoter. However, the required component(s) may be under the control of a constitutive promoter. In still another alternative, a selected stable host cell may contain selected component(s) under the control of a constitutive promoter and other selected component(s) under the control of one or more inducible promoters. For example, a stable host cell may be generated which is derived from 293 cells (which contain E1 helper functions under the control of a constitutive promoter), but which contain the rep and/or cap proteins under the control of inducible promoters.
[0080] The recombinant AAV vector, rep sequences, cap sequences, and helper functions for producing the rAAV may be delivered to the packaging host cell using any appropriate genetic element (vector). The selected genetic element may be delivered by any suitable method, including those described herein. See, e.g., K. Fisher et al, J. Virol., 70:520-532 (1993) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,745.
[0081] In some embodiments, recombinant AAVs may be produced using the triple transfection method (e.g., as described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,650, the contents of which relating to the triple transfection method are incorporated herein by reference). Typically, the recombinant AAVs are produced by transfecting a host cell with a recombinant AAV vector (comprising a transgene) to be packaged into AAV particles, an AAV helper function vector, and an accessory function vector. An AAV helper function vector encodes the AAV helper function sequences (i.e., rep and cap), which function in trans for productive AAV replication and encapsidation. Preferably, the AAV helper function vector supports efficient AAV vector production without generating any detectable wild-type AAV virions (i.e., AAV virions containing functional rep and cap genes). Non-limiting examples of vectors suitable for use with the present invention include pHLP19, described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,650 and pRep6cap6 vector, described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,303, the entirety of both incorporated by reference herein. The accessory function vector encodes nucleotide sequences for non-AAV derived viral and/or cellular functions upon which AAV is dependent for replication (i.e., accessory functions). The accessory functions include those functions required for AAV replication, including, without limitation, those moieties involved in activation of AAV gene transcription, stage specific AAV mRNA splicing, AAV DNA replication, synthesis of cap expression products, and AAV capsid assembly. Viral-based accessory functions can be derived from any of the known helper viruses such as adenovirus, herpesvirus (other than herpes simplex virus type-1), and vaccinia virus.
[0082] With respect to transfected host cells, the term transfection is used to refer to the uptake of foreign DNA by a cell, and a cell has been transfected when exogenous DNA has been introduced inside the cell membrane. A number of transfection techniques are generally known in the art. See, e.g., Graham et al. (1973) Virology, 52:456, Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, a laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, New York, Davis et al. (1986) Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier, and Chu et al. (1981) Gene 13:197. Such techniques can be used to introduce one or more exogenous nucleic acids, such as a nucleotide integration vector and other nucleic acid molecules, into suitable host cells.
[0083] A host cell refers to any cell that harbors, or is capable of harboring, a substance of interest. Often a host cell is a mammalian cell. A host cell may be used as a recipient of an AAV helper construct, an AAV minigene plasmid, an accessory function vector, or other transfer DNA associated with the production of recombinant AAVs. The term includes the progeny of the original cell which has been transfected. Thus, a host cell as used herein may refer to a cell which has been transfected with an exogenous DNA sequence. It is understood that the progeny of a single parental cell may not necessarily be completely identical in morphology or in genomic or total DNA complement as the original parent, due to natural, accidental, or deliberate mutation.
[0084] With respect to cells, the term isolated refers to a cell that has been isolated from its natural environment (e.g., from a tissue or subject). The term cell line refers to a population of cells capable of continuous or prolonged growth and division in vitro. Often, cell lines are clonal populations derived from a single progenitor cell. It is further known in the art that spontaneous or induced changes can occur in karyotype during storage or transfer of such clonal populations. Therefore, cells derived from the cell line referred to may not be precisely identical to the ancestral cells or cultures, and the cell line referred to includes such variants. As used herein, the terms recombinant cell refers to a cell into which an exogenous DNA segment, such as DNA segment that leads to the transcription of a biologically-active polypeptide or production of a biologically active nucleic acid such as an RNA, has been introduced.
[0085] The term vector includes any genetic element, such as a plasmid, phage, transposon, cosmid, chromosome, artificial chromosome, virus, virion, etc., which is capable of replication when associated with the proper control elements and which can transfer gene sequences between cells. Thus, the term includes cloning and expression vehicles, as well as viral vectors. In some embodiments, useful vectors are contemplated to be those vectors in which the nucleic acid segment to be transcribed is positioned under the transcriptional control of a promoter. A promoter refers to a DNA sequence recognized by the synthetic machinery of the cell, or introduced synthetic machinery, required to initiate the specific transcription of a gene. The phrases operatively positioned, operatively linked, under control, or under transcriptional control means that the promoter is in the correct location and orientation in relation to the nucleic acid to control RNA polymerase initiation and expression of the gene. The term expression vector or construct means any type of genetic construct containing a nucleic acid in which part or all of the nucleic acid encoding sequence is capable of being transcribed. In some embodiments, expression includes transcription of the nucleic acid, for example, to generate a biologically-active polypeptide product or inhibitory RNA (e.g., shRNA, miRNA) from a transcribed gene.
[0086] Recombinant AAV Vectors
[0087] Recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors described herein are typically composed of, at a minimum, a transgene (e.g., encoding LNNdG2) and its regulatory sequences, and 5 and 3 AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). It is this recombinant AAV vector which is packaged into a capsid protein and delivered to a selected target cell. In some embodiments, the transgene is a nucleic acid sequence, heterologous to the vector sequences, which encodes a polypeptide, protein, functional RNA molecule (e.g., miRNA, miRNA inhibitor) or other gene product of interest (e.g., LNNdG2). The nucleic acid coding sequence is operatively linked to regulatory components in a manner which permits transgene transcription, translation, and/or expression in a cell of a target tissue.
[0088] The AAV sequences of the vector may comprise the cis-acting 5 and 3 inverted terminal repeat sequences (See, e.g., B. J. Carter, in Handbook of Parvoviruses, ed., P. Tijsser, CRC Press, pp. 155 168 (1990)). The ITR sequences are typically about 145 bp in length. Preferably, substantially the entire sequences encoding the ITRs are used in the molecule, although some degree of minor modification of these sequences is permissible. (See, e.g., texts such as Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, 2d ed., Cold Spring harbor Laboratory, New York (1989); and K. Fisher et al., J. Virol., 70:520 532 (1996)). An example of such a molecule is a cis-acting plasmid containing the transgene, in which the selected transgene sequence and associated regulatory elements are flanked by the 5 and 3 AAV ITR sequences. The AAV ITR sequences may be obtained from any known AAV, including presently identified mammalian AAV types.
[0089] In addition to the elements identified above for recombinant AAV vectors, the vector may also include conventional control elements which are operably linked to the transgene in a manner which permits its transcription, translation and/or expression in a cell transfected with the plasmid vector or infected with the virus produced by the invention. As used herein, operably linked sequences include both expression control sequences that are contiguous with the gene of interest and expression control sequences that act in trans or at a distance to control the gene of interest. Expression control sequences include appropriate transcription initiation, termination, promoter and enhancer sequences; efficient RNA processing signals such as splicing and polyadenylation (polyA) signals; sequences that stabilize cytoplasmic mRNA; sequences that enhance translation efficiency (i.e., Kozak consensus sequence); sequences that enhance protein stability; and when desired, sequences that enhance secretion of the encoded product. A great number of expression control sequences, including promoters which are native, constitutive, inducible and/or tissue-specific, are known in the art and may be utilized.
[0090] As used herein, a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., coding sequence) and regulatory sequences are said to be operably linked when they are covalently linked in such a way as to place the expression or transcription of the nucleic acid sequence under the influence or control of the regulatory sequences. If it is desired that the nucleic acid sequences be translated into a functional protein, two DNA sequences are said to be operably linked if induction of a promoter in the 5 regulatory sequences results in the transcription of the coding sequence and if the nature of the linkage between the two DNA sequences does not (1) result in the introduction of a frame-shift mutation, (2) interfere with the ability of the promoter region to direct the transcription of the coding sequences, or (3) interfere with the ability of the corresponding RNA transcript to be translated into a protein. Thus, a promoter region would be operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence if the promoter region were capable of effecting transcription of that DNA sequence such that the resulting transcript might be translated into the desired protein or polypeptide Similarly two or more coding regions are operably linked when they are linked in such a way that their transcription from a common promoter results in the expression of two or more proteins having been translated in frame. In some embodiments, operably linked coding sequences yield a fusion protein. In some embodiments, operably linked coding sequences yield a functional RNA (e.g., shRNA, miRNA).
[0091] For nucleic acids encoding proteins, a polyadenylation sequence generally is inserted following the transgene sequences and before the 3 AAV ITR sequence. An rAAV construct useful in the present invention may also contain an intron, desirably located between the promoter/enhancer sequence and the transgene. One possible intron sequence is derived from SV-40, and is referred to as the SV-40 T intron sequence. Another vector element that may be used is an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). An IRES sequence is used to produce more than one polypeptide from a single gene transcript. An IRES sequence would be used to produce a protein that contain more than one polypeptide chains. Selection of these and other common vector elements are conventional and many such sequences are available (see, e.g., Sambrook et al, and references cited therein at, for example, pages 3.18 3.26 and 16.17 16.27 and Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989). In some circumstances, a Foot and Mouth Disease Virus 2A sequence may be included in a polyprotein; this is a small peptide (approximately 18 amino acids in length) that has been shown to mediate the cleavage of polyproteins (Ryan, M D et al., EMBO, 1994; 4: 928-933; Mattion, N M et al., J Virology, November 1996; p. 8124-8127; Furler, S et al., Gene Therapy, 2001; 8: 864-873; and Halpin, C et al., The Plant Journal, 1999; 4: 453-459). The cleavage activity of the 2A sequence has previously been demonstrated in artificial systems including plasmids and gene therapy vectors (AAV and retroviruses) (Ryan, M D et al., EMBO, 1994; 4: 928-933; Mattion, N M et al., J Virology, November 1996; p. 8124-8127; Furler, S et al., Gene Therapy, 2001; 8: 864-873; and Halpin, C et al., The Plant Journal, 1999; 4: 453-459; de Felipe, P et al., Gene Therapy, 1999; 6: 198-208; de Felipe, P et al., Human Gene Therapy, 2000; 11: 1921-1931.; and Klump, H et al., Gene Therapy, 2001; 8: 811-817).
[0092] The precise nature of the regulatory sequences needed for gene expression in host cells may vary between species, tissues or cell types, but shall in general include, as necessary, 5 non-transcribed and 5 non-translated sequences involved with the initiation of transcription and translation respectively, such as a TATA box, capping sequence, CAAT sequence, enhancer elements, and the like. Especially, such 5 non-transcribed regulatory sequences will include a promoter region that includes a promoter sequence for transcriptional control of the operably joined gene. Regulatory sequences may also include enhancer sequences or upstream activator sequences as desired. The vectors may optionally include 5 leader or signal sequences.
[0093] Examples of constitutive promoters include, without limitation, the retroviral Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) LTR promoter (optionally with the RSV enhancer), the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (optionally with the CMV enhancer) (see, e.g., Boshart et al, Cell, 41:521-530 (1985)), the SV40 promoter, the dihydrofolate reductase promoter, the 13-actin promoter, the phosphoglycerol kinase (PGK) promoter, and the EFla promoter (Invitrogen).
[0094] Inducible promoters allow regulation of gene expression and can be regulated by exogenously supplied compounds, environmental factors such as temperature, or the presence of a specific physiological state, e.g., acute phase, a particular differentiation state of the cell, or in replicating cells only. Inducible promoters and inducible systems are available from a variety of commercial sources, including, without limitation, Invitrogen, Clontech and Ariad. Examples of inducible promoters regulated by exogenously supplied promoters include the zinc-inducible sheep metallothionine (MT) promoter, the dexamethasone (Dex)-inducible mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, the T7 polymerase promoter system (WO 98/10088); the ecdysone insect promoter (No et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93:3346-3351 (1996)), the tetracycline-repressible system (Gossen et al, Pro.c. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:5547-5551 (1992)), the tetracycline-inducible system (Gossen et al., Science, 268:1766-1769 (1995), see also Harvey et al., Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 2:512-518 (1998)), the RU486-inducible system (Wang et al., Nat. Biotech., 15:239-243 (1997) and Wang et al., Gene Ther., 4:432-441 (1997)) and the rapamycin-inducible system (Magari et al., J. Clin. Invest., 100:2865-2872 (1997)). Still other types of inducible promoters which may be useful in this context are those which are regulated by a specific physiological state, e.g., temperature, acute phase, a particular differentiation state of the cell, or in replicating cells only.
[0095] In another embodiment, the native promoter, or fragment thereof, for the transgene will be used. The native promoter may be preferred when it is desired that expression of the transgene should mimic the native expression. The native promoter may be used when expression of the transgene must be regulated temporally or developmentally, or in a tissue-specific manner, or in response to specific transcriptional stimuli. In a further embodiment, other native expression control elements, such as enhancer elements, polyadenylation sites or Kozak consensus sequences may also be used to mimic the native expression.
[0096] In some embodiments, the regulatory sequences impart tissue-specific gene expression capabilities. In some cases, the tissue-specific regulatory sequences bind tissue-specific transcription factors that induce transcription in a tissue specific manner. Such tissue-specific regulatory sequences (e.g., promoters, enhancers, etc.) are well known in the art. Exemplary tissue-specific regulatory sequences include, but are not limited to the following tissue specific promoters: neuronal such as neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoter (Andersen et al., Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 13:503-15 (1993)), neurofilament light-chain gene promoter (Piccioli et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. IDSA, 88:5611-5 (1991)), and the neuron-specific vgf gene promoter (Piccioli et al., Neuron, 15:373-84 (1995)). In some embodiments, the tissue-specific promoter is a promoter of a gene selected from: neuronal nuclei (NeuN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1). In some embodiments, the promoter is a CMV promoter.
[0097] Transgene Coding Sequences
[0098] The composition of the transgene sequence of a rAAV vector will depend upon the use to which the resulting vector will be put. For example, one type of transgene sequence includes a reporter sequence, which upon expression produces a detectable signal. In another example, the transgene encodes a therapeutic LNNdG2 protein or therapeutic functional RNA. In another example, the transgene encodes a protein or functional RNA that is intended to be used for research purposes, e.g., to create a somatic transgenic animal model harboring the transgene, e.g., to study the function of the transgene product. In another example, the transgene encodes a protein or functional RNA that is intended to be used to create an animal model of disease. Appropriate transgene coding sequences will be apparent to the skilled artisan.
[0099] In some aspects, the invention provides rAAV vectors for use in methods of preventing or treating a LAMA2 gene defect (e.g., heritable gene defects, somatic gene alterations) in a mammal, such as for example, a gene defect that results in a laminin alpha-2 polypeptide deficiency in a subject, and particularly for treating or reducing the severity or extent of deficiency in a subject manifesting a laminin alpha-2 deficiency. In some embodiments, methods involve administration of a rAAV vector that encodes one or more therapeutic peptides, polypeptides, shRNAs, microRNAs, antisense nucleotides, etc. in a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier to the subject in an amount and for a period of time sufficient to treat the LAMA2 disorder in the subject having or suspected of having such a disorder.
[0100] Recombinant AAV Administration rAAVS are administered in sufficient amounts to transfect the cells of a desired tissue and to provide sufficient levels of gene transfer and expression without undue adverse effects. Conventional and pharmaceutically acceptable routes of administration include, but are not limited to, direct delivery to the selected tissue (e.g., intracerebral administration, intrathecal administration), intravenous, oral, inhalation (including intranasal and intratracheal delivery), intraocular, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intratumoral, and other parental routes of administration. Routes of administration may be combined, if desired.
[0101] Delivery of certain rAAVs to a subject may be, for example, by administration into the bloodstream of the subject. Administration into the bloodstream may be by injection into a vein, an artery, or any other vascular conduit. Moreover, in certain instances, it may be desirable to deliver the rAAVs to brain tissue, meninges, neuronal cells, glial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), interstitial spaces and the like. In some embodiments, recombinant AAVs may be delivered directly to the spinal cord or brain with a needle, catheter or related device, using neurosurgical techniques known in the art, such as by stereotactic injection (see, e.g., Stein et al., J Virol 73:3424-3429, 1999; Davidson et al., PNAS 97:3428-3432, 2000; Davidson et al., Nat. Genet. 3:219-223, 1993; and Alisky and Davidson, Hum. Gene Ther. 11:2315-2329, 2000). In certain circumstances it will be desirable to deliver the rAAV-based therapeutic constructs in suitably formulated pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein either subcutaneously, intrapancreatically, intranasally, parenterally, intravenously, intramuscularly, intracerebrally, intrathecally, intracerebrally, orally, intraperitoneally, or by inhalation. In some embodiments, the administration modalities as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,543,158; 5,641,515 and 5,399,363 (each specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) may be used to deliver rAAVs.
[0102] Recombinant AAV Compositions
[0103] The rAAVs may be delivered to a subject in compositions according to any appropriate methods known in the art. The rAAV, preferably suspended in a physiologically compatible carrier (e.g., in a composition), may be administered to a subject, e.g., a human, mouse, rat, cat, dog, sheep, rabbit, horse, cow, goat, pig, guinea pig, hamster, chicken, turkey, or a non-human primate (e.g., Macaque). In certain embodiments, compositions may comprise a rAAV alone, or in combination with one or more other viruses (e.g., a second rAAV encoding having one or more different transgenes).
[0104] Suitable carriers may be readily selected by one of skill in the art in view of the indication for which the rAAV is directed. For example, one suitable carrier includes saline, which may be formulated with a variety of buffering solutions (e.g., phosphate buffered saline). Other exemplary carriers include sterile saline, lactose, sucrose, calcium phosphate, gelatin, dextran, agar, pectin, peanut oil, sesame oil, and water. The selection of the carrier is not a limitation of the present invention.
[0105] Optionally, the compositions of the invention may contain, in addition to the rAAV and carrier(s), other conventional pharmaceutical ingredients, such as preservatives, or chemical stabilizers. Suitable exemplary preservatives include chlorobutanol, potassium sorbate, sorbic acid, sulfur dioxide, propyl gallate, the parabens, ethyl vanillin, glycerin, phenol, and parachlorophenol. Suitable chemical stabilizers include gelatin and albumin.
[0106] The dose of rAAV virions required to achieve a desired effect or therapeutic effect, e.g., the units of dose in vector genomes/per kilogram of body weight (vg/kg), will vary based on several factors including, but not limited to: the route of rAAV administration, the level of gene or RNA expression required to achieve a therapeutic effect, the specific disease or disorder being treated, and the stability of the gene or RNA product. One of skill in the art can readily determine a rAAV virion dose range to treat a subject having a particular disease or disorder based on the aforementioned factors, as well as other factors that are well known in the art. An effective amount of the rAAV is generally in the range of from about 10 l to about 100 ml of solution containing from about 10.sup.9 to 10.sup.16 genome copies per subject. Other volumes of solution may be used. The volume used will typically depend, among other things, on the size of the subject, the dose of the rAAV, and the route of administration. For example, for intrathecal or intracerebral administration a volume in range of 1 l to 10 l or 10 l to 100 l may be used. For intravenous administration a volume in range of 10 l to 100 l, 100 l to 1 ml, 1 ml to 10 ml, or more may be used. In some cases, a dosage between about 10.sup.10 to 10.sup.12 rAAV genome copies per subject is appropriate. In certain embodiments, 10.sup.12 rAAV genome copies per subject is effective to target CNS tissues. In some embodiments the rAAV is administered at a dose of 10.sup.10, 10.sup.11, 10.sup.12, 10.sup.13, 10.sup.14, or 10.sup.15 genome copies per subject. In some embodiments the rAAV is administered at a dose of 10.sup.10, 10.sup.11, 10.sup.12, 10.sup.13, or 10.sup.14 genome copies per kg.
[0107] In some embodiments, rAAV compositions are formulated to reduce aggregation of AAV particles in the composition, particularly where high rAAV concentrations are present (e.g., about 10.sup.13 GC/ml or more). Methods for reducing aggregation of rAAVs are well known in the art and, include, for example, addition of surfactants, pII adjustment, salt concentration adjustment, etc. (See, e.g., Wright F R, et al., Molecular Therapy (2005) 12, 171-178, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.)
[0108] Formulation of pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients and carrier solutions is well-known to those of skill in the art, as is the development of suitable dosing and treatment regimens for using the particular compositions described herein in a variety of treatment regimens. Typically, these formulations may contain at least about 0.1% of the active ingredient or more, although the percentage of the active ingredient(s) may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be between about 1 or 2% and about 70% or 80% or more of the weight or volume of the total formulation. Naturally, the amount of active ingredient in each therapeutically-useful composition may be prepared is such a way that a suitable dosage will be obtained in any given unit dose of the compound. Factors such as solubility, bioavailability, biological half-life, route of administration, product shelf life, as well as other pharmacological considerations will be contemplated by one skilled in the art of preparing such pharmaceutical formulations, and as such, a variety of dosages and treatment regimens may be desirable.
[0109] The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. Dispersions may also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. In many cases the form is sterile and fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and/or vegetable oils. Proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
[0110] For administration of an injectable aqueous solution, for example, the solution may be suitably buffered, if necessary, and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose. These particular aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration. In this connection, a sterile aqueous medium that can be employed will be known to those of skill in the art. For example, one dosage may be dissolved in 1 ml of isotonic NaCl solution and either added to 1000 ml of hypodermoclysis fluid or injected at the proposed site of infusion, (see for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 15th Edition, pages 1035-1038 and 1570-1580). Some variation in dosage will necessarily occur depending on the condition of the host. The person responsible for administration will, in any event, determine the appropriate dose for the individual host.
[0111] Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active rAAV in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated herein, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
[0112] The rAAV compositions disclosed herein may also be formulated in a neutral or salt form. Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the protein) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine, procaine and the like. Upon formulation, solutions will be administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation and in such amount as is therapeutically effective. The formulations are easily administered in a variety of dosage forms such as injectable solutions, drug-release capsules, and the like.
[0113] As used herein, carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, vehicles, coatings, diluents, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, buffers, carrier solutions, suspensions, colloids, and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions. The phrase pharmaceutically-acceptable refers to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction when administered to a host.
[0114] Delivery vehicles such as liposomes, nanocapsules, microparticles, microspheres, lipid particles, vesicles, and the like, may be used for the introduction of the compositions of the present invention into suitable host cells. In particular, the rAAV vector delivered transgenes may be formulated for delivery either encapsulated in a lipid particle, a liposome, a vesicle, a nanosphere, or a nanoparticle or the like.
[0115] Such formulations may be preferred for the introduction of pharmaceutically acceptable formulations of the nucleic acids or the rAAV constructs disclosed herein. The formation and use of liposomes is generally known to those of skill in the art. Recently, liposomes were developed with improved serum stability and circulation half-times (U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,516). Further, various methods of liposome and liposome like preparations as potential drug carriers have been described (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,567,434; 5,552,157; 5,565,213; 5,738,868 and 5,795,587).
[0116] Liposomes have been used successfully with a number of cell types that are normally resistant to transfection by other procedures. In addition, liposomes are free of the DNA length constraints that are typical of viral-based delivery systems. Liposomes have been used effectively to introduce genes, drugs, radiotherapeutic agents, viruses, transcription factors and allosteric effectors into a variety of cultured cell lines and animals. In addition, several successful clinical trials examining the effectiveness of liposome-mediated drug delivery have been completed.
[0117] Liposomes are formed from phospholipids that are dispersed in an aqueous medium and spontaneously form multilamellar concentric bilayer vesicles (also termed multilamellar vesicles (MLVs). MLVs generally have diameters of from 25 nm to 4 m. Sonication of MLVs results in the formation of small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) with diameters in the range of 200 to 500 , containing an aqueous solution in the core.
[0118] Alternatively, nanocapsule formulations of the rAAV may be used. Nanocapsules can generally entrap substances in a stable and reproducible way. To avoid side effects due to intracellular polymeric overloading, such ultrafine particles (sized around 0.1 m) should be designed using polymers able to be degraded in vivo. Biodegradable polyalkyl-cyanoacrylate nanoparticles that meet these requirements are contemplated for use.
[0119] In addition to the methods of delivery described above, the following techniques are also contemplated as alternative methods of delivering the rAAV compositions to a host. Sonophoresis (i.e., ultrasound) has been used and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,016 as a device for enhancing the rate and efficacy of drug permeation into and through the circulatory system. Other drug delivery alternatives contemplated are intraosseous injection (U.S. Pat. No. 5,779,708), microchip devices (U.S. Pat. No. 5,797,898), ophthalmic formulations (Bourlais et al., 1998), transdermal matrices (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,770,219 and 5,783,208) and feedback-controlled delivery (U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,899).
[0120] General Methods Relating to Delivery of rAAV Compositions
[0121] The present invention provides stable pharmaceutical compositions comprising rAAV virions. The compositions remain stable and active even when subjected to freeze/thaw cycling and when stored in containers made of various materials, including glass.
[0122] Recombinant AAV virions containing a heterologous nucleotide sequence of interest can be used for gene delivery, such as in gene therapy applications, for the production of transgenic animals, in nucleic acid vaccination, ribozyme and antisense therapy, as well as for the delivery of genes in vitro, to a variety of cell types.
[0123] Generally, rAAV virions are introduced into the cells of a subject using either in vivo or in vitro transduction techniques. If transduced in vitro, the desired recipient cell will be removed from the subject, transduced with rAAV virions and reintroduced into the subject. Alternatively, syngeneic or xenogeneic cells can be used where those cells will not generate an inappropriate immune response in the subject.
[0124] Suitable methods for the delivery and introduction of transduced cells into a subject have been described. For example, cells can be transduced in vitro by combining recombinant AAV virions with the cells e.g., in appropriate media, and screening for those cells harboring the DNA of interest using conventional techniques such as Southern blots and/or PCR, or by using selectable markers. Transduced cells can then be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions, described more fully below, and the composition introduced into the subject by various routes, such as by intramuscular, intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection, or by injection into smooth muscle, using e.g., a catheter, or directly into an organ.
[0125] For in vivo delivery, the rAAV virions will be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition and will generally be administered parenterally, e.g., by intramuscular injection directly into skeletal muscle, intra-articularly, intravenously or directly into an organ.
[0126] Appropriate doses will depend on the subject being treated (e.g., human or nonhuman primate or other mammal), age and general condition of the subject to be treated, the severity of the condition being treated, the mode of administration of the rAAV virions, among other factors. An appropriate effective amount can be readily determined by one of skill in the art.
[0127] Thus, a therapeutically effective amount will fall in a relatively broad range that can be determined through clinical trials. For example, for in vivo injection, i.e., injection directly to the subject, a therapeutically effective dose will be on the order of from about 10.sup.5 to 10.sup.16 of the rAAV virions, more preferably 10.sup.8 to 10.sup.14 rAAV virions. For in vitro transduction, an effective amount of rAAV virions to be delivered to cells will be on the order of 10.sup.5 to 10.sup.13, preferably 10.sup.8 to 10.sup.13 of the rAAV virions. If the composition comprises transduced cells to be delivered back to the subject, the amount of transduced cells in the pharmaceutical compositions will be from about 10.sup.4 to 10.sup.10 cells, more preferably 10.sup.5 to 10.sup.8 cells. The dose, of course, depends on the efficiency of transduction, promoter strength, the stability of the message and the protein encoded thereby, etc. Effective dosages can be readily established by one of ordinary skill in the art through routine trials establishing dose response curves.
[0128] Dosage treatment may be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule to ultimately deliver the amount specified above. Moreover, the subject may be administered as many doses as appropriate. Thus, the subject may be given, e.g., 10.sup.5 to 10.sup.16 rAAV virions in a single dose, or two, four, five, six or more doses that collectively result in delivery of, e.g., 10.sup.5 to 10.sup.16 rAAV virions. One of skill in the art can readily determine an appropriate number of doses to administer.
[0129] Pharmaceutical compositions will thus comprise sufficient genetic material to produce a therapeutically effective amount of the protein of interest, i.e., an amount sufficient to reduce or ameliorate symptoms of the disease state in question or an amount sufficient to confer the desired benefit. Thus, rAAV virions will be present in the subject compositions in an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic effect when given in one or more doses. The rAAV virions can be provided as lyophilized preparations and diluted in the virion-stabilizing compositions for immediate or future use. Alternatively, the rAAV virions may be provided immediately after production and stored for future use.
[0130] The pharmaceutical compositions will also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Such excipients include any pharmaceutical agent that does not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition, and which may be administered without undue toxicity. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, liquids such as water, saline, glycerol and ethanol. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be included therein, for example, mineral acid salts such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulfates, and the like; and the salts of organic acids such as acetates, propionates, malonates, benzoates, and the like. Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like, may be present in such vehicles. A thorough discussion of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients is available in REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (Mack Pub. Co., N.J. 1991).
[0131] As used herein, polymerase chain reaction or PCR refers to a procedure or technique in which specific nucleic acid sequences, RNA and/or DNA, are amplified as described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195. Generally, sequence information from the ends of the region of interest or beyond is used to design oligonucleotide primers. These primers will be identical or similar in sequence to opposite strands of the template to be amplified. The 5 terminal nucleotides of the two primers can coincide with the ends of the amplified material. PCR can be used to amplify specific RNA sequences, specific DNA sequences from total genomic DNA, and cDNA transcribed from total cellular RNA, bacteriophage or plasmid sequences, etc. See generally Mullis et al. (1987) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 51:263; Erlich, ed., (1989) PCR TECHNOLOGY (Stockton Press, N.Y.) As used herein, PCR is considered to be one, but not the only, example of a nucleic acid polymerase reaction method for amplifying a nucleic acid test sample comprising the use of a known nucleic acid as a primer and a nucleic acid polymerase to amplify or generate a specific piece of nucleic acid.
[0132] Nucleic Acids
[0133] The invention also comprises certain constructs and nucleic acids encoding the LNNdG2 protein described herein. Certain constructs and sequences, including selected sequences listed in the sequence listing including SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 24 may be useful in embodiments of the present invention.
[0134] Preferably, the nucleic acids hybridize under low, moderate or high stringency conditions, and encode an LNNdG2 protein that maintains biological function. A first nucleic acid molecule is hybridizable to a second nucleic acid molecule when a single stranded form of the first nucleic acid molecule can anneal to the second nucleic acid molecule under the appropriate conditions of temperature and solution ionic strength (see Sambrook, et al., supra). The conditions of temperature and ionic strength determine the stringency of the hybridization. Typical low stringency hybridization conditions include 55 C., 5SSC, 0.1% SDS and no formamide; or 30% formamide, 5SSC, 0.5% SDS at 42 C. Typical moderate stringency hybridization conditions are 40% formamide, with 5 or 6SSC and 0.1% SDS at 42 C. High stringency hybridization conditions are 50% formamide, 5 or 6SSC at 42 C. or, optionally, at a higher temperature (e.g., 57 C., 59 C., 60 C., 62 C., 63 C., 65 C. or 68 C.). In general, SSC is 0.15M NaCl and 0.015M Na-citrate. Hybridization requires that the two nucleic acids contain complementary sequences, although, depending on the stringency of the hybridization, mismatches between bases are possible. The appropriate stringency for hybridizing nucleic acids depends on the length of the nucleic acids and the degree of complementation, variables well known in the art. The greater the degree of similarity or homology between two nucleotide sequences, the higher the stringency under which the nucleic acids may hybridize. For hybrids of greater than 100 nucleotides in length, equations for calculating the melting temperature have been derived (see Sambrook, et al., supra, 9.50-9.51). For hybridization with shorter nucleic acids, e.g., oligonucleotides, the position of mismatches becomes more important, and the length of the oligonucleotide determines its specificity (see Sambrook, et al., supra, 11.7-11.8).
[0135] The LNNdG2 mouse polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. The LNNdG2 human polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 and has an 87% identity with the mouse polypeptide as shown in
[0136] Sequence identity refers to the degree to which the amino acids of two polypeptides are the same at equivalent positions when the two sequences are optimally aligned. Sequence similarity includes identical residues and nonidentical, biochemically related amino acids. Biochemically related amino acids that share similar properties and may be interchangeable are discussed above.
[0137] Homology refers to sequence similarity between two polynucleotide sequences or between two polypeptide sequences when they are optimally aligned. When a position in both of the two compared sequences is occupied by the same base or amino acid monomer subunit, e.g., if a position in each of two DNA molecules is occupied by adenine, then the molecules are homologous at that position. The percent of homology is the number of homologous positions shared by the two sequences divided by the total number of positions compared 100. For example, if 6 of 10 of the positions in two sequences are matched or homologous when the sequences are optimally aligned then the two sequences are 60% homologous. Generally, the comparison is made when two sequences are aligned to give maximum percent homology.
[0138] The following references relate to BLAST algorithms often used for sequence analysis: BLAST ALGORITHMS: Altschul, S. F., et al., (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; Gish, W., et al., (1993) Nature Genet. 3:266-272; Madden, T. L., et al., (1996) Meth. Enzymol. 266:131-141; Altschul, S. F., et al., (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402; Zhang, J., et al., (1997) Genome Res. 7:649-656; Wootton, J. C., et al., (1993) Comput. Chem. 17:149-163; Hancock, J. M. et al., (1994) Comput. Appl. Biosci. 10:67-70; ALIGNMENT SCORING SYSTEMS: Dayhoff, M. O., et al., A model of evolutionary change in proteins. in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, (1978) vol. 5, suppl. 3. M. O. Dayhoff (ed.), pp. 345-352, Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C.; Schwartz, R. M., et al., Matrices for detecting distant relationships. in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, (1978) vol. 5, suppl. 3. M. O. Dayhoff (ed.), pp. 353-358, Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C.; Altschul, S. F., (1991) J. Mol. Biol. 219:555-565; States, D. J., et al., (1991) Methods 3:66-70; Henikoff, S., et al., (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915-10919; Altschul, S. F., et al., (1993) J. Mol. Evol. 36:290-300; ALIGNMENT STATISTICS: Karlin, S., et al., (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264-2268; Karlin, S., et al., (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5877; Dembo, A., et al., (1994) Ann. Prob. 22:2022-2039; and Altschul, S. F. Evaluating the statistical significance of multiple distinct local alignments. in Theoretical and Computational Methods in Genome Research (S. Suhai, ed.), (1997) pp. 1-14, Plenum, New York.
[0139] This invention also provides expression vectors comprising various nucleic acids, wherein the nucleic acid is operably linked to control sequences that are recognized by a host cell when the host cell is transfected with the vector. Also provided are the virions comprising recombinant AAV-DJ and certain AAV-2 sequences, as well as nucleic acid sequences for expressing LNNdG2 under the direction of a CMV promoter and a CMV enhancer. Alternative promoters may be used provided that they are small in size and have high activity with good expression. Within these constructs, the rAAV2 sequences correspond to the 5 and 3 ITR sequences, e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 16 and others as described in the sequence listing). These sequences were packaged with the AAV-DJ capsid to form the virions that are therapeutic to laminin alpha-2 deficiency in the present invention.
[0140] Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration
[0141] To prepare pharmaceutical or sterile compositions of the compositions of the present invention, the AAV-DJ vectors or related compositions may be admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences and U.S. Pharmacopeia: National Formulary, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1984).
[0142] Formulations of therapeutic and diagnostic agents may be prepared by mixing with acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers in the form of, e.g., lyophilized powders, slurries, aqueous solutions or suspensions (see, e.g., Hardman, et al. (2001) Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y.; Gennaro (2000) Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, New York, N.Y.; Avis, et al. (eds.) (1993) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Parenteral Medications, Marcel Dekker, NY; Lieberman, et al. (eds.) (1990) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets, Marcel Dekker, NY; Lieberman, et al. (eds.) (1990) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems, Marcel Dekker, NY; Weiner and Kotkoskie (2000) Excipient Toxicity and Safety, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.).
[0143] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the therapeutic compositions, administered alone or in combination with another agent, can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD.sub.50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED.sub.50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index (LD.sub.50/ED.sub.50). In particular aspects, therapeutic compositions exhibiting high therapeutic indices are desirable. The data obtained from these cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED.sub.50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration.
[0144] In an embodiment of the invention, a composition of the invention is administered to a subject in accordance with the Physicians' Desk Reference 2003 (Thomson Healthcare; 57th edition (Nov. 1, 2002)).
[0145] The mode of administration can vary. Suitable routes of administration include oral, rectal, transmucosal, intestinal, parenteral; intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramedullary, intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, intraocular, inhalation, insufflation, topical, cutaneous, transdermal, or intra-arterial.
[0146] In particular embodiments, the composition or therapeutic can be administered by an invasive route such as by injection (see above). In further embodiments of the invention, the composition, therapeutic, or pharmaceutical composition thereof, is administered intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intraarterially, intra-articularly (e.g., in arthritis joints), intratumorally, or by inhalation, aerosol delivery. Administration by non-invasive routes (e.g., orally; for example, in a pill, capsule or tablet) is also within the scope of the present invention.
[0147] Compositions can be administered with medical devices known in the art. For example, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be administered by injection with a hypodermic needle, including, e.g., a prefilled syringe or autoinjector.
[0148] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be administered with a needleless hypodermic injection device; such as the devices disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,620,135; 6,096,002; 5,399,163; 5,383,851; 5,312,335; 5,064,413; 4,941,880; 4,790,824 or 4,596,556.
[0149] Alternately, one may administer the AAV-DJ vector or related compound in a local rather than systemic manner, for example, via injection of directly into the desired target site, often in a depot or sustained release formulation. Furthermore, one may administer the composition in a targeted drug delivery system, for example, in a liposome coated with a tissue-specific antibody, targeting, for example, the brain. The liposomes will be targeted to and taken up selectively by the desired tissue.
[0150] The administration regimen depends on several factors, including the serum or tissue turnover rate of the therapeutic composition, the level of symptoms, and the accessibility of the target cells in the biological matrix. Preferably, the administration regimen delivers sufficient therapeutic composition to effect improvement in the target disease state, while simultaneously minimizing undesired side effects. Accordingly, the amount of biologic delivered depends in part on the particular therapeutic composition and the severity of the condition being treated.
[0151] Determination of the appropriate dose is made by the clinician, e.g., using parameters or factors known or suspected in the art to affect treatment. Generally, the dose begins with an amount somewhat less than the optimum dose and it is increased by small increments thereafter until the desired or optimum effect is achieved relative to any negative side effects. Important diagnostic measures include those of symptoms of, e.g., the inflammation or level of inflammatory cytokines produced. In general, it is desirable that a biologic that will be used is derived from the same species as the animal targeted for treatment, thereby minimizing any immune response to the reagent.
[0152] As used herein, inhibit or treat or treatment includes a postponement of development of the symptoms associated with a disorder and/or a reduction in the severity of the symptoms of such disorder. The terms further include ameliorating existing uncontrolled or unwanted symptoms, preventing additional symptoms, and ameliorating or preventing the underlying causes of such symptoms. Thus, the terms denote that a beneficial result has been conferred on a vertebrate subject with a disorder, disease or symptom, or with the potential to develop such a disorder, disease or symptom.
[0153] As used herein, the terms therapeutically effective amount, therapeutically effective dose and effective amount refer to an amount of a rAAV-DJ-LNNdG2 based compound of the invention that, when administered alone or in combination with an additional therapeutic agent to a cell, tissue, or subject, is effective to cause a measurable improvement in one or more symptoms of a disease or condition or the progression of such disease or condition. A therapeutically effective dose further refers to that amount of the compound sufficient to result in at least partial amelioration of symptoms, e.g., treatment, healing, prevention or amelioration of the relevant medical condition, or an increase in rate of treatment, healing, prevention or amelioration of such conditions. When applied to an individual active ingredient administered alone, a therapeutically effective dose refers to that ingredient alone. When applied to a combination, a therapeutically effective dose refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect, whether administered in combination, serially or simultaneously. An effective amount of a therapeutic will result in an improvement of a diagnostic measure or parameter by at least 10%; usually by at least 20%; preferably at least about 30%; more preferably at least 40%, and most preferably by at least 50%. An effective amount can also result in an improvement in a subjective measure in cases where subjective measures are used to assess disease severity.
[0154] Kits
[0155] The present invention also provides kits comprising the components of the combinations of the invention in kit form. A kit of the present invention includes one or more components including, but not limited to, rAAV-DJ-LNNdG2 based compound, as discussed herein, in association with one or more additional components including, but not limited to a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a chemotherapeutic agent, as discussed herein. The rAAV-DJ-LNNdG2 based compound or composition and/or the therapeutic agent can be formulated as a pure composition or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in a pharmaceutical composition.
[0156] In one embodiment, a kit includes an rAAV-DJ-LNNdG2 based compound/composition of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof in one container (e.g., in a sterile glass or plastic vial) and a pharmaceutical composition thereof and/or a chemotherapeutic agent in another container (e.g., in a sterile glass or plastic vial).
[0157] In another embodiment of the invention, the kit comprises a combination of the invention, including an rAAV-DJ-LNNdG2 based compound, along with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, optionally in combination with one or more chemotherapeutic agent component formulated together, optionally, in a pharmaceutical composition, in a single, common container.
[0158] If the kit includes a pharmaceutical composition for parenteral administration to a subject, the kit can include a device for performing such administration. For example, the kit can include one or more hypodermic needles or other injection devices as discussed above.
[0159] The kit can include a package insert including information concerning the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms in the kit. Generally, such information aids patients and physicians in using the enclosed pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms effectively and safely. For example, the following information regarding a combination of the invention may be supplied in the insert: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical studies, efficacy parameters, indications and usage, contraindications, warnings, precautions, adverse reactions, overdosage, proper dosage and administration, how supplied, proper storage conditions, references, manufacturer/distributor information and patent information.
General Methods
[0160] Standard methods in molecular biology are described Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (1982 & 1989 2.sup.nd Edition, 2001 3.sup.rd Edition) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Sambrook and Russell (2001) Molecular Cloning, 3.sup.rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Wu (1993) Recombinant DNA, Vol. 217, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.). Standard methods also appear in Ausbel, et al. (2001) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vols. 1-4, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, N.Y., which describes cloning in bacterial cells and DNA mutagenesis (Vol. 1), cloning in mammalian cells and yeast (Vol. 2), glycoconjugates and protein expression (Vol. 3), and bioinformatics (Vol. 4).
[0161] Methods for protein purification including immunoprecipitation, chromatography, electrophoresis, centrifugation, and crystallization are described (Coligan, et al. (2000) Current Protocols in Protein Science, Vol. 1, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York). Chemical analysis, chemical modification, post-translational modification, production of fusion proteins, glycosylation of proteins are described (see, e.g., Coligan, et al. (2000) Current Protocols in Protein Science, Vol. 2, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York; Ausubel, et al. (2001) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 3, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, NY, pp. 16.0.5-16.22.17; Sigma-Aldrich, Co. (2001) Products for Life Science Research, St. Louis, Mo.; pp. 45-89; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech (2001) BioDirectory, Piscataway, N.J., pp. 384-391). Production, purification, and fragmentation of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are described (Coligan, et al. (2001) Current Protocols in Immunology, Vol. 1, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York; Harlow and Lane (1999) Using Antibodies, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Harlow and Lane, supra). Standard techniques for characterizing ligand/receptor interactions are available (see, e.g., Coligan, et al. (2001) Current Protocols in Immunology, Vol. 4, John Wiley, Inc., New York).
EXAMPLES
Example 1
AlphaLNNdDeltaG2Short (LNNdG2) Construct Development
[0162] Removal of the G2 nidogen-1 domain in LNNd pcDNA3.1 Zeo was accomplished with overlapping PCR. In the first round of PCR, a 1.2 Kb-5 (F1noG2 1F 5-ctgggtcactgtcaccctgg-3 (SEQ ID NO: 2) and noG2 2R 5-atggattctgaagacagacaccagagacac-3 (SEQ ID NO: 3)) and 1.8 Kb-3 (no G2 2F 5-ctggtgtctgtcttcagaatccatgctac-3 (SEQ ID NO: 4) and F1 no G2 1R 5-gaaggcacagtcgaggctgatcag-3 (SEQ ID NO: 5)) product was generated on either side of the G2 nidogen-1 domain of LNNd. They were sewn together with a second round of PCR (F1noG2 1Fand F1 no G2 1R) into a 3 Kb product which was then digested with EcoRI to 2.4 Kb and ligated into the 5.85 Kb EcoRI LNNd pcDNA 3.1 zeo vector (generating an 8.25 Kb noG2 LNNd pcDNA3.1 zeo plasmid). A further 2 EGF (270 bp) deletion of noG2 LNND was performed with overlapping PCR primers (Bam shnoG2 1F 5-cggcagcctgaatgaggatccatgcataga-3 (SEQ ID NO: 6) and shnoG2 2R 5-cacagtagttgatgggacagacacc-3 (SEQ ID NO: 7)) and 3 (shnoG2 2F 5-gtctctggtgtctgtcccatcaacta-3 (SEQ ID NO: 8) and sse shnoG2 1R 5-gaggcacaaacatcccctgcagggtgggcc-3 (SEQ ID NO: 9) to generate 160 bp and 357 bp products, respectively. After a second round of PCR, a 485 bp BamHI-SbfI digested insert was ligated into a likewise digested noG2 LNNd pcDNA3.1 zeo vector (7.5 Kb). To remove the N-terminal Myc tag on the short no G2 LNNd open reading frame (ORF), a 1.5 Kb BamHI insert was moved from the F3-8 mck-pA construct to the MCS-AAV vector (4.6 Kb Cell Biolabs, VPK-410-DJ) generating a 6.1 Kb AAV-5F1 no tag-10 plasmid. The short noG2 LNND pcDNA3.1 zeo plasmid was digested with FseI and XhoI to generate a 2.8 Kb insert which was ligated into the similarly digested AAV-5F1 no tag-10 vector (4.9 Kb). The final vector size was 7.7 Kb with an ORF for alphaLNNdDeltaG2short (LNNdG2) of 3009 bp (SEQ ID NO: 1).
Example 2
Generation of AAV Virus
[0163] The LNNdG2-MCS plasmid was triple transfected along with AAV-DJ pHelper pHelper plasmids (SEQ ID NOS: 1, 17, 20, respectively;
Example 3
Expression and Analysis of AAV-Generated LNNdG2 Protein
[0164] Stably transfected 411 HEK293 cells were infected with approximately 610 vg/6-wells dish. Four days later, the conditioned media was evaluated by immunoprecipitation with a-flag agarose beads for 1 hour at room temperature, followed by western blot analysis. Western blots were cut and stained with anti-flag (top) or anti-G2-G2 nidogen (bottom) at 1 g/ml. Results are shown in
[0165] AAVLNNdG2 (virus, 10.sup.10 vg in 25 l) or PBS buffer was injected i.m. into a 1-week old dy3K/dy3K mag mouse. Two week later, the quadriceps were harvested, sectioned, and stained with antibody to detect LNNdG2 (red) and laminins (green), shown in
Example 4
Restoring Laminin 2 to Symptomatic Mice
[0166] Injection of AAV-DJ-LNNdG2 constructs in dy3K/dy3K mice expressing a mag transgene, a miniaturized version of agrin
[0167] Following assessment of the initial analysis, dy3K/dy3K mice are co-infected with both virus preparations. Injections will be given post-natal day 1 or 2, given the perinatal time course of myelination (SC proliferation commencing before birth by radial sorting occurring substantially in the first post-natal week). Phenotype and histology analyses to be done include (1) measurements of measure survival, body weights, muscle weights, time on vertical grids, grip strength and overall behavior at different ages; (2) examination of diaphragm, intercostal muscles and phrenic nerve; (3) skeletal muscle analysis by H&E and Sirius Red (collagen)-stained histology of forelimb extensor carpi radialis and diaphragm/intercostal muscles at different ages with morphometric quantitation of fiber size, number, regeneration (fraction of myofibers with central nuclei), inflammation and fibrosis; (4) peripheral nerve analysis by examining immunostained nerve and roots to estimate the extent of linker-prot7ein expression and to detect relative changes in laminin subunits; examine methylene-blue stained semi-thin sections using electron microscopy to quantitatively evaluate the extent of axonal sorting, myelination, myelin thickness, and fraction of naked axons; determine SC proliferation from EdU/dapi ratios, and using qRT-PCR to evaluate maturation of myelination (e.g., Oct6, Sox2, cJun).
[0168] Results of the analysis are used to optimize delivery and evaluate variants of the LNNdG2 and mag linker proteins that may further improve functions.
Example 5
Expression of LNNdG2 with AAV with a Variant Serotype Capsid
[0169] The LNNdG2 DNA is inserted into an AAV vector with coding for a different capsid serotype or composite serotype for the purpose of altering tissue specificity, e.g. only skeletal muscle plus heart or predominantly liver. Note: LNNdG2 is a soluble secreted protein in which the site of synthesis need not be the target cell type.
Example 6
AAV Capsid Sequence Modified to Reduce Ubiquitination
[0170] AAV-DJ, like other AAV, contain several phosphorylation and ubiquitination sites on the capsid. Point mutations on the rep/cap plasmid at K137R, S503A, and T251A were found to substantially increase protein expression in vitro and in vivo (described in Mao, Wang, Yan, Li, Wang and Li, 2016, Single point mutation in adeno-associated viral vectors DJ capsid leads to improvement for gene delivery in vivo. BMC Biotechnology 16: 1-8). The AAV plasmid can readily be modified to introduce this improvement.
Example 7
Expression of LNNdG2 with AAV Using a Specialized Promoter
[0171] The LNNdG2 DNA is inserted into an AAV vector with a different promoter/enhancer with the effect of (a) changing specificity and/or (b) increasing the allowable open reading frame of the insert. An example, used to drive expression of micro-dystrophin in skeletal muscle and heart, is the 436 bp CK8e promoter/enhancer that has been modified from the muscle creatine kinase gene basal promoter and upstream enhancer. The CK8e promoter/enhancer is described in J. N. Ramos et al., 2019, Molecular Therapy, 27: 623-635.
Example 8
Expression of Lm1LNNdG2 with Alternative Signal Sequence
[0172] The protein LNNdG2 and related proteins have been expressed in vitro and in mice using the BM-40 signal sequence, which has the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO: 25 and has been given the letter code A in Table 2 below. An alternative is to express the protein with the endogenous 1 subunit signal peptide, which has the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO: 27 and has been given the letter code A in Table 2.
[0173] Table 2 provides a list of all of the variant protein sequences with assigned letter codes that can be used with either the BM-40 signal peptide or the laminin endogenous signal peptide that normally precedes the laminin N-terminal subunit. These domains can be used to create linker proteins that enable laminin polymerization. Mouse domains of the laminin-binding linker protein and internally reduced-sized linker proteins that can enable polymerization have been assigned letter codes A, A to P for both nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 25-58). Alternative N-terminal domains, mouse and human, have been assigned letter codes Q to Z and a to b for both nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 59-106). Additional C-terminal domains, mouse and human non-neural agrin dystroglycan-binding domains that can be fused C-terminal (5 to) to the nidogen laminin-binding G3 domain of polymerization linker proteins, have been assigned letter codes c to j for both nucleotide and amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 107-138).
[0174] Table 3 provides the mouse and human nucleotide and amino acid sequences for each of the variant protein sequences listed in Table 2 and provides the SEQ ID NO assigned to these sequences in the Sequence Listing.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Domain Single Letter Codes Letter DNA Code Gene Protein Domain size, bp.sup.6 A LAMA1 Laminin-1 BM-40 signal 51 peptide A LAMA1 Laminin-1 endogenous 72 signal peptide B LAMA1 Laminin-1 LN 753 C LAMA1 Laminin-1 LEa-1 171 D LAMA1 Laminin-1 LEa-2 210 E LAMA1 Laminin-1 LEa-3 177 F LAMA1 Laminin-1 LEa-4 168 G LAMA1 Laminin-1 LF fragment 33 H NID1 Nidogen-1 G2 843 I NID1 Nidogen-1 EGF-like-2 126 J NID1 Nidogen-1 EGF-like-3 126 K NID1 Nidogen-1 spacer betw. 18 EGF-like 3 & 4 L NID1 Nidogen-1 EGF-like-4 132 M NID1 Nidogen-1 EGF-like-5 141 N NID1 Nidogen-1 G3-TY 282 O NID1 Nidogen-1 G3-Propeller 744 P NID1 Nidogen-1 G3-EGF-like-6 171 Q LAMB1 Laminin-1 signal peptide 63 R LAMB1 Laminin-1 LN 744 S LAMB1 Laminin-1 LEa-1 192 T LAMB1 Laminin-1 LEa-2 189 U LAMB1 Laminin-1 LEa-3 180 V LAMB1 Laminin-1 LEa-4 156 W LAMC1 Laminin-1 signal peptide 99 X LAMC1 Laminin-1 LN 768 Y LAMC1 Laminin-1 LEa-1 168 Z LAMC1 Laminin-1 LEa-2 168 a LAMC1 Laminin-1 LEa-3 168 b LAMC1 Laminin-1 LEa-4 168 c AGRN non-neural LG spacer-1 27 agrin d AGRN non-neural EGF-like 2 114 agrin e AGRN non-neural EGF-like 3 117 agrin f AGRN non-neural LG spacer-2 27 agrin g AGRN non-neural LG2 537 agrin h AGRN non-neural EGF-like 4 120 agrin i AGRN non-neural LG spacer-2 30 agrin j AGRN non-neural LG3 537 agrin .sup.6Mouse bp number shown. Human bp same or similar.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE3 DomainSequences SEQ Domain ID Letter NO Code DomainName Sequence 25 A MouseBM-40(Sparc) ATGAGGGCCTGGATCTTCTTTCTCCTTTGCCTGGCC signalsequence[DNA, GGGAGGGCTCTGGCA 51bp) 26 A MouseBM-40(Sparc) MRAWIFFLLCLAGRALA signalpeptide 27 A MouseLm1 ATGCGCGGCAGCGGCACGGGAGCCGCGCTCCTGG endogenoussignal TGCTCCTGGCCTCGGTGCTCTGGGTCACCGTGCGG sequence[DNA,72bp] AGC 28 A Mouselaminin1 MRGSGTGAALLVLLASVLWVTVRS endogenoussignal peptide 29 A Laminin(Lm)1 ATGAGGGCCTGGATCTTCTTTCTCCTTTGCCTGGCC signalpeptide[DNA, GGGAGGGCTCTGGCA 51bp] 30 A Humanlaminin1 MRAWIFFLLCLAGRALA signalpeptide 31 B MouseLm1LN CAGCAGAGAGGCTTGTTCCCTGCCATTCTCAACCT domain[DNA,753bp] GGCCACCAATGCCCACATCAGCGCCAATGCTACCT GTGGAGAGAAGGGGCCTGAGATGTTCTGCAAACT CGTGGAGCACGTGCCGGGCCGGCCTGTTCGACAC GCCCAATGCCGGGTCTGTGACGGTAACAGTACGA ATCCTAGAGAGCGCCATCCGATATCACACGCAATC GATGGCACCAACAACTGGTGGCAGAGCCCCAGTA TTCAGAATGGGAGAGAGTATCACTGGGTCACTGTC ACCCTGGACTTACGGCAGGTCTTTCAAGTTGCATA CATCATCATTAAAGCTGCCAATGCCCCTCGGCCTG GAAACTGGATTTTGGAGCGCTCCGTGGATGGCGTC AAGTTCAAACCCTGGCAGTACTATGCCGTCAGCGA TACAGAGTGTTTGACCCGCTACAAAATAACTCCAC GGCGGGGACCTCCCACTTACAGAGCAGACAACGA AGTCATCTGCACCTCGTATTATTCAAAGCTGGTGC CACTTGAACATGGAGAGATTCACACATCACTCATC AATGGCAGACCCAGCGCTGACGACCCCTCACCCC AGTTGCTGGAATTCACCTCAGCACGGTACATTCGC CTTCGTCTTCAGCGCATCAGAACACTCAACGCAGA CCTCATGACCCTTAGCCATCGGGACCTCAGAGACC TTGACCCCATTGTCACAAGACGTTATTACTATTCG ATAAAAGACATTTCCGTTGGAGGC 32 B MouseLm1LN QQRGLFPAILNLATNAHISANATCGEKGPEMFCKLV [polymerization EHVPGRPVRHAQCRVCDGNSTNPRERHPISHAIDGT domain] NNWWQSPSIQNGREYHWVTVTLDLRQVFQVAYIIIK AANAPRPGNWILERSVDGVKFKPWQYYAVSDTECL TRYKITPRRGPPTYRADNEVICTSYYSKLVPLEHGEI HTSLINGRPSADDPSPQLLEFTSARYIRLRLQRIRTLN ADLMTLSHRDLRDLDPIVTRRYYYSIKDISVGG 33 B HumanLm1LN CGGCAGAGAGGCCTGTTTCCTGCCATTCTCAATCT [DNA,753bp] TGCCAGCAATGCTCACATCAGCACCAATGCCACCT GTGGCGAGAAGGGGCCGGAGATGTTCTGCAAACT TGTGGAGCATGTGCCAGGTCGGCCCGTCCGAAAC CCACAGTGCCGGATCTGTGATGGCAACAGCGCAA ACCCCAGAGAACGCCATCCAATATCACATGCCAT AGATGGCACCAATAACTGGTGGCAAAGTCCCAGC ATTCAGAATGGGAGAGAATATCACTGGGTCACAA TCACTCTGGACTTAAGACAGGTCTTTCAAGTTGCA TATGTCATCATTAAAGCTGCCAATGCCCCTCGACC TGGAAACTGGATTTTGGAGCGTTCTCTGGATGGCA CCACGTTCAGCCCCTGGCAGTATTATGCAGTCAGC GACTCAGAGTGTTTGTCTCGTTACAATATAACTCC AAGACGAGGGCCACCCACCTACAGGGCTGATGAT GAAGTGATCTGCACCTCCTATTATTCCAGATTGGT GCCACTTGAGCATGGAGAGATTCATACATCACTCA TCAATGGCAGACCAAGCGCTGACGATCTTTCACCC AAGTTGTTGGAATTCACTTCTGCACGATATATTCG CCTTCGCTTGCAACGCATTAGAACGCTCAATGCAG ATCTCATGACCCTTAGCCACCGGGAACCTAAAGA ACTGGATCCTATTGTTACCAGACGCTATTATTATT CAATAAAGGACATTTCTGTTGGAGGC 34 B HumanLm1LN RQRGLFPAILNLASNAHISTNATCGEKGPEMFCKLVE HVPGRPVRNPQCRICDGNSANPRERHPISHAIDGTNN WWQSPSIQNGREYHWVTITLDLRQVFQVAYVIIKAA NAPRPGNWILERSLDGTTFSPWQYYAVSDSECLSRY NITPRRGPPTYRADDEVICTSYYSRLVPLEHGEIHTSL INGRPSADDLSPKLLEFTSARYIRLRLQRIRTLNADL MTLSHREPKELDPIVTRRYYYSIKDISVGG 35 C MouseLm1LEa-1 ATGTGCATTTGCTACGGCCATGCCAGCAGCTGCCC domain[DNA,171bp] GTGGGATGAAGAAGCAAAGCAACTACAGTGTCAG TGTGAACACAATACGTGTGGCGAGAGCTGCGACA GGTGCTGTCCTGGCTACCATCAGCAGCCCTGGAGG CCCGGAACCATTTCCTCCGGCAACGAGTGTGAG 36 C MouseLm1LEa-1 MCICYGHASSCPWDEEAKQLQCQCEHNTCGESCDR [requiredforLN CCPGYHQQPWRPGTISSGNECE folding;spacerdomain] 37 C HumanLm1LEa-1 ATGTGTATCTGCTATGGCCATGCTAGTAGCTGCCC [DNA,171bp] ATGGGATGAAACTACAAAGAAACTGCAGTGTCAA TGTGAGCATAATACTTGCGGGGAGAGCTGTAACA GGTGCTGTCCTGGGTACCATCAGCAGCCCTGGAGG CCGGGAACCGTGTCCTCCGGCAATACATGTGAA 38 C HumanLm1LEa-1 MCICYGHASSCPWDETTKKLQCQCEHNTCGESCNR CCPGYHQQPWRPGTVSSGNTCE 39 D MouseLm1LEa-2 GAATGCAACTGTCACAACAAAGCCAAAGATTGTT domain[DNA,210bp] ACTATGACAGCAGTGTTGCAAAGGAGAGGAGAAG CCTGAACACTGCCGGGCAGTACAGTGGAGGAGGG GTTTGTGTCAACTGCTCGCAGAATACCACAGGGAT CAACTGTGAAACCTGTATCGACCAGTATTACAGAC CTCACAAGGTATCTCCTTATGATGACCACCCTTGC CGT 40 D MouseLm1LEa-2 ECNCHNKAKDCYYDSSVAKERRSLNTAGQYSGGGV [requiredforLN CVNCSQNTTGINCETCIDQYYRPHKVSPYDDHPCR folding;spacerdomain] 41 D HumanLm1LEa-2 GCATGTAATTGTCACAATAAAGCCAAAGACTGTTA [DNA,210bp] CTATGATGAAAGTGTTGCAAAGCAGAAGAAAAGT TTGAATACTGCTGGACAGTTCAGAGGAGGAGGGG TTTGCATAAATTGCTTGCAGAACACCATGGGAATC AACTGTGAAACCTGTATTGATGGATATTATAGACC ACACAAAGTGTCTCCTTATGAGGATGAGCCTTGCC GC 42 D HumanLm1LEa-2 ACNCHNKAKDCYYDESVAKQKKSLNTAGQFRGGG VCINCLQNTMGINCETCIDGYYRPHKVSPYEDEPCR 43 E MouseLm1LEa-3 CCCTGTAACTGTGACCCTGTGGGGTCTCTGAGTTC domain[DNA,171bp] TGTCTGTATCAAGGATGACCGCCATGCCGATTTAG CCAATGGAAAGTGGCCAGGTCAGTGTCCATGTAG GAAAGGTTATGCTGGAGATAAATGTGACCGCTGC CAGTTTGGCTACCGGGGTTTCCCAAATTGCATC 44 E MouseLm1LEa-3 PCNCDPVGSLSSVCIKDDRHADLANGKWPGQCPCR [domainactingas KGYAGDKCDRCQFGYRGFPNCI spacer] 45 E HumanLm1LEa-3 CCCTGTAATTGTGACCCTGTGGGGTCCCTCAGTTC [DNA,171bp] TGTCTGTATTAAGGATGACCTCCATTCTGACTTAC ACAATGGGAAGCAGCCAGGTCAGTGCCCATGTAA GGAAGGTTATACAGGAGAAAAATGTGATCGCTGC CAACTTGGCTATAAGGATTACCCGACCTGTGTC 46 E HumanLm1LEa-3 PCNCDPVGSLSSVCIKDDLHSDLHNGKQPGQCPCKE GYTGEKCDRCQLGYKDYPTCV 47 F MouseLm1LEa-4 CCCTGTGACTGCAGGACTGTCGGCAGCCTGAATGA domain[DNA,147bp] GGATCCATGCATAGAGCCGTGTCTTTGTAAGAAAA ATGTTGAGGGTAAGAACTGTGATCGCTGCAAGCC AGGATTCTACAACTTGAAGGAACGAAACCCCGAG GGCTGCTCC 48 F MouseLm1LEa-4 PCDCRTVGSLNEDPCIEPCLCKKNVEGKNCDRCKPG [spacerdomain] FYNLKERNPEGCS 49 F HumanLm1LEa-4 TCCTGTGGGTGCAACCCAGTGGGCAGTGCCAGTG [DNA,147bp] ATGAGCCCTGCACAGGGCCCTGTGTTTGTAAGGAA AACGTTGAGGGGAAGGCCTGTGATCGCTGCAAGC CAGGATTCTATAACTTGAAGGAAAAAAACCCCCG GGGCTGCTCC 50 F HumanLm1LEa-4 SCGCNPVGSASDEPCTGPCVCKENVEGKACDRCKPG FYNLKEKNPRGCS 51 G MouseLm1LF GAGTGCTTCTGCTTCGGTGTCTCTGGTGTCTGT domainLE-type fragmentwith3cys [DNA,33bp] 52 G MouseLm1LF ECFCFGVSGVC fragment(with3cys) [spacersegment] 53 G HumanLm1LF GAGTGCTTCTGCTTTGGCGTTTCTGATGTCTGC fragment(with3 cys)[DNA,33bp] 54 G HumanLm11LF CFCFGVSDVC fragment(with3cys) 55 H MouseNidogen-1G2 CAGCAGACTTGTGCCAACAATAGACACCAGTGCT domain[DNA,843bp] CCGTGCATGCAGAGTGCAGAGACTATGCTACTGG CTTCTGCTGCAGGTGTGTGGCCAACTACACAGGCA ATGGCAGACAGTGCGTGGCAGAAGGCTCTCCACA ACGGGTCAATGGCAAGGTGAAGGGAAGGATCTTC GTGGGGAGCAGCCAGGTCCCCGTGGTGTTTGAGA ACACTGACCTGCACTCCTATGTGGTGATGAACCAC GGGCGCTCTTACACAGCCATCAGCACCATCCCTGA AACCGTCGGCTACTCTCTGCTCCCCCTGGCACCCA TTGGAGGCATCATCGGATGGATGTTTGCAGTGGAG CAGGATGGGTTCAAGAATGGGTTTAGCATCACTG GGGGCGAGTTTACCCGGCAAGCTGAGGTGACCTT CCTGGGGCACCCAGGCAAGCTGGTCCTGAAGCAG CAGTTCAGCGGTATTGATGAACATGGACACCTGAC CATCAGCACGGAGCTGGAGGGCCGCGTGCCGCAG ATCCCCTATGGAGCCTCGGTGCACATTGAGCCCTA CACCGAACTGTACCACTACTCCAGCTCAGTGATCA CTTCCTCCTCCACCCGGGAGTACACGGTGATGGAG CCTGATCAGGACGGCGCTGCACCCTCACACACCCA TATTTACCAGTGGCGTCAGACCATCACCTTCCAGG AGTGTGCCCACGATGACGCCAGGCCAGCCCTGCC CAGCACCCAGCAGCTCTCTGTGGACAGCGTGTTTG TCCTGTACAACAAGGAGGAGAGGATCTTGCGCTA TGCCCTCAGCAACTCCATCGGGCCTGTGAGGGATG GCTCCCCTGATGCC 56 H MouseNidogen-1G2 QQTCANNRHQCSVHAECRDYATGFCCRCVANYTG domain[direct NGRQCVAEGSPQRVNGKVKGRIFVGSSQVPVVFENT collagen-IV,perlecan DLHSYVVMNHGRSYTAISTIPETVGYSLLPLAPIGGII binding] GWMFAVEQDGFKNGFSITGGEFTRQAEVTFLGHPG KLVLKQQFSGIDEHGHLTISTELEGRVPQIPYGASVHI EPYTELYHYSSSVITSSSTREYTVMEPDQDGAAPSHT HIYQWRQTITFQECAHDDARPALPSTQQLSVDSVFV LYNKEERILRYALSNSIGPVRDGSPDA 57 H HumanNidogen-1G2 CGCCAGACGTGTGCTAACAACAGACACCAGTGCT domain(direct CGGTGCACGCAGAGTGCAGGGACTACGCCACGGG collagen-IV,perlecan CTTCTGCTGCAGCTGTGTCGCTGGCTATACGGGCA binding)[DNA,843bp] ATGGCAGGCAATGTGTTGCAGAAGGTTCCCCCCA GCGAGTCAATGGCAAGGTGAAAGGAAGGATCTTT GTGGGGAGCAGCCAGGTCCCCATTGTCTTTGAGAA CACTGACCTCCACTCTTACGTAGTAATGAACCACG GGCGCTCCTACACAGCCATCAGCACCATTCCCGAG ACCGTTGGATATTCTCTGCTTCCACTGGCCCCAGT TGGAGGCATCATTGGATGGATGTTTGCAGTGGAGC AGGACGGATTCAAGAATGGGTTCAGCATCACCGG GGGTGAGTTCACTCGCCAGGCTGAGGTGACCTTCG TGGGGCACCCGGGCAATCTGGTCATTAAGCAGCG GTTCAGCGGCATCGATGAGCATGGGCACCTGACC ATCGACACGGAGCTGGAGGGCCGCGTGCCGCAGA TTCCGTTCGGCTCCTCCGTGCACATTGAGCCCTAC ACGGAGCTGTACCACTACTCCACCTCAGTGATCAC TTCCTCCTCCACCCGGGAGTACACGGTGACTGAGC CCGAGCGAGATGGGGCATCTCCTTCACGCATCTAC ACTTACCAGTGGCGCCAGACCATCACCTTCCAGGA ATGCGTCCACGATGACTCCCGGCCAGCCCTGCCCA GCACCCAGCAGCTCTCGGTGGACAGCGTGTTCGTC CTGTACAACCAGGAGGAGAAGATCTTGCGCTATG CTCTCAGCAACTCCATTGGGCCTGTGAGGGAAGGC TCCCCTGATGCT 58 H HumanNidogen-1G2 RQTCANNRHQCSVHAECRDYATGFCCSCVAGYTGN domain(direct GRQCVAEGSPQRVNGKVKGRIFVGSSQVPIVFENTD collagen-IV,perlecan LHSYVVMNHGRSYTAISTIPETVGYSLLPLAPVGGIIG binding) WMFAVEQDGFKNGFSITGGEFTRQAEVTFVGHPGN LVIKQRFSGIDEHGHLTIDTELEGRVPQIPFGSSVHIEP YTELYHYSTSVITSSSTREYTVTEPERDGASPSRIYTY QWRQTITFQECVHDDSRPALPSTQQLSVDSVFVLYN QEEKILRYALSNSIGPVREGSPDA 59 I MouseNidogen-1 CTTCAGAATCCATGCTACATTGGCACCCATGGGTG EGF-like2domain TGACAGCAATGCTGCCTGTCGCCCTGGCCCTGGAA [126bp] CACAGTTCACCTGCGAATGCTCCATCGGCTTCCGA GGAGACGGGCAGACTTGCTAT 60 I MouseNidogen-1 LQNPCYIGTHGCDSNAACRPGPGTQFTCECSIGFRGD EGF-like2[spacer] GQTCY 61 I HumanNidogen-1 CTTCAGAATCCCTGCTACATCGGCACTCATGGGTG EGF-like2domain TGACACCAACGCGGCCTGTCGCCCTGGTCCCAGGA [DNA,126bp] CACAGTTCACCTGCGAGTGCTCCATCGGCTTCCGA GGAGACGGGCGAACCTGCTAT 62 I HumanNidogen-1 LQNPCYIGTHGCDTNAACRPGPRTQFTCECSIGFRGD EGF-like2domain GRTCY 63 J MouseNiogen-1EGF- GATATTGATGAGTGTTCAGAGCAGCCTTCCCGCTG like3domain[126bp]: TGGGAACCATGCGGTCTGCAACAACCTCCCAGGA ACCTTCCGCTGCGAGTGTGTAGAGGGCTACCACTT CTCAGACAGGGGAACATGCGTG 64 J MouseNidogen-1 DIDECSEQPSRCGNHAVCNNLPGTFRCECVEGYHFS EGF-like3 DRGTCV 65 J HumanNidogen-1 CTTCAGAATCCCTGCTACATCGGCACTCATGGGTG EGF-like3domain TGACACCAACGCGGCCTGTCGCCCTGGTCCCAGGA [DNA,126bp] CACAGTTCACCTGCGAGTGCTCCATCGGCTTCCGA GGAGACGGGCGAACCTGCTAT 66 J HumanNidogen-1 LQNPCYIGTHGCDTNAACRPGPRTQFTCECSIGFRGD EGF-like3domain GRTCY 67 K MouseNidogen-1 GCTGCCGAGGACCAACGT spacersegment betweenEGF-3and-4 [DNA,18bp] 68 K MouseNidogen-1 AAEDQR spacersegment betweenEGF-3and-4 69 K HumanNidogen-1 GCTGTCGTGGACCAGCGC spacersegment betweenEGF-3and-4 [DNA,18bp] 70 K HumanNidogen-1 AVVDQR spacersegment betweenEGF-3and-4 71 L MouseNidogen-1 CCCATCAACTACTGTGAAACTGGTCTCCACAACTG EGF-like4domain TGATATCCCCCAGCGAGCCCAGTGCATCTATATGG [132bp] GTGGTTCCTCCTACACCTGCTCCTGTCTGCCTGGCT TCTCTGGGGATGGCAGAGCCTGCCGA 72 L MouseNidogen-1 PINYCETGLHNCDIPQRAQCIYMGGSSYTCSCLPGFS EGF-like4 GDGRACR 73 L HumanNidogen-1 CCCATCAACTACTGTGAAACTGGCCTTCATAACTG EGF-like4domain CGACATACCCCAGCGGGCCCAGTGTATCTACACA [DNA,132bp] GGAGGCTCCTCCTACACCTGTTCCTGCTTGCCAGG CTTTTCTGGGGATGGCCAAGCCTGCCAA 74 L HumanNidogen-1 PINYCETGLHNCDIPQRAQCIYTGGSSYTCSCLPGFSG EGF-like4domain DGQACQ 75 M MouseNidogen-1 GACGTGGATGAATGCCAGCACAGCCGATGTCACC EGF-like5domain CCGATGCCTTCTGCTACAACACACCAGGCTCTTTC [DNA,141bp] ACATGTCAGTGCAAGCCTGGCTATCAGGGGGATG GCTTCCGATGCATGCCCGGAGAGGTGAGCAAAAC CCGG 76 M MouseNidogen-1 DVDECQHSRCHPDAFCYNTPGSFTCQCKPGYQGDG EGF-like5[spacer] FRCMPGEVSKTR 77 M HumanNidogen-1 GATGTAGATGAATGCCAGCCAAGCCGATGTCACC EGF-like5domain CTGACGCCTTCTGCTACAACACTCCAGGCTCTTTC [DNA,141bp] ACGTGCCAGTGCAAACCTGGTTATCAGGGAGACG GCTTCCGTTGCGTGCCCGGAGAGGTGGAGAAAAC CCGG 78 M HumanNidogen-1 DVDECQPSRCHPDAFCYNTPGSFTCQCKPGYQGDGF EGF-like5domain RCVPGEVEKTR 79 N MouseNidogen-1G3 TGTCAACTGGAACGAGAGCACATCCTTGGAGCAG TY(thyroglobulin-like) CCGGCGGGGCAGATGCACAGCGGCCCACCCTGCA domain[DNA,282bp] GGGGATGTTTGTGCCTCAGTGTGATGAATATGGAC ACTATGTACCCACCCAGTGTCACCACAGCACTGGC TACTGCTGGTGTGTGGACCGAGATGGTCGGGAGCT GGAGGGTAGCCGTACCCCACCTGGGATGAGGCCC CCGTGTCTGAGTACAGTGGCTCCTCCTATTCACCA GGGACCAGTAGTACCTACAGCTGTCATCCCCCTGC CTCCA 80 N MouseNidogenG3 CQLEREHILGAAGGADAQRPTLQGMFVPQCDEYGH TY(thyroglobulin-like) YVPTQCHHSTGYCWCVDRDGRELEGSRTPPGMRPP domain CLSTVAPPIHQGPVVPTAVIPLPP 81 N HumanNidogen-1G3 TGCCAGCACGAGCGAGAACACATTCTCGGGGCAG TY(thyroglobulin-like) CGGGGGCGACAGACCCACAGCGACCCATTCCTCC domain[DNA,282bp] GGGGCTGTTCGTTCCTGAGTGCGATGCGCACGGGC ACTACGCGCCCACCCAGTGCCACGGCAGCACCGG CTACTGCTGGTGCGTGGATCGCGACGGCCGCGAG GTGGAGGGCACCAGGACCAGGCCCGGGATGACGC CCCCGTGTCTGAGTACAGTGGCTCCCCCGATTCAC CAAGGACCTGCGGTGCCTACCGCCGTGATCCCCTT GCCTCCT 82 N HumanNidogen-1G3 CQHEREHILGAAGATDPQRPIPPGLFVPECDAHGHY TY(thyroglobulin-like) APTQCHGSTGYCWCVDRDGREVEGTRTRPGMTPPC domain LSTVAPPIHQGPAVPTAVIPLPP 83 O MouseNidogen-1G3 GGGACACACTTACTCTTTGCTCAGACTGGAAAGAT -Propellerdomain TGAACGCCTGCCCCTGGAAAGAAACACCATGAAG [DNA,744bp] AAGACAGAACGCAAGGCCTTTCTCCATATCCCTGC AAAAGTCATCATTGGACTGGCCTTTGACTGCGTGG ACAAGGTGGTTTACTGGACAGACATCAGCGAGCC TTCCATTGGGAGAGCCAGCCTCCACGGTGGAGAG CCAACCACCATCATTCGACAAGATCTTGGAAGCCC TGAAGGCATTGCCCTTGACCATCTTGGTCGAACCA TCTTCTGGACGGACTCTCAGTTGGATCGAATAGAA GTTGCAAAGATGGATGGCACCCAGCGCCGAGTGC TGTTTGACACGGGTTTGGTGAATCCCAGAGGCATT GTGACAGACCCCGTAAGAGGGAACCTTTATTGGA CAGATTGGAACAGAGATAATCCCAAAATTGAGAC TTCTCACATGGATGGCACCAACCGGAGGATTCTCG CACAGGACAACCTGGGCTTGCCCAATGGTCTGACC TTTGATGCATTCTCATCTCAGCTTTGCTGGGTGGAT GCAGGCACCCATAGGGCAGAATGCCTGAACCCAG CTCAGCCTGGCAGACGCAAAGTTCTCGAAGGGCT CCAGTATCCTTTCGCTGTGACTAGCTATGGGAAGA ATTTGTACTACACAGACTGGAAGACGAATTCAGTG ATTGCCATGGACCTTGCTATATCCAAAGAGATGGA TACCTTCCACCCACAC 84 O MouseNidogenG3 GTHLLFAQTGKIERLPLERNTMKKTERKAFLHIPAKV -Propeller[laminin- IIGLAFDCVDKVVYWTDISEPSIGRASLHGGEPTTIIR bindingdomain] QDLGSPEGIALDHLGRTIFWTDSQLDRIEVAKMDGT QRRVLFDTGLVNPRGIVTDPVRGNLYWTDWNRDNP KIETSHMDGTNRRILAQDNLGLPNGLTFDAFSSQLC WVDAGTHRAECLNPAQPGRRKVLEGLQYPFAVTSY GKNLYYTDWKTNSVIAMDLAISKEMDTFHPH 85 O HumanNidogen-1G3 GGGACCCATTTACTCTTTGCCCAGACTGGGAAGAT -Propellerdomain TGAGCGCCTGCCCCTGGAGGGAAATACCATGAGG [DNA,744bp] AAGACAGAAGCAAAGGCGTTCCTTCATGTCCCGG CTAAAGTCATCATTGGACTGGCCTTTGACTGCGTG GACAAGATGGTTTACTGGACGGACATCACTGAGC CTTCCATTGGGAGAGCTAGTCTACATGGTGGAGAG CCAACCACCATCATTAGACAAGATCTTGGAAGTCC AGAAGGTATCGCTGTTGATCACCTTGGCCGCAACA TCTTCTGGACAGACTCTAACCTGGATCGAATAGAA GTGGCGAAGCTGGACGGCACGCAGCGCCGGGTGC TCTTTGAGACTGACTTGGTGAATCCCAGAGGCATT GTAACGGATTCCGTGAGAGGGAACCTTTACTGGA CAGACTGGAACAGAGATAACCCCAAGATTGAAAC TTCCTACATGGACGGCACGAACCGGAGGATCCTTG TGCAGGATGACCTGGGCTTGCCCAATGGACTGACC TTCGATGCGTTCTCATCTCAGCTCTGCTGGGTGGA TGCAGGCACCAATCGGGCGGAATGCCTGAACCCC AGTCAGCCCAGCAGACGCAAGGCTCTCGAAGGGC TCCAGTATCCTTTTGCTGTGACGAGCTACGGGAAG AATCTGTATTTCACAGACTGGAAGATGAATTCCGT GGTTGCTCTCGATCTTGCAATTTCCAAGGAGACGG ATGCTTTCCAACCCCAC 86 O HumanNidogen-1G3 GTHLLFAQTGKIERLPLEGNTMRKTEAKAFLHVPAK -Propellerdomain VIIGLAFDCVDKMVYWTDITEPSIGRASLHGGEPTTII RQDLGSPEGIAVDHLGRNIFWTDSNLDRIEVAKLDG TQRRVLFETDLVNPRGIVTDSVRGNLYWTDWNRDN PKIETSYMDGTNRRILVQDDLGLPNGLTFDAFSSQLC WVDAGTNRAECLNPSQPSRRKALEGLQYPFAVTSY GKNLYFTDWKMNSVVALDLAISKETDAFQPH 87 P MouseNidogen-1G3 AAGCAGACCCGGCTATATGGCATCACCATCGCCCT EGF-like6domain GTCCCAGTGTCCCCAAGGCCACAATTACTGCTCAG [DNA,171bp] TGAATAATGGTGGATGTACCCACCTCTGCTTGCCC ACTCCAGGGAGCAGGACCTGCCGATGTCCTGACA ACACCCTGGGAGTTGACTGCATTGAACGGAAA 88 P MouseNidogenG3 KQTRLYGITIALSQCPQGHNYCSVNNGGCTHLCLPTP EGF-like6[contacts GSRTCRCPDNTLGVDCIERK* lamininLEsurface] 89 P HumanNidogen-1G3 AAGCAGACCCGGCTGTATGGCATCACCACGGCCC EGF-like6domain TGTCTCAGTGTCCGCAAGGCCATAACTACTGCTCA [DNA,162bp] GTGAACAATGGCGGCTGCACCCACCTATGCTTGGC CACCCCAGGGAGCAGGACCTGCCGTTGCCCTGAC AACACCTTGGGAGTTGACTGTATC 90 P HumanNidogen-1G3 KQTRLYGITTALSQCPQGHNYCSVNNGGCTHLCLAT EGF-like6domain PGSRTCRCPDNTLGVDCI 91 Q MouseLaminin1 ATGGGGCTGCTCCAGGTGTTCGCCTTTGGTGTCCT signalpeptide[63bp]: AGCCCTATGGGGCACCCGAGTGTGCGCT 92 Q MouseLaminin1 MGLLQVFAFGVLALWGTRVCA signalpeptide 93 Q HumanLaminin1 ATGGGGCTTCTCCAGTTGCTAGCTTTCAGTTTCTTA signal[63bp] GCCCTGTGCAGAGCCCGAGTGCGCGCT 94 Q HumanLaminin1 MGLLQLLAFSFLALCRARVRA signalpeptide 95 R MouseLaminin1LN CAGGAACCGGAGTTCAGCTATGGCTGCGCAGAAG domain[744bp] GCAGCTGCTACCCTGCCACTGGCGACCTTCTCATC GGCCGAGCGCAAAAGCTCTCCGTGACTTCGACAT GTGGACTGCACAAACCAGAGCCCTACTGTATTGTT AGCCACCTGCAGGAGGACAAGAAATGCTTCATAT GTGACTCCCGAGACCCTTATCACGAGACCCTCAAC CCCGACAGCCATCTCATTGAGAACGTGGTCACCAC ATTTGCTCCAAACCGCCTTAAGATCTGGTGGCAAT CGGAAAATGGTGTGGAGAACGTGACCATCCAACT GGACCTGGAAGCAGAATTCCATTTCACTCATCTCA TCATGACCTTCAAGACATTCCGCCCAGCCGCCATG CTGATCGAGCGGTCTTCTGACTTTGGGAAGACTTG GGGCGTGTACAGATACTTCGCCTACGACTGTGAGA GCTCGTTCCCAGGCATTTCAACTGGACCCATGAAG AAAGTGGATGACATCATCTGTGACTCTCGATATTC TGACATTGAGCCCTCGACAGAAGGAGAGGTAATA TTTCGTGCTTTAGATCCTGCTTTCAAAATTGAAGA CCCTTATAGTCCAAGGATACAGAATCTATTAAAAA TCACCAACTTGAGAATCAAGTTTGTGAAACTGCAC ACCTTGGGGGATAACCTTTTGGACTCCAGAATGGA AATCCGAGAGAAGTACTATTACGCTGTTTATGATA TGGTGGTTCGAGGG 96 R MouseLaminin1LN QEPEFSYGCAEGSCYPATGDLLIGRAQKLSVTSTCGL HKPEPYCIVSHLQEDKKCFICDSRDPYHETLNPDSHLI ENVVTTFAPNRLKIWWQSENGVENVTIQLDLEAEFH FTHLIMTFKTFRPAAMLIERSSDFGKTWGVYRYFAY DCESSFPGISTGPMKKVDDIICDSRYSDIEPSTEGEVIF RALDPAFKIEDPYSPRIQNLLKITNLRIKFVKLHTLGD NLLDSRMEIREKYYYAVYDMVVRG 97 R HumanLaminin1LN CAGGAACCCGAGTTCAGCTACGGCTGCGCAGAAG domain[DNA,744bp] GCAGCTGCTATCCCGCCACGGGCGACCTTCTCATC GGCCGAGCACAGAAGCTTTCGGTGACCTCGACGT GCGGGCTGCACAAGCCCGAACCCTACTGTATCGTC AGCCACTTGCAGGAGGACAAAAAATGCTTCATAT GCAATTCCCAAGATCCTTATCATGAGACCCTGAAT CCTGACAGCCATCTCATTGAAAATGTGGTCACTAC ATTTGCTCCAAACCGCCTTAAGATTTGGTGGCAAT CTGAAAATGGTGTGGAAAATGTAACTATCCAACT GGATTTGGAAGCAGAATTCCATTTTACTCATCTCA TAATGACTTTCAAGACATTCCGTCCAGCTGCTATG CTGATAGAACGATCGTCCGACTTTGGGAAAACCTG GGGTGTGTATAGATACTTCGCCTATGACTGTGAGG CCTCGTTTCCAGGCATTTCAACTGGCCCCATGAAA AAAGTCGATGACATAATTTGTGATTCTCGATATTC TGACATTGAACCCTCAACTGAAGGAGAGGTGATA TTTCGTGCTTTAGATCCTGCTTTCAAAATAGAAGA TCCTTATAGCCCAAGGATACAGAATTTATTAAAAA TTACCAACTTGAGAATCAAGTTTGTGAAACTGCAT ACTTTGGGAGATAACCTTCTGGATTCCAGGATGGA AATCAGAGAAAAGTATTATTATGCAGTTTATGATA TGGTGGTTCGAGGA 98 R HumanLaminin1LN QEPEFSYGCAEGSCYPATGDLLIGRAQKLSVTSTCGL HKPEPYCIVSHLQEDKKCFICNSQDPYHETLNPDSHL IENVVTTFAPNRLKIWWQSENGVENVTIQLDLEAEF HFTHLIMTFKTFRPAAMLIERSSDFGKTWGVYRYFA YDCEASFPGISTGPMKKVDDIICDSRYSDIEPSTEGEV IFRALDPAFKIEDPYSPRIQNLLKITNLRIKFVKLHTLG DNLLDSRMEIREKYYYAVYDMVVRG 99 S MouseLaminin1 AACTGCTTCTGCTATGGCCACGCCAGTGAATGCGC LEa-1domain[DNA, CCCTGTGGATGGAGTCAATGAAGAAGTGGAAGGA 192bp] ATGGTTCACGGGCACTGCATGTGCAGACACAACA CCAAAGGCCTGAACTGTGAGCTGTGCATGGATTTC TACCACGATTTGCCGTGGAGACCTGCTGAAGGCCG GAACAGCAACGCCTGCAAA 100 S MouseLaminin1 NCFCYGHASECAPVDGVNEEVEGMVHGHCMCRHN LEa-1 TKGLNCELCMDFYHDLPWRPAEGRNSNACK 101 S HumanLaminin1 AATTGCTTCTGCTATGGTCATGCCAGCGAATGTGC LEa-1[DNA,192bp] CCCTGTGGATGGATTCAATGAAGAAGTGGAAGGA ATGGTTCACGGACACTGCATGTGCAGGCATAACA CCAAGGGCTTAAACTGTGAACTCTGCATGGATTTC TACCATGATTTACCTTGGAGACCTGCTGAAGGCCG AAACAGCAACGCCTGTAAA 102 S HumanLaminin1 NCFCYGHASECAPVDGFNEEVEGMVHGHCMCRHN LEa-1 TKGLNCELCMDFYHDLPWRPAEGRNSNACK 103 T MouseLaminin1 AAATGTAACTGCAATGAACATTCCAGCTCGTGTCA LEa-2domain[DNA, CTTTGACATGGCAGTCTTCCTGGCTACTGGCAACG 189bp] TCAGCGGGGGAGTGTGTGATAACTGTCAGCACAA CACCATGGGGCGCAACTGTGAACAGTGCAAACCG TTCTACTTCCAGCACCCTGAGAGGGACATCCGGGA CCCCAATCTCTGTGAA 104 T MouseLaminin1 KCNCNEHSSSCHFDMAVFLATGNVSGGVCDNCQHN LEa-2 TMGRNCEQCKPFYFQHPERDIRDPNLCE 105 T HumanLaminin1 AAATGTAACTGCAATGAACATTCCATCTCTTGTCA LEa-2[DNA,189bp] CTTTGACATGGCTGTTTACCTGGCCACGGGGAACG TCAGCGGAGGCGTGTGTGATGACTGTCAGCACAA CACCATGGGGCGCAACTGTGAGCAGTGCAAGCCG TTTTACTACCAGCACCCAGAGAGGGACATCCGAG ATCCTAATTTCTGTGAA 106 T HumanLaminin1 KCNCNEHSISCHFDMAVYLATGNVSGGVCDDCQHN LEa- TMGRNCEQCKPFYYQHPERDIRDPNFCE 107 U MouseLaminin1 CCATGTACCTGTGACCCAGCTGGTTCTGAGAATGG LEa-3domain[DNA, CGGGATCTGTGATGGGTACACTGATTTTTCTGTGG 180bp] GTCTCATTGCTGGTCAGTGTCGGTGCAAATTGCAC GTGGAGGGAGAGCGCTGTGATGTTTGTAAAGAAG GCTTCTACGACTTAAGTGCTGAAGACCCGTATGGT TGTAAA 108 U MouseLaminin1 PCTCDPAGSENGGICDGYTDFSVGLIAGQCRCKLHV LEa-3 EGERCDVCKEGFYDLSAEDPYGCK 109 U HumanLaminin1 CGATGTACGTGTGACCCAGCTGGCTCTCAAAATGA LEa-3[DNA,180bp] GGGAATTTGTGACAGCTATACTGATTTTTCTACTG GTCTCATTGCTGGCCAGTGTCGGTGTAAATTAAAT GTGGAAGGAGAACATTGTGATGTTTGCAAAGAAG GCTTCTATGATTTAAGCAGTGAAGATCCATTTGGT TGTAAA 110 U HumanLaminin1 RCTCDPAGSQNEGICDSYTDFSTGLIAGQCRCKLNVE LEa-3 GEHCDVCKEGFYDLSSEDPFGCK 111 V MouseLaminin1 TCATGTGCTTGCAATCCTCTGGGAACAATTCCTGG LEa-4domain[DNA, TGGGAATCCTTGTGATTCTGAGACTGGCTACTGCT 156bp] ACTGTAAGCGCCTGGTGACAGGACAGCGCTGTGA CCAGTGCCTGCCGCAGCACTGGGGTTTAAGCAATG ATTTGGATGGGTGTCGA 112 V MouseLaminin1 SCACNPLGTIPGGNPCDSETGYCYCKRLVTGQRCDQ LEa-4 CLPQHWGLSNDLDGCR 113 V HumanLaminin1 TCTTGTGCTTGCAATCCTCTGGGAACAATTCCTGG LEa-4[DNA,156bp] AGGGAATCCTTGTGATTCCGAGACAGGTCACTGCT ACTGCAAGCGTCTGGTGACAGGACAGCATTGTGA CCAGTGCCTGCCAGAGCACTGGGGCTTAAGCAAT GATTTGGATGGATGTCGA 114 V HumanLaminin1 SCACNPLGTIPGGNPCDSETGHCYCKRLVTGQHCDQ LEa-4 CLPEHWGLSNDLDGCR 115 W MouseLaminin1 ATGACGGGCGGCGGGCGGGCCGCGCTGGCCCTGC signalpeptide[DNA, AGCCCCGGGGGCGGCTGTGGCCGCTGTTGGCTGTG 99bp] CTGGCGGCTGTGGCGGGCTGTGTCCGGGCG 116 W MouseLaminin1 MTGGGRAALALQPRGRLWPLLAVLAAVAGCVRA signalpeptide 117 W HumanLaminin1 ATGAGAGGGAGCCATCGGGCCGCGCCGGCCCTGC signalpeptide[DNA, GGCCCCGGGGGCGGCTCTGGCCCGTGCTGGCCGT 99bp] GCTGGCGGCGGCCGCCGCGGCGGGCTGTGCC 118 W HUMANLaminin MRGSHRAAPALRPRGRLWPVLAVLAAAAAAGCA 1signalpeptide: 119 X MouseLaminin1LN GCCATGGACTACAAGGACGACGATGACAAGGAGT domain[DNA,768bp] GCGCGGATGAGGGCGGGCGGCCGCAGCGCTGCAT (note:E/GAG(2)in GCCGGAGTTTGTTAATGCCGCCTTCAATGTGACCG human1vsD/GAC TGGTGGCTACCAACACGTGTGGGACTCCGCCCGA (1)DorEinmouseI, GGAGTACTGCGTGCAGACTGGGGTGACCGGAGTC butEincrystal ACTAAGTCCTGTCACCTGTGCGACGCCGGCCAGCA structureofmouseLN- GCACCTGCAACACGGGGCAGCCTTCCTGACCGACT LEa) ACAACAACCAGGCCGACACCACCTGGTGGCAAAG CCAGACTATGCTGGCCGGGGTGCAGTACCCCAACT CCATCAACCTCACGCTGCACCTGGGAAAGGCTTTT GACATCACTTACGTGCGCCTCAAGTTCCACACCAG CCGTCCAGAGAGCTTCGCCATCTATAAGCGCACTC GGGAAGACGGGCCCTGGATTCCTTATCAGTACTAC AGTGGGTCCTGTGAGAACACGTACTCAAAGGCTA ACCGTGGCTTCATCAGGACCGGAGGGGACGAGCA GCAGGCCTTGTGTACTGATGAATTCAGTGACATTT CCCCCCTCACCGGTGGCAACGTGGCCTTTTCAACC CTGGAAGGACGGCCGAGTGCCTACAACTTTGACA ACAGCCCTGTGCTCCAGGAATGGGTAACTGCCACT GACATCAGAGTGACGCTCAATCGCCTGAACACCTT TGGAGATGAAGTGTTTAACGAGCCCAAAGTTCTC AAGTCTTACTATTACGCAATCTCAGACTTTGCTGT GGGCGGC 120 X MouseLaminin1LN AMDECADEGGRPQRCMPEFVNAAFNVTVVATNTC domain GTPPEEYCVQTGVTGVTKSCHLCDAGQQHLQHGAA FLTDYNNQADTTWWQSQTMLAGVQYPNSINLTLHL GKAFDITYVRLKFHTSRPESFAIYKRTREDGPWIPYQ YYSGSCENTYSKANRGFIRTGGDEQQALCTDEFSDIS PLTGGNVAFSTLEGRPSAYNFDNSPVLQEWVTATDI RVTLNRLNTFGDEVFNEPKVLKSYYYAISDFAVGG 121 X HumanLaminin1LN CAGGCAGCCATGGACGAGTGCACGGACGAGGGCG domain[DNA,753bp] GGCGGCCGCAACGCTGCATGCCCGAGTTCGTCAA CGCCGCTTTCAACGTGACTGTGGTGGCCACCAACA CGTGTGGGACTCCGCCCGAGGAATACTGTGTGCA GACCGGGGTGACCGGGGTCACCAAGTCCTGTCAC CTGTGCGACGCCGGGCAGCCCCACCTGCAGCACG GGGCAGCCTTCCTGACCGACTACAACAACCAGGC CGACACCACCTGGTGGCAAAGCCAGACCATGCTG GCCGGGGTGCAGTACCCCAGCTCCATCAACCTCAC GCTGCACCTGGGAAAAGCTTTTGACATCACCTATG TGCGTCTCAAGTTCCACACCAGCCGCCCGGAGAGC TTTGCCATTTACAAGCGCACATGGGAAGACGGGC CCTGGATTCCTTACCAGTACTACAGTGGTTCCTGC GAGAACACCTACTCCAAGGCAAACCGCGGCTTCA TCAGGACAGGAGGGGACGAGCAGCAGGCCTTGTG TACTGATGAATTCAGTGACATTTCTCCCCTCACTG GGGGCAACGTGGCCTTTTCTACCCTGGAAGGAAG GCCCAGCGCCTATAACTTTGACAATAGCCCTGTGC TGCAGGAATGGGTAACTGCCACTGACATCAGTGT AACTCTTAATCGCCTGAACACTTTTGGAGATGAAG TGTTTAACGATCCCAAAGTTCTCAAGTCCTATTAT TATGCCATCTCTGATTTTGCTGTAGGTGGC 122 X HumanLaminin1LN QAAMDECTDEGGRPQRCMPEFVNAAFNVTVVATNT domain CGTPPEEYCVQTGVTGVTKSCHLCDAGQPHLQHGA AFLTDYNNQADTTWWQSQTMLAGVQYPSSINLTLH LGKAFDITYVRLKFHTSRPESFAIYKRTWEDGPWIPY QYYSGSCENTYSKANRGFIRTGGDEQQALCTDEFSDI SPLTGGNVAFSTLEGRPSAYNFDNSPVLQEWVTATD ISVTLNRLNTFGDEVFNDPKVLKSYYYAISDFAVGG 123 Y MouseLaminin1 AGGTGTAAATGTAACGGACATGCCAGCGAGTGTG LEa-1domain[DNA, TAAAGAACGAGTTTGACAAACTCATGTGCAACTG 68bp] CAAACATAACACATACGGAGTTGACTGTGAAAAG (note:TGCforcys TGCCTGCCTTTCTTCAATGACCGGCCGTGGAGGAG (Durkin,etal., GGCGACTGCTGAGAGCGCCAGCGAGTGCCTT Biochemistry27(14), 5198-5204(1988);but earlierpublications suggestedTCCfor serine(see,e.g.,Sasaki andYamada,J.Biol. Chem.262(35),17111- 17117(1987) 124 Y MouseLaminin1 RCKCNGHASECVKNEFDKLMCNCKHNTYGVDCEK LEa-1 CLPFFNDRPWRRATAESASECL 125 Y HumanLaminin1 AGATGTAAATGTAATGGACACGCAAGCGAGTGTA LEa-1[DNA,168bp] TGAAGAACGAATTTGATAAGCTGGTGTGTAATTGC AAACATAACACATATGGAGTAGACTGTGAAAAGT GTCTTCCTTTCTTCAATGACCGGCCGTGGAGGAGG GCAACTGCGGAAAGTGCCAGTGAATGCCTG 126 Y HumanLaminin1 RCKCNGHASECMKNEFDKLVCNCKHNTYGVDCEK LEa-1 CLPFFNDRPWRRATAESASECL 127 Z MouseLaminin1 CCTTGTGACTGCAATGGCCGATCCCAAGAGTGCTA LEa-2domain[DNA, CTTTGATCCTGAACTATACCGTTCCACTGGACATG 168bp] GTGGCCACTGTACCAACTGCCGGGATAACACAGA TGGTGCCAAGTGCGAGAGGTGCCGGGAGAATTTC TTCCGCCTGGGGAACACTGAAGCCTGCTCT 128 Z MouseLaminin1 PCDCNGRSQECYFDPELYRSTGHGGHCTNCRDNTD LEa-2 GAKCERCRENFFRLGNTEACS 129 Z HumanLaminin1 CCCTGTGATTGCAATGGTCGATCCCAGGAATGCTA LEa-2[DNA,168bp] CTTCGACCCTGAACTCTATCGTTCCACTGGCCATG GGGGCCACTGTACCAACTGCCAGGATAACACAGA TGGCGCCCACTGTGAGAGGTGCCGAGAGAACTTC TTCCGCCTTGGCAACAATGAAGCCTGCTCT 130 Z HumanLaminin1 PCDCNGRSQECYFDPELYRSTGHGGHCTNCQDNTD LEa-2 GAHCERCRENFFRLGNNEACS 131 a MouseLaminin1 CCGTGCCACTGCAGCCCTGTTGGTTCTCTCAGCAC LEa-3domain[DNA, ACAGTGTGACAGTTACGGCAGATGCAGCTGTAAG 141bp] CCAGGAGTGATGGGTGACAAGTGTGACCGTTGTC AGCCTGGGTTCCATTCCCTCACTGAGGCAGGATGC AGG 132 a MouseLaminin1 PCHCSPVGSLSTQCDSYGRCSCKPGVMGDKCDRCQP LEa-3 GFHSLTEAGCR 133 a HumanLaminin1 TCATGCCACTGTAGTCCTGTGGGCTCTCTAAGCAC LEa-3[DNA,141bp] ACAGTGTGATAGTTACGGCAGATGCAGCTGTAAG CCAGGAGTGATGGGGGACAAATGTGACCGTTGCC AGCCTGGATTCCATTCTCTCACTGAAGCAGGATGC AGG 134 a HumanLaminin1 SCHCSPVGSLSTQCDSYGRCSCKPGVMGDKCDRCQP LEa-3 GFHSLTEAGCR 135 b MouseLaminin1 CCATGCTCCTGCGATCTTCGGGGCAGCACAGACGA LEa-4[DNA,150bp] GTGTAATGTTGAAACAGGAAGATGCGTTTGCAAA GACAATGTTGAAGGCTTCAACTGTGAGAGATGCA AACCTGGATTTTTTAATCTGGAGTCATCTAATCCT AAGGGCTGCACA 136 b MouseLaminin1 PCSCDLRGSTDECNVETGRCVCKDNVEGFNCERCKP LEa-4 GFFNLESSNPKGCT 137 b HumanLaminin1 CCATGCTCTTGTGATCCCTCTGGCAGCATAGATGA LEa-4[DNA,150bp] ATGTAATGTTGAAACAGGAAGATGTGTTTGCAAA GACAATGTCGAAGGCTTCAATTGTGAAAGATGCA AACCTGGATTTTTTAATCTGGAATCATCTAATCCT CGGGGTTGCACA 138 b HumanLaminin1 PCSCDPSGSIDECNVETGRCVCKDNVEGFNCERCKP LEa-4 GFFNLESSNPRGCT 139 c MouseagrinLG1 CCCTCTGTGCCAGCTTTTAAGGGCCACTCCTTCTTG domain[DNA,531bp] GCCTTCCCCACCCTCCGAGCCTACCACACGCTGCG TCTGGCACTAGAATTCCGGGCGCTGGAGACAGAG GGACTGCTGCTCTACAATGGCAATGCACGTGGCA AAGATTTCCTGGCTCTGGCTCTGTTGGATGGTCAT GTACAGTTCAGGTTCGACACGGGCTCAGGGCCGG CGGTGCTAACAAGCTTAGTGCCAGTGGAACCGGG ACGGTGGCACCGCCTCGAGTTGTCACGGCATTGGC GGCAGGGCACACTTTCTGTGGATGGCGAGGCTCCT GTTGTAGGTGAAAGTCCGAGTGGCACTGATGGCCT CAACTTGGACACGAAGCTCTATGTGGGTGGTCTCC CAGAAGAACAAGTTGCCACGGTGCTTGATCGGAC CTCTGTGGGCATCGGCCTGAAAGGATGCATTCGTA TGTTGGACATCAACAACCAGCAGCTGGAGCTGAG CGATTGGCAGAGGGCTGTGGTTCAAAGCTCTGGTG TGGGGGAATGC 140 c MouseagrinLG1 PSVPAFKGHSFLAFPTLRAYHTLRLALEFRALETEGL domain LLYNGNARGKDFLALALLDGHVQFRFDTGSGPAVL TSLVPVEPGRWHRLELSRHWRQGTLSVDGEAPVVG ESPSGTDGLNLDTKLYVGGLPEEQVATVLDRTSVGI GLKGCIRMLDINNQQLELSDWQRAVVQSSGVGEC 141 c HumanAgrinLG1 GCCCCTGTGCCGGCCTTCGAGGGCCGCTCCTTCCT [DNA,531bp] GGCCTTCCCCACTCTCCGCGCCTACCACACGCTGC GCCTGGCACTGGAATTCCGGGCGCTGGAGCCTCA GGGGCTGCTGCTGTACAATGGCAACGCCCGGGGC AAGGACTTCCTGGCATTGGCGCTGCTAGATGGCCG CGTGCAGCTCAGGTTTGACACAGGTTCGGGGCCG GCGGTGCTGACCAGTGCCGTGCCGGTAGAGCCGG GCCAGTGGCACCGCCTGGAGCTGTCCCGGCACTG GCGCCGGGGCACCCTCTCGGTGGATGGTGAGACC CCTGTTCTGGGCGAGAGTCCCAGTGGCACCGACG GCCTCAACCTGGACACAGACCTCTTTGTGGGCGGC GTACCCGAGGACCAGGCTGCCGTGGCGCTGGAGC GGACCTTCGTGGGCGCCGGCCTGAGGGGGTGCAT CCGTTTGCTGGACGTCAACAACCAGCGCCTGGAGC TTGGCATTGGGCCGGGGGCTGCCACCCGAGGCTCT GGCGTGGGCGAGTGC 142 c HumanAgrinLG1 APVPAFEGRSFLAFPTLRAYHTLRLALEFRALEPQGL LLYNGNARGKDFLALALLDGRVQLRFDTGSGPAVL TSAVPVEPGQWHRLELSRHWRRGTLSVDGETPVLG ESPSGTDGLNLDTDLFVGGVPEDQAAVALERTFVGA GLRGCIRLLDVNNQRLELGIGPGAATRGSGVGEC 143 d MouseagrinEGF-like GGAGACCATCCCTGCTCACCTAACCCCTGCCATGG domain2[DNA,114 CGGGGCCCTCTGCCAGGCCCTGGAGGCTGGCGTGT bp] TCCTCTGTCAGTGCCCACCTGGCCGCTTTGGCCCA ACTTGTGCA 144 d MouseagrinEGF-like GDHPCSPNPCHGGALCQALEAGVFLCQCPPGRFGPT domain2 CA 145 d HumanagrinEGF-like GGGGACCACCCCTGCCTGCCCAACCCCTGCCATGG domain2[DNA,114 CGGGGCCCCATGCCAGAACCTGGAGGCTGGAAGG bp] TTCCATTGCCAGTGCCCGCCCGGCCGCGTCGGACC AACCTGTGCC 146 d HumanAgrinEGF-like GDHPCLPNPCHGGAPCQNLEAGRFHCQCPPGRVGPT 2 CA 147 e MouseagrinEGF-like GATGAAAAGAACCCCTGCCAACCGAACCCCTGCC domain3[DNA,117 ACGGGTCAGCCCCCTGCCATGTGCTTTCCAGGGGT bp] GGGGCCAAGTGTGCGTGCCCCCTGGGACGCAGTG GTTCCTTCTGTGAG 148 e MouseagrinEGF-like DEKNPCQPNPCHGSAPCHVLSRGGAKCACPLGRSGS domain3 FCE 149 e HumanAgrinEGF-like GATGAGAAGAGCCCCTGCCAGCCCAACCCCTGCC 3[DNA,117bp] ATGGGGCGGCGCCCTGCCGTGTGCTGCCCGAGGG TGGTGCTCAGTGCGAGTGCCCCCTGGGGCGTGAG GGCACCTTCTGCCAG 150 e HumanAgrinEGF-like DEKSPCQPNPCHGAAPCRVLPEGGAQCECPLGREGT 3 FCQ 151 f MouseagrinLG ACAGTCCTGGAGAATGCTGGCTCCCGG Spacer-1[DNA,27bp] 152 f Mouseagrinspacer TVLENAGSR domain-1 153 f Humanspacer[DNA, ACAGCCTCGGGGCAGGACGGCTCTGGG 27bp] 154 f Humanspacer TASGQDGSG 155 g MouseagrinLG2 CCCTTCCTGGCTGACTTTAATGGCTTCTCCTACCTG domain[DNA,537bp] GAACTGAAAGGCTTGCACACCTTCGAGAGAGACC TAGGGGAGAAGATGGCGCTGGAGATGGTGTTCTT GGCTCGTGGGCCCAGTGGCTTACTCCTCTACAATG GGCAGAAGACGGATGGCAAGGGGGACTTTGTATC CCTGGCCCTGCATAACCGGCACCTAGAGTTCCGCT ATGACCTTGGCAAGGGGGCTGCAATCATCAGGAG CAAAGAGCCCATAGCCCTGGGCACCTGGGTTAGG GTATTCCTGGAACGAAATGGCCGCAAGGGTGCCC TTCAAGTGGGTGATGGGCCCCGTGTGCTAGGGGA ATCTCCGGTCCCGCACACCATGCTCAACCTCAAGG AGCCCCTCTATGTGGGGGGAGCTCCTGACTTCAGC AAGCTGGCTCGGGGCGCTGCAGTGGCCTCCGGCTT TGATGGTGCCATCCAGCTGGTGTCTCTAAGAGGCC ATCAGCTGCTGACTCAGGAGCATGTGTTGCGGGCA GTAGATGTAGCGCCTTTT 156 g MouseagrinLG2 PFLADFNGFSYLELKGLHTFERDLGEKMALEMVFLA domain RGPSGLLLYNGQKTDGKGDFVSLALHNRHLEFRYD LGKGAAIIRSKEPIALGTWVRVFLERNGRKGALQVG DGPRVLGESPVPHTMLNLKEPLYVGGAPDFSKLARG AAVASGFDGAIQLVSLRGHQLLTQEHVLRAVDVAPF 157 g HumanAgrinG2 CCCTTCCTGGCTGACTTCAACGGCTTCTCCCACCT [DNA,537bp] GGAGCTGAGAGGCCTGCACACCTTTGCACGGGAC CTGGGGGAGAAGATGGCGCTGGAGGTCGTGTTCC TGGCACGAGGCCCCAGCGGCCTCCTGCTCTACAAC GGGCAGAAGACGGACGGCAAGGGGGACTTCGTGT CGCTGGCACTGCGGGACCGCCGCCTGGAGTTCCGC TACGACCTGGGCAAGGGGGCAGCGGTCATCAGGA GCAGGGAGCCAGTCACCCTGGGAGCCTGGACCAG GGTCTCACTGGAGCGAAACGGCCGCAAGGGTGCC CTGCGTGTGGGCGACGGCCCCCGTGTGTTGGGGG AGTCCCCGGTTCCGCACACCGTCCTCAACCTGAAG GAGCCGCTCTACGTAGGGGGCGCTCCCGACTTCAG CAAGCTGGCCCGTGCTGCTGCCGTGTCCTCTGGCT TCGACGGTGCCATCCAGCTGGTCTCCCTCGGAGGC CGCCAGCTGCTGACCCCGGAGCACGTGCTGCGGC AGGTGGACGTCACGTCCTTT 158 g HumanAgrinLG2 PFLADFNGFSHLELRGLHTFARDLGEKMALEVVFLA RGPSGLLLYNGQKTDGKGDFVSLALRDRRLEFRYDL GKGAAVIRSREPVTLGAWTRVSLERNGRKGALRVG DGPRVLGESPVPHTVLNLKEPLYVGGAPDFSKLARA AAVSSGFDGAIQLVSLGGRQLLTPEHVLRQVDVTSF 159 h MouseagrinEGF-like GCAGGCCACCCTTGTACCCAGGCCGTGGACAACC domain4[DNA,120 CCTGCCTTAATGGGGGCTCCTGTATCCCGAGGGAA bp] GCCACTTATGAGTGCCTGTGTCCTGGGGGCTTCTC TGGGCTGCACTGCGAG 160 h MouseagrinEGF-like AGHPCTQAVDNPCLNGGSCIPREATYECLCPGGFSG domain4 LHCE 161 h HumanAgrinEgf-like GCAGGTCACCCCTGCACCCGGGCCTCAGGCCACCC 4[DNA,120bp] CTGCCTCAATGGGGCCTCCTGCGTCCCGAGGGAGG CTGCCTATGTGTGCCTGTGTCCCGGGGGATTCTCA GGACCGCACTGCGAG 162 h HumanAgrinEGF-like AGHPCTRASGHPCLNGASCVPREAAYVCLCPGGFSG 4 PHCE 163 i MouseagrinLG AAGGGGATAGTTGAGAAGTCAGTGGGGGAC Spacer-2[DNA,30bp] 164 i MouseagrinLG KGIVEKSVGD Spacer-2 165 i HumanSpacer[30bp] AAGGGGCTGGTGGAGAAGTCAGCGGGGGAC 166 i HumanSpacer KGLVEKSAGD 167 j MouseagrinLG3 CTAGAAACACTGGCCTTTGATGGGCGGACCTACAT domain[DNA,537bp] CGAGTACCTCAATGCTGTGACTGAGAGTGAGAAA GCGCTGCAGAGCAACCACTTTGAGCTGAGCTTACG CACTGAGGCCACGCAGGGGCTGGTGCTGTGGATT GGAAAGGTTGGAGAACGTGCAGACTACATGGCTC TGGCCATTGTGGATGGGCACCTACAACTGAGCTAT GACCTAGGCTCCCAGCCAGTTGTGCTGCGCTCCAC TGTGAAGGTCAACACCAACCGCTGGCTTCGAGTCA GGGCTCACAGGGAGCACAGGGAAGGTTCCCTTCA GGTGGGCAATGAAGCCCCTGTGACTGGCTCTTCCC CGCTGGGTGCCACACAATTGGACACAGATGGAGC CCTGTGGCTTGGAGGCCTACAGAAGCTTCCTGTGG GGCAGGCTCTCCCCAAGGCCTATGGCACGGGTTTT GTGGGCTGTCTGCGGGACGTGGTAGTGGGCCATC GCCAGCTGCATCTGCTGGAGGACGCTGTCACCAA ACCAGAGCTAAGACCCTGC 168 j MouseagrinLG3 LETLAFDGRTYIEYLNAVTESEKALQSNHFELSLRTE domain ATQGLVLWIGKVGERADYMALAIVDGHLQLSYDLG SQPVVLRSTVKVNTNRWLRVRAHREHREGSLQVGN EAPVTGSSPLGATQLDTDGALWLGGLQKLPVGQAL PKAYGTGFVGCLRDVVVGHRQLHLLEDAVTKPELR PC 169 j HumanAgrinLG3 GTGGATACCTTGGCCTTTGACGGGCGGACCTTTGT [DNA,537bp] CGAGTACCTCAACGCTGTGACCGAGAGCGAGAAG GCACTGCAGAGCAACCACTTTGAACTGAGCCTGC GCACTGAGGCCACGCAGGGGCTGGTGCTCTGGAG TGGCAAGGCCACGGAGCGGGCAGACTATGTGGCA CTGGCCATTGTGGACGGGCACCTGCAACTGAGCTA CAACCTGGGCTCCCAGCCCGTGGTGCTGCGTTCCA CCGTGCCCGTCAACACCAACCGCTGGTTGCGGGTC GTGGCACATAGGGAGCAGAGGGAAGGTTCCCTGC AGGTGGGCAATGAGGCCCCTGTGACCGGCTCCTCC CCGCTGGGCGCCACGCAGCTGGACACTGATGGAG CCCTGTGGCTTGGGGGCCTGCCGGAGCTGCCCGTG GGCCCAGCACTGCCCAAGGCCTACGGCACAGGCT TTGTGGGCTGCTTGCGGGACGTGGTGGTGGGCCGG CACCCGCTGCACCTGCTGGAGGACGCCGTCACCA AGCCAGAGCTGCGGCCCTGC 170 j HumanAgrinLG3 VDTLAFDGRTFVEYLNAVTESEKALQSNHFELSLRT EATQGLVLWSGKATERADYVALAIVDGHLQLSYNL GSQPVVLRSTVPVNTNRWLRVVAHREQREGSLQVG NEAPVTGSSPLGATQLDTDGALWLGGLPELPVGPAL PKAYGTGFVGCLRDVVVGRHPLHLLEDAVTKPELRP C
Example 9
Simplification and Modification of LmLNNdG2 for Functional Enhancement
[0175] The current evaluated AAV-DJ constructs allow for inclusion of 3.1 kB DNA representing the open reading frame. Other constructs, existing or planned, can allow for larger inclusions. Basing allowed protein size on the AAV-DJ limit, it is noted that the nidogen G3 domain of LmLNNdG2 can be reduced in size to that of the propeller domain (270 residues, 810 bp), retaining laminin-binding as described in J. Takagi et al., 2003, Nature 424: 963-974. The reduction of 393 bp allows for domain rearrangement so that the G2 type IV collagen and perlecan-binding domain can be included. New arrangements allow for laminin polymerization to be coupled to collagen/perlecan binding. Examples are (a) LNNdG2Propeller (3.08 kB) and (b) LNNdG2Propeller-2 (3.02 kB). The domain composition for each of these is shown in Table 4 below using the letter domain coding provided in Table 2. The nucleotide and protein sequences for the domains used in the domain composition are provided in Table 3 and in the Sequence Listing. Another arrangement allows for laminin polymerization to be coupled to dystroglycan binding, an example of which is LNNdPropellerAgrinLG (3.6 kB). The domain composition for LNNdPropellerAgrinLG is shown in Table 4 below using the letter domain coding provided in Table 2. The nucleotide and protein sequences for the domains used in the domain composition are provided in Table 3 and in the Sequence Listing.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Laminin Linker Proteins With Domain Composition By Letter Code.sup.7 Domain Sequence Using DNA Chimeric Protein Table 2 Letter Codes Purpose size kB Comments LNNdG2 ABCDEFGLMNOP AAV expressed linker 3.02 binds to laminins with (or ABCDEFGLMNOP) protein (Lm1 and defective or absent 2 nidogen-1 chimera) to LN domain near short ameliorate LAMA2 MD arm junction providing by enabling missing polymerization polymerization arm LNNdG2Propeller ABCDEH(J, K or M)O AAV expressed linker 3.08 alternative form that protein to ameliorate reduces size of nidogen LAMA2 MD by enabling G3 allowing insertion of polymerization and direct G2 domain collagen-IV/perlecan binding LNNdG2Propeller-2 ABCDHIJO AAV expressed linker 3.02 alternative form that protein to ameliorate reduces size of nidogen LAMA2 MD by enabling G3 allowing insertion of polymerization and direct G2 domain collagen-IV/perlecan binding LNNdPropellerAgrinLG ABCDEOPcdefg linker protein to 3.60 alternative form for ameliorate polymerization and DG LAMA2 MD by enabling binding (used with CKe8 polymerization and promoter) dystroglycan binding LNNdG2 QRSTUVLMNOP AAV expressed linker 2.99 binds to laminins with protein to ameliorate defective or absent 2 Pierson syndrome by LN domain near short enabling polymerization arm junction providing missing polymerization arm LNNdG2Propeller QRSTUH(J, K or M)O AAV expressed linker 3.08 binds to laminins with protein to ameliorate defective or absent 2 Pierson syndrome by LN domain near short enabling polymerization arm junction providing and direct collagen-IV/ missing polymerization perlecan binding arm LNNdG2 WXYZabLMNOP AAV expressed linker 3.01 binds to laminins with protein to ameliorate defective or absent 1 or subunit LN deficiencies 3 LN domain near short arm junction providing missing polymerization arm LNNdG2Propeller WXYZaH(J, K or M)O AAV expressed linker 3.08 protein to ameliorate subunit LN deficiencies by enabling polymerization with direct collagen-IV/ perlecan binding .sup.7DNA open reading frame insert consists of the DNA domain segments ligated in the designated sequence
Example 10
Repair of Other Laminins With Polymerization Defects
[0176] Pierson syndrome is a congenital nephrotic syndrome with ocular abnormalities, leading to early end-stage renal disease, blindness and death. The causes are null, in-frame deleting or missense mutations in the LAMB2 gene that codes for the laminin 2 subunit. These mutations prevent subunit expression or alter the subunit properties. Several of the missense mutations are clustered in the 2 LN-domain (see Maatejas et al., 2010, Hum Mutat. 38: 992-1002 and K. K. McKee, M. Aleksandrova and P. D. Yurchenco, 2018, Matrix Biology 67: 32-46.). The LN domain mediates polymerization of the laminin. The possible effects of these mutations are failure-to-fold the domain that can be low/non-secretors and failure to polymerize mutations. Two highly conserved mutations in Pierson syndrome (S80R and H147R) were evaluated after placing them into the 1 subunit (S68R and H135R). Both mutations greatly reduced polymerization, and it was found that LNNd (1 LN-LEa domains swapped for 1LN-LEa in fusion with nidogen G3) was able to rescue recombinant laminin unable to polymerize because the laminin lacked the PLN domain (described in K. K. McKee, M. Aleksandrova and P. D. Yurchenco, 2018, Matrix Biology 67: 32-46.) Since LNNd can repair the Pierson defects in vitro, it follows that the shorter LNNdG2 can be used to treat the disease. Similarly, other diseases due to laminin LN mutations affecting polymerization are expected to be treatable by expression of related laminin linker proteins in which their corresponding LN-LEa segments have replaced the 1LN-LEa segment in the fusion protein. These proteins (LNNdG2, LNNdG2Propeller, LNNdG2 and LNNdG2Propeller) are described by domain composition in Tables 2 and 4 with sequences for the domains used in the domain composition provided in Table 3 and in the Sequence Listing.
Example 11
Direct Addition of Dystroglycan-Binding Activity to LNNdG2
[0177] Employment of the nidogen propeller domain instead of the full G3 domain complex creates room (in the context of allowed AAV insert size) for addition of a dystroglycan-binding domain. The protein is designated LNNdG2PropellerAgrinLG. The domain composition is shown in Tables 2 and 4 with sequences for the domains used in the domain composition provided in Table 3 and in the Sequence Listing. The size increase here prevents use in the standard AAV-DJ virus and requires a virus that allows a larger insert such as one containing the smaller CK8e promoter.
Example 12
Delivery of Protein by Parenteral Injection
[0178] The LmLNNdG2 protein and any of its alternative forms can be injected parenterally (intra-peritoneal, intra-vascular, intra-muscular routes) to deliver the protein to its intended tissue targets as an alternative to virally-delivered somatic gene therapy.
[0179] Codon Optimization of Constructs
[0180] To optimize expression of the test constructs described herein not just as a means of reducing viral titers during the manufacturing process, but also to address safety concerns associated with large concentrations of the virus, the LNNdG2 transgene will be evaluated using a codon optimization process using freely available software (https://www.idtdna.com/CodonOpt). In addition, consensus Kozak sequences will be introduced into constructs as needed. Thus, any of the constructs or elements described herein may be codon optimized in this manner. Each of the modified constructs will be tested in parallel with the parental constructs in mice. Briefly, the constructs will be systemically administered through the temporal vein into mouse pups. The animals will then be euthanized either two or three weeks later and levels of protein from each of the constructs determined by Q-PCR and western blotting. Constructs delivering the most rapid and high levels of expression will be considered for eventual use in non-human primate studies and eventually in clinical trials for human patients.
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[0207] Many modifications and variations of this invention can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The invention is defined by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. The specific embodiments described herein, including the following examples, are offered by way of example only, and do not by their details limit the scope of the invention.
[0208] All references cited herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, database entry (e.g. Genbank sequences or GeneID entries), patent application, or patent, was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. This statement of incorporation by reference is intended by Applicants, pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 1.57(b)(1), to relate to each and every individual publication, database entry (e.g. Genbank sequences or GeneID entries), patent application, or patent, each of which is clearly identified in compliance with 37 C.F.R. 1.57(b)(2), even if such citation is not immediately adjacent to a dedicated statement of incorporation by reference. The inclusion of dedicated statements of incorporation by reference, if any, within the specification does not in any way weaken this general statement of incorporation by reference. Citation of the references herein is not intended as an admission that the reference is pertinent prior art, nor does it constitute any admission as to the contents or date of these publications or documents.
[0209] The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and the accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
[0210] The foregoing written specification is considered to be sufficient to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention. Various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and fall within the scope of the appended claims.