Guidewire devices having shapeable tips and bypass cuts

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to guidewire devices having shapeable tips and effective torquability. A guidewire device includes a core having a proximal section and a tapered distal section. A tube structure is coupled to the core such that the tapered distal section extends into the tube structure. The tube structure includes a plurality of bypass cuts formed tangentially within the tube structure to increase the flexibility of the tube structure and to reduce the tendency of resilient forces from the tube structure to disrupt a shaped distal tip of the guidewire device.

Claims

1. A guidewire device having a shapeable tip, the guidewire device comprising: a core having a proximal section and a distal section; and a tube structure coupled to the core such that the distal section of the core passes into the tube structure, the tube structure having a first section and a second section distal to the first section, wherein the tube structure includes a cut pattern which forms a plurality of axially extending beams coupling a plurality of circumferentially extending rings, wherein the cut pattern forms a single beam between each pair of adjacent rings within the second section, the beams in the second section forming a preferred bending plane, wherein a thickness of a most proximal ring of the second section is greater than a thickness of a most distal ring of the first section, wherein at least a portion of the distal section of the core passing through the second section of the tube is a flat ribbon having a major plane lying substantially perpendicular to the preferred bending plane, and wherein a distal tip of the guidewire device is configured to be manually shapeable, wherein a stiffness of the tube structure is continuous across a transition between the first and second sections.

2. The guidewire device of claim 1, wherein the second section is between about 0.5 cm and 5 cm in length.

3. The guidewire device of claim 1, wherein the second section is between about 1 cm and 2 cm in length.

4. The guidewire of claim 1, wherein the beams between rings in the second section alternate in position from a first side of the tube structure to a second side of the tube structure, the second side being opposite the first side by about 180 degrees.

5. The guidewire of claim 1, wherein the beams between rings in the second section are aligned on a single side of the tube structure to form a backbone of aligned beams connecting the plurality of rings within the second section.

6. The guidewire device of claim 1, further comprising a coil disposed within the tube structure so as to be positioned between an outer surface of the distal section of the core and an inner surface of the tube structure.

7. The guidewire device of claim 1, wherein the first section has a cut pattern of two or more beams between adjacent rings.

8. The guidewire device of claim 1, wherein the tube structure is formed from a superelastic material.

9. The guidewire device of claim 1, wherein the second section includes an intermediate point, and wherein the rings of the second section proximal of the intermediate point have an average ring thickness that is greater than an average ring thickness of the rings of the second section distal of the intermediate point.

10. The guidewire device of claim 1, wherein the tube structure further comprises a third section distal to the second section, and wherein the third section of the tube structure includes two or more beams between adjacent rings.

11. The guidewire device of claim 10, further comprising an adhesive disposed at the distal end of the tube structure that couples the tube structure to the core.

12. The guidewire device of claim 11, wherein the adhesive extends into the tube and between two or more rings in the third section of the tube structure.

13. A guidewire device having a shapeable tip, the guidewire device comprising: a core having a proximal section and a distal section; and a tube structure coupled to the core such that the distal section of the core passes into the tube structure, the tube structure having a first section and a second section distal to the first section, wherein the tube structure includes a cut pattern which forms a plurality of axially extending beams coupling a plurality of circumferentially extending rings, wherein the cut pattern forms a single beam between each pair of adjacent rings within the second section, the beams in the second section forming a preferred bending plane, wherein a thickness of a most proximal ring of the second section is greater than a thickness of a most distal ring of the first section, wherein at least a portion of the distal section of the core passing through the second section of the tube is a flat ribbon having a major plane lying substantially perpendicular to the preferred bending plane, wherein a stiffness of the tube structure is continuous across a transition between the first and second sections.

14. The guidewire device of claim 13, wherein the beams between rings in the second section alternate in position from a first side of the tube structure to a second side of the tube structure, the second side being opposite the first side by about 180 degrees.

15. The guidewire device of claim 13, wherein the beams between rings in the second section are aligned on a single side of the tube structure to form a backbone of aligned beams connecting the plurality of rings within the second section.

16. The guidewire device of claim 13, wherein the first section has a cut pattern of two or more beams between adjacent rings.

17. The guidewire device of claim 13, wherein the tube structure further comprises a third section distal to the second section, and wherein the third section of the tube structure includes two or more beams between adjacent rings.

18. The guidewire device of claim 17, further comprising an adhesive disposed at the distal end of the tube structure that couples the tube structure to the core.

19. The guidewire device of claim 18, wherein the adhesive extends into the tube and between two or more rings in the third section of the tube structure.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) A more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a guidewire device providing effective torquability and having a shapeable tip;

(3) FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the guidewire device of FIG. 1;

(4) FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a tube structure which may be utilized with the guidewire device of FIGS. 1 and 2, the tube having a bypass cut pattern (i.e., one-beam cut pattern) configured to provide effective flexibility and shapeability of the distal tip;

(5) FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a tube structure including a section having an alternative one-beam cut pattern;

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a tube structure including a two-beam cut pattern with symmetrically spaced opposing beams;

(7) FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a tube structure including a section having a one-sided one-beam cut pattern;

(8) FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a tube structure including a bypass cut pattern with an exemplary angular offset providing a helical pattern of resulting beams;

(9) FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a tube structure including three sections;

(10) FIG. 9A illustrates a side view of an embodiment of a tube including a distal section of a core disposed therein;

(11) FIG. 9B illustrates a cross-sectional view of the tube of FIG. 9A;

(12) FIG. 10 illustrates an expanded side view of a transition between the first section and the second section of the tube of FIGS. 9A and 9B; and

(13) FIG. 11 illustrates an expanded side view of the distal tip of the tube of FIGS. 9A and 9B, including the second and third sections thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(14) The present disclosure relates to guidewire devices providing effective anatomical navigation capabilities. The ability to steer and direct a guidewire to a targeted anatomical location depends on balancing and optimizing tradeoffs between torquability and the ability to maintain a shaped tip. A guidewire device may include a shapeable tip to allow an operator to point the tip in a desired direction within the vasculature by rotating the distal tip. However, if the torquability of such a guidewire device is insufficient, the operator will be unable to transmit torsional forces all the way to the shaped distal tip to control the orientation of the shaped distal tip. This hindrance will become increasingly problematic as the guidewire device is advanced farther into the vasculature and experiences increasing frictional resistance. In addition, if a guidewire device is unable to properly form and maintain a shaped tip, it will have limited ability to adjust tip orientation, making intravascular navigation more difficult.

(15) Embodiments described herein provide one or more features that balance and/or optimize the relationship between guidewire torquability and the ability to form and maintain a shaped tip. Such guidewires are responsive to operator manipulation during guidewire deployment, and provide effective navigation capabilities by enabling a shaped distal tip to receive transmitted torsional forces.

(16) In some embodiments, the shapeable tip allows an operator to custom shape the tip, such as by manually shaping the tip just prior to deploying the guidewire device within the patient's vasculature. The operator is thus enabled to customize the shaping of the distal tip according to preferences and/or conditions particular to a given application. The guidewire device is also configured to effectively transmit torque while maintaining the shaped tip. At least some embodiments described herein include tips that are able to maintain a bent or curved shape throughout a procedure, or throughout multiple procedures, or even indefinitely until subjected to a counteracting reshaping force.

(17) FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary guidewire device 100 having a core 102. A tube 104 is coupled to the core 102 and extends distally from a point of attachment 103 to the core 102. As shown, a distal section of the core 102 extends into the tube 104 and is surrounded by the tube 104. In some embodiments, the core 102 includes one or more tapering sections so that the core 102 is able to fit within and extend into the tube 104. For example, the distal section of the core 102 may be ground so as to progressively taper to a smaller diameter at the distal end. In this example, the core 102 and the tube 104 have substantially similar outer diameters at the attachment point 103 where they adjoin and attach to one another. In some embodiments, the core 102 and the tube 104 have different outer diameters at the attachment point 103 where they adjoin and attach to one another, with the difference in diameter being compensated for by a weld, solder, adhesive, interference fit, or other means of structural attachment.

(18) The tube 104 is coupled to the core 102 (e.g., using adhesive, soldering, and/or welding) in a manner that allows torsional forces to be transmitted from the core 102 to the tube 104 and thereby to be further transmitted distally by the tube 104. A medical grade adhesive 120 may be used to couple the tube 104 to the core wire 102 at the distal end of the device and to form an atraumatic covering. As explained in more detail below, the tube 104 is micro-fabricated to include a plurality of cuts. The cuts are arranged to form a cut pattern which beneficially provides for effective shapeability near the distal tip of the guidewire device 100 while also maintaining good torquability. For clarity, the cut pattern is not shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Examples of cut patterns which may be utilized in the tube 104 are shown in FIGS. 3 through 5.

(19) The proximal section 110 of the guidewire device 100 extends proximally to a length necessary to provide sufficient guidewire length for delivery to a targeted anatomical area. The proximal section 110 typically has a length ranging from about 50 to 350 cm. The proximal section 110 may have a diameter of about 0.014 inches, or a diameter within a range of about 0.008 to 0.125 inches. The distal section 112 of the core 102 may taper to a diameter of about 0.002 inches, or a diameter within a range of about 0.001 to 0.050 inches. In some embodiments, the tube 104 has a length within a range of about 3 to 100 cm.

(20) In some embodiments, the distal section 112 of the core 102 tapers to a round cross-section. In other embodiments, the distal section 112 of the core 102 has a flat or rectangular cross-section. The distal section 112 may also have another cross-sectional shape, such as another polygon shape, an ovoid shape, an erratic shape, or combination of different cross-sectional shapes at different areas along its length.

(21) Typically, a user will shape the distal end of the guidewire device 100 by manually bending, twisting, or otherwise manipulating the distal 1 cm to 3 cm (approximately) of the guidewire device 100 to a desired shape. This length is shown schematically as the distal tip 106 in FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the tip 106 includes one or more shapeable components (within the tube 104) formed from stainless steel, platinum, and/or other shapeable materials. In preferred embodiments, the tip 106 includes one or more components formed from a material that exhibits work hardening properties, such that the tip, when shaped (i.e., plastically deformed), provides a higher elastic modulus at the shaped sections than prior to being shaped.

(22) FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the guidewire device 100 of FIG. 1. As shown, the core 102 includes a proximal section 110 and a distal section 112, with the distal section having a smaller diameter than the proximal section 110. A coil 114 is positioned upon at least a portion of the distal section 112 of the core 102. The coil 114 is preferably formed from one or more radiopaque materials, such as platinum group, gold, silver, palladium, iridium, osmium, tantalum, tungsten, bismuth, dysprosium, gadolinium, and the like. Additionally, or alternatively, the coil 114 may be at least partially formed from a stainless steel or other material capable of effectively holding shaped after being bent or otherwise manipulated by a user. In the illustrated embodiment, the coil 114 is disposed at or near the distal end of the device and extends a distance proximally toward the attachment point 103. In some embodiments, the coil 114 has a length that substantially coincides with the length of the tube 104. In other embodiments, the coil 114 is shorter. For example, the coil 114 may extend from the distal end by 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 cm, or may extend from the proximal end a distance within a range defined by any two of the foregoing values.

(23) In some embodiments, the coil 114 is formed as one integral piece. In other embodiments, the coil 114 includes a plurality of separate sections positioned adjacent to one another and/or interlocked through intertwining coils. Such separate segments may additionally or alternatively be soldered, adhered, or otherwise fastened to one another to form the complete coil 114. Some embodiments may include two or more coils, where at least one of the coils is configured to provide radiopacity and at least one of the coils is configured in size and shape to improve centering of the distal section 112 of the core 102 inside the tube 104.

(24) Although the illustrated embodiment shows a space between the coil 114 and the tube 104, it will be understood that this is done schematically for ease of visualization. In some embodiments, the coil 114 is sized to fill and pack a greater proportion of the space between the distal section 112 and the tube 104. For example, the coil 114 may be sized so as to abut both the distal section 112 of the core 102 and the inner surface of the tube 104. Other embodiments include a space between the core 102 and the tube 104 for at least a portion of the section of the guidewire device 100 where the tube 104 and the core 102 are co-extensive.

(25) The coil 114 may beneficially function to pack the space between the core 102 and the tube 104 so as to align the curvature of the distal section 112 of the core 102 with the curvature of the tube 104. For example, when a curvature is formed in the tube 104, the closely packed segments of the coil 114 functions as a packing between the tube 104 and the distal section 112 to impart the same curvature to the distal section 112. In contrast, a guidewire device omitting a coil, when curved at the tube, would not follow the same curve as the tube but would extend until abutting against the inner surface of the tube before being forced to curve.

(26) Embodiments described herein beneficially allow the distal tip 106 to be shaped to a desired position and to remain in the shaped position for a sufficiently extended period of time. In contrast to a conventional guidewire device, the illustrated embodiments are able to form and maintain a shaped configuration. With conventional guidewire devices, problems related to shapeability often occur as a result of a mismatch in properties between the tube structure and the internal components (the core and coil). Tube structures are typically formed from nitinol or other superelastic materials. Such tubes will be, upon being bent or shaped, biased toward their original (straight) position, and will thereby impart recovery forces against any shapeable internal components, resulting in deformation and a loss of the customized shape of the tip.

(27) Often, for example, a conventional guidewire will have a shaped tip prior to deployment, but the shaped tip will be lost or degraded during use of the guidewire as the superelastic tube flexes toward its original shape in opposition to the desired tip shape. The recovery forces imparted by the tube thus act against the internal components to reduce or degrade the desired shape set by the user. In contrast, the embodiments described herein includes features that enable the tip 106 to be shaped without being subjected to overriding recovery forces from the tube. As described below, the tube 104 may include a cut pattern which maintains effective torquability while also providing sufficient flexibility at the distal tip 106 so as to avoid disrupting the custom shape of the tip 106.

(28) FIGS. 3 through 7 illustrate exemplary embodiments of tube cut patterns that may be utilized in one or more of the guidewire device embodiments described herein. For example, the tube 104 of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 may be cut according to one or more of the configurations shown in FIGS. 3 through 7.

(29) FIG. 3 illustrates a tube 504 having a series of cuts 508 which form beams 530 (extending axially) and rings 540 (extending transversely and circumferentially). In the illustrated embodiments, the cuts 508 are arranged on the tube as a series of bypass cuts. As used herein, a bypass cut is a cut that does not have an opposing cut directly opposite of it with respect to the longitudinal axis of the tube, thereby leaving a single beam 530 of longitudinally extending material between rings 540 of transversely and circumferentially extending material. A bypass cut pattern may also be referred to herein as a one-beam cut pattern. The transverse cross-sectional geometries of the beams can be a variety of shapes including semi-circular such as those made from a cutting saw with a circular blade, flat sided such as those made from a laser machining operation, or any type of cross sectional shape. In the illustrated embodiment, the cuts are arranged as alternating cuts that are offset by about 180 degrees from one cut to the next along the length of the tube 504, but rotational offsets can also be made at angles that are different than 180 degrees to 0 degrees as described below.

(30) Tubes formed using one or more sections of bypass (i.e., one-beam) cuts as shown can provide a number of benefits, particularly with respect to an associated shapeable tip of a guidewire device. For example, the flexibility of a tube having bypass cuts is relatively greater than the flexibility of a tube having no cuts or having cuts which leave multiple beams between successive rings (e.g., assuming beam width, ring size, and cut spacing is otherwise equal). Beneficially, the increased flexibility provided by the bypass cut arrangement minimizes or prevents the tube from deforming the shape of the internal structures of the guidewire. For example, a core (e.g. stainless steel) disposed within a tube may be bent or curved (i.e., plastically deformed) so as to provide the tip of the guidewire with a desired shape.

(31) As explained above, in many instances, forces associated with elastic recovery of the tube will be imparted against the shaped core and will tend to straighten out the shaped core, at least with respect to the portions of the shaped core that are disposed within the tube. Appropriately tuning the flexibility of the tube therefore reduces the recovery force imparted against the shaped core and allows the shaped core to better maintain its shape.

(32) In some embodiments, the depth of successive bypass cuts or sets of bypass cuts is progressively increased for each successive cut or sets of cuts moving toward the distal end. A cut depth profile can therefore be utilized to configure a tube with the desired flexibility and torquability characteristics for a given application. For example, one tube configuration can include a proximal section with relatively lower flexibility and relatively higher torquability that rapidly progresses to a distal section with relatively higher flexibility and relatively lower torquability as bypass cuts rapidly get progressively deeper toward the distal end. In some embodiments, the section having relatively deeper cuts is formed only at the distal-most section of the tube where shapeability is expected or desired (e.g., the distal 1 to 3 cm of the tube), so as to preserve higher torquability for the remainder of the tube.

(33) Bypass cuts 508 may be varied according to depth, width, and/or spacing. For example, cuts 508 may get progressively deeper and/or more closely spaced the closer they get to the distal tip of the device. Cuts that are deeper and/or more closely spaced provide relatively greater flexibility. Thus, a gradient may be formed which provides for increasing guidewire flexibility at progressively more distal regions of the guidewire. As described in more detail below, bypass cuts 508 may also be arranged with alternating angular positions according to an angular offset applied at each adjacent cut or applied at adjacent sets of cuts. The illustrated embodiment shows an angular offset of 180 degrees from one cut to the next. Some embodiments may include an angular offset of about 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 80, or 85 degrees from one cut to the next or from one set of cuts to the next set of cuts.

(34) FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of a tube 604 having bypass cuts and a set of opposing, depth-offset two-beam cuts disposed proximal to the bypass cuts. In the illustrated embodiment, a set of bypass cuts results in the beams 630. Proximal to the beams 630 is a set of cuts arranged as opposing cuts which result in beams 634. Although not visible in this view, an additional beam is formed opposite each beam 634 (hidden behind beams 634 in this view). Each ring 640 within the depth-offset two-beam cut pattern therefore has a set of two beams connecting it to its proximally adjacent ring, and a set of two beams connecting it to its distally adjacent ring.

(35) As shown, the opposing two-beam cuts are offset in depth so that, for each opposing cut pair (one cut on each side of the tube axis), one of the cuts has a depth that is greater than the opposite cut. Such depth-offset two-beam cuts may be advantageously used to transition from a length of bypass cuts (such as shown in FIG. 3) to a length of non-offset opposing two-beam cuts (such as shown in FIG. 5).

(36) FIG. 5 illustrates a section of tube 204 having a two-beam cut pattern, with each cut of each opposing cut pair having approximately the same cut depth so that the resulting beams are substantially equally circumferentially spaced. As shown, the cuts result in a pair of beams 234 formed between each of the rings 240. The cuts are shown here as being angularly offset by about 90 degrees from one pair of opposing cuts to the next, though other angular offsets may be utilized.

(37) A section of tube having a two-beam cut pattern with substantially circumferentially equally spaced beams will typically have relatively higher ability to transmit torque and relatively lower flexibility, while a section of tube having bypass cuts will typically have relatively lower ability to transmit torque and relatively higher flexibility. A section of tube having a depth-offset two-beam cut configuration will typically have a torque transmissibility and flexibility between that of a section of depth-symmetric opposing two-beam cuts and a section of bypass cuts. The greater the difference between the depths of opposing cuts, the closer together circumferentially the resulting beams will be, and therefore the more similar the offset two-beam cut will be to a one-beam/bypass cut. Likewise, the more similar the depths of the opposing cuts are, the more similar the offset two-beam cut will be to a symmetric two-beam cut.

(38) Embodiments of tubes including an offset two-beam section advantageously provide a transition zone that may be positioned and configured to provide desired transition properties between a distal bypass cut zone and a proximal symmetric two-beam section. For example, the transition zone may be relatively gradual or abrupt, depending on the length of the transition zone and/or depending on the rapidity of change to the offset in successive cuts. Tubes may therefore be configured to provide a proximal section with greater torquability and less flexibility, which transition to a more flexible distal section with greater flexibility to better maintain a bent shape when shaped by an operator. The positions and configurations of the proximal section, transition section, and distal section are tunable to optimize the benefits of effective torquability and shapeable tip performance.

(39) FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment of a tube 704 having one-beam cuts forming a plurality of beams 730 and rings 740. As shown, the cuts are arranged so that the beams 730 are aligned along one side of the tube 704, rather than being alternatingly positioned by 180 degrees or some other angular amount. Such an embodiment can beneficially provide preferential bending in one direction (e.g., toward the aligned beams 730) so that the associated recovery force back toward the axis of the tube is further minimized.

(40) FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a tube 304 having a bypass cut pattern and an angular offset between sets of cuts. As shown, the angular offset positions resulting beams 330 in a rotating/helical circumferential pattern along the length of the tube section. In some embodiments, a first angular offset is applied from one cut to the next within a set of cuts, and a second angular offset is applied from one set of cuts to the next set of cuts. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 7, each cut 308 in a pair of adjacent cuts may be offset by about 180 degrees so as to leave resultant beams 330 on opposite sides of one another with respect to the longitudinal axis of the guidewire, while each pair is offset from an adjacent pair by some other angular offset (e.g., by about 5 degrees in the illustrated embodiment). In this manner, the intra-set angular offset can position beams 330 on opposite sides of the guidewire axis, while the inter-set angular offset can adjust the angular position of successive beams enough to minimize preferred bending directions of the guidewire over a length of several sets of cuts 308.

(41) Rotational offsets may also be applied to the cut patterns illustrated in FIGS. 3 through 6. In preferred embodiments, each successive cut or sets of cuts (e.g., every second cut, third, fourth, etc.) along the length of a given section is rotationally offset by about 1, 2, 3, 5, or 10 degrees, or is offset by about 1, 2, 3, 5, or 10 degrees off from 90 degrees in a two-beam configuration or 1, 2, 3, 5, or 10 degrees off from 180 degrees in a one-beam configuration. These rotational offset values have beneficially shown good ability to eliminate flexing bias.

(42) For example, in a two-beam cutting pattern where each pair of beams are equally circumferentially spaced such as shown in FIG. 5, a rotational offset that is about 1, 2, 3, 5, or 10 degrees off from 90 degrees positions every other pair of beams along the length of the cut section with a misalignment of a few degrees. For example, a second pair of beams may be rotationally offset from a first pair of beams by slightly more or less than 90 degrees, but a third pair of beams will only be rotationally offset from the first pair by a few degrees, and a fourth pair of beams will only be rotationally offset from the second pair by a few degrees. When several successive pairs of beams are arranged this way along the length of a cut section of the guidewire device, the resulting structure allows the cut pattern to enhance flexibility without introducing or aggravating any directional flexibility bias.

(43) The separate components and features of the tube embodiments shown in FIGS. 3 through 7 may be combined to form different tube configurations. For example, some tubes may be configured so as to have a section of bypass (one-beam) cuts (as in FIGS. 3, 6, and/or 7) and a section of symmetrically spaced two-beam cuts (as in FIG. 5), optionally also having one or more depth-offset two-beam cuts (as in FIG. 4). For example, some tube embodiments may include a proximal section having a symmetrically spaced two-beam cut pattern which transitions to a distal section having a bypass cut arrangement.

(44) The embodiments described herein can beneficially enable more proximal regions of the tube to transmit relatively more torque, while reducing the torquability of more distal sections of the tube to allow for tip shaping without overly sacrificing torquability. Accordingly, the features of a guidewire device may be tuned to a particular need or application to optimize the operational relationship between torqueability, flexibility, and tip shapeability.

(45) In preferred embodiments, the shapeable distal section of the core has a stiffness that is able to withstand an expected bending force from the tube acting upon the distal section of the core after it has been shaped. In some embodiments, the shapeable distal section of the core is formed from a material or combination of materials providing a modulus of elasticity that is about 1.5 to 4 times greater, or about 2 to 3 times greater than the modulus of elasticity of the material(s) used to form the tube.

(46) FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a tube 804 having a first section 850, a second section 860, and a third section 870. The second section 860 is distal to the first section 850 and the third section 870 is distal to the second section 860. Each of the sections 850, 860, 870 may be distinguished from one another by the cutting pattern of each section. As discussed above with reference to other embodiments described herein, the cutting pattern may produce rings 840 and beams 803 within the tube. The sections 850, 860, 870 illustrated in FIG. 8 may have different cutting patterns in each section. For example, the first section 850 may have a two-beam cutting pattern, the second section 860 may have a one-beam cutting pattern, and the third section 870 may have a two-beam cutting pattern.

(47) One will appreciate that other embodiments may include different cutting patterns from those illustrated in FIG. 8. For example, in one embodiment, the first section 850 may have a cutting pattern of greater than two beams, the second section 860 may have a two-beam cutting pattern or one-beam cutting pattern, and the third section 870 may have a one-beam cutting pattern or may be omitted. Also, other embodiments of the tube 804 may include more or less than three sections along the length thereof. For example, one embodiment of the tube 804 may include four or more sections. Also, for example, one embodiment of the tube 804 may include only one or two sections. Cut patterns shown in any of the other embodiments described herein may be utilized. Additional cut patterns and other features that may be utilized are also described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/698,553, which is incorporated herein by this reference.

(48) FIG. 9A illustrates a side view of an embodiment of a tube 904 similar to the embodiment of the tube illustrated in FIG. 8. The tube of FIG. 9A also shows a partial cross-sectional view of the second section 960 to illustrate a distal section 912 of the core 902 extending through the tube 904 and the coil 914. Although only a partial cross-section is shown here, it will be understood that the core 902 will typically extend all the way to the distal end 922 of the device. In the illustrated embodiment, the second section 960 of the tube 904 includes a one-beam cutting pattern. The one-beam cutting pattern creates a series of axially extending beams 930 each disposed between a pair of adjacent circumferentially extending rings 940.

(49) In the illustrated embodiment, successive beams 930 alternate in position from a first side 916 of the tube 904 to a second side 918 of the tube 904 (i.e., each successive beam 930 has a rotational offset of about 180). In another embodiment, the beams 903 of the one-beam cutting pattern of the second section 960 may all be positioned along the same side of the tube to form a backbone of aligned beams 930 extending axially along the tube 904 and connecting the plurality of rings 940, similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 6.

(50) The one-beam cutting pattern of the second section 960, shown in FIG. 9A, forms a preferred bending plane B. The preferred bending plane B extends axially along the tube 904 and transversely across the tube 904, as indicated in FIG. 9A. Because the beams 930 of the second section 960 extend axially with the tube 904, the tube 904 is most flexible along the preferred bending plane B. That is, the beams 930 are configured such that the tube 904 is least resistant to being bent along the preferred bending plane B compared to any other planes. In this exemplary embodiment, the cutting pattern of the second section 960, whether producing an alternating pattern of beams 930 as shown in FIG. 9A or the single backbone of beams 930 as discussed above, produces a preferred bending plane B.

(51) Also, as shown in FIG. 9A, the distal section 912 of the core 902 tapers as it extends distally through the coil 914 and tube 904 and tapers at the distal portion into a flat, ribbon-like configuration. FIG. 9B illustrates a transverse cross-sectional view of the tube 904 through plane A-A of FIG. 9A. The distal section 912 of the core 902 is a substantially flat ribbon extending axially within at least the second section 960 of the tube 904. The ribbon configuration of the core 912 has a major dimension D1 and a minor dimension D2. The major dimension D1 of the distal section 912 of the core 902 is larger than the minor dimension D2 of the core 912 so that a major plane of the ribbon-like distal section 912 of the core 902 extends orthogonally (and preferably perpendicularly) to the preferred bending plane B. In this way, the distal section 912 of the core 902 is also least resistant to bending within the preferred bending plane B, along with the tube 904. In other words, the core 912 may taper to a ribbon-like configuration and extend axially along the tube 904 such that the distal section 912 of the core 902 is aligned with the beams 930 of the second section 960 so that it shares the preferred bending plane B with the tube 904.

(52) In one embodiment, the second section 960 of the tube 904 is about 0.5 cm to about 5 cm in length. In another embodiment, the second section 960 of the tube 904 is about 1 cm to about 2 cm in length. In yet another embodiment, the second section 960 of the tube 904 is about 1 cm to about 1.5 cm in length. The distance from the distal end 922 to which the second section 960 extends may vary depending on the length of the tube 904 that is bent or shaped for a given procedure. These distances may vary between embodiments to accommodate various procedures, as necessary. Other features of the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 8 through 9B, including materials and dimensions of the coil 914, tube 904, and core 902, and including particular features relating to the cutting patterns, may be similar to other embodiments described herein with reference to the other figures.

(53) FIG. 10 illustrates a close-up view of a transition between the first section 950 and the second section 960 of the tube 904. In the illustrated embodiment, the first section 950 includes a two-beam cutting pattern and the second section 960 includes a one-beam cutting pattern. The stiffness of the tube 904 in each section depends, at least in part, on the amount of material remaining in the tube 904 once the cuts have been made and in the arrangement/spacing of the remaining beams 930. For example, a section of the tube 904 having two beams 930 between each pair of adjacent rings 940 will, all else being equal, have a greater stiffness than a section of the tube 904 having a single beam 930 of the same size between each pair of adjacent rings 940. Also, for example, a section of the tube 904 having a greater distance between cuts will, all else being equal, have a greater stiffness than a section with less distance between cuts. That is, the greater the distance between the cuts, the greater the thickness of the rings 940 formed between the cuts, and the greater the stiffness of the tube 904 in that section.

(54) The cuts, rings 940, and beams 930 disposed at or near the transition point between the first section 950 and the second section 960 of the tube 904 illustrated in FIG. 10 are configured such that the stiffness profile of the tube 904 is approximately continuous across the transition between the two sections 950 and 960. In other words, the cutting patterns of the first and second sections 950 and 960 are arranged to avoid a significant jump up or down in stiffness from one side of the transition point to the other.

(55) Of course, some level of discrete change in stiffness from measured segment to measured segment may be present depending on the particular level of granularity at which the stiffness is measured along the tube 904 and depending on the specified length of the measured segments. Because an infinite number of stiffness measurements cannot be made, a practically measurable stiffness profile will consist of measured stiffness levels at each of a series of discrete segment lengths of the tube. While jumps (i.e., change in stiffness) from one measured segment to the next measured segment may be discrete, the overall pattern of such jumps preferably approximates a linear series or at least a smooth curve. Thus, in the context of this disclosure, a significant jump occurs where a jump from one segment to the next is greater than either immediately adjacent jump by a factor of more than about 1.5. A significant jump is therefore avoided and the stiffness profile across the transition point is therefore continuous when no jump across the transition point is greater than either adjacent jump by a factor of more than about 1.5. Preferably no jump across the transition point is greater than either adjacent jump by a factor of more than about 1.2.

(56) FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of the tube 904 having rings 940 and beams 930 that accomplish a continuous stiffness profile across the transition between sections 950, 960. In the illustrated embodiment, the axial thickness of the most proximal ring 940a of the second section 960 is greater than the axial thickness of the most distal ring 940b of the first section 95. In this way, the total amount of material of the tube 904 at the transition is similar between the sections 950, 960 at or near the transition. This results in a continuous stiffness across the transition, as described above. In addition, the axial thickness of the rings 940 of the second section 960 may decrease distally along the length of the tube 904 so that the stiffness correspondingly decreases. This is illustrated in FIG. 10 but shown more dramatically in FIG. 9A.

(57) Turning now to FIG. 11, the distal tip 906 of the tube 904 is shown. The distal tip 906 shown in FIG. 11 includes the third section 970, at least a portion of the second section 960, and a polymer adhesive 920 disposed distal to the third section 970 at the distal end 922 of the tube 904. The third section 970 of the tube 904 includes a two-beam cutting pattern forming two beams 930 between each pair of adjacent rings 940. This contrasts with the one-beam cutting pattern of the second section 960. One will appreciate that a transition between the second section 960 and the third section 970 may be similar to the transition between the first section 950 and the second section 960, as described above. That is, the stiffness of the tube 904 may be approximately continuous across the transition from the second section 960 to the third section 970.

(58) The adhesive 920 disposed at the distal end 922 of the tube 904 may extend between the tube 904 and the core at the distal end 922 of the tube 904 to secure the tube 904 and core together. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the distal section 112 of the core 102 may extend distally beyond the tube 104 and into the adhesive 120. The adhesive 120 can thus function to couple the tube 104 to the core and/or coil 114.

(59) Referring again to FIG. 11, the adhesive 920 may be disposed on the distal end 922 of the tube 904 and at least partially wick proximally and into one or more of the cuts between the various rings 940 and beams 930 of the third section 970. The two-beam cutting pattern of the third section 970 provides added surface area of the tube 904 material, compared to the one-beam cutting pattern of the second section 960, to which the adhesive 920 can bond. Thus, the two-beam cutting pattern of the third section 970 provides a stronger coupling between the adhesive 920 and distal section of the core and/or coil. One will appreciate that cutting patterns including more than two beams 930 between each pair of adjacent rings 940 may therefore serve to enhance the strength of the coupling between the tube 904 and the distal section of the core 102 and/or the coil. However, as discussed above, the more material the cuts remove from the tube 904, the less stiff the tube 904 will be, and vice versa.

(60) Also, during manufacturing, disposing a larger amount of adhesive 920 on the distal end 922 of the tube 904 will result in the adhesive 920 wicking further proximally up the tube 904. The two-beam cutting pattern of the third section 970 provides an effective visual indicator to a manufacturer, due to the number and spacing of the cuts in the cutting pattern, in order to see how far proximally up the third section 970 the adhesive 920 wicks. This visual indication of the third section 970 may also assist a machine or other automated manufacturing device in detecting how far the adhesive 120 wicks proximally up the third section 970 during manufacturing.

(61) For example, when a manufacturer disposes the adhesive 920 on the distal end 922 of the tube 904 during manufacturing, the adhesive may begin to wick through the spaces between the rings 940 and beams 930 in the third section 970. Because the two-beam cutting pattern of the third section 970 provides a visual indicator, in contrast to the one-beam cutting pattern of the second section 960, the manufacturer can more easily discern how far proximally up the tube 904 the adhesive wicks from one ring 940 to the next. The manufacturer can therefore determine how much adhesive 120 to dispose onto the distal end 922 of the tube 904. The manufacturer can also determine when to stop adding adhesive 120 based on a predetermined distance or ring 940 to which the adhesive 920 has wicked.

(62) In one embodiment, the third section 970 of the tube 904 extends between about 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm from distal a distal end 922 of the tube 904. In another embodiment, the third section 970 of the tube 904 extends between about 0.75 mm and 1.25 mm from distal a distal end 922 of the tube 904. In yet another embodiment, the third section 970 of the tube 904 extends about 1 mm from distal a distal end 922 of the tube 904. The distance from the distal end 922 to which the third section 970 extends may vary depending on the length of the tube 904 that is needed to be bent or shaped, or the distance necessary for the adhesive 920 to wick sufficiently up the tube 904. These distances may vary between embodiments to accommodate various tubes and procedures, as necessary. Other features of the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11, including materials, properties, and dimensions of the coil 914, tube 904, and core 902, may be similar to other embodiments described herein with reference to the other figures.

(63) The terms approximately, about, and substantially as used herein represent an amount or condition close to the stated amount or condition that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms approximately, about, and substantially may refer to an amount or condition that deviates by less than 10%, or by less than 5%, or by less than 1%, or by less than 0.1%, or by less than 0.01% from a stated amount or condition.

(64) Elements described in relation to any embodiment depicted and/or described herein may be combinable with elements described in relation to any other embodiment depicted and/or described herein. For example, any element described in relation to a tube section of any of FIGS. 3 through 7 may be combined and used to form at least a portion of the tube of the guidewire device of FIGS. 1 and 2 or the guidewire devices of FIGS. 8 through 11. In addition, embodiments may include a tube having a plurality of bypass cuts, depth-offset two-beam cuts, and/or depth-symmetric two-beam cuts as described herein. In any of the foregoing combinations, the distal tip of the core wire may be rounded, flat, or another shape.

(65) The present invention may be embodied in other forms, without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.